485:
that temperature may be a more important factor than precipitation, as precipitation in winter months increase, yet salamanders do not migrate. In just one night, hundreds to thousands of salamanders may make the trip to their ponds for mating. Males will start a dance-like behavior called a liebsspiel, where afterward they lay down their spermatophore. This dance includes the salamanders circling around one another and putting their head's on one another's tail. Then, the male will swim away wiggling his tail. If the female wants to mate she will follow him to a sperm pack he made earlier. ("Spotted
Salamander Ambystoma Maculatum") Males will migrate at higher rates than females early in the migration season. This could be due to different responses to temperature between males and females. Mates usually breed in ponds when it is raining in the spring. Females usually lay about 100 eggs in one clutch that cling to the underwater plants and form egg masses.
363:
dark brown. Two uneven rows of yellowish-orange spots run from the top of the head (near the eyes) to the tip of the tail (dorso-lateral ranging). The spotted salamander's spots near the top of its head are more orange, while the spots on the rest of its body are more yellow. The underside of the spotted salamander is slate gray and pink. Sexual dimorphism, physical differences between males and females, is displayed in the form of larger-bodied females having brighter-coloured spots. Males will have a larger portion of their dorsal surface covered in spots that are less bright. There is also a correlation between body condition and spots having lower chroma.
575:
563:
42:
591:
86:
208:
61:
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showed larger pools (as opposed to smaller pools) had more egg masses, higher occupancy, and higher larval survival rates for spotted salamanders. Outside of the breeding season, these salamanders spend their time in forests with well-drained soils that contain many burrows dug by small mammals. They have also been known to be absent from landscapes and forest with canopy cover below 30%.
449:
brain, head, or organs, the salamander can grow back a new one, although this takes a massive amount of energy. As juveniles, they spend most of their time under the leaf litter near the bottom of the pools where their eggs were laid. The larvae tend to occupy refuges in vegetation, and lower their activity in the presence of predators.
455:
tend to follow the same path in their migration to and from their burrows and breeding pools. They accomplish their journey in conditions that lack visual cues, since it is usually during periods of cloud cover. Some studies show evidence of landmark learning in spotted salamanders. Researchers found
448:
of the tail, and a toxic milky liquid it excretes when perturbed. This secretion comes from large poison glands around the back and neck. The spotted salamander, like other salamanders, shows great regenerative abilities: if a predator manages to dismember a part of a leg, tail, or even parts of the
551:
As larvae, they are usually light brown or greenish-yellow. They have small dark spots and are born with external gills. In two to four months, the larvae lose their gills, and become juvenile salamanders that leave the water. Spotted salamanders have been known to live up to 32 years, and normally
484:
During the majority of the year, spotted salamanders live in the shelter of leaves or burrows in deciduous forests. However, when the temperature rises and the moisture level is high, the salamanders make their abrupt migration towards their annual breeding ponds. Recent studies, however, indicate
459:
Male salamanders come out earlier than females due to different responses in temperature than females. According to a study there is a correlation between the salamander's spot coloration and body condition. Salamanders' in lower body condition had less color and those with a better body score had
362:
The spotted salamander is about 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) long, with females generally being larger than males. They are stout, like most mole salamanders, and have wide snouts. The spotted salamander's main color is black, but can sometimes be a blueish-black, dark gray, dark green, or even
386:
for breeding sites. Vernal pools are suitable breeding sites for these amphibians as they dry often enough to exclude fish that eat the salamander eggs and larvae, while retaining water long enough to allow amphibian larvae to complete development and metamorphose into terrestrial adults. A study
488:
The egg masses are round, jelly-like clumps that are usually 6.4–10.2 cm (2.5–4 in) long. The spotted salamander produces a unique polymorphism in the outer jelly layers of its egg masses: one morph has a clear appearance and contains a water-soluble protein, whereas the other morph is
555:
Spotted salamanders are often preyed on by raccoons, skunks, turtles, and snakes. For this reason they perform an important function by connecting the food chain. Moreover, one of their predators is humans since they are popularly sought out through the pet trade.
394:. Subpopulations within 4.8 kilometers share a higher proportion of genes, while populations greater than 4.8 kilometers share a smaller proportion of genes. Inter-population dispersal is likely mediated by both species-specific behaviors and natural limitations.
456:
that spotted salamanders can associate visual landmarks with food. Thus spotted salamanders may learn landmarks in their habitat that are reliable indicators of resource locations or provide orientation clues for migration to and from breeding ponds.
