402:
454:
253:
487:
uniformly black-to-brown coat color. This condition can be observed in dogs, cats, and horses. The appearance of mammals with recessive agouti mutations is typically dense black. As with aeumelanism, the difference between lack of phaeomelanin and abundance of eumelanin is one of words. Some agouti alleles in mice are associated with health defects, but this is not the case in dogs, cats, or horses.
178:
20:
363:
387:. Some species also possess iridophores or leucophores, which do not contain true pigments, but light-reflective structures that give iridescence. An extremely uncommon type of chromatophore, the cyanophore, produces a very vivid blue pigment. Amelanism in fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds has the same
486:
and/or eyes. Phaeomelanin is produced by melanocytes in the absence of melanocortin 1 receptor. This absence is mediated by agouti signalling protein, which antagonizes melanocortin 1 receptor. Loss of function of agouti signalling protein can permit unmediated eumelanin production, producing a
684:
Robbins, L.S.; Nadeau, J. H.; Johnson, K. R.; Kelly, M. A.; Roselli-Rehfuss, L.; Baack, E.; Mountjoy, K. G.; Cone, R. D. (1993). "Pigmentation phenotypes of variant extension locus alleles result from point mutations that alter MSH receptor function".
201:, but may also be engulfed by other cells, which are then called melanophages. Hair acquires pigment from melanocytes in the root bulb, which deposit melanosomes into the growing hair structure. A critical step in the production of melanins is the
942:
Rieder, Stefan; Taourit, Sead; Mariat, Denis; Langlois, Bertrand; Guérin, Gérard (2001). "Mutations in the agouti (ASIP), the extension (MC1R), and the brown (TYRP1) loci and their association to coat color phenotypes in horses (Equus caballus)".
876:
Kerns, Julie A.; Newton, J.; Berryere, Tom G.; Rubin, Edward M.; Cheng, Jan-Fang; Schmutz, Sheila M.; Barsh, Gregory S. (October 2004). "Characterization of the dog Agouti gene and a nonagouti mutation in German
Shepherd Dogs".
249:(ASP), can attach itself to MC1R and interfere with MSH/MC1R signalling. In many mammals, variation in the level of ASP switches melanocytes between eumelanin and phaeomelanin production, resulting in coloured patterns.
85:, is a hereditary condition characterised in animals by the absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle. This results in an all white animal, usually with pink or red eyes.
814:
Marklund, L; Moller MJ; Sandberg K; Andersson L (Dec 1996). "A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses".
316:
The only pigments that mammals produce are melanins. For a mammal to be unable to chemically manufacture melanin renders it completely pigmentless. This condition is more commonly called
450:
in horses. The loss of eumelanin in the coat is, in these species, harmless. The distinction between aeumelanism and hyperphaeomelanism – over abundance of phaeomelanin – is semantic.
300:, to their ultimate destinations. Melanocyte stem cells are called melanoblasts. Conditions associated with abnormalities in the migration of melanoblasts are known collectively as
771:
Newton, JM; Wilkie, A. L.; He, L.; Jordan, S. A.; Metallinos, D. L.; Holmes, N. G.; Jackson, I. J.; Barsh, G. S. (2000). "Melanocortin 1 receptor variation in the domestic dog".
1457:
1391:
1666:
1004:
328:
is unpigmented but the iris pigment epithelium is not, mammalian eyes appear blue. Melanin in the pigment epithelium is critical for visual acuity and contrast.
237:, and it appears reddish to yellowish as a result. Melanosomes containing eumelanin are eumelanosomes, while those containing phaeomelanin are phaeomelanosomes.
1318:
473:, the solid red coat is created by a recessive aeumelanic mutation in MC1R and agouti, if present, is masked. In all cases, the eyes and skin are unaffected.
379:. Disruption of melanin production does not affect the production of these pigments. Non-melanin pigments in other vertebrates are produced by cells called
1386:
320:. Amelanistic mammals have white hair, pink skin, and eyes that have a pink, red, or violet appearance. Reddish eyes are due to the lack of pigment in the
469:
v the mane, tail, ear tips, and legs. The horse at right lacks the agouti signalling protein, and has a uniformly black or aphaeomelanistic coat. In a
366:
Without melanocortin 1 receptor to signal eumelanin production in melanocytes, this
Labrador retriever has a yellow coat. His eyes and skin are normal.
