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perceptual representation of it with a representation of the object stored in memory. This can be done using various templates of an object, such as "dog" to represent dogs in general. The template method is not always successful because members of a group may significantly differ visually from each other, and may look much different if viewed from different angles. To counter the problem of viewpoint, the visual system detects familiar components of an object in 3-dimensional space. If the components of an object perceived are in the same position and orientation of an object in memory, recognition is possible. Research has shown that people that are more creative in their imagery are better able to resolve ambiguous images. This may be due to their ability to quickly identify patterns in the image. When making a
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183:, to quickly identify a basic perception of an object that helps to resolve an ambiguity. This allows perception to be fast and easy by observing patterns and familiar images rather than a slow process of identifying each part of a group. This aids in resolving ambiguous images because the visual system will accept small variations in the pattern and still perceive the pattern as a whole. The Gestalt grouping rules are the result of the experience of the visual system. Once a pattern is perceived frequently, it is stored in memory and can be perceived again easily without the requirement of examining the entire object again. For example, when looking at a chess board, we perceive a checker pattern and not a set of alternating black and white squares.
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needs to process deeper, such as the edges of a person's facial features. When finding edges, the brain's visual system detects a point on the image with a sharp contrast of lighting. Being able to detect the location of the edge of an object aids in recognizing the object. In ambiguous images, detecting edges still seems natural to the person perceiving the image. However, the brain undergoes deeper processing to resolve the ambiguity. For example, consider an image that involves an opposite change in magnitude of luminance between the object and the background (e.g. From the top, the background shifts from black to white, and the object shifts from white to black). The opposing
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163:. An illusory contour is a perceived contour without the presence of a physical gradient. In examples where a white shape appears to occlude black objects on a white background, the white shape appears to be brighter than the background, and the edges of this shape produce the illusory contours. These illusory contours are processed by the brain in a similar way as real contours. The visual system accomplishes this by making inferences beyond the information that is presented in much the same way as the luminance gradient.
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points where lines cross. For example, two lines crossed in an "X" shape will be perceived as two lines travelling diagonally rather than two lines changing direction to form "V" shapes opposite to each other. An example of an ambiguous image would be two curving lines intersecting at a point. This junction would be perceived the same way as the "X", where the intersection is seen as the lines crossing rather than turning away from each other. Illusions of good continuation are often used by magicians to trick audiences.
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is a single visual position that produces an ambiguous image. The accidental viewpoint does not provide enough information to distinguish what the object is. Often, this image is perceived incorrectly and produces an illusion that differs from reality. For example, an image may be split in half, with
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An extremal edge is a change in texture that suggests an object is in front of or behind another object. This can be due to a shading effect on the edges of one region of texture, giving the appearance of depth. Some extremal edge effects can overwhelm the segmentations of surroundedness or size. The
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The visual system can also aid itself in resolving ambiguities by detecting the pattern of texture in an image. This is accomplished by using many of the
Gestalt principles. The texture can provide information that helps to distinguish whole objects, and the changing texture in an image reveals which
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When we see an image, the first thing we do is attempt to organize all the parts of the scene into different groups. To do this, one of the most basic methods used is finding the edges. Edges can include obvious perceptions such as the edge of a house, and can include other perceptions that the brain
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is a disorder that causes a person to be unable to identify faces. The visual system undergoes mid-level vision and identifies a face, but high-level vision fails to identify who the face belongs to. In this case, the visual system identifies an ambiguous object, a face, but is unable to resolve the
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The principle of good continuation provides the visual system a basis for identifying continuing edges. This means that when a set of lines is perceived, there is a tendency for a line to continue in one direction. This allows the visual system to identify the edges of a complex image by identifying
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Our memory has a large impact on resolving an ambiguous image, as it helps the visual system to identify and recognize objects without having to analyze and categorize them repeatedly. Without memory and prior knowledge, an image with several groups of similar objects will be difficult to perceive.