425:
to help the salamanders cross the road to get to vernal pools. In the spring after rain and when temperatures rise above 40 °F (4 °C), salamanders emerge from underground. They cross Henry Street to get to their breeding grounds,
2119:
562:
489:
white and contains a crystalline hydrophobic protein. This polymorphism is thought to confer advantages in vernal pools with varying dissolved nutrient levels, while also reducing mortality from feeding by
370:
comes from
Ambystoma– amblys (Greek) for blunt; -stoma (Greek) meaning mouth; or anabystoma (New Latin) meaning ‘to cram into the mouth’ maculatum – macula (Latin) for spot; maculosus (Latin) for spotted.
1250:
1281:
417:, United States Spotted salamanders cross the street to get from their overwintering sites in the wooded area east of the roadway to their breeding sites to the west. Local officials built
1697:
Ruth, Benjamin C.; Dunson, William A.; Rowe, Christopher L.; Hedges, S. Blair (1993). "A molecular and functional evaluation of the egg mass color polymorphism of the spotted salamander,
2508:
953:
590:
544:(which then the alga consumes). Photosynthetic algae are present within the egg capsule of the developing salamander embryo, enhancing growth. However, the widely used herbicide,
574:
374:
They developed larger tail fins and bodies to compete with other predators. They typically live around 20 years, but some have lived up to 30 years. ("Spotted
Salamander")
2518:
2513:
2279:
2503:
2331:
1325:
Brodman, Robert; Jaskula, Jeanette (September 2002). "Activity and microhabitat use during interactions among five species of pond-breeding salamander larvae".
1242:
406:, meaning they spend most of their time underground. They rarely come above ground, except after a rain or for foraging and breeding. During the winter, they
2478:
496:
Adults only stay in the water for a few days, then the eggs hatch in one to two months. When the eggs hatch depends on the water temperatures. Eggs of
468:
Spotted salamanders feed on earthworms, slugs, snails, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, insects, algae and other invertebrates. The spotted salamander
757:
1273:
1016:
2493:
2253:
2450:
2292:
2125:
1085:"Pool Age and Local Habitat Are Associated with Effective Number of Breeders in Spotted Salamander Populations Colonizing Created Vernal Pools"
552:
return to the same vernal pool every year. These pools are seasonal and will usually dry up during the late spring and stay dry until winter.
2483:
335:
common in eastern United States and Canada. It is the state amphibian of Ohio and South
Carolina. The species ranges from Nova Scotia, to
2528:
2437:
2219:
1666:
Hardy, Laurence M.; Lucas, M. Cran (1991). "A crystalline protein is responsible for dimorphic egg jellies in the spotted salamander,
668:
839:
548:, has been found to significantly lower hatching success rate by eliminating the symbiotic algae associated with the egg masses.
1612:
1873:
1510:
422:
2214:
2005:
Olivier, Heather M.; Moon, Brad R. (2010). "The effects of atrazine on spotted salamander embryos and their symbiotic alga".
708:
2455:
2297:
910:"Microgeographic adaptations of spotted salamander morphological defenses in response to a predaceous salamander and beetle"
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418:
472:
have been known to cannibalize others when food is scarce. They sometimes also feed on smaller salamanders, such as the
414:
2498:
991:
1124:
Rittenhouse, Tracy A. G.; et al. (2004). "SUBSTRATE CUES INFLUENCE HABITAT SELECTION by SPOTTED SALAMANDERS".
85:
2336:
536:) in the egg capsule, aiding in the salamander's embryonic development and growth. The developing salamander thus
2523:
1338:
1304:
1137:
777:"Transcriptome analysis illuminates the nature of the intracellular interaction in a vertebrate-algal symbiosis"
1216:
2179:
1152:
197:
2141:
431:
2060:) à l'aide de la méthode squeletto-chronologique" [Demographic study of a population of salamanders (
2056:
Flageole, Sylvie; Leclair, Raymond (1 April 1992). "Étude démographique d'une population de salamandres (
2370:
509:
473:
180:
41:
909:
513:. A dense gelatinous matrix surrounds the eggs and prevents the eggs from drying out, but it inhibits
2240:
2188:
2014:
1971:
1749:
1373:
1170:
921:
642:
1736:
Pintar, Matthew R.; Resetarits Jr., William J. (2017). "Persistence of an egg mass polymorphism in
1469:"The effects of temperature and precipitation on the breeding migration of the spotted salamander (
50:
2323:
2388:
2038:
1987:
1932:
1855:
1808:
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1492:
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1342:
1194:
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973:
887:
223:
80:
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2424:
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2030:
1952:"The roles of oxygen and ammonia in the symbiotic relationship between the spotted salamander
1924:
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1436:
1389:
1186:
1161:
1106:
835:
808:
2362:
1083:
Millikin, Alice R.; Coster, Stephanie S.; Welsh, Amy B.; Anderson, James T. (February 2023).