728:
Joerg, H; Fries, H. R.; Meijerink, E.; Stranzinger, G. F. (1996). "Red coat color in
Holstein cattle is associated with a deletion in the MSHR gene".
181:
The normal zebrafish embryo, above, shows the migration and maturation of melanocytes. The amelanistic embryo, below, has melanocytes but no melanin.
1662:
1849:
1401:
1381:
1376:
245:(MC1R) and commits melanocytes to the production of eumelanin. In the absence of this signal, melanocytes produce phaeomelanin. Another chemical,
671:
Online
Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM (TM). Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. MIM Number: {155555}: {5/15/2009}:. World Wide Web URL:
422:, can cause the widespread absence of eumelanin. Loss of MC1R function, a recessive trait, has been observed in many species. In humans, various
383:. Within this categorization, xanthophores are cells that contain primarily yellowish pteridines, while erythrophores contain primarily orangish
1084:
929:
Online
Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM (TM). Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. MIM Number: {600201}: {9/4/2008}:. World Wide Web URL:
398:
function. However, due to the presence of other pigments, other amelanistic vertebrates are seldom white and red-eyed like amelanistic mammals.
1773:
1578:
612:
Arun D. Singh; Harminder S. Dua (1997). "16 Retinal pigment epitheliopathies". In A. M. Peter
Hamilton; Richard Gregson; Gary Edd Fish (eds.).
446:
gene, have also been identified in mice, cattle, dogs, and horses. These coat colors are called "yellow" in mice and dogs, "red" in cattle and
1844:
1768:
1603:
1593:
1371:
997:
74:
including humans. The appearance of an amelanistic animal depends on the remaining non-melanin pigments. The opposite of amelanism is
1598:
1518:
1854:
1303:
1247:
621:
587:
1237:
1184:
418:(MC1R) to signal the production of eumelanin. Loss of melanocortin 1 receptor function or high activity of the MC1R-antagonist,
1721:
1477:
990:
1583:
1232:
1494:
238:
1313:
1179:
1683:
1642:
1588:
1550:
1637:
1657:
1323:
1499:
1447:
1204:
1199:
419:
256:
Amelanistic laboratory mice, such as these, have no pigment in their skin, hair, or eyes. Their eyes are reddish.
246:
1452:
277:
1406:
1513:
1149:
415:
352:
321:
305:
242:
155:
1540:
1396:
1242:
1079:
1058:
1013:
1652:
158:, a thin but critical layer of pigmented cells at the back of the iris. Melanin is also present in the
225:
that absorbs most wavelengths of light, and appears black or brown as a result. Phaeomelanin, meaning
1676:
1568:
1504:
1107:
511:
483:
375:
Other vertebrates, such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds, produce a variety of non-melanin
1298:
1063:
462:
82:
1545:
1472:
1272:
1189:
1159:
968:
910:
839:
796:
753:
710:
376:
39:
1277:
217:, producing dopaquinone. Dopaquinone may become eumelanin, or phaeomelanin. Eumelanin, meaning
1711:
1647:
1337:
1194:
960:
902:
894:
831:
788:
745:
702:
654:
617:
583:
222:
120:
927:
1462:
1025:
952:
886:
823:
780:
737:
694:
646:
466:
285:
556:
1804:
1524:
1482:
1467:
1437:
1411:
1308:
1154:
470:
447:
163:
143:
116:
405:
Amelanistic ("lutino") cockatiels retain their carotenoid-based red and yellow pigments.
308:
have a separate embryological origin. Piebaldism and amelanism are distinct conditions.
1823:
1816:
1794:
1716:
1282:
1222:
1112:
536:
401:
325:
151:
147:
650:
453:
1838:
1742:
1671:
1632:
1227:
698:
637:
Fujii, R (October 2000). "The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores".
380:
264:
found in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, are derived from a strip of tissue in the
261:
194:
171:
982:
914:
843:
714:
252:
1509:
1433:
972:
800:
757:
269:
27:", this amelanistic python owes its yellow color to unaffected carotenoid pigments.
