898:
349:
2259:
959:
875:
1805:
1225:. Unrestrained occupants, particularly those riding in the patient-care compartment, are particularly vulnerable. When compared to civilian vehicles of similar size, one study found that on a per-accident basis, ambulance collisions tend to involve more people, and result in more injuries. An 11-year retrospective study concluded in 2001 found that although most fatal ambulance crashes in the United States occurred during emergency runs, they typically occurred on improved, straight, dry roads, during clear weather. Furthermore, paramedics are also at risk in ambulances while helping patients, as 27 paramedics died during ambulance trips in the US between 1991 and 2006.
728:
324:
791:
2076:
829:
1164:, which offers an alternative to KKK-A-1822F. The Commission on Accreditation of Ambulance Services (CAAS) has published its Ground Vehicle Standard for Ambulances v2.0, effective July 2019. This standard is similar to the KKK-A-1822F and NFPA 1917–2019 specifications. The decision on which of the current (3) standards to require is left up to each individual state legislature or EMS director. Some states have no specific requirement, while others specify which standard is acceptable. Others, yet, allow the end user to decide which standard to comply to.
936:
1905:– Some services employ staff with no medical qualification (or just basic first aid training) whose job is to simply drive the vehicle. In some emergency ambulance contexts this term is a pejorative towards personnel with higher medical training, as it implies they perform no function other than driving, although it may be acceptable for patient transport or community operations. Ambulance drivers may also have training in using the radio and knowing where medical supplies are stored in the ambulance.
1003:
769:
2019:– Physician Assistants are found predominately in English-speaking countries and may also be known as physician associates in some countries. PA's mirror the practice of a physician and are capable of providing the range of medical skills a physician provides. They generally work in collaboration with a physician, although in an ambulance environment this may not be possible. Instead, advanced directives or electronic communication is available to PA's to consult with physicians when required.
161:
1105:, depending on the preference of the operator and the availability of different options. Colder regions often use gasoline-powered engines, as diesels can be difficult to start when they are cold. Warmer regions may favor diesel engines, as they are more efficient and more durable. Diesel power is sometimes chosen due to safety concerns, after a series of fires involving gasoline-powered ambulances during the 1980s. These fires were ultimately attributed in part to gasoline's higher
1684:, which are usually brighter than incandescent lights. Each of these can be programmed to flash singly or in groups, and can be programmed to flash in patterns (such as a left -> right pattern for use when the ambulance is parked on the left hand side of the road, indicating to other road users that they should move to the right (away from the ambulance)). Incandescent and LED lights may also be programmed to burn steadily, without flashing, which is required in some provinces.
1821:
524:– A typical general-purpose ambulance is based on either the chassis of a van ("vanbulance") or a light-duty truck. This chassis is then modified to the designs and specifications of the purchaser. Vans may either retain their original body and be upfitted inside, or may be based on a chassis without the original body with a modular box body fitted instead. Those based on pickup trucks almost always have modular bodies. Those vehicles intended for especially
1447:
917:
747:
1760:, which can alert people and vehicles to the presence of an ambulance before they can be seen. The first audible warnings were mechanical bells, mounted to either the front or roof of the ambulance. Most modern ambulances are now fitted with electronic sirens, producing a range of different noises which ambulance operators can use to attract more attention to themselves, particularly when proceeding through an intersection or in heavy traffic.
1234:
1764:
1438:
1467:
1552:
142:
813:
381:
1703:. Additional white lights may be placed strategically around the vehicle to illuminate the area around it when it is dark, almost always at the rear for loading and unloading stretchers and often at the sides as well. In areas very far North or South where there are times of year with long periods of darkness, additional driving lights at the front are often fitted as well to increase visibility for the driver.
715:– Fire services (especially in North America) often train firefighters to respond to medical emergencies and most apparatuses carry at least basic medical supplies. By design, most apparatuses cannot transport patients unless they can sit in the cab. However, some fire trucks may be designed to have a large ambulance compartment behind the front of the cab, where the driver and officer's seats are located.
853:
2139:
2045:
2057:
43:
5180:
1458:
1429:
1657:
1246:
1927:– Members of a frontline ambulance that drive the vehicles under both emergency and non-emergency conditions to incidents. Their role is to assist the clinician that they are working with, either a Technician or Paramedic, in their duties, whether that be drawing up drugs, setting up fluids (but not attaching), doing basic observations or performing 12 lead ECG assessments.
1125:
1305:– Some ambulances are now being fitted with video cameras used to record activity either inside or outside the vehicle. They may also be fitted with sound recording facilities. This can be used as a form of protection from violence against ambulance crews, or in some cases (dependent on local laws) to prove or disprove cases where a member of the crew stands accused of
5192:
5528:
1296:(or MDTs), which are connected wirelessly to a central computer, usually at the control center. These terminals can function instead of or alongside the two-way radio and can be used to pass details of jobs to the crew, and can log the time the crew was mobile to a patient, arrived, and left the scene, or fulfill any other computer-based function.
1853:– Transport by ambulance is paid for by the patient themselves, or through their insurance company. This may be at the point of care (i.e. payment or guarantee must be made before treatment or transport), although this may be an issue with critically injured patients, unable to provide such details, or via a system of billing later on.
1411:('give way'), or be permitted to break the speed limit. Generally, the priority of the response to the call will be assigned by the dispatcher, but the priority of the return will be decided by the ambulance crew based on the severity of the patient's illness or injury. Patients in significant danger to life and limb (as determined by
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national emergency broadcast systems, but short-range units on emergency vehicles can prove an effective means of alerting traffic to their presence. It is, however, unlikely that this system could replace audible warnings, as it is unable to alert pedestrians, those not using a compatible radio or even have it turned off.
446:– A special type of patient transport ambulance is provided by a charity for the purpose of taking sick children or adults on trips or vacations away from hospitals, hospices, or care homes where they are in long-term care. Examples include the United Kingdom's "Jumbulance" project. These are usually based on a bus.
1707:
are common places to mount emergency lights. A certain balance must be made when deciding on the number and location of lights: too few and the ambulance may not be noticed easily, too many and it becomes a massive distraction for other road users more than it is already, increasing the risk of local accidents.
983:
2274:
provider. Alternately, it may be adapted into a storage and transport vehicle for crime scene identification equipment, a command post at community events, or support vehicle, such as a logistics unit. Others are refurbished and resold, or may just have their emergency equipment removed to be sold to
1579:
society. Use by any other person, organization or agency is in breach of international law. The protective symbols are designed to indicate to all people (especially combatants in the case of war) that the vehicle is neutral and is not to be fired upon, hence giving protection to the medics and their
1171:
chassis-cab with a custom rear compartment that is often referred to as a "box" or "module", primarily used for
Advanced Life Support (ALS) or Mobile Intensive Care Unit (MICU), as well as rescue work. Type II is based on a commercial heavy-duty van with few modifications except for a raised roof and
1140:
Many regions have prescribed standards which ambulances should, or must, meet in order to be used for their role. These standards may have different levels which reflect the type of patient which the ambulance is expected to transport (for instance specifying a different standard for routine patient
1874:
There are differing levels of qualification that the ambulance crew may hold, from holding no formal qualification to having a fully qualified doctor on board. Most ambulance services require at least two crew members to be on every ambulance (one to drive, and one to attend the patient). It may be
2194:
tank. Its rear door enables the evacuation of critically wounded soldiers. Israel did not remove the
Merkava's weaponry, claiming that weapons were more effective protection than emblems since Palestinian militants would disregard any symbols of protection and fire at ambulances anyway. For use as
1795:
transmitter, set to RDS code 31, which interrupts the radio of all cars within range, in the manner of a traffic broadcast, but in such a way that the user of the receiving radio is unable to opt-out of the message (as with traffic broadcasts). This feature is built into every RDS radio for use in
1706:
In order to increase safety, it is best practice to have 360° coverage with the active warnings, improving the chance of the vehicle being seen from all sides. In some countries, such as the United States, this may be mandatory. The roof, front grille, sides and rear of the body, and front fenders
1664:
The active visual warnings are usually in the form of flashing lights. These flash in order to attract the attention of other road users as the ambulance approaches, or to provide warning to motorists approaching a stopped ambulance in a dangerous position on the road. Common colours for ambulance
1172:
a secondary air conditioning unit for the rear of the vehicle, primarily used for Basic Life
Support (BLS) and transfer of patients, though they are occasionally also used for ALS and rescue. Type III is a van chassis-cab with a custom-made rear compartment, used for ALS and rescue. Type IV is for
897:
1387:) are also used, though they are subject to some of the same limitations as more traditional over-the-road ambulances. The level of care provided by these ambulances varies between merely providing transport to a medical clinic to providing on-scene and continuing care during transport.