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2073:
2022:
1979:
1914:
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798:
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637:
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which form on the other side of the road, an event common among amphibians and known as the
2310:
2344:
332:
157:
1783:
Petranka, James W.; Rushlow, Andrea W.; Hopey, Mark E. (1998). "Predation by tadpoles of
528:
alga provides increased oxygen and supplemental nutrition from fixed carbon products via
2018:
1975:
1753:
1377:
1174:
925:
775:
Burns, John A; Zhang, Huanjia; Hill, Elizabeth; Kim, Eunsoo; Kerney, Ryan (2 May 2017).
207:
1594:
1565:
882:
861:
803:
776:
541:
529:
391:
343:
algae living in and around them, the only known example of vertebrate cells hosting an
147:
619:
2472:
2305:
1683:
1538:
1182:
933:
828:
628:
568:
Polymorphic spotted salamander egg masses: white morph (left) and clear morph (right)
336:
70:
65:
2042:
1991:
1936:
1448:
1401:
1346:
977:
891:
2429:
2415:
1198:
427:
344:
17:
2232:
1899:"Intracapsular algae provide fixed carbon to developing embryos of the salamander
1827:
1432:
1385:
596:
An adult spotted salamander seen crawling on the forest floor in central
Ontario.
2383:
2318:
2266:
2201:
2173:
1642:
441:
383:
355:
2164:
382:
The spotted salamander usually lives in mature forests with ponds or ephemeral
2026:
1983:
1897:
Graham, Erin R.; Fay, Scott A.; Davey, Adam; Sanders, Robert W. (2013-02-01).
1566:"Threat of Predation Alters Aggressive Interactions among Spotted Salamander (
1564:
Hossie, Thomas J.; MacFarlane, Shawn; Clement, Amy; Murray, Dennis L. (2018).
1153:"Fine-scale spatial genetic structure and dispersal among spotted salamander (
537:
505:
410:
underground, and are not seen again until breeding season in early March–May.
137:
1110:
2442:
1951:
1539:"Yellow Spotted Salamander Facts, Habitat, Diet, Life Cycle, Baby, Pictures"
517:
501:
490:
407:
403:
340:
127:
97:
2034:
1928:
1769:
1440:
1393:
1190:
812:
2349:
1305:"CellNEWS: Salamander Regeneration Trick Replicated in Mouse Muscle Cells"
742:
2409:
2158:
1243:"Salamander crossing: Drivers prepare to stop on Henry Street in Amherst"
860:
Homan, Rebecca N.; Holgerson, Meredith A.; Biga, Lindsay M. (June 2018).
545:
445:
117:
793:
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2206:
1919:
1898:
1859:
1812:
1722:
1496:
1468:
1069:
1041:
684:
533:
1585:
1101:
1084:
1046:) in roadside and woodland vernal pools in southeastern New Hampshire"
969:
2271:
1761:
1511:"Spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) : Wildlife Fact Sheet"
521:
514:
476:. The adult spotted salamander uses its sticky tongue to catch food.
469:
339:, to southern Georgia and Texas. Its embryos have been found to have
107:
2135:
2077:
1851:
1714:
1488:
1061:
1950:
Small, Daniel P.; Bennett, R. Scott; Bishop, Cory D. (2014-09-01).
1828:"Oxygen utilization in the symbiosis of embryos of the salamander,
1274:"There Are Teeny Tiny Underpasses for Salamanders in Massachusetts"
390:
Salamander populations from nearby pools form genetically-distinct
758:"Algae Living inside Salamanders Aren't Happy about the Situation"
354:
2245:
677:
Amphibian
Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1
2139:
1415:
Heuring, W (2014). "Landmark learning by juvenile salamanders (
440:
has several methods of defense, including hiding in burrows or
954:"The spots of the spotted salamander are sexually dimorphic"
1339:
10.1655/0018-0831(2002)058[0346:AAMUDI]2.0.CO;2
1138:
10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[1151:SCIHSB]2.0.CO;2
1740:: differential performance under high and low nutrients".
1467:
Sexton, O. J.; Phillips, C.; Bramble, J. E. (1990-09-19).
