396:, disbanded without a fight, most of the union's smaller affiliates fought back. A strike was called. The AFL began a national campaign to publicize dangerous working conditions in the company's plants and the monopolistic nature of the trust. U.S. Steel aggressively countered, breaking up union meetings with hired thugs, driving organizers out of town, bringing in strikebreakers and shifting production to other plants. Although the AA flirted with bankruptcy, donations from other unions kept it afloat. The strike dragged on for 14 months, and was broken in December 1910.
56:
279:, plant was the last major unionized steel mill, in the north and east, but it, too, broke the AA and withdrew recognition in 1903. There was however a medium-sized mill in Granite City, IL (Granite City Steel) that continued to have active AA lodges from the late 1890s until SWOC was founded. This plant became part of National Steel Corp. until its assets were sold to US Steel in bankruptcy. The Granite City plant remains the oldest operating integrated mill in North America (and probably in the Western Hemisphere).
594:
have averted a strike by establishing stronger protections for workers, had little chance of passing. Again
Roosevelt intervened. He called a conference at the White House on June 12 at which AFL president William Green was one of the attendees. A compromise bill was hammered out which authorized the president to create one or more new labor boards to enforce Section 7(a) by conducting investigations, subpoenaing evidence and witnesses, holding elections and issuing enforcement orders.
385:. But when the new union demanded a massive wage hike in 1910, the union was forced to strike. After the successful strike, fights broke out between returning union members and strikebreakers who had stayed in the plant. The company slowly replaced all the strikers. Weakened, the Sons of Vulcan soon lost recognition at Youngstown Sheet and Tube, and at the A.M. Byers ironworks. The secessionists slowly drifted back into the AA.
590:(UAW) and the auto industry. The UAW had organized nearly 50,000 auto workers in 1933, but the auto manufacturers had refused to recognize the union, established company unions and rejected the NLB's call for mediation. Roosevelt had personally intervened in the dispute. In an agreement applauded by the AFL, Roosevelt stripped the NLB of its jurisdiction over the auto industry and established a separate Automobile Labor Board.
1175:"TROOPERS STOP MEETINGS – Arrest Nineteen Men, Including TWO LaborUnion Organizers. CITIES ACT TO KEEP ORDER Hundreds of Armed Guards, Barbed Wire, and Searchlights Protect the Mills. BOTH SIDES ARE CONFIDENT Workers Spend Day Marshaling Their Forces and Appealing toWorkers to Quit Today. Police Disperse Meeting. Swears in 2,500 Civilian Police. Workers Fail to Report. Keeps Amalgamated in Line. Foster Confident of Victory"
283:
1809:
176:
572:
and challenged the conservative leadership to act, demanding that the AA reorganize along industrial union lines. At the AA national convention in late April, the Rank and File
Movement forced through a resolution which committed the international to a nationwide strike on June 16, 1934, if the major steel employers did not recognize the union in every plant.
304: – could control the industry. But as the steel industry mechanized, the skills needed to manufacture steel shrank. Inexperienced workers could learn the unskilled work quickly. Steel manufacturers also realized that having multi-plant operations meant that production could continue if the union struck a particular facility.
476:. On April 1, 1919, miners in Pennsylvania struck to demand that local officials allow union meetings, and frightened town mayors soon issued meeting permits. The success of the miners' strike led the AA to hold a strike referendum in August in which 98 percent of its members favored a general steelworker strike to begin September 21.
287:
Steelworkers.Lodges 16, 30 and 67 existed until 2003 when they were part of a merger that included the O&T local 9325 and the
Security local 4063 to create a new local 1899 (because evidence existed of a union since at least that year.) They are arguably the oldest continuously existing steel local unions in the USA.