1390:
The design of intermediate technology ambulances must take into account not only the operation and maintenance of the ambulance, but its construction as well. The robustness of the design becomes more important, as does the nature of the skills required to properly operate the vehicle.
4692:
371:
to transport incurable patients by force. Ambulances were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the
Spanish, and civilian variants were put into operation during the 1830s. Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th centuries led to modern self-powered ambulances.
1189:
1403:, as these emergencies create people who are likely to be in need of treatment. They are required to gain access to patients as quickly as possible, and in many countries, are given dispensation from obeying certain traffic laws. For instance, they may be able to treat a red
1899:(AED). First responders may be dispatched by the ambulance service, may be passers-by, or may be dispatched to the scene from other agencies, such as the police or fire departments. They may be on duty for another agency, or volunteers who are on-call during their free time.
1525:), chevrons (arrowheads – often pointed towards the front of the vehicle if on the side, or pointing vertically upwards on the rear) or stripes along the side (these were the first type of retro-reflective device introduced, as the original reflective material, invented by
270:) is counted as an ambulance. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Conversely, EMS agencies may also have
1152:, which specifies minimum compliance levels across the build of ambulance, including crash resistance, equipment levels, and exterior marking. In the United States, standards for ambulance design have existed since 1976, where the standard is published by the
631:– Usually used for emergency care, either in places inaccessible by road, or in areas where speed is of the essence, as they are able to travel significantly faster than a road ambulance. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at
1352:– Ambulances are often fitted with a separate air conditioning system to serve the working area from that which serves the cab. This helps to maintain an appropriate temperature for any patients being treated but may also feature additional features such as
1775:
The speakers for modern sirens can be integral to the lightbar, or they may be hidden in or flush to the grill to reduce noise inside the ambulance that may interfere with patient care and radio communications. Ambulances can additionally be fitted with
2225:
to lend medical assistance in high casualty situations such as wars or natural disasters. These hospital ships fulfill the criteria of an ambulance (transporting the sick or injured), although the capabilities of a hospital ship are more on par with a
2135:, on the assumption that they may have to use a weapon. The laws of war do allow non-combatant military personnel to carry individual weapons for protecting themselves and casualties. However, not all militaries exercise this right to their personnel.
958:
1209:, are required to operate in most weather conditions, including those during which civilian drivers often elect to stay off the road. Also, the ambulance crew's responsibilities to their patient often preclude their use of safety devices such as
395:
Ambulances can be grouped into types depending on whether or not they transport patients, and under what conditions. In some cases, ambulances may fulfill more than one function (such as combining emergency ambulance care with patient transport:
4696:
1264:– One of the most important pieces of equipment in modern emergency medical services as it allows for the issuing of jobs to the ambulance, and can allow the crew to pass information back to control or to the hospital (for example a priority
647:'), for patient transport over long distances (e.g. a re-patriation following an illness or injury in a foreign country), or transportation between distant hospitals. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at
2112:. In terms of equipment, military ambulances are barebones, often being nothing more than a box on wheels with racks to place manual stretchers, though for the operational conditions and level of care involved this is usually sufficient.
1362:– These are often placed in ambulances to record such information as speed, braking power and time, activation of active emergency warnings such as lights and sirens, as well as seat belt usage. These are often used in coordination with
1050:
to enable them to contact hospitals, either to notify the appropriate hospital of the ambulance's pending arrival, or, in cases where physicians do not form part of the ambulance's crew, to confer with a physician for medical oversight.
2692:
2131:; however, this does not always exempt medical personnel from coming under fire – accidental or deliberate. As a result, medics and other medical personnel attached to military ambulances are usually put through basic
2011:. ECPs are already qualified paramedics who have undergone further training, and are trained to prescribe medicines for longer-term care, such as antibiotics, as well as being trained in a range of additional diagnostic techniques.
727:
581:– Used for response, but usually in pedestrian-only areas where large vehicles find access difficult. Like the motorcycle ambulance, a bicycle may be connected to a trailer for patient transport, most often in the developing world.
2031:, it is common for doctors to staff ambulances. On the other hand, this is rare in systems that rely heavily on paramedics or field nurses. In those cases, doctors may be present in specialist ambulance units – most notably the
291:" as meaning "to walk or move about" which is a reference to early medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital, which follows an army in its movements. Ambulances (
3825:
Hofman, Jan J.; Dzimadzi, Chris; Lungu, Kingsley; Ratsma, Esther Y.; Hussein, Julia (16 June 2008). "Motorcycle ambulances for referral of obstetric emergencies in rural Malawi: Do they reduce delay and what do they cost?".
3697:
990:
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1695:) by drilling a hole in the host light's reflector and inserting the emergency light. These hidden lights may not be apparent until they are activated. Additionally, some of the standard lights fitted to an ambulance (e.g.
1014:
Ambulance design must take into account local conditions and infrastructure. Maintained roads are necessary for road-going ambulances to arrive on scene and then transport the patient to a hospital, though in rugged areas
989:
828:
3466:
1379:. Ambulances can also be trailers, which are pulled by bicycles, motorcycles, tractors, or animals. Animal-powered ambulances can be particularly useful in regions that are subject to flooding. Motorcycles fitted with
5076:
1176:
patient transfer using smaller utility vehicles selected for maneuverability in special environments such as dense crowds at events; these are uncommon and are not subject to federal regulations in the United States.
5095:
542:
with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving)
738:
1192:
498:. Tests from the time showed that an ambulance service with personnel specially trained in psychiatric treatment was highly effective, and reduced the use of force when treating patients in psychiatric crises.
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1256:
In addition to the equipment directly used for the treatment of patients, ambulances may be fitted with a range of additional equipment which is used in order to facilitate patient care. This could include:
1197:
987:
2099:
serve the exclusive purpose of armored medical vehicles. Civilian based designs may be painted in appropriate colors, depending on the operational requirements (i.e. camouflage for field use, white for
4569:"Real Decreto 836/2012, de 25 de mayo, por el que se establecen las características técnicas, el equipamiento sanitario y la dotación de personal de los vehículos de transporte sanitario por carretera"
874:
1415:) require urgent treatment by advanced medical personnel, and because of this need, emergency ambulances are often fitted with passive and active visual and/or audible warnings to alert road users.
1113:
would only sell vehicles for ambulance conversion if they are diesel-powered. Beginning in 2010, Ford will sell its ambulance chassis with a gasoline engine in order to meet emissions requirements.
4748:
1180:
The move towards standardisation is now reaching countries without a history of prescriptive codes, such as India, which approved its first national standard for ambulance construction in 2013.