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of one object being behind or in front of another object, providing information about the order of the layers of texture. The illusion of occlusion is apparent in the effect of illusory contours, where occlusion is perceived despite being non-existent. Here, an ambiguous image is perceived to be an
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The rule of similarity states that images that are similar to each other can be grouped together as being the same type of object or part of the same object. Therefore, the more similar two images or objects are, the more likely it will be that they can be grouped together. For example, two squares
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will eventually come to a point where there is an equal degree of luminance of the object and the background. At this point, there is no edge to be perceived. To counter this, the visual system connects the image as a whole rather than a set of edges, allowing one to see an object rather than edges
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is another way to disambiguate the figure of an image. The orientation of the contours of different textures in an image can determine which objects are grouped together. Generally, parallel contours suggest membership to the same object or group of objects. Similarly, symmetry of the contours can
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is the spatial distance between two objects. The closer two objects are, the more likely they belong to the same group. This perception can be ambiguous without the person perceiving it as ambiguous. For example, two objects with varying distances and orientations from the viewer may appear to be
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Objects occupying a common region on the image appear to already be members of the same group. This can include unique spatial location, such as two objects occupying a distinct region of space outside of their group's own. Objects can have close proximity but appear as though part of a distinct
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Middle vision is the stage in visual processing that combines all the basic features in the scene into distinct, recognizable object groups. This stage of vision comes before high-level vision (understanding the scene) and after early vision (determining the basic features of an image). When
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To go further than just perceiving the object is to recognize the object. Recognizing an object plays a crucial role in resolving ambiguous images, and relies heavily on memory and prior knowledge. To recognize an object, the visual system detects familiar components of it, and compares the
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Ambiguous images are important to the field of psychology because they are often research tools used in experiments. There is varying evidence on whether ambiguous images can be represented mentally, but a majority of research has theorized that mental images cannot be ambiguous.
406:. These comics were made in such a way that one could read the 6-panel comic, flip the book and keep reading. He made 64 such comics in total. In 2012 a remake of a selection of the comics was made by Marcus Ivarsson in the book 'In UppĂĄner med Lilla Lisen & Gamle Muppen'. (
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is used by organisms to escape predators. This is achieved through creating an ambiguity of texture segmentation by imitating the surrounding environment. Without being able to perceive noticeable differences in texture and position, a predator will be unable to see their prey.
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Any object can have an ambiguous representation and can be mistakenly categorized into the wrong groups without sufficient memory recognition of an object. This finding suggests that prior experience is necessary for proper perception. Studies have been done with the use of
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distinct objects may be part of the same group. Texture segmentation rules often both cooperate and compete with each other, and examining the texture can yield information about the layers of the image, disambiguating the background, foreground, and the object.
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the top half being enlarged and placed further away from the perceiver in space. This image will be perceived as one complete image from only a single viewpoint in space, rather than the reality of two separate halves of an object, creating an
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of an ambiguous image, in the same way as normal images, each part is defined and then put onto the mental representation. The more complex the scene is, the longer it takes to process and add to the representation.
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instance of occlusion. When an object is occluded, the visual system only has information about the parts of the object that can be seen, so the rest of the processing must be done deeper and must involve memory.
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used ambiguous images in the illustrations, where the reader could read the book front to back normally at first, and then flip it upside down to continue the story and see the pictures in a new perspective.
134:, then through high-level vision we recognize a face of a familiar person. Mid-level vision and high-level vision are crucial for understanding a reality that is filled with ambiguous perceptual inputs.
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among many circles will be grouped together. They can vary in similarity of colour, size, orientation and other properties, but will ultimately be grouped together with varying degrees of membership.
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Additionally, objects can be visually connected in ways such as drawing a line going from each object. These similar but hierarchical rules suggest that some
Gestalt rules can override other rules.
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to show the role of memory in object recognition. The act of priming the participant with an exposure to a similar visual stimulus also has a large effect on the ease of resolving an ambiguity.
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and non-edges. Although there is no complete image to be seen, the brain is able to accomplish this because of its understanding of the physical world and real incidents of ambiguous lighting.
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Rare example of an ambiguous image that can be interpreted in more than two ways: as the letters "KB," the mathematical inequality "1 < 13" or the letters "VD" with their mirror image.
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When a region of texture completely surrounds another region of texture, it is likely the background. Additionally, the smaller regions of texture in an image are likely the figure.
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Higher-level vision is used when the object classified must now be recognized as a specific member of its group. For example, through mid-level vision we
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Mast, F.W.; Kosslyn, S.M. (2002). "Visual mental images can be ambiguous: Insights from individual differences in spatial transformation abilities".