1444:
Rayback, p. 350; Phelan, p. 135; Zieger, p. 35. The AFL instructed Green to come up with his own plan. Green's March 2, 1936, plan relied on a joint organizing committee and needed $ 750,000 in start-up costs alone. Only five of the AFL's 110 unions responded favorably, with a total contribution of $
571:
In 1934, an opposition group known as the Rank and File
Movement formed within the AA. A number of militant local affiliates had sprung up across the nation or had joined existing lodges in large enough numbers to elect their own, militant leaders. The locals coalesced into the Rank and File Movement
376:
The puddlers in the union's ironworker locals attempted to secede in 1907. Angered at the union's decline and the way national leaders ignored their interests, the puddlers had retained membership throughout the battles with
Carnegie and U.S. Steel. Adopting their old Sons of Vulcan name, about 1,250
286:
This sign was at the ground floor entrance to the Labor Temple in
Granite City, IL. Note the AAIST Lodge Numbers at the top. These were all located at Granite City Steel. Electrical Workers 68 was also at that plant. In 1936 all those units joined SWOC and subsequently in 1942 they became part of the
1499:
Brody, 'Origins...' 1987, p. 26; Zieger, p. 36-37. The AA did participate in SWOC's "policy committee." Half the members of the policy committee were drawn from CIO unions, half from SWOC staff. Four of the committee's eight members came from the Mine
Workers, two from the AA, and one each from the
854:
Krause, pp. 16–18. Brody cites Andrew
Carnegie, who claimed that Frick had not extended the barbed-wire fence to the riverbank, allowing the strikers access to the plant grounds. Brody, 1969, p. 59. But Foner says that the strikers tore down the fence near the water's edge. Foner, p. 209. Supporting
652:
Tighe sent AA international secretary Louis
Leonard to consult with Green, but Green could not match the CIO's offer. Lewis made it clear that the CIO would move ahead with an organizing drive in the steel industry with or without the AA. Confronted with a choice between irrelevance or collusion, AA
559:
Strike activity, too, soared. Steel strikes affected the same proportion of the industry as strikes did strikes in the rubber and auto industries. The number of striking steel workers jumped from none in 1932 to 34,000 in 1933. Roughly 75 percent of the workers were fighting for recognition of their
552:
on June 16, 1933, sparked widespread union organizing throughout the country. Even the AA attempted to organize workers. An organizing drive at Jones and
Laughlin Steel saw more than 6,000 workers sign membership cards. A similar drive at the U.S. Steel works in nearby Duquesne in late 1933 enrolled
597:
At a special convention of the AA on June 13, Green convinced the AA to call the strike off. The Rank and File Movement's inadequate organization, the obstructionist policies of the Amalgamated's national leadership, strong opposition from the steel industry and the promise of enhanced governmental
593:
The March 1934 auto industry agreement paved the way for new legislation which did away with the toothless NLB, but which only worsened the problems of the labor movement. With the steel strike deadline approaching, the steel industry was gearing up for war with the AA. The Wagner bill, which might
310:
The AA looked for growth, however, in the tin industry, which still required skilled workers. By 1900, the union had organized 75 percent of the sheet metal mills and all but one of the tin mills in the country. That year, the union changed its name to the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and
274:
De-unionization efforts throughout the Midwest began in 1897 when Jones and Laughlin Steel refused to sign a contract. By 1900, not a single steel plant in Pennsylvania remained unionized. The AA presence in Ohio and Illinois continued for a few more years, but the union continued to collapse. Many
330:
trust in 1901 threatened the AA with ruin. The trust incorporated plants of the American Tin Plate Co. into U.S Steel. If the AA was to save its existing locals at American Tin Plate and American Sheet Steel, it had to organize all the plants of U.S. Steel. But before an organizing drive could get
216:
guards to seize the plant and re-open it on the night of July 5. The Pinkerton men were ordered to approach the plant from the river, but the strikers learned of the Pinkertons' arrival. The Pinkertons attempted to land at about 4 a.m., and the crowd surged onto the Homestead plant grounds. A
1308:
and Chevrolet strikes by auto workers and Akron Goodyear strike by the rubber workers have gained far more attention from historians than strikes in the steel industry, primarily because the Toledo and Akron strikes involved single employers and large numbers of workers rather than small units of
220:
The strikers continued to sporadically fire on the stranded barges, and an attempt was made to sink the barges with a cannon. When the Pinkertons tried to disembark again at 8:00 a.m., a firefight broke out and four more strikers were killed. The strikers attempted to burn the barges several
610:
in October 1934, Green called for an organizing campaign in the steel industry. But no organizing drive in steel emerged. Only Green and two other AFL vice presidents supported the plan, the AFL executive council voted to initiate a joint organizing drive similar to the failed 1919 campaign.