3434:
2214:
heavily armored ground ambulance (HAGA) as treatment and evacuation vehicles, with contracts to incorporate the newly designed M2A0 armored medical evacuation vehicle (AMEV), a variant of the
790:
1840:
In the United States, the cost of an ambulance ride may be paid for from several sources, and this will depend on the local situation type of service being provided, by whom, and to whom.
1194:
1318:– Ambulances can be fitted with a tail lift or ramp in order to facilitate loading a patient without having to undertake any lifting. This is especially important where the patient is
2108:
has a fleet of white ambulances, based on production trucks. Military helicopters have also served both as ad hoc and purpose-built air ambulances since they are extremely useful for
935:
768:
403:– The most common type of ambulance, which provides care to patients with an acute illness or injury. These can be road-going vans, boats, helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft (known as
2822:
1054:
Ambulances often have two stages of manufacturing. The first is frequently the manufacture of light or medium truck chassis-cabs or full-size vans (or in some places, cars) such as
4571:[Royal Decree 836/2012, of 25 May, which establishes the technical characteristics, the sanitary equipment and the staffing of the vehicles of sanitary transport by road].
4392:
2922:
2796:
1533:) yellow or orange for maximum visual impact, though classic white or red are also common. Fire department-operated ambulances are often painted red to match the fire apparatuses.
5040:
3319:
3293:
3267:
2289:. Since Ontario laws require ambulances to be retired after just four and a half years in service, the City of Toronto decommissions and auctions around 28 ambulances each year.
1540:(or local language variant) spelled out in reverse on the front of the vehicle. This enables drivers of other vehicles to more easily identify an approaching ambulance in their
5224:
538:
for rapid response or to transport patients who can sit, these are standard car models adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a
3704:
2127:, military ambulances are often unarmed. It is a generally accepted practice in most countries to classify the personnel attached to military vehicles marked as ambulances as
697:, which can be towed behind a self-propelled vehicle, can be used as an ambulance. This permits flexibility in areas with minimal access to vehicles, such as on small islands.
5093:
1911:– This role has different levels of training across the world, but these staff are usually only required to perform patient transport duties (which can include stretcher or
3528:
3346:
1559:, Australia with warped Battenburg markings, the Maltese Cross, and additional fluorescent reflective stripes to aid in visibility. Also visible are its emergency lights.
1915:
cases), rather than acute care. Dependent on provider, they may be trained in first aid or extended skills such as use of an AED, oxygen therapy and other lifesaving or
1489:
1485:
1563:
Ambulances may also carry an emblem (either as part of the passive warning markings or not), such as a Red Cross, Red
Crescent or Red Crystal (collective known as the
3937:
5060:
1596:
348:
2083:
Military ambulances have historically included vehicles based on civilian designs and at times also included armored, but unarmed, vehicle ambulances based upon
1999:. Dependent on jurisdiction, the title "paramedic" can be a protected title, and use of it without the relevant qualification may result in criminal prosecution.
985:
2258:
2648:
746:
683:
may be used to provide medical care as a mobile treatment facility or transport patients to better care in more accessible areas. These are generally called
3190:
1865:– Hospitals may provide the ambulance transport free of charge, on the condition that patients use the hospital's services (which they may have to pay for).
454:– A special type of patient transport ambulance designed for extremely obese patients equipped with the appropriate tools to move and manage these patients.
1948:
5080:
3907:
3881:
1086:, where the modifications are started from scratch and built on to the vehicle, or using a modular system, where a pre-built 'box' is put on to the empty
2550:
1847:– The full or the majority of the cost of transport by ambulance is borne by the local, regional, or national government (through their normal taxation).
1193:
916:
4744:
1268:
message to alert the hospital of the impending arrival of a critical patient.) More recently many services worldwide have moved from traditional analog
4497:
4796:
1517:
designs, which reflects light from car headlights or torches. Popular patterns include 'checker board' (alternate coloured squares, sometimes called '
1116:
In the United
Kingdom, the National Health Service has set a target for all ambulances to be fully electric as part of the Net Zero campaign by 2045.
3441:
1509:
Passive visual warnings are usually part of the design of the vehicle, and involve the use of high contrast patterns. Older ambulances (and those in
5217:
1340:– In addition to normal working lighting, ambulances can be fitted with special lighting (often blue or red) which is used when the patient becomes
1156:
and known as KKK-A-1822. This standard has been revised several times, and is currently in version 'F' change notice #13, known as KKK-A-1822F. The
644:
3550:
Becker LR, Zaloshnja E, Levick N, Li G, Miller TR (November 2003). "Relative risk of injury and death in ambulances and other emergency vehicles".
2735:
1780:
audible warnings to augment the effectiveness of the siren system, or may be fitted with extremely loud two-tone air horns as their primary siren.
4590:
1804:
3628:
Kahn CA, Pirrallo RG, Kuhn EM (July 2001). "Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United States: an 11-year retrospective analysis".
2035:. Alternatively, in some systems, such as Albuquerque, NM and Pittsburgh, PA, physicians are available to respond to serious cases via a fly car.
589:– Used for response off-road, especially at events or in remote areas. ATVs can be modified to carry a stretcher, and are used for tasks such as
4064:
3138:
3066:
2848:
2706:
1145:
615:– In some cases, buses can be used to transport multiple casualties, either for the purposes of taking patients on journeys, in the context of
565:– In urban areas, these may be used for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van.
4971:
3164:
1919:
skills. They may provide emergency cover when other units are not available, or when accompanied by a fully qualified technician or paramedic.
1622:
operate one state and one territory ambulance service, and all of
Australia's other ambulance services use variations on a red Maltese cross.
5302:
4907:
4670:
3929:
1632:(often incorrectly called a Maltese cross) as this cross is frequently used as a fire department logo (St. Florian being the patron saint of
812:
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2386:
2028:
1944:
1157:
3807:
2826:
2926:
2800:
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1879:
ambulance may be crewed by one paramedic and one technician, or in countries like
Australia advanced life support registered paramedics.
1859:– Transport by ambulance may be provided free of charge to patients by a charity, although donations may be sought for services received.
5210:
3323:
3297:
3271:
3087:
1529:, only came in tape form). In addition to retro-reflective markings, some services now have the vehicles painted in a bright (sometimes
609:– Used for rapid response at events or on campuses. These function similarly to ATVs, with less rough terrain capability and less noise.
4396:
3781:
3729:
3536:
2693:"Tilpassede biler og ansatte med spesiell kompetanse: Slik har egne ambulanser for psykisk syke blitt en suksess i Bergen og Stavanger"
1660:
An ambulance in
Denmark with roof-integrated LED lights, plus side-view mirror, grill and front fend-off lights, and fog lamps wig-wags
4822:
4618:
4448:
4239:
4008:
3970:
2896:
1959:– In some systems, nurses are the primary providers of advanced-level care on ambulances, often in place of paramedics. This includes
323:
2285:
City
Council operates a "Caravan of Hope" project to give retired Toronto ambulances a second life by donating them to the people of
852:
5111:
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2518:
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1375:
In parts of the world that lack a high level of infrastructure, ambulances are designed to meet local conditions, being built using
126:
5149:
4644:
4941:
3502:
2476:
1167:
In the United States and Canada, there are four types of ambulances: Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV. Type I is based on a
2096:
1939:, spinal immobilization, bleeding control, splinting of suspected fractures, assisting the patient with certain medications, and
1896:
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3350:
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of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876 even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the
262:. Generally, vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients. However, it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a
1724:
1723:
1691:
or in special flush-mount designs (as seen on the Danish ambulance to the right), or may be hidden in a host light (such as a
4302:
3585:
Ray AF, Kupas DF (October–December 2005). "Comparison of crashes involving ambulances with those of similar-sized vehicles".