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175:"Kanizsa Triangle". These spatially separate fragments give the impression of illusory contours (also known as modal completion) of a triangle.
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Wimmer, M.; Doherty, M. (2011). "The development of ambiguous figure perception: Vi. conception and perception of ambiguous figures".
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320:. Street artists often use tricks of point-of-view to create two-dimensional scenes on the ground that appear three-dimensional.
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Riquelme, H (2002). "Can people creative in imagery interpret ambiguous figures faster than people less creative in imagery?".
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Many ambiguous images are produced through some occlusion, wherein an object's texture suddenly stops. An occlusion is the
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Daelli, V.; van
Rijsbergen, N.J.; Treves, A. (2010). "How recent experience affects the perception of ambiguous objects".
123:, mid-level vision comes into use when we need to classify the object we are seeing quickly. Whether perceived or actual,
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edges perceived can also aid in distinguishing objects by examining the change in texture against an edge due to motion.
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76:. Multistable perception is the occurrence of an image being able to provide multiple, although stable, perceptions.
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Verbeek's strips could be seen differently when viewed upside down. This image will flip upside-down automatically.
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Wolfe, J., Kluender, K., & Levi, D. (2009). Sensation and perception. (2 ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer
Associates.
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Kosslyn, S.M.; Reiser, B.J.; Farah, M.J.; Fliegel, S.L. (1983). "Generating visual images: Units and relations".
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Figures drawn in a way that avoids depth cues may become ambiguous. Classic examples of this phenomenon are the
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Koning, A.; van Lier, R. (2006). "No symmetry advantage when object matching involves accidental viewpoints".
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proximal to each other, while a third object may be closer to one of the other objects but appear farther.
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interpretation between two or more distinct image forms. These are famous for inducing the phenomenon of
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528:. 180° rotational symmetry. The face of a young woman changes into a grandmother. Published in 1946.
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The Upside Downs of Little Lady
Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo - At the house of the writing pig
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group through various visual aids such as a threshold of colours separating the two objects.
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ambiguity using memory, leaving the affected unable to determine who they are seeing.
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Postic, Guillaume; Ghouzam, Yassine; Chebrek, Romain; Gelly, Jean-Christophe (2017).
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In mid-level vision, the visual system utilizes a set of heuristic methods, called
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Proceedings of the
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Image that exploits graphical similarities between two or more distinct images
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Bamhart, A.S. (2010). "The exploitation of gestalt principles by magicians".
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Illusory contour and surface completion mechanisms in human visual cortex
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A model for figure-ground segmentation by self-organized cue integration
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The use of the ambiguous image phenomena can be seen in select works of
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983:(Thesis). University of Southern California Digital Library (USC.DL).
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Chambers, D.; Reisberg, D. (1985). "Can mental images be ambiguous?".
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Bradley, D.R.; Dumais, S.T. (1975). "Ambiguous cognitive contours".
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
591:"Early visual brain areas reflect the percept of an ambiguous scene"
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Association des
Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée
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Parkkonen, L.; Andersson, J.; Hämäläinen, M.; Hari, R. (2008).
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This figure can be seen as a young woman or an old woman; see
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The Upside Downs of Little Lady
Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo
95:" drawing, the latter dating from a German postcard of 1888.
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by exploiting graphical similarities and other properties of
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Using ambiguous images to hide in the real world: camouflage
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Monographs of the
Society for Research in Child Development
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to create ambiguous images: the vase or two opposing faces.
87:, a German humor magazine. Other classic examples are the
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In ambiguous images, an illusion is often produced from
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The Necker Cube: a wire frame cube with no depth cues.
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Archimedes' Lab – Optical illusions and puzzles
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79:One of the earliest examples of this type is the
1197:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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324:Recognizing an object through high-level vision
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1179:. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021
1092:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
205:Proximity, common region, and connectedness
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517:Drawing of reversible female face by
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455:Reversible Head with Basket of Fruit
258:also define the figure of an image.
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361:Using memory and recent experience
262:Extremal edges and relative motion
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665:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00595.x
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1171:Higgins, Carter (29 May 2013).