402:
The depression of 1915 forced sizeable wage decreases on the union. The union, which had once organized nearly every tin and sheet metal plant in the country, now could count less than one-fifth under contract. Once the largest affiliate of the AFL, now the AA numbered a mere 6,500 members.
528:
The Steel strike of 1919 collapsed on January 8, 1920. AA officials begged the National Committee to approve a unilateral return to work, but National Committee members voted to keep the strike going. The AA withdrew from the National Committee, and the organizing effort and strike ended.
299:
The collapse of the AA in the steel industry was due not only to the shock of the loss at Homestead, but by changing conditions in the steel industry. So long as steel, like iron smelting, remained a craft-like endeavor, the AA – with the allegiance of each plant's
510:'s stroke, however, prevented federal officials from meeting steelmakers' demands to use federal troops to put down the strike. State and local authorities did intervene and encouraged the use of widespread violence against the union. State militia violence was so bad that the
435:, the AA saw some limited growth. The AFL formed a National Committee for Organizing the Iron and Steel Workers to take advantage of worker restiveness. More than 15 AFL unions participated in the committee, while 24 claimed jurisdiction over portions of the steel industry.
521:
Steel companies turned toward strikebreaking and rumor-mongering to break the strike. Tens of thousands of African American and Mexican workers were brought in as strikebreakers, and many racist white steelworkers returned to work to stop minorities from taking their jobs.
641:
and the CIO did not wish to leave the AFL, however, so the CIO resolved to work through the AA instead. The CIO attempted to push a steelworker industrial organizing plan for the AA through the January 1936 AFL executive council meeting, but the plan was rejected.
270:
An organizing drive at the Homestead plant in 1896 was crushed by Frick. In May 1899, 300 Homestead workers successfully formed a lodge, but Frick ordered the Homestead works shut down and the unionization effort collapsed. Carnegie Steel remained nonunionized.
363:
The strike failed. U.S. Steel and American Sheet Steel workers refused to leave work, both companies hired thousands of strikebreakers, and the AFL refused to support the AA financially or organizationally. The strike against U.S. Steel ended on September 14.
447:
became the committee leaders. But the organizing drive was hampered by the refusal of many of the participating unions to provide resources and support, and by the committee's lack of a mechanism to enforce jurisdictional agreements and requisition funds.
201:
in charge of his company's operations in 1881. With the union's contract due to expire on June 30, 1892, Frick demanded a 22 percent wage decrease, then unilaterally announced that if an agreement was not reached, he would no longer recognize the union.
1294:
Brody, "Origins..." 1987, p. 16. Although most historians claim AA membership was only 50,000 in February 1934, Brody points out that record-keeping in the AA headquarters had broken down due to lack of funds and that the 150,000 number is a better
583:, co-author of the NIRA, had begun to write new legislation in the fall of 1933 to more fully lay out the rights of workers in the U.S. and establish a new agency to enforce these rights. Wagner introduced his legislation on March 1, 1934.
263:
and the Duquesne works all refused to sign contracts with the AA while the Homestead labor action lingered. A deepening in 1889 of the Long Depression led most steel companies to seek wage decreases similar to those imposed at Homestead.
675:
For the next six years, the AA remained inactive within SWOC. It issued charters and approved contracts for existing lodges, but let SWOC handle all matters regarding organizing and to negotiate contracts on behalf of new locals.