288:, and melanocytes. This strip of tissue is found along the dorsal midline of the
1799:
1737:
458:
293:
281:
177:
123:
19:
1789:
1760:
1706:
1442:
1261:
1169:
1102:
1041:
1017:
890:
526:
501:
435:
395:
384:
336:
301:
297:
214:
198:
190:
127:
109:
51:
898:
1351:
506:
273:
202:
186:
159:
59:
964:
906:
792:
658:
956:
835:
827:
784:
749:
741:
706:
1356:
1141:
1050:
531:
521:
496:
439:
431:
423:
391:
388:
317:
234:
206:
112:
75:
47:
24:
1701:
1573:
1489:
1429:
1346:
1127:
1030:
516:
139:
105:
93:
63:
43:
1811:
930:
672:
340:
289:
265:
230:
210:
101:
71:
362:
461:
horse, left, has both eumelanin and phaeomelanin in her coat; the
452:
400:
361:
251:
176:
167:
97:
18:
857:
Davis, Jeff N. (September–October 2007). "Color
Abnormalities".
482:
Aphaeomelanism is the abnormal absence of phaeomelanin from the
356:
332:
146:. They also have two layers of pigmented tissue in the eye: the
135:
131:
67:
55:
986:
296:
cells migrate down along the sides of the embryo, or through
38:) is a pigmentation abnormality characterized by the lack of
197:. Melanosomes are found in specialized pigment cells called
582:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–77.
442:. Aeumelanic hair coats, associated with mutations of the
355:
in humans and the familiar red-eyed albino conditions in
438:, fair skin, and susceptibility to sundamaged skin and
162:, and is important for the early development of the
1782:
1759:
1730:
1692:
1625:
1616:
1559:
1533:
1420:
1364:
1345:
1336:
1291:
1260:
1215:
1168:
1140:
1125:
1093:
1072:
1049:
1038:
1024:
276:in the neural crest give rise to the cells of the
1458:Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons
1667:Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis
616:(1 ed.). Informa Health Care. p. 249.
465:signaling peptide suppresses black color to the
331:Loss of melanogenesis function is linked to the
280:, supportive elements of the skeleton such as
1319:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
998:
580:Biological perspectives on human pigmentation
8:
1387:Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
1622:
1361:
1342:
1137:
1046:
1035:
1005:
991:
983:
865:(5). American Birding Association: 36–46.
1663:Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura
1392:Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
166:. Melanin is also found in parts of the
1402:X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder
1382:Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura
1377:Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli
548:
193:. The production of melanins is called
1774:Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria
1579:Familial progressive hyperpigmentation
229:, is characterized by the presence of
1769:Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
1604:Transient neonatal pustular melanosis
7:
1594:Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori
1372:Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
1599:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
1519:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
931:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/
885:(10). Springer New York: 798–808.
673:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/
78:, a higher percentage of melanin.
14:
1304:Postinflammatory hypopigmentation
1248:Progressive macular hypomelanosis
651:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130502.x
1238:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1722:Titanium metallic discoloration
1478:Partial unilateral lentiginosis
951:(6). Springer-Verlag: 450–455.
602:Robins, Ashley H. (1991) pg. 75
89:Melanins and melanin production
54:function. Amelanism can affect
1850:Genetic disorders with no OMIM
1495:Erythema dyschromicum perstans
353:oculocutaneous albinism type 1
260:Melanocytes, and the parallel
239:Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
1:
1684:Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation
1643:Pigmented purpuric dermatosis
1589:Periorbital hyperpigmentation
1085:Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome
46:, commonly associated with a
1845:Disturbances of pigmentation
1551:Shiitake mushroom dermatitis
699:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90572-8
1638:Iron metallic discoloration
1314:Vagabond's leukomelanoderma
1871:
1584:Pallister–Killian syndrome
1233:Albinism–deafness syndrome
578:Robins, Ashley H. (1991).
414:Melanocytes depend on the
108:, and is derived from the
1500:Lichen planus pigmentosus
1448:Centrofacial lentiginosis
1205:Griscelli syndrome type 3
1200:Griscelli syndrome type 2
1180:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
891:10.1007/s00335-004-2377-1
559:. Encyclopædia Britannica
420:Agouti signalling peptide
247:Agouti signalling peptide
185:Melanins are produced in
1855:Dermatologic terminology
1453:Generalized lentiginosis
1185:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
614:Text Atlas of the Retina
278:autonomic nervous system
16:Pigmentation abnormality
1514:Poikiloderma of Civatte
1150:Oculocutaneous albinism
416:Melanocortin 1 receptor
394:as in mammals: loss of
322:iris pigment epithelium
306:iris pigment epithelium
304:. Pigment cells of the
243:Melanocortin 1 receptor
156:iris pigment epithelium
96:is a compound found in
1658:Gougerot–Blum syndrome
1541:Incontinentia pigmenti
1397:Dyskeratosis congenita
1324:Wende–Bauckus syndrome
1243:Phylloid hypomelanosis
1014:Pigmentation disorders
474:
406:
367:
257:
182:
150:, at the front of the
130:have melanin in their
126:radiation of the sun.