1874:"Spotted Salamander - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
862:"A Long-term demographic study of a spotted salamander (
1607:
1605:
733:
Petherick, Anna (30 July 2010). "A solar salamander".
1462:
1460:
1458:
2399:
2148:
1042:"Embryonic Survivorship of the spotted salamander (
855:
853:
851:
992:"Spotted Salamander – INHS Herpetology Collection"
827:
2064:) using the skeletal-chronological method].
2509:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
1791:: implications of ecological role reversals by
643:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T59064A193224401.en
1826:Hutchison, Victor H.; Hammen, Carl S. (1958).
1210:
1208:
347:microbe (unless mitochondria are considered).
618:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2022).
8:
532:and removes the embryo's nitrogenous waste (
830:Salamanders of the United States and Canada
2136:
206:
59:
40:
31:
1918:
1593:
1364:: movements to and from breeding ponds".
1360:Shoop, C. Robert (1965). "Orientation of
1100:
947:
945:
943:
881:
802:
792:
641:
1151:Zamudio, Kelly; Wieczorek, Ania (2007).
703:
701:
2519:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
2514:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
1672:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
903:
901:
662:
660:
607:
558:
679:. American Museum of Natural History.
613:
611:
1647:www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com
230:
7:
2504:Cenozoic amphibians of North America
1280:. Boston globe Media Partners, LLC.
300:Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854
2479:IUCN Red List least concern species
1670:(Shaw) (Caudata: Ambystomatidae)".
1017:"AmphibiaWeb - Ambystoma maculatum"
629:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
308:Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854
1272:Hofherr, Justine (25 March 2015).
883:10.1655/herpetologica-d-17-00067.1
25:
1643:"Virginia Herpetological Society"
1253:from the original on 1 March 2024
1241:DeGray, Nick (28 February 2024).
952:Morgan, Samantha K. (June 2014).
834:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
756:Frazer, Jennifer (May 18, 2018).
1613:"The Yellow-Spotted Salamander (
1284:from the original on 21 May 2024
1215:Marion, Jonah (April 25, 2018).
1183:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03139.x
934:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17970.x
762:Scientific American Blog Network
715:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
589:
573:
561:
84:
2494:Amphibians of the United States
2093:"Spotted Salamander Care Sheet"
1907:Journal of Experimental Biology
423:Henry Street salamander tunnels
1217:"Spotted Salamander Migration"
1126:Journal of Wildlife Management
1:
1960:during embryonic development"
1303:Carlsson, Lars (2010-08-06).
996:Herpetology.inhs.illinois.edu
908:Urban, Mark C. (2010-04-12).
866:) population in central Ohio"
419:Amphibian and reptile tunnels
2484:Amphibians described in 1802
1684:10.1016/0300-9629(91)90385-P
1433:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.015
1386:10.1126/science.149.3683.558
1307:. Cellnews-blog.blogspot.com
415:North Amherst, Massachusetts
2126:Yellow-spotted Salamander (
2091:Spinner, Leo (2011-11-30).
2066:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2545:
2132:, Natural Resources Canada
2529:Taxa named by George Shaw
2027:10.1007/s10646-009-0437-8
1984:10.1007/s13199-014-0297-8
1040:Turtle, Sarah L. (2000).
667:Frost, Darrel R. (2021).
323:yellow-spotted salamander
229:
222:
214:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
460:brighter colored spots.
402:Spotted salamanders are
305:Salamandra margaritifera
1157:) breeding populations"
826:Petranka, J.W. (1998).
1703:Journal of Herpetology
1221:Cornell wildlife blogs
1050:Journal of Herpetology
636:: e.T59064A193224401.