228:
ordered the state militia to seize the town. More than 8,000 militia arrived on July 12, and within 90 minutes company officials were back in their offices. Strike leaders were charged with conspiracy, riot, murder and treason.
372:
The AA never recovered from the U.S. Steel strike. It turned strongly conservative, hoping through submissiveness and cooperation to maintain its few remaining contracts. U.S. Steel slowly dismantled AA unions in its plants.
649:, the newly hired organizing director of the CIO, was able to infiltrate the AA convention and proposed that the delegates accept the CIO's offer. The delegates agreed to appoint a committee to study the proposal.
217:
shot was fired, resulting in both sides opening fire. Two workers and two Pinkertons died and dozens were wounded. The Pinkerton tugboat departed with the wounded agents, leaving the remaining agents stranded.
55:
486:
had swept the United States in the wake of the Russian revolution of October 1917. The steel companies took advantage of the change in the political climate, publishing articles exposing Foster's past as a
239:
The AA was nearly bankrupted by the job action, and voted to return to work on November 20, 1892. In February 1893, the company and the union agreed to drop the charges filed against one another.
236:
attempted to assassinate Frick, wounding him but not fatally. Public support for the strike evaporated, and large numbers of strikers began crossing the picket line over the following months.
1837:
319:
But the AA seriously misjudged the economics of the tin industry. A sheet metal trust formed in 1900 which brought nonunion plants into competition with the AA's unionized facilities at the
556:
The AA's membership rose to more than 150,000 by February 1934. Nearly one in two steelworkers had signed a union authorization card (although they had not become dues-paying members).
579:(NLB), which attempted to enforce Section 7(a) of the NIRA, lacked the powers necessary to enforce the act, and employers had begun to ignore the Board and violate the law. Senator
183:
in Homestead, Pennsylvania, was used as the headquarters of the association during the Homestead Strike. It is now a National Historic Landmark for its association with the strike.
1504:
and the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union. The committee met infrequently and at the pleasure of the director of SWOC, and served to rubber-stamp the director's actions.
598:
protection cut the legs out from the nascent organizing drive. Tighe exacted his revenge: Throughout the rest of the year, he suspended locals that called for aggressive action.
331:
under way, U.S. Steel's tin plate subsidiary withdrew recognition from the AA and refused to bargain at unionized plants. The independent American Sheet Steel did the same.
1390:
1857:
809:
Foner, footnote p. 207; Foner, p. 208; Krause, p. 302, 310. Krause, pp. 284–310, contains the best discussion of the bargaining timeline and exchange of proposals.
657:(SWOC). SWOC was formally announced in Pittsburgh on June 7, 1936. Green was outraged, the AFL suspended the 10 unions which belonged to the CIO in November 1936.
421:
Faced with declining membership, the AA amended its constitution in 1910 and offered membership to all iron and steel workers. Few took the union up on its offer.
1852:
791:
Frick had ruthlessly broken unions in the coke-producing regions of Pennsylvania and Ohio, and crushed the seamen's unions on the Great Lakes. Foner, p. 207.
1842:
388:
On June 1, 1909, U.S. Steel finally withdrew recognition of the AA at the 12 remaining unionized mills. While the union's larger locals, such as those at
1862:
349:. U.S. Steel executives pressured American Sheet Steel executives into recognizing the AA at most Sheet Steel plants on July 13, 1901. But AA president
1174:
1847:
1404:
1327:
Brody, 'Origins...' 1987, p. 16; Phelan, p. 100; Rose, 2001; Staughton Lynd, 'The possibility of radicalism in the early 1930s: The case of steel,'
1501:
296:
AA membership sagged to 10,000 in 1894 from its high of over 24,000 in 1891. A year later, it was down to 8,000. By 1909, it had sunk to 6,300.
346:
340:
631:
154:
126:
1655:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 2: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism.
213:
399:
In 1911, the AA was unable to win wage increases among independent steel employers to match those unilaterally bestowed by U.S. Steel.