2424:
2176:
1699:, tail lamps) may be programmed to flash. Flashing headlights (typically the high beams, flashed alternately) are known as a
1607:
420:– A vehicle, which has the job of transporting patients to, from or between places of medical treatment, such as hospital or
64:
5044:
2966:
2075:
1665:
warning beacons are blue, red, amber, and white (clear). However the colours may vary by country and sometimes by operator.
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5057:
2227:
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1603:
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605:
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the case that only the attendant need be qualified, and the driver might have no medical training. In some locations, an
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4422:
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2308:
2095:
half-track were pressed into service as ad hoc ambulances, and in more recent times purpose-built AFVs such as the U.S.
1931:
107:
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2003:
1716:
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1571:, and all countries signatory to it agree to restrict their use to either (1) Military Ambulances or (2) the national
1079:
908:
778:
775:
271:
251:
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1983:– This is a high level of medical training and usually involves key skills not permissible for technicians, such as
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1891:– A person who arrives first at the scene of an incident, and whose job is to provide early critical care such as
436:
chassis, that can evacuate and transport a large number of patients. They are usually used in emergencies such as
5272:
3194:
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in comparison to diesel fuel. The type of engine may be determined by the manufacturer: in the past two decades,
1071:
296:
86:
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1687:
Emergency lights may simply be mounted directly on the body, or may be housed in special fittings, such as in a
619:, or to deal with specific problems such as drunken patients in town centers. They are sometimes referred to as
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Emergency ambulances are highly likely to be involved in hazardous situations, including incidents such as a
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2678:
2279:. They may also have a perfectly serviceable body or vehicle (or both) separated from the other and reused.
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525:
53:
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2234:, these ships can display a prominent Red Cross or Red Crescent to confer protection under the appropriate
93:
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437:
5196:
5254:
2739:
2153:
1876:
1002:
5041:"Report No. 6 of the Community and Health Services, §2: Donation of Decommissioned Ambulances for 2011"
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3223:
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160:
75:
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2008:
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1384:
1293:
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1031:
965:
800:
643:– These can be used for either acute emergency care in remote areas (such as in Australia, with the '
483:
236:
224:
215:, and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care. Most ambulances use a design based on
3986:
3116:
2179:
armored personnel carriers and regular up-armored ambulances are not sufficiently protected against
1276:
sets, which can be monitored externally, to more secure digital systems, such as those working on a
5548:
5505:
5312:
4967:
3168:
2629:
2015:
1992:
1984:
1518:
1501:
1075:
835:
782:
639:
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450:
308:
3044:
1588:, but this does not have recognition beyond Israeli borders, where they must use the Red Crystal.
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5423:
5249:
5025:
4249:
3859:
3653:
3610:
2507:
2468:
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to identify their ambulances. This is especially important in countries such as Australia, where
1323:
1206:
1110:
1067:
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300:
212:
3733:
2390:
1820:
859:
5115:
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3811:
1668:
There are several technologies in use to achieve the flashing effect. These include flashing a
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4903:
4550:
4298:
4235:
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3851:
3843:
3645:
3602:
3567:
3415:
3381:
3220:"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, see campaign ID #s 87V111000 & 87V113000"
2771:
2544:
2511:
2472:
2457:
2345:
2298:
2247:
2235:
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with ambulance features in order to allow rescue operations to take place under heavy fire in
2132:
1784:
1745:
1568:
1513:) are more likely to have their pattern painted on, whereas modern ambulances generally carry
889:
839:
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662:
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415:
263:
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196:
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in Spanish) were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the
5390:
5317:
5136:
4540:
3835:
3785:
3755:
3637:
3594:
3559:
2160:
1955:
1599:, because the Red Cross symbol is legally protected by both National and international law.
1581:
1541:
1348:
1341:
1233:
1016:
950:
881:
469:
4848:
4826:
4622:
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2900:
2250:
service for non-emergency situations. Scheduling is a major factor in their effective use.
1763:
460:– A special ambulance used to collect the bodies of people who have died to preserve their
5532:
5490:
5433:
5418:
5380:
5099:
5064:
2644:
2463:
2049:
1556:
1522:
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923:
819:
797:
658:
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548:
461:
421:
364:
240:
208:
184:
3506:
2525:
1935:– technicians are usually able to perform a wide range of emergency care skills, such as
669:
vessels may fit the description of an ambulance as they are used to transport a casualty.
303:
vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.
5153:
4648:
3022:
2007:– This position is designed to bridge the link between ambulance care and the care of a
1551:
528:
or require a large amount of equipment to be carried may be based on medium-duty trucks.
141:
4945:
4568:
2483:
2318:
2188:
1996:
1940:
1936:
1514:
946:
684:
304:
173:
100:
4874:
4270:
4234:. The Canadian Red Cross. Guelph, ON: The StayWell Health Company. 2008. p. 359.
3563:
1437:
5542:
5350:
4545:
4528:
3191:"The United States Air Force lists an LPG-powered ambulance on a 2001 vehicle roster"
2874:
2263:
2262:
Retired ambulances may find reuse in less-demanding emergency services, such as this
2238:. However, this designation has not always protected hospital ships from enemy fire.
2222:
2164:
2128:
1677:
1629:
1615:
1585:
1497:
1404:
1083:
1055:
1043:
1024:
904:
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632:
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473:
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404:
388:
331:
259:
228:
146:
4100:
3863:
3657:
3614:
1466:
380:
5459:
5413:
5277:
5244:
4923:
2088:
2065:
1809:
1681:
1625:
1592:
1576:
1530:
1481:
1400:
1353:
1327:
1214:
1047:
753:
520:
356:
352:
220:
195:
is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to
192:
2940:
2432:
2138:
2044:
4897:
2970:
551:. Some operators use modular-body transport ambulances based on the chassis of a
4770:
3165:"The Royal Air Force Motor Sports Association utilizes an LPG-powered ambulance"
2455:
With An Ambulance Personal Experiences And Adventures With Both Armies 1870–1871
2286:
2231:
2116:
2092:
2056:
1964:
1943:. Some countries split this term into levels (such as in the US, where there is
1633:
1306:
1168:
1098:
1035:
711:
312:
42:
3839:
1656:
1245:
1141:
transport than high dependency), or may base standards on the size of vehicle.
5355:
3934:
Implementation Guidelines for the Canadian ED Triage & Acuity Scale (CTAS)
3698:"Motorola and Tetra Ireland Consortium Deliver National Public Safety Network"
3641:
3598:
3484:
3467:"Index of Federal Specifications, Standards, and Commercial Item Descriptions"
2313:
2061:
1916:
1912:
1833:
1408:
1222:
1218:
1039:
627:
5202:
4418:
3847:
3385:
2171:
gunmen killed two soldiers who were providing aid for a Palestinian woman in
661:, especially in island areas or in areas with a large number of canals. Some
5428:
5307:
5179:
4474:
2180:
2023:
1979:
1788:
1572:
1313:
1250:
1210:
1124:
866:
666:
599:
539:
408:
287:
204:
4554:
4366:
4034:
3962:
Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector
3855:
3649:
3606:
3571:
1457:
1428:
1322:
or specialty care transports that require large, bulky equipment such as a
5191:
5077:"Media Release: York Region donates ambulance to Haitian recovery efforts"
4993:
3419:
2349:
547:, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a human body in a
5438:
4208:
3406:
Vogt F (1976). "Equipment: Federal Specification, Ambulance KKK-A-1822".
2167:. The modifications were made following a failed rescue attempt in which
1988:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1380:
1149:
757:
734:
508:
424:
center, for non-urgent care. These can be vans, buses, or other vehicles.