2909:Comic Art Professional Society
1649:Glossary of comics terminology
1221:Ambiguous upside-down pictures
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3000:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
989:10.25549/usctheses-c16-597264
692:10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00137-3
64:are visual forms that create
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2703:Based on television programs
862:Halko, Mark Anthony (2008).
93:My Wife and My Mother-in-Law
36:My Wife and My Mother-in-Law
2845:Words & Pictures Museum
1104:10.1037/0096-3445.112.2.278
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2889:Academy of Comic Book Arts
2861:Center for Cartoon Studies
2783:Belgian Comic Strip Center
1177:Design of the Picture Book
735:10.1037/0096-1523.11.3.317
579:Oct. 23, 1892, p. 147
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2729:Best-selling comic series
2307:Portrayal of black people
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1024:10.1007/s00426-004-0191-8
217:The grouping property of
1544:Ascending and Descending
425:. The children's book,
250:Parallelism and symmetry
127:will play a role here.
49:utilizes the concept of
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2793:National Cartoon Museum
616:10.1073/pnas.0810966105
402:wrote his comic series
382:Disorders in perception
242:Size and surroundedness
3010:Finnish Comics Society
2967:Svenska Serieakademien
2957:Comics Studies Society
2825:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo
2329:Women in Refrigerators
2324:The Hawkeye Initiative
1962:Female comics creators
1012:Psychological Research
979:Tang, Xiangyu (2005).
818:10.1126/sciadv.1600552
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2708:Based on video games
2290:Gender and webcomics
1855:Publishing companies
1578:Accidental viewpoint
313:accidental viewpoint
113:rabbit–duck illusion
81:rabbit–duck illusion
3020:The Hero Initiative
2300:American mainstream
2102:Comics in education
1705:Comic strip formats
1483:Vertical–horizontal
899:1975Natur.257..582B
810:2017SciA....3E0552P
607:2008PNAS..10520500P
601:(51): 20500–20504.
459:Giuseppe Arcimboldo
348:drawing of cubes).
219:proximity (Gestalt)
3061:Cartoon portal
2815:The Cartoon Museum
2810:Cartoon Art Museum
2534:France and Belgium
2319:Portrayal of women
2312:African characters
2280:Ethnic stereotypes
1583:Auditory illusions
1378:Impossible trident
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1598:Temporal illusion
1593:Tactile illusions
1563:(2015 photograph)
1264:Optical illusions
893:(5527): 582–584.
577:Fliegende Blätter
558:Monocular rivalry
548:Binocular rivalry
412:978-91-7089-524-1
300:visual perception
187:Good continuation
161:illusory contours
85:Fliegende Blätter
16:(Redirected from
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1941:Japanese (manga)
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1188:
1186:
1184:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1035:
1007:
1001:
1000:
976:
970:
969:
944:(9): 1286–1289.
933:
927:
926:
907:10.1038/257582a0
882:
876:
875:
859:
848:
847:
837:
798:Science Advances
789:
783:
780:
747:
746:
718:
712:
711:
675:
669:
668:
648:
639:
638:
628:
618:
586:
580:
574:
514:
490:
470:
451:
342:rhombille tiling
318:optical illusion
213:Law of Proximity
58:Ambiguous images
21:
18:Ambiguous figure
3127:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3015:Friends of Lulu
2977:
2971:
2929:
2923:
2870:
2849:
2775:
2774:Collections and
2765:
2739:manga magazines
2712:
2681:
2672:Manga magazines
2637:
2621:
2510:
2414:
2364:
2335:
2268:
2239:Talking animals
2215:
2176:Science fiction
2087:Anthropomorphic
2053:and narratology
2052:
2044:
1991:Years in comics
1973:
1950:
1914:Jewish American
1897:
1864:
1809:
1773:
1693:Trade paperback
1651:
1642:
1637:
1607:
1602:
1566:
1516:Popular culture
1511:
1502:
1473:Spinning dancer
1293:Ambiguous image
1271:
1261:
1228:Wayback Machine
1212:
1207:
1206:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1009:
1008:
1004:
978:
977:
973:
935:
934:
930:
884:
883:
879:
861:
860:
851:
804:(1): e1600552.