670:
654:
307:
Although the AA lost nearly all its members in the steel industry, the union continued to maintain its presence in the iron industry.
150:
130:
267:
In 1893, Carnegie defeated an AA union drive at the Duquesne steelworks. In 1885, Carnegie ousted the AA at the Edgar Thomson works.
1777:
1763:
1749:
1735:
1721:
1700:
1676:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1620:
1606:
653:
officials accepted the CIO proposal, affiliated with the CIO on June 4, and agreed to make the AA an administrative unit of CIO's
549:
252:
469:, AFL organizers in and around Pittsburgh began to be harassed. The anti-union pressure quickly spread to the Midwest and West.
209:(which ran alongside the mill) to prevent anyone from entering. Local sheriff's deputies failed to retake the plant on July 5.
864:
Krause is the most accurate source on the number of dead, including the names of the killed and wounded. Krause, pp. 19–20.
248:
31:
525:
The AFL refused to contribute funds or staff to support the strike. By November, most AA local affiliates had collapsed.
627:
377:
of the AA's 2,250 puddlers left the union. But the secession did not last. The Sons of Vulcan won recognition from the
275:
lodges disbanded, their members disillusioned. Others were easily broken in short, desultory battles. Carnegie Steel's
17:
845:
Foner, p. 209; Krause, p. 16. Krause indicates that at least a thousand people watched the Pinkertons attempt to land.
444:
436:
378:
323:. The company refused to recognize the AA and idled union plants while keeping nonunion works running at full speed.
221:
times during the day, but failed. At 5:00 p.m., the Pinkertons surrendered and were handed over to the sheriff.
541:
and conservative leadership had left the AA with only 5,000 members and less than $ 30,000 in cash. Union president
451:
A shoving match between the AFL and the steel companies led to the next major push to organize the steel industry.
382:
320:
749:
389:
260:
256:
1560:
Wright, Carroll D. (1901). "The National Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers, 1892-1901".
1814:
1690:
1367:
Phelan, p. 100; Marshall, 1936; Rose, 2001. The Steel Labor Relations Board was created on June 28, 1934.
393:
614:
By early 1935, what little organizing the AA had exhibited in the steel industry melted away. When the
575:
Meanwhile, the federal regulatory scheme under which the AA had been organizing began to collapse. The
1789:
Wright, Carroll D. "The National Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers, 1892–1901,"
1417:
Brody, 'Origins...' 1987, p. 16; Zieger, p. 35. See also, generally, Pacchioli, 1999; and Rose, 2001.
618:
struck down the NIRA on constitutional ground on May 27, 1935, the AFL's organizing drive collapsed.
576:
473:
460:
276:
684:
646:
587:
496:
410:
158:
81:
35:
1822:
350:
1577:
615:
225:
205:
Frick locked the workers out on June 29. The striking workers ringed the plant and patrolled the
428:
won approval for an AFL organizing drive at U.S. Steel, but the drive never got off the ground.
157:, in November 1935. Both organizations disbanded May 22, 1942, to form a new organization, the
1773:
1759:
1745:
1731:
1717:
1696:
1672:
1658:
1644:
1630:
1616:
1602:
718:
688:
661:
was appointed director of SWOC, and ran the organization (and union) until his death in 1952.
440:
233:
206:
1569:
1305:
733:
724:
691:, Murray's long-time aide at SWOC, was appointed the first secretary-treasurer of the USWA.
580:
542:
538:
425:
198:
188:
170:
563:
Tighe denounced the strikes and resented the way new members seized control of the lodges.
680:
483:
194:
1276:
Phelan, p. 100; Brody, "Origins..." 1987, pp. 15–16; Schlesinger, p. 395; Marshall, 1936.
1199:
1386:
1385:
Phelan, pp. 100–01. Green's sole supporters were John L. Lewis of the Mine Workers and
507:
301:
66:
1831:
658:
638:
607:
515:
466:
180:
1534:
Wright, Carroll D. (1893). "The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers".