328:
188:
17:
4619:"UK Health Care Professionals Council advice on use of protected titles"
2598:
507:
Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle although emergency and
4718:
4595:. Paramedic Association of Canada. 2001. pp. 96–97. Archived from
2282:
2207:
2191:
2157:
2109:
1960:
1777:
1213:. Research has shown that ambulances are more likely to be involved in
1087:
1007:
676:
570:
552:
535:
511:
conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances:
180:
176:
4529:"A new profession in the pre-hospital care field: the ambulance nurse"
4156:
3675:
3294:"2006 Ford F-Series Super Duty Chassis Cab Ambulance: Specifications"
2124:
1968:
1595:
is widely used, and was originally designed and governed by the U.S.
1580:
casualties, although this has not always been adhered to. In Israel,
1544:. Ambulances may display the name of their owner or operator, and an
1412:
1265:
1133:
1082:, and interior fittings. This is done by one of two methods – either
1063:
1059:
863:
544:
495:
491:
487:
335:
232:
154:
27:
Vehicle equipped for transporting and care for ill and wounded people
1816:, a privately-funded service operating in parts of the United States
299:
by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the
4899:
Aeromedical Evacuation: Management of Acute and Stabilized Patients
4130:
4086:
2270:
When an ambulance is retired, it may be donated or sold to another
739:
District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department
2275:
private businesses or individuals, who then can use them as small
2257:
2211:
2204:
2172:
2137:
2074:
2043:
1972:
1819:
1803:
1762:
1720:
1655:
1550:
1331:
1319:
1281:
1244:
1232:
1187:
1123:
1001:
995:
981:
680:
675:– In remote or hard-to-reach areas that are accessed primarily by
486:. The idea was first tested as "Psykebilen" ("The Psych ambo") in
379:
347:
322:
282:
159:
140:
4182:
1975:. Nurses may also work on ambulances for critical care transport.
2200:
1987:(and with it the ability to administer a range of drugs such as
1301:
1238:
1129:
1020:
368:
5206:
3485:"Ambulances – Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV Ambulances"
2996:
2195:
ground ambulances and treatment & evacuation vehicles, the
1237:
Interior of a mobile intensive care unit (MICU) ambulance from
1076:
incomplete, having no body or interior behind the driver's seat
4037:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 28 December 2015.
1752:
In addition to visual warnings, ambulances can be fitted with
1363:
1277:
1273:
1269:
433:
216:
36:
4797:"UK Army information on basic training for medical personnel"
3936:. Canadian Association of Emergency Physician. Archived from
472:
deploying one such ambulance with a $ 1.5 million three-year
5079:. Community and Health Services, York Region. Archived from
3219:
2925:. London Ambulance Service. 18 December 2008. Archived from
494:
in 2005, and was soon adopted by other cities in Norway and
3117:"New technology closes gap between accident victims and ER"
2823:"Square-Mile cycle paramedics become the new City-Slickers"
2709:. South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from
1526:
1334:
which are designed to pull heavy patients into the vehicle.
1097:, which can be powered by any conventional fuel, including
4771:"International Committee of the Red Cross policy on usage"
3374:"Net zero ambulances could cost NHS half a billion pounds"
3090:. Emergency Ambulance.com. 16 January 2003. Archived from
2995:. Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. Archived from
1023:
must be available and service facilities are necessary to
1602:
Ambulance services with historical origins such as the
2851:. Design for Development. 20 July 2005. Archived from
2707:"South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust – About Us"
5516:
4902:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 55.
4896:
Hurd, William W.; Jernigan, John G. (18 April 2006).
2797:"Two-wheeled medics cover more ground in the capital"
1330:. There may also be equipment linked to this such as
1078:) and turns it into an ambulance by adding bodywork,
1074:) modifies the vehicle (which is sometimes purchased
703:– More traditional form of transport, mostly seen in
4996:. World War One Document Archive. 30 October 2000 .
3828:
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
3268:"2006 Ford E-Series Cutaway Chassis: Specifications"
5473:
5447:
5389:
5326:
5263:
4968:"US Navy Military Sealift Command – Hospital Ships"
4621:. Health care Professionals council. Archived from
3965:. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 55–56.
3529:"Ministry gives its nod to national ambulance code"
3372:Searles, Michael; Donnelly, Laura (15 March 2024).
2625:"N.Y. Planning Special Ambulance To Recover Organs"
2482:. Annotated by McLaughlin, G. Harry. Archived from
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5021:"Medicaid Ride Program For Disabled Is Criticized"
4875:"Technical data on armament of M113 APC Ambulance"
3906:. Province of Ontario. pp. Section 128.0.13.
3435:"Ambulance Vehicle Design Specifications Revision"
3320:"2006 Ford E-Series Van Ambulance: Specifications"
2923:"Ambulance crews prepare for party night pressure"
2266:former ambulance that has become a logistics unit.
1249:Four stages of deployment on an inboard ambulance
1038:equipment, which itself often relies on an intact
3088:"Handheld radios for Emergency Ambulance Service"
1042:. Similarly, modern ambulances are equipped with
4297:. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heineman. p. 73.
2736:"News Reference to Motorcycle Trailer Ambulance"
4321:. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
4271:"Emergency warning device – patent application"
972:; note the "PARAMEDIC" text near the rear wheel
5112:"Orangeville Police inherit retired ambulance"
4825:. Defense Update. 27 July 2006. Archived from
4647:. South West Ambulance Service. Archived from
4645:"Definition of an Emergency Care Practitioner"
1597:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1584:, the Red Cross member organization use a red
5218:
3440:. Nebraska EMS/Trauma Program. Archived from
2589:
2587:
1791:. The ambulance is fitted with a short range
1628:operated ambulances may display the Cross of
8:
4773:. International committee of the Red Cross.
4205:"St. Florian – Patron Saint of Firefighters"
4063:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
2119:demand ambulances be marked with one of the
4343:. American Medical Response. Archived from
3347:"Ford to Offer Gasoline Ambulances in 2010"
1475:Various symbols for identifying ambulances:
1391:Cost-effectiveness can be a high priority.
1093:Modern ambulances are typically powered by
327:Early car-based ambulances, such this 1948
5225:
5211:
5203:
3672:"New Ambulance Design Protects Paramedics"
3167:. RAFMSA. 24 November 2005. Archived from
2993:"Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia"
2359:
2357:
2210:medical evacuation vehicle (MEV), and the
1882:Common ambulance crew qualifications are:
1030:Methods of summoning (e.g. telephone) and
573:can make these patient transporting units.
4544:
3248:. Center for Auto Safety. 9 November 2002
3111:
3109:
3082:
3080:
3069:. Isle of Sark Government. Archived from
2759:
2757:
2730:
2728:
2597:. Jumbulance Travel Trust. Archived from
1771:responding through traffic in New Zealand
1536:Another passive marking form is the word
1217:resulting in injury or death than either
1090:of the ambulance, and then finished off.
482:– A special ambulance dedicated to treat
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4592:National Occupational Competency Profile
4498:"EMS in the Netherlands: A Dutch Treat?"
4011:. The Canadian Red Cross. Archived from
3989:. National Highway Safety Administration
3067:"General Information – Medical Services"
3021:. Heathrow air ambulance. Archived from
2679:"Psykiatrisk Ambulansetjeneste i Bergen"
2618:
2616:
2055:
822:operated by the London Ambulance Service
432:– A large ambulance, usually based on a
307:were still called ambulances during the
5523:
4994:"The sinking of HMHS Llandovery Castle"
2899:. Diversified Golf Cars. Archived from
2765:"Motorcycle Trailer-Ambulance Brochure"
2477:"Our Adventures During the War of 1870"
2389:. How products are made. Archived from
2330:
1783:A recent development is the use of the
1748:such as ambulances in several countries
723:
363:The history of the ambulance begins in
5019:Raymond Hernandez (10 November 1996).