540:the oxygen, producing
504:relationship with the
359:
2371:Paleobiology Database
1958:Oophila amblystomatis
1834:Oophila amblystomatis
1574:Ecology and Evolution
1421:Behavioural Processes
743:10.1038/news.2010.384
510:Oophila amblystomatis
474:red-backed salamander
378:Habitat and dispersal
358:
2489:Amphibians of Canada
1621:Crazycrittersinc.com
580:Spotted salamander (
366:The scientific name
249:Salamandra palustris
27:Species of amphibian
2220:Ambystoma-maculatum
2194:Ambystoma_maculatum
2180:Ambystoma maculatum
2150:Ambystoma maculatum
2128:Ambystoma maculatum
2120:Ambystoma maculatum
2062:Ambystoma maculatum
2058:Ambystoma maculatum
2019:2010Ecotx..19..654O
1976:2014Symbi..64....1S
1956:and the green alga
1954:Ambystoma maculatum
1901:Ambystoma maculatum
1840:Biological Bulletin
1830:Ambystoma maculatum
1789:Ambystoma maculatum
1754:2017Ecol...98.1349P
1738:Ambystoma maculatum
1699:Ambystoma maculatum
1668:Ambystoma maculatum
1615:Ambystoma maculatum
1568:Ambystoma maculatum
1471:Ambystoma maculatum
1417:Ambystoma maculatum
1378:1965Sci...149..558S
1362:Ambystoma maculatum
1175:2007MolEc..16..257Z
1155:Ambystoma maculatum
1044:Ambystoma maculatum
926:2010Oikos.119..646U
864:Ambystoma maculatum
794:10.7554/eLife.22054
711:Ambystoma maculatum
671:Ambystoma maculatum
622:Ambystoma maculatum
582:Ambystoma maculatum
453:Ambystoma maculatum
438:Ambystoma maculatum
368:Ambystoma maculatum
328:Ambystoma maculatum
281:Ambystoma carolinae
273:Lacerta subviolacea
265:Salamandra venenosa
241:Salamandra punctata
233:Salamandra punctata
190:Ambystoma maculatum
51:Conservation status
35:Spotted salamander
18:Ambystoma maculatum
2499:Aposematic species
1920:10.1242/jeb.076711
685:10.5531/db.vz.0001
524:development). The
360:
319:spotted salamander
244:Bonnaterre, 1789
2466:
2465:
2358:Open Tree of Life
2142:Taxon identifiers
2097:Reptiles Magazine
1878:Sciencedirect.com
1586:10.1002/ece3.3892
1372:(3683): 558–559.
1162:Molecular Ecology
1102:10.3390/d15020124
970:10.1643/CE-13-085
315:
314:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
252:Bechstein, 1800
245:
237:
172:A. maculatum
74:
16:(Redirected from
2536:
2524:Mole salamanders
2459:
2458:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2401:Lacerta maculata
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1762:10.1002/ecy.1789
1748:(5): 1349–1360.
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1639:
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1617:) Care and Info"
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1600:
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1580:(6): 3131–3138.
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1132:(4): 1151–1158.
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307:
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289:Salamandra argus
283:
275:
267:
259:
257:Lacerta maculata
251:
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236:Lacépède, 1788
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192:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
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1852:10.2307/1539111
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1795:(predator) and
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392:metapopulations
380:
353:
333:mole salamander
297:Ambystome argus
201:
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175:
83:
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28:
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2114:External links
2112:
2109:
2108:
2083:
2072:(4): 740–749.
2048:
2013:(4): 654–661.
1997:
1942:
1913:(3): 452–459.
1889:
1865:
1846:(3): 483–489.
1832:and the alga,
1818:
1787:on embryos of
1785:Rana sylvatica
1775:
1728:
1709:(3): 306–314.
1689:
1678:(3): 653–660.
1658:
1634:
1623:. 10 July 2019
1601:
1556:
1545:. 14 June 2016
1543:Animalspot.net
1530:
1502:
1454:
1407:
1352:
1333:(3): 346–354.
1317:
1295:
1278:www.boston.com
1264:
1233:
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1169:(2): 257–274.
1143:
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964:(2): 251–256.
939:
920:(4): 646–658.
897:
876:(2): 109–116.
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520:(required for
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2007:Ecotoxicology
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870:Herpetologica
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841:9781560988281
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337:Lake Superior
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181:Binomial name
178:
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66:Least Concern
56:
52:
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2127:
2122:at CalPhotos
2100:. Retrieved
2096:
2086:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1881:. Retrieved
1877:
1868:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
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1741:
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1731:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1614:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:
1505:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1309:. Retrieved
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1277:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1056:(1): 60–67.
1053:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
995:
986:
961:
957:
917:
913:
873:
869:
863:
829:
821:
784:
780:
770:
761:
751:
734:
728:
717:. Retrieved
710:
688:. Retrieved
676:
670:
647:. Retrieved
633:
627:
621:
581:
554:
550:
525:
508:
498:A. maculatum
497:
495:
487:
483:
467:
458:
452:
451:
437:
436:
428:vernal pools
412:
401:
389:
384:vernal pools
381:
373:
367:
365:
361:
345:endosymbiont
327:
326:
322:
318:
316:
304:
296:
288:
284:Gray, 1850
280:
272:
264:
260:Shaw, 1802
256:
248:
240:
232:
217:A. maculatum
216:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
29:
2384:SeaLifeBase
2319:NatureServe
2267:iNaturalist
2202:AmphibiaWeb
2174:Wikispecies
1970:(1): 1–10.