791:
790:
786:
781:
750:
720:
719:
715:
677:
676:
672:
650:
649:
642:
588:
587:
583:
575:
571:
566:
553:Contour rivalry
539:
534:
533:
532:
529:
515:
506:
505:sentences, 1904
499:Gustave Verbeek
491:
482:
471:
462:
452:
440:
400:Gustave Verbeek
396:
384:
363:
326:
309:
296:
283:
264:
252:
244:
235:
207:
198:
189:
169:
140:
132:perceive a face
119:perceiving and
105:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3051:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2976:Charitable and
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
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2933:
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2925:
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2807:
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2797:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2761:Limited series
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Based on films
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2649:
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2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
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2617:
2610:United Kingdom
2607:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2524:Czech Republic
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2481:
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2316:
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2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
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2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
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2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2050:Comics studies
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
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1890:
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1797:
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1766:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1737:Digital comics
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Ongoing series
1680:
1675:
1673:Limited series
1670:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1604:
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1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:(1961 drawing)
1548:
1547:(1960 drawing)
1540:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Shepard tables
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:Penrose stairs
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
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1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Checker shadow
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:Autostereogram
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1260:
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1252:
1245:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1211:
1210:External links
1208:
1205:
1204:
1163:
1130:Brain Research
1117:
1098:(2): 278–303.
1082:
1071:(2): 105–116.
1055:
1002:
971:
928:
877:
849:
784:
748:
729:(3): 317–328.
713:
670:
640:
581:
568:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
538:
535:
531:
530:
516:
509:
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492:
485:
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472:
465:
463:
453:
446:
443:
442:
441:
439:
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395:
392:
383:
380:
362:
359:
344:(viewed as an
325:
322:
308:
305:
295:
292:
282:
279:
263:
260:
251:
248:
243:
240:
234:
231:
206:
203:
197:
194:
188:
185:
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165:
139:
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125:Negative space
104:
101:
51:Negative space
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3124:
3113:
3110:
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3105:
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3018:
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3008:
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2988:
2986:
2983:
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2974:
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2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:Organizations
2873:
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2864:
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2798:
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2772:
2762:
2759:
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2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
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2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
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2665:
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2648:
2644:
2634:
2631:
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2624:
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2608:
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2549:
2545:
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2537:
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2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
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2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
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2465:
2461:
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2427:
2424:
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2417:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:United States
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
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2388:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
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2327:
2325:
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2321:
2320:
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2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
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2301:
2298:
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2278:
2277:
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2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Decompression
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Tijuana bible
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2160:
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2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Comics poetry
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
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2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
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1882:
1879:
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1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
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1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Silent comics
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Graphic novel
1762:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Sunday comics
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
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1399:
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1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Fraser spiral
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
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1194:
1178:
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1118:
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1101:
1097:
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1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:10.1068/p6766
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
878:
873:
869:
865:
858:
856:
854:
850:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
785:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
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761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
666:
662:
659:(1): 87–104.
658:
654:
647:
645:
641:
636:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
582:
578:
573:
570:
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2928:Critical and
2882:Professional
2667:Comic strips
2360:South Africa
2259:Supervillain
2081:
1795:Photo comics
1790:Motion comic
1742:Mobile comic
1668:Ashcan comic
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1529:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
1527:
1393:Lilac chaser
1363:Gravity hill
1292:
1181:. Retrieved
1176:
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1018:(1): 52–58.
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686:(1): 57–70.
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519:Rex Whistler
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47:Rubin's vase
3081:WikiProject
2717:Other lists
2662:Comic books
2578:Netherlands
2484:Philippines
2196:Underground
2159:Non-fiction
2077:Alternative
1823:Cartoonists
1805:Text comics
1759:Gag cartoon
1715:Lianhuanhua
1700:Comic strip
1539:(1864 book)
1443:Poggendorff
1418:Oppel-Kundt
1413:Necker cube
1408:MĂĽller-Lyer
1383:Irradiation
501:containing
419:M.C. Escher
338:Necker cube
285:In nature,
255:Parallelism
91:, and the "
3102:Perception
3096:Categories
2345:By country
2186:Teen humor
2021:Modern Age
2016:Bronze Age
2011:Silver Age
2006:Golden Age
1946:Macedonian
1921:Australian
1902:By country
1888:Minicomics
1785:Film comic
1778:Techniques
1663:Comic book
1536:Spectropia
1453:Rubin vase
1403:McCollough
1398:Mach bands
1348:Ehrenstein
1343:Ebbinghaus
1308:Barberpole
1283:Afterimage
1183:21 January
1033:2066/55694
938:Perception
866:(Thesis).