818:
Foner, pp. 208–09; Krause, p. 311; Brody, 1969, p. 59; Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 154.
406:
282:
30:
This article is about the defunct union. For other uses defining the worker, see
800:
Foner, pp. 206–207; Rayback, pp. 195–96; Brody, 1969, p. 53; Krause, pp. 302–03.
506:
The use of state-sponsored violence against the union was widespread. President
492:
432:
357:
146:
1309:
workers affecting many employers. See Phelan, pp. 86–95, and Zieger, pp. 32–34.
224:
On July 9, despite union claims that law and order had been restored, Governor
1804:
1691:
The Blue Eagle At Work: Reclaiming Democratic Rights in the American Workplace
327:
553:
one-quarter of the mill's unskilled workforce, mostly immigrants and blacks.
545:, 76, was referred to as 'Grandmother' due to his advanced age and timidity.
511:
500:
353:
rejected the deal because it did not cover all American Sheet Steel plants.
1627:
Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, SWOC, and the United Steelworkers.
175:
1249:
Rayback, p. 287; Dubofsky and Dulles, pp. 220–21; Brody, 1969, pp. 254–55.
1222:
Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 220; Rayback, pp. 286–87; Brody, 1969, pp. 233–36.
149:
formed in 1876 to represent iron and steel workers. It partnered with the
1808:
1435:
Brody, "Origins...," 1987, p. 20; Zieger, pp. 29–33; Phelan, pp. 129–42.
1794:
1581:
918:
Krause, pp. 32, 333–34; Foner, p. 212; Dubofsky and Dulles, pp. 154–55.
488:
71:
Ass. Brotherhood of Iron & Steel Heaters, Rollers, & Roughers;
1240:
Rayback, p. 287; Brody, 1969, pp. 244–53; Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 220.
1625:
Brody, David. "The Origins of Modern Steel Unionism: The SWOC Era."
1573:
1669:
The Battle for Homestead, 1890–1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel.
281:
174:
945:
Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 155; Krause, pp. 354–55; Rayback, p. 196.
482:
But the owners quickly turned public opinion against the AFL. A
1772:
Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
1756:
The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal: 1933–1935.
1730:
Rev. and exp. ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1966.
630:
was signed into law by President Roosevelt on July 5, 1935.
1155:
Brody, 1969, pp. 199–225; Dubofsky and Dulles, pp. 219–20.
637:
The CIO wanted to start a steel organizing campaign. But
1454:
Phelan, pp. 135–36; See also, generally, Marshall, 1936.
989:
987:
687:(USWA), was founded. Philip Murray was named president.
479:
The September strike shut down half the steel industry.
1671:
Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.
679:
SWOC and the AA were disbanded at a convention held in
18:
Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers
409:
of union members and supporters and the common use of
1643:
6th ed. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1999.
499:
hatreds and implied that immigrant steelworkers were
247:
The Homestead strike affected the AA nationwide. The
1047:
Brody, 1969, pp. 62–63; Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 174.
122:
112:
96:
88:
77:
62:
1744:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2001.
1601:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
1838:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
1101:Brody, 1969, pp. 71–73, 159; Rayback, pp. 218–19.
634:(CIO) formed within the AFL on November 8, 1935.
345:The AA tried to organize U.S. Steel by staging a
139:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
48:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
1472:Phelan, p. 136; Brody, 'Origins...' 1987, p. 21.
1304:Brody, "Origins..." 1987, p. 15, 16. The Toledo
1065:Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 174; Brody, 1969, p. 66.
586:Simultaneously, a fight was brewing between the
1793:, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Nov., 1901), pp. 37–68
1695:Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004.
27:Former American steelworkers union (1876–1942)
1164:Rayback, pp. 285–86; Brody, 1969, pp. 231–33.
495:. The steel companies also played heavily on
8:
1714:William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader.