1807:(1): 1–13.
1427:: 173–176.
538:metabolizes
500:can have a
442:leaf litter
421:called the
351:Description
292:Gray, 185
2473:Categories
2416:Q109500895
2102:2022-04-29
1883:2022-04-29
1652:2023-04-04
1483:(3): 781.
1311:2012-08-15
1226:25 October
1095:(2): 124.
1026:2022-04-29
787:: e22054.
719:2012-08-15
602:References
506:green alga
1964:Symbiosis
1799:(prey)".
1797:Ambystoma
1570:) Larvae"
1111:1424-2818
1089:Diversity
518:diffusion
502:symbiotic
491:wood frog
480:Lifecycle
432:Big Night
404:fossorial
341:symbiotic
215:Range of
166:Species:
159:Ambystoma
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2410:Wikidata
2324:2.104612
2285:10184913
2165:Q2108247
2159:Wikidata
2043:21203661
2035:19924530
1992:14196337
1937:31077320
1929:23038736
1770:28247910
1449:45373288
1441:25444775
1402:35710926
1394:17843193
1347:86129709
1282:Archived
1251:Archived
1191:17217343
978:53598532
892:90702202
813:28462779
690:22 March
649:25 April
546:atrazine
493:larvae.
446:autotomy
398:Behavior
224:Synonyms
144:Family:
128:Amphibia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2363:1088156
2259:2431951
2246:1048181
2015:Bibcode
1972:Bibcode
1860:1539111
1813:3893392
1750:Bibcode
1742:Ecology
1723:1565152
1595:5869354
1497:1446443
1374:Bibcode
1366:Science
1199:8405608
1171:Bibcode
1070:1565239
922:Bibcode
804:5413350
584:) larva
534:ammonia
526:Oophila
408:brumate
331:) is a
200:, 1802)
154:Genus:
138:Urodela
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
2456:668586
2376:133744
2350:195169
2298:173590
2041:
2033:
1990:
1935:
1927:
1858:
1811:
1768:
1721:
1627:29 May
1592:
1549:29 May
1523:29 May
1495:
1477:Copeia
1447:
1439:
1400:
1392:
1345:
1288:21 May
1257:21 May
1197:
1189:
1109:
1068:
1001:29 May
976:
958:Copeia
890:
838:
811:
801:
735:Nature
709:"ADW:
522:embryo
515:oxygen
470:larvae
2443:11088
2438:EUNIS
2430:3RMTF
2389:61326
2337:43114
2311:59064
2280:IRMNG
2272:26790
2039:S2CID
1988:S2CID
1933:S2CID
1856:JSTOR
1809:JSTOR
1719:JSTOR
1514:(PDF)
1493:JSTOR
1445:S2CID
1398:S2CID
1343:S2CID
1195:S2CID
1066:JSTOR
974:S2CID
914:Oikos
888:S2CID
781:eLife
2451:ITIS
2332:NCBI
2306:IUCN
2293:ITIS
2254:GBIF
2233:CQ4J
2207:3841
2031:PMID
1925:PMID
1793:Rana
1766:PMID
1676:100A
1629:2022
1551:2022
1525:2022
1481:1990
1437:PMID
1419:)".
1390:PMID
1290:2024
1259:2024
1247:WWLP
1228:2020
1187:PMID
1107:ISSN
1003:2022
962:2014
836:ISBN
809:PMID
692:2021
651:2023
634:2022
464:Diet
317:The
198:Shaw
2425:CoL
2241:EoL
2228:CoL
2215:ASW
2189:ADW
2074:doi
2023:doi
1980:doi
1915:doi
1911:216
1848:doi
1844:115
1758:doi
1711:doi
1701:".
1680:doi
1590:PMC
1582:doi
1485:doi
1429:doi
1425:108
1382:doi
1370:149
1335:doi
1179:doi
1134:doi
1097:doi
1058:doi
966:doi
930:doi
918:119
878:doi
799:PMC
789:doi
739:doi
681:doi
638:doi
413:In
321:or
2475::
2453::
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2427::
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2204::
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2176::
2161::
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2070:70
2037:.
2029:.
2021:.
2011:19
2009:.
1986:.
1978:.
1968:64
1966:.
1962:.
1931:.
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1909:.
1905:.
1876:.
1854:.
1842:.
1838:.
1805:54
1803:.
1764:.
1756:.
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1707:27
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