4695:. London Air Ambulance. Archived from
4671:"EMS Physician Scene Response Program"
4247:
4153:"Ambulance Service of New South Wales"
2549:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2542:
1995:and other skills such as performing a
1567:). These are symbols laid down by the
1160:has also published a design standard,
1146:European Committee for Standardization
407:), or even converted vehicles such as
5303:Advanced emergency medical technician
4823:"LIC Modeled Merkava Mk-3 Baz / Mk 4"
4502:Journal of Emergency Medical Services
4471:"US Government Careers advice on EMT"
4451:from the original on 25 November 2009
4373:from the original on 25 November 2009
4067:from the original on 22 November 2009
3910:from the original on 22 November 2009
3884:from the original on 22 November 2009
2515:Service in Servia Under the Red Cross
2344:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
1019:or all-terrain vehicles can be used.
164:An NHS ambulance in south-west London
7:
4970:. US Navy Military Sealift Command.
4179:"South Australian Ambulance Service"
4101:"About Queensland Ambulance Service"
2187:, it was decided to use the heavily
1158:National Fire Protection Association
1070:. The second manufacturer (known as
907:plane air ambulance operated by the
246:Ambulances are generally considered
211:, carry equipment for administering
65:adding citations to reliable sources
4725:from the original on 6 October 2009
3784:. Ross and Bonnyman. Archived from
3246:"Ford Ambulance/Van Fuel-Fed Fires"
3141:. Demers Ambulances. Archived from
4849:"Three dead in fresh Gaza clashes"
3193:. 13 November 2001. Archived from
2875:"Information on Quadtech EMS quad"
2770:. IT Transport LTD. Archived from
2387:"How Products Are Made: Ambulance"
2104:, etc.). For example, the British
1292:– Some ambulances are fitted with
1201:A video on ambulance crash testing
25:
5000:from the original on 14 July 2007
4974:from the original on 29 June 2007
4751:from the original on 17 June 2007
4367:"Yorkshire Air Ambulance Charity"
4319:"OHIP:Ambulance Services Billing"
3880:. 2009. pp. Section 144.20.
3756:"CCTV to protect ambulance staff"
3045:"Islanders to get Ambulance Boat"
2967:"Highways Agency – Air Ambulance"
223:, though others take the form of
203:(EMS), and can rapidly transport
5526:
5190:
5178:
4777:from the original on 6 July 2007
4693:"London Air Ambulance Crew List"
4546:10.1111/j.1362-1017.2005.00129.x
4496:Wulterkens D (6 December 2005).
4425:from the original on 29 May 2007
4107:from the original on 6 July 2007
4087:"Order of Malta Charity Ireland"
4041:from the original on 1 July 2017
3226:from the original on 30 May 2007
3019:"Heathrow Air Ambulance Service"
2221:Some navies operate ocean-going
2199:currently employs the M113, the
2097:M1133 medical evacuation vehicle
1897:automated external defibrillator
1465:
1456:
1445:
1436:
1427:
957:
934:
928:Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue
915:
896:
873:
851:
827:
811:
789:
767:
745:
737:truck ambulance operated by the
726:
657:– Boats can be used to serve as
274:that cannot transport patients.
41:
4445:"Ambulance Care Assistant Role"
4207:. stflorian.net. Archived from
4061:"The Geneva Convention of 1949"
2453:The memoirs of Charles E. Ryan
2365:"Essex Ambulance Response Cars"
1154:General Services Administration
264:non-emergency patient transport
52:needs additional citations for
4799:. British Army. Archived from
4745:"M.A.S.H. medevac helicopters"
4294:The Broadcaster's Guide to RDS
2218:(formerly known as the ATTV).
2027:– In some systems such as the
1832:, a charity-funded service in
1608:Order of Malta Ambulance Corps
756:van ambulance operated by the
458:Rapid organ recovery ambulance
334:, were sometimes also used as
267:
1:
4419:"Role of the First Responder"
3987:"Star of Life DOT HS 808 721"
3904:"Ontario Highway Traffic Act"
3878:"Ontario Highway Traffic Act"
3564:10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00102-1
3535:. 7 June 2013. Archived from
2576:Katherine T. Barkley (1990).
2228:Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
2091:vehicles such as the Hanomag
1893:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
1144:For instance, in Europe, the
606:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
386:New York City Fire Department
191:. Typically, out-of-hospital
5298:Emergency medical technician
5288:Emergency medical dispatcher
4421:. Resuscitation Council UK.
2425:"Civil War Ambulance Wagons"
2309:Emergency medical dispatcher
2185:improvised explosive devices
1932:Emergency medical technician
563:Motorcycle and motor scooter
272:nontransporting EMS vehicles
5486:Critical emergency medicine
5404:Kendrick extrication device
5376:Nontransporting EMS vehicle
5366:Light horse field ambulance
5293:Emergency medical responder
4579:: 41589–41595. 8 June 2012.
3930:"CTAS Category Definitions"
3674:. WESH News. Archived from
2342:The Origin of Medical Terms
2254:Reuse of retired ambulances
2216:M2 Bradley fighting vehicle
2148:, a U.S. Navy hospital ship
2102:United Nations peacekeeping
2085:armoured personnel carriers
2052:in ambulance configuration.
2004:Emergency care practitioner
1652:Emergency vehicle equipment
1548:for the ambulance service.
1356:against airborne pathogens.
1095:internal combustion engines
1080:emergency vehicle equipment
1034:ambulances usually rely on
994:An ambulance responding in
970:Las Vegas Fire & Rescue
909:Royal Flying Doctor Service
779:nontransporting EMS vehicle
776:Volkswagen Transporter (T6)
5565:
5234:Emergency medical services
5137:"Reconditioned ambulances"
4924:"1-22 Infantry tests ATTV"
4573:Boletín Oficial del Estado
3840:10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.04.001
3732:. Microbus. Archived from
3703:. Motorola. Archived from
2623:Stein, Rob (24 May 2008).
1730:Whelen Engineering Company
1714:
1649:
1646:Emergency vehicle lighting
1643:
1546:emergency telephone number
355:(then Princess) next to a
341:
201:emergency medical services
32:Ambulance (disambiguation)
29:
5273:Certified first responder
5240:
3642:10.1080/10903120190939751
3599:10.1080/10903120500253813
2564:Oxford English Dictionary
2412:Oxford English Dictionary
2367:. Car Pages. 24 July 2004
2156:modified a number of its
1845:Government-funded service
1830:Wellington Free Ambulance
1814:American Medical Response
1072:second stage manufacturer
1006:Truck-based ambulance in
5283:Emergency care assistant
4721:. Surrey Air Ambulance.
4533:Nursing in Critical Care
3119:. CNN News. 7 April 1999
2941:"Aboard the 'Booze Bus'"
2897:"EMS golf cart brochure"
2849:"Bike Ambulance Project"
2121:Emblems of the Red Cross
2106:Royal Army Medical Corps
2079:1917 Red Cross ambulance
1924:Emergency care assistant
1851:Privately-funded service
1744:tones, commonly used by
1215:motor vehicle collisions
805:London Ambulance Service
344:History of the ambulance
266:vehicle (also called an
5139:. Malleyindustries.com.
4127:"ACT Ambulance Service"
3959:Dromi, Shai M. (2020).