1402:The decision which struck down the NIRA was
1391:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
1285:See, generally, Pacchioli, 1999; Rose, 2001.
41:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
936:Foner, pp. 213–15; Krause, pp. 345, 348–49.
683:, on May 22, 1942. A new organization, the
1657:New York: International Publishers, 1955.
1639:Dubofsky, Melvyn and Dulles, Foster Rhea.
1613:Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era.
1599:Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919.
1074:Foner, pp. 374–75; Brody, 1969, pp. 66–67.
891:Krause, pp. 22–25, 30; Brody, 1969, p. 59.
626:Other events swiftly overtook the AA. The
54:
40:
1681:Marshall, Margaret. "Waiting for Lewis."
191:was a major turning point for the union.
1858:1876 establishments in the United States
1742:Duquesne and the Rise of Steel Unionism.
1405:Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
1083:Rayback, p. 218; Brody, 1969, pp. 68–69.
1056:Brody, 1969, pp. 63–66; Rayback, p. 218.
413:became widespread, hindering the union.
1502:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
1349:Morris, p. 38; Schlesinger, pp. 394–95.
1340:Morris, pp. 40–46; Schlesinger, p. 150.
784:
963:Krause, pp. 356–57; Foner, pp. 215–17.
882:Krause, pp. 21–22; Brody, 1969, p. 59.
645:The CIO subverted the AA from within.
1705:Pacchioli, David. "Forged in Steel."
1376:Zieger, pp. 22–23; Phelan, pp. 79–81.
632:Committee for Industrial Organization
341:U.S. Steel Recognition Strike of 1901
7:
1758:Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1958.
127:Congress of Industrial Organizations
1853:Trade unions disestablished in 1942
1615:New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969.
836:Foner, p. 209; Krause, pp. 15, 271.
243:1901 organizing drive at U.S. Steel
214:Pinkerton National Detective Agency
1843:History of the United Steelworkers
1562:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1536:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
671:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
655:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
368:Aftermath of the U.S. Steel strike
151:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
131:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
25:
1863:Organizations based in Pittsburgh
1848:Trade unions established in 1876
1807:
1716:Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1989.
1629:Cornell, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987.
550:National Industrial Recovery Act
335:Recognition strike at U.S. Steel
253:Jones and Laughlin Steel Company
685:United Steel Workers of America
379:Lockhart Iron and Steel Company
73:Iron and Steel Roll Hands of US
1791:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1331:6 (Nov.–Dec. 1972), pp. 36–35.
1181:. 22 September 1919. p. 1
1:
900:Krause, p. 24; Foner, p. 210.
360:then backed out of the deal.
249:Joliet Iron and Steel Company
32:Steel worker (disambiguation)
1728:A History of American Labor.
1641:Labor in America: A History.
1513:Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 283.
628:National Labor Relations Act
606:At its annual convention in
321:American Sheet Steel Company
197:placed strong anti-unionist
472:The AFL pushed back with a
445:Chicago Federation of Labor
257:St. Louis Wire Mill Company
1879:
1445:8,625 and five organizers.
668:
458:
383:McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania
338:
168:
29:
855:Foner, see Krause, p. 17.
390:Youngstown Sheet and Tube
261:Edgar Thomson Steel Works
53:
46:
1267:Brody, 1969, pp. 258–62.
1258:Brody, 1969, pp. 255–58.
1231:Brody, 1969, pp. 233–44.
1146:Brody, 1969, pp. 132–33.
1137:Brody, 1969, pp. 126–27.
1119:Brody, 1969, pp. 73, 75.
602:AFL attempts to organize
1815:Organized labour portal
1754:Schlesinger, Arthur M.
1204:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1128:Brody, 1969, pp. 80–85.
1038:Brody, 1969, pp. 60–61.
1011:Brody, 1969, pp. 57–58.
1002:Brody, 1969, pp. 56–57.
993:Brody, 1969, pp. 58–59.