564:References
475:caricature
427:Round Trip
340:, and the
287:camouflage
196:Similarity
89:Rubin vase
3112:Ambiguity
2686:By source
2677:Webcomics
2655:By format
2633:Australia
2436:Hong Kong
2376:Argentina
2254:Superhero
2211:Wrestling
2181:Superhero
2122:Dystopian
2097:Celebrity
2082:Ambiguous
2040:Webcomics
1893:Webcomics
1876:Editorial
1869:By format
1850:Letterers
1835:Colorists
1688:Minicomic
1588:Illusions
1560:The dress
1552:Waterfall
1353:Flash lag
1333:Cornsweet
1318:Café wall
1298:Ames room
1276:Illusions
1136:: 81–91.
997:621577763
872:621754807
826:2375-2548
743:197655523
680:Cognition
431:Ann Jonas
346:isometric
294:Occlusion
153:gradients
66:ambiguity
3071:Category
2978:outreach
2930:academic
2840:ToonSeum
2588:Portugal
2496:Thailand
2479:Pakistan
2369:Americas
2285:Feminist
2229:Antihero
2067:Abstract
2001:American
1936:Filipino
1926:Canadian
1909:American
1815:Creators
1747:Webcomic
1678:One-shot
1338:Delboeuf
1288:Ambigram
1224:Archived
1193:cite web
1158:45388116
1150:20122901
1050:35284032
1042:15480756
993:ProQuest
958:21125955
868:ProQuest
844:28097215
708:37046301
700:12208651
635:19074267
543:Ambigram
537:See also
523:ambigram
503:ambigram
394:In media
368:Greebles
2854:Schools
2776:museums
2626:Oceania
2561:Ireland
2556:Hungary
2551:Germany
2544:Belgium
2529:Croatia
2506:Vietnam
2244:Masking
2206:Western
2164:Romance
2132:Fantasy
1983:History
1860:Writers
1840:Editors
1752:Webtoon
1730:Yonkoma
1656:Formats
1571:Related
1498:Zöllner
1488:White's
1423:Orbison
1388:Jastrow
1112:6223974
966:8016846
923:4295897
915:1165783
895:Bibcode
835:5235333
806:Bibcode
626:2602606
603:Bibcode
521:, with
493:Comics
473:French
438:Gallery
2724:Awards
2593:Serbia
2583:Poland
2516:Europe
2501:Turkey
2398:Mexico
2391:Quebec
2386:Canada
2381:Brazil
2353:Africa
2273:Themes
2221:Tropes
2154:Horror
2144:Gekiga
2127:Erotic
2060:Genres
2026:events
1845:Inkers
1725:Topper
1640:Comics
1523:Op art
1478:Ternus
1458:Sander
1373:Hering
1313:Bezold
1156:
1148:
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921:
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887:Nature
870:
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633:
623:
481:, 1870
461:, 1590
410:
2734:manga
2647:Lists
2615:Wales
2598:Spain
2566:Italy
2467:Korea
2460:lists
2455:Japan
2443:India
2249:Rogue
2117:Crime
2072:Adult
1955:Other
1931:Cuban
1493:Wundt
1448:Ponzo
1328:Chubb
1154:S2CID
1046:S2CID
962:S2CID
919:S2CID
739:S2CID
704:S2CID
526:¡OHO!
429:, by
2603:list
2571:list
2539:list
2489:list
2472:list
2448:list
2431:list
2419:Asia
2408:list
2295:LGBT
2169:list
2137:list
1967:list
1881:list
1828:list
1368:Grid
1268:list
1199:link
1185:2024
1146:PMID
1134:1322
1108:PMID
1038:PMID
954:PMID
911:PMID
840:PMID
822:ISSN
696:PMID
631:PMID
421:and
408:ISBN
111:The
2201:War
1138:doi
1100:doi
1096:112
1073:doi
1028:hdl
1020:doi
985:doi
946:doi
903:doi
891:257
830:PMC
814:doi
731:doi
688:doi
661:doi
621:PMC
611:doi
599:105
497:by
477:of
311:An
60:or
3098::
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