2595:"Questions and Answers"
2566:ambulance definition 2a
2123:not to mount offensive
1909:Non-emergency attendant
1863:Hospital-funded service
1717:Audible warning devices
1676:, flashing or rotating
1419:Passive visual warnings
1395:Appearance and markings
1377:intermediate technology
1371:Intermediate technology
1205:Ambulances, like other
1148:publishes the standard
1103:liquefied petroleum gas
978:Design and construction
693:– In some instances, a
484:psychiatric emergencies
438:mass casualty incidents
5183:Quotations related to
4719:"Surrey Air Ambulance"
4291:Wright, Scott (1997).
4254:: CS1 maint: others (
4009:"The Red Cross Emblem"
3322:. Ford. Archived from
3296:. Ford. Archived from
3270:. Ford. Archived from
3047:. BBC. 10 October 2003
2414:ambulance definition 1
2267:
2197:United States military
2154:Israeli Defense Forces
2149:
2080:
2072:
2053:
1857:Charity-funded service
1837:
1828:ambulance operated by
1826:Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
1817:
1812:ambulance operated by
1772:
1749:
1661:
1640:Active visual warnings
1612:Malteser International
1560:
1401:road traffic collision
1253:
1242:
1202:
1137:
1011:
999:
593:in inaccessible areas.
392:
360:
339:
165:
157:
5255:Advanced life support
4232:Emergency Care Manual
3834:(2). Wiley: 191–197.
2738:. TNN. Archived from
2277:recreational vehicles
2261:
2141:
2078:
2059:
2047:
1877:advanced life support
1823:
1807:
1766:
1756:, sometimes known as
1727:
1659:
1554:
1385:motorcycle ambulances
1294:mobile data terminals
1248:
1236:
1200:
1127:
1005:
993:
844:Pol'and'Rock Festival
480:Psychiatric ambulance
383:
351:
326:
163:
144:
5371:Motorcycle ambulance
5334:Air medical services
5199:at Wikimedia Commons
5098:7 April 2012 at the
5063:26 July 2013 at the
4948:on 16 September 2012
4803:on 17 September 2009
4393:"Ambulance Services"
4211:on 27 September 2007
3940:on 21 September 2010
3730:"MDT Market Sectors"
3710:on 16 September 2012
3094:on 27 September 2007
3073:on 17 February 2012.
2855:on 28 September 2007
2742:on 27 September 2007
2462:1 April 2016 at the
2325:References and notes
2068:emblazoned with the
2009:general practitioner
1511:developing countries
1289:Mobile data terminal
1025:maintain the vehicle
801:motorcycle ambulance
720:Vehicle type gallery
705:developing economies
185:treatment facilities
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
5506:Wilderness medicine
5313:Emergency physician
4508:on 17 February 2015
3678:on 14 November 2013
3433:Cole, Dean (2013).
3326:on 21 November 2018
3300:on 20 November 2018
3274:on 21 November 2018
3139:"Mystere – Chassis"
2630:The Washington Post
2580:. Exposition Press.
2469:Pearson, Emma Maria
2338:Skinner, Henry Alan
2246:Ambulettes provide
2230:. In line with the
2016:Physician assistant
1993:tracheal intubation
1502:Battenburg markings
1300:Evidence gathering
1048:cellular telephones
836:all-terrain vehicle
783:Emergency physician
640:Fixed-wing aircraft
586:All-terrain vehicle
534:– Used either as a
451:Bariatric ambulance
401:Emergency ambulance
309:Franco-Prussian War
197:medical emergencies
149:ambulance with its
5496:Emergency medicine
5424:Spinal precautions
5250:Basic life support
5156:on 21 October 2018
5026:The New York Times
4699:on 8 December 2009
4625:on 7 November 2018
4527:Suserud B (2005).
4399:on 25 October 2007
4015:on 11 January 2010
3630:Prehosp Emerg Care
3587:Prehosp Emerg Care
3509:on 4 November 2014
2947:. 17 December 2007
2659:on 23 January 2011
2508:Emma Maria Pearson
2473:McLaughlin, Louisa
2268:
2150:
2081:
2073:
2054:
1895:(CPR) or using an
1838:
1818:
1773:
1769:St. John Ambulance
1750:
1746:emergency vehicles
1662:
1620:St. John Ambulance
1565:Protective Symbols
1561:
1407:or stop sign as a
1324:neonatal incubator
1254:
1243:
1207:emergency vehicles
1203:
1138:
1012:
1000:
761:Ministry of Health
393:
367:, with the use of
361:
340:
301:American Civil War
248:emergency vehicles
179:used to transport
174:medically-equipped
166:
158:
5514:
5513:
5501:Military medicine
5481:Aviation medicine
5465:Search and rescue
5455:Ambulance station
5195:Media related to
5150:"Supporting hope"
5118:on 1 January 2013
4909:978-0-387-22699-6
4599:on 5 October 2011
3782:"Ambulance Lifts"
2647:(27 March 2008).
2512:Louisa McLaughlin
2299:Ambulance station
2248:patient transport
2236:Geneva Convention
2161:main battle tanks
2133:military training
2064:ambulance of the
1725:
1569:Geneva Convention
1542:rear view mirrors
1521:', named after a
1198:
991:
846:'s Medical Patrol
838:ambulance with a
820:paramedic bicycle
444:Charity ambulance
416:Patient transport
359:ambulance in 1945
250:authorized to be
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
5556:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5391:Casualty lifting
5318:Medical director
5227:
5220:
5213:
5204:
5194:
5182:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5152:. Archived from
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5114:. Archived from
5108:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5073:
5067:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5043:. Archived from
5037:
5031:
5030:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4944:. Archived from
4938:
4932:
4931:
4928:1-22infantry.org
4920:
4914:
4913:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4504:. Archived from
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4473:. Archived from
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4395:. Archived from
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4341:"Payment Policy"
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4245:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4181:. Archived from
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4155:. Archived from
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4129:. Archived from
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3814:on 13 July 2011.
3810:. Archived from
3808:"Press Releases"
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3736:on 27 March 2010
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3539:on 20 June 2013.
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3505:. Archived from
3499:
3493:
3492:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3447:on 30 April 2015
3446:
3439:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3414:(3): 58, 60–64.
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3353:on 16 April 2009
3349:. Archived from
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2969:. Archived from
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2929:on 3 March 2016.
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2829:on 27 April 2011
2825:. Archived from
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2803:on 27 April 2011
2799:. Archived from
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2695:. 20 March 2018.
2689:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2655:. Archived from
2645:Saletan, William
2641:
2635:
2634:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2524:. Archived from
2523:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:on 10 April 2008
2488:
2481:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2431:. Archived from
2429:civilwarhome.com
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2393:on 25 March 2007
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2361:
2352:
2335:
2089:Second World War
1956:Registered nurse
1949:EMT-Intermediate
1903:Ambulance driver
1754:audible warnings
1726:
1711:Audible warnings
1604:Order of St John
1582:Magen David Adom
1555:An ambulance in
1515:retro-reflective
1469:
1460:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1349:Air conditioning
1280:system, such as
1199:
1017:four-wheel drive
992:
961:
951:Russian Railways
938:
926:operated by the
919:
900:
882:Eurocopter EC145
877:
862:operated by the
855:
842:operated by the
831:
815:
803:operated by the
793:
771:
749:
730:
659:water ambulances
376:Functional types
256:emergency lights
209:first responders
151:emergency lights
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5527:
5525:
5517:
5515:
5510:
5491:Diving medicine
5469:
5443:
5434:Vacuum mattress
5419:Scoop stretcher
5393:
5385:
5381:Water ambulance
5361:Combination car
5322:
5259:
5236:
5231:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5100:Wayback Machine
5086:
5084:
5083:on 26 July 2013
5075:
5074:
5070:
5065:Wayback Machine
5050:
5048:
5047:on 26 July 2013
5039:
5038:
5034:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4829:on 27 June 2007
4821:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4246:
4242:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4185:on 25 June 2007
4177:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4133:on 30 June 2007
4125:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3552:Accid Anal Prev
3549:
3548:
3544:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3503:"Untitled Page"
3501:
3500:
3496:
3489:metronixinc.com
3483:
3482:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3345:James Philips.