769:1919: Fred H. Keightley
118:150,000 (February 1934)
1200:"A Pittsburgh Century"
766:1911: Michael F. Tighe
567:Rank and File Movement
424:In 1909, AA president
288:
232:On July 23, anarchist
184:
772:1920s: David J. Davis
514:was forced to occupy
356:U.S. Steel president
326:The formation of the
285:
178:
1709:20:1 (January 1999).
1707:Research/Penn State.
1318:Schlesinger, p. 395.
760:1897: Stephen Madden
757:1892: John Kilgallan
754:1890: Stephen Madden
743:Secretary-Treasurers
577:National Labor Board
461:Steel strike of 1919
411:yellow-dog contracts
315:Crisis of the trusts
277:Mingo Junction, Ohio
212:Frick then sent 300
165:The Homestead strike
34:. For the team, see
1823:United Steelworkers
1770:The CIO, 1935–1955.
1726:Rayback, Joseph G.
1481:Phelan, pp. 136–42.
1408:295 U.S. 495 (1935)
1110:Brody, 1969, p. 73.
1092:Brody, 1969, p. 69.
1029:Brody, 1969, p. 60.
981:Brody, 1969, p. 57.
954:Krause, pp. 355–57.
927:Krause, pp. 337–38.
775:1932: Louis Leonard
763:1898: John Williams
738:1937: Frank Bennett
729:1911: John Williams
714:1892: W. M. Garland
711:1883: William Weihe
705:1878: Joseph Bishop
588:United Auto Workers
533:New Deal organizing
159:United Steelworkers
82:United Steelworkers
43:
36:Pittsburgh Steelers
1768:Zieger, Robert H.
1426:Zieger, pp. 23–24.
1358:Morris, pp. 47–48.
1179:The New York Times
909:Krause, pp. 38–39.
873:Krause, pp. 20–21.
708:1880: John Jarrett
616:U.S. Supreme Court
394:LaBelle Iron Works
347:recognition strike
289:
226:Robert E. Pattison
185:
145:) was an American
1688:Morris, Charles.
719:Theodore Schaffer
689:David J. McDonald
665:The AA under SWOC
537:By mid-1933, the
455:1919 steel strike
441:William Z. Foster
417:Post-war activism
292:Search for growth
234:Alexander Berkman
207:Monongahela River
136:
135:
16:(Redirected from
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734:Michael F. Tighe
725:Peter J. McArdle
622:Merger with SWOC
581:Robert F. Wagner
543:Michael F. Tighe
539:Great Depression
437:John Fitzpatrick
199:Henry Clay Frick
189:Homestead strike
171:Homestead strike
105:
78:Merged into
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1786:
1784:Further reading
1740:Rose, James D.
1712:Phelan, Craig.
1653:Foner, Philip.
1594:
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1574:10.2307/1882902
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548:Passage of the
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1609:
1597:Brody, David.
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123:Affiliations
1683:The Nation.
647:John Brophy
493:syndicalist
433:World War I
358:J.P. Morgan
147:labor union
63:Predecessor
1832:Categories
1592:References
1209:2015-02-07
1185:2015-02-07
700:Presidents
695:Leadership
501:communists
328:U.S. Steel
1306:Auto-Lite
1295:estimate.
512:U.S. Army
484:Red Scare
114:Members
1795:in JSTOR
497:nativist
392:and the
97:Location
1582:1882902
1389:of the
560:union.
489:Wobblie
443:of the
431:During
153:of the
89:Founded
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732:1919:
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717:1897:
259:, the
255:, the
251:, the
84:(1942)
1578:JSTOR
780:Notes
1774:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1542:(4).
491:and
439:and
187:The
179:The
104:U.S.
1570:doi
381:of
155:CIO
1834::
1576:.
1566:16
1564:.
1548:^
1538:.
1518:^
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1177:.
986:^
518:.
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161:.
143:AA
129:,
69:;
42:AA
1693:.
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1393:.
1212:.
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141:(
38:.
20:)
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