3344:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3200:on 14 June 2007
3197:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3145:on 19 June 2007
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3025:on 17 June 2007
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2999:on 12 June 2007
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2903:on 5 April 2007
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2777:on 14 June 2007
2774:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2713:on 3 March 2009
2705:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2519:"Archived copy"
2517:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2467:
2464:Wayback Machine
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2435:on 17 July 2017
2423:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2304:Combination car
2295:
2256:
2244:
2087:(APCs). In the
2050:RMMV Survivor R
2042:
1888:First responder
1872:
1802:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1557:New South Wales
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1492:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1397:
1373:
1338:Trauma lighting
1231:
1188:
1186:
1122:
982:
980:
973:
962:
953:
943:Nikolay Pirogov
939:
930:
924:water ambulance
920:
911:
901:
892:
878:
869:
860:MAN Lion's City
856:
847:
832:
823:
816:
807:
798:Honda ST series
794:
785:
772:
763:
750:
741:
731:
722:
685:hospital trains
621:ambulance buses
617:major incidents
591:mountain rescue
549:supine position
505:
378:
346:
321:
305:Field hospitals
297:siege of Málaga
281:comes from the
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5562:
5560:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5474:Related fields
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5321:
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5173:External links
5171:
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5011:
4985:
4959:
4942:"Bradley AMEV"
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4710:
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4651:on 17 May 2007
4636:
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4582:
4575:(in Spanish).
4560:
4539:(6): 269–271.
4519:
4488:
4477:on 7 June 2007
4462:
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4358:
4347:on 5 July 2011
4332:
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4241:978-1584804048
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4159:on 7 June 2007
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3972:978-0226680101
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3788:on 1 July 2007
3773:
3762:. 26 July 2004
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3636:(3): 261–269.
3620:
3593:(4): 412–415.
3577:
3558:(6): 941–948.
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3408:Emerg Med Serv
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3171:on 1 July 2007
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2973:on 3 June 2009
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2223:hospital ships
2129:non-combatants
2041:
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2033:air ambulances
2029:SAMU in France
2020:
2012:
2000:
1997:cricothyrotomy
1976:
1952:
1941:oxygen therapy
1937:defibrillation
1928:
1920:
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1900:
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1715:Main article:
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1644:Main article:
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1614:often use the
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1360:Data recorders
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1342:photosensitive
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1101:, gasoline or
1044:two-way radios
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966:Pierce Quantum
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947:hospital train
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526:intensive care
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342:Main article:
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213:emergency care
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4855:. 14 May 2004
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4096:
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4040:
4036:
4035:"The Emblems"
4030:
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3533:The Statesman
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3378:The Telegraph
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2654:
2650:
2649:"Meat Wagons"
2646:
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2590:
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2578:The Ambulance
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2297:
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2278:
2273:
2265:
2264:Ford E-Series
2260:
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2249:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:urban warfare
2162:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2140:
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2134:
2130:
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2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
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1982:
1981:
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1869:
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1842:
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1836:, New Zealand
1835:
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1698:
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1683:
1682:strobe lights
1679:
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1658:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
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1617:
1616:Maltese cross
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1586:Star of David
1583:
1578:
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1499:
1498:Maltese Cross
1495:
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1487:
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1479:
1468:
1459:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1418:
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1402:
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1365:
1361:
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1333:
1329:
1328:hospital beds
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:Two-way radio
1260:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
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1178:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1128:An ambulance
1126:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:coachbuilding
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:Mercedes-Benz
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1004:
997:
977:
971:
967:
960:
955:
952:
948:
944:
941:The "Surgeon
937:
932:
929:
925:
918:
913:
910:
906:
905:Pilatus PC-12
899:
894:
891:
887:
886:air ambulance
883:
876:
871:
868:
865:
861:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
825:
821:
814:
809:
806:
802:
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777:
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762:
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755:
748:
743:
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736:
729:
724:
719:
714:
713:
709:
706:
702:
699:
696:
692:
689:
686:
682:
679:connections,
678:
674:
671:
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:
650:
649:air ambulance
646:
642:
641:
637:
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633:air ambulance
630:
629:
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614:
611:
608:
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588:
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583:
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568:
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561:
558:
557:station wagon
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
522:
517:
514:
513:
512:
510:
503:Vehicle types
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
475:
471:
470:pilot program
467:
466:New York City
463:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
435:
431:
430:
429:Ambulance bus
426:
423:
419:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
390:
389:ambulance bus
387:
382:
375:
373:
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366:
365:ancient times
358:
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345:
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221:pickup trucks
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202:
198:
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186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
162:
156:
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148:
147:Ford E-Series
143:
139:
131:
128:
120:
117:December 2023
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5460:Rescue squad
5414:Spinal board
5338:
5278:Combat medic
5245:Paramedicine
5187:at Wikiquote
5158:. Retrieved
5154:the original
5144:
5132:
5120:. Retrieved
5116:the original
5106:
5085:. Retrieved
5081:the original
5071:
5049:. Retrieved
5045:the original
5035:
5024:
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
4988:
4976:. Retrieved
4962:
4950:. Retrieved
4946:the original
4936:
4927:
4918:
4898:
4891:
4879:. Retrieved
4869:
4857:. Retrieved
4852:
4843:
4831:. Retrieved
4827:the original
4817:
4805:. Retrieved
4801:the original
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4765:
4753:. Retrieved
4739:
4727:. Retrieved
4713:
4701:. Retrieved
4697:the original
4687:
4675:. Retrieved
4665:
4653:. Retrieved
4649:the original
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4623:the original
4613:
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4276:19 November
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4045:28 December
4019:19 November
3993:19 November
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3914:19 November
3888:19 November
3513:17 December
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2232:laws of war
2169:Palestinian
2117:laws of war
1985:cannulation
1965:Netherlands
1732:siren with
1630:St. Florian
1531:fluorescent
1307:malpractice
1223:police cars
1219:fire trucks
1169:heavy truck
1032:dispatching
884:helicopter
712:Fire engine
468:launched a
464:. In 2008,
313:Crimean War
293:ambulancias
225:motorcycles
76:"Ambulance"
5549:Ambulances
5356:Blood bike
5197:Ambulances
5087:4 February
5051:4 February
4807:1 November
4729:1 November
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4677:1 November
4455:1 November
4304:0240802780
3714:19 October
3682:17 October
3149:18 October
3051:18 October
2977:18 October
2877:. Quadtech
2833:18 October
2807:18 October
2717:18 October
2535:7 February
2314:Khilkhilat
2093:Sd Kfz 251
2062:URO VAMTAC
1917:palliative
1913:wheelchair
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1787:system of
1670:light bulb
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1107:volatility
1040:power grid
1036:electronic
628:Helicopter
409:golf carts
207:and other
205:paramedics
187:, such as
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5429:Stretcher
5339:Ambulance
5308:Paramedic
5185:Ambulance
4952:6 January
4877:. Inetres
4250:cite book
3848:0020-7292
3386:0307-1235
3222:. NHTSA.
2951:1 January
2350:459611759
2242:Ambulette
2181:anti-tank
2070:Red Cross
2024:Physician
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1538:ambulance
1486:Red Cross
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1251:tail lift
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1120:Standards
1010:, Belgium
867:Feuerwehr
667:lifeguard
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279:ambulance
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4105:Archived
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571:sidecars
567:Trailers
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5344:history
5004:27 June
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4447:. nhs.
4189:27 June
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536:fly-car
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