28:
1080:Alezzandrini syndrome
1059:Quadrichrome vitiligo
957:10.1007/s003350020017
828:10.1007/s003359900264
785:10.1007/s003350010005
742:10.1007/s003359900090
456:
404:
365:
255:
180:
81:A similar condition,
22:
1677:Angioma serpiginosum
1569:Acanthosis nigricans
1108:Waardenburg syndrome
512:Heterochromia iridum
484:integumentary system
371:In other vertebrates
1407:Galli–Galli disease
1299:Nevus depigmentosus
359:and other mammals.
241:(MSH) binds to the
1653:Majocchi's disease
1546:Scratch dermatitis
1473:Mucosal lentigines
1273:Vasospastic macule
1190:Griscelli syndrome
475:
407:
368:
258:
183:
29:
1832:
1831:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1712:Arsenic poisoning
1648:Schamberg disease
1612:
1611:
1505:Café au lait spot
1332:
1331:
1256:
1255:
1195:Elejalde syndrome
1121:
1120:
1862:
1623:
1463:Ink spot lentigo
1362:
1343:
1138:
1064:Vitiligo ponctué
1047:
1036:
1007:
1000:
993:
984:
977:
976:
945:Mammalian Genome
939:
933:
925:
919:
918:
879:Mammalian Genome
873:
867:
866:
854:
848:
847:
816:Mammalian Genome
811:
805:
804:
773:Mammalian Genome
768:
762:
761:
730:Mammalian Genome
725:
719:
718:
681:
675:
669:
663:
662:
639:Pigment Cell Res
634:
628:
627:
609:
603:
600:
594:
593:
575:
569:
568:
566:
564:
553:
286:endocrine system
119:, absorbing the
1870:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1778:
1747:
1726:
1694:
1688:
1633:Hemochromatosis
1618:
1608:
1561:
1555:
1529:
1525:Riehl melanosis
1483:PUVA lentigines
1468:Lentigo maligna
1438:Lentigo simplex
1422:
1416:
1412:Revesz syndrome
1355:
1350:
1328:
1309:Pityriasis alba
1287:
1278:Woronoff's ring
1265:
1252:
1211:
1172:
1164:
1155:Ocular albinism
1131:
1117:
1095:
1089:
1068:
1040:
1029:
1020:
1011:
981:
980:
941:
940:
936:
926:
922:
875:
874:
870:
856:
855:
851:
813:
812:
808:
770:
769:
765:
727:
726:
722:
683:
682:
678:
670:
666:
636:
635:
631:
624:
611:
610:
606:
601:
597:
590:
577:
576:
572:
562:
560:
555:
554:
550:
545:
493:
480:
430:gene result in
412:
373:
314:
284:, cells of the
164:auditory system
117:photoprotectant
115:. Melanin is a
91:
34:(also known as
17:
12:
11:
5:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1824:Depigmentation
1821:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1795:Skin whitening
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1717:Lead poisoning
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1283:Nevus anemicus
1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:Cross syndrome
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1113:Tietz syndrome
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
979:
978:
934:
920:
868:
849:
806:
763:
736:(4): 317–318.
720:
693:(6): 827–834.
676:
664:
629:
622:
604:
595:
588:
570:
547:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
537:Xanthochromism
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
492:
489:
479:
478:Aphaeomelanism
476:
471:chestnut horse
411:
408:
381:chromatophores
372:
369:
343:of this gene,
313:
310:
90:
87:
23:Often called "
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1867:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1744:
1743:Tar melanosis
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:Lichen aureus
1670:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
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1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:circumscribed
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
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1363:
1360:
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1353:
1348:
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1335:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:hypomelanosis
1263:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:ABCD syndrome
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
988:
985:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
938:
935:
932:
928:
924:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
869:
864:
860:
853:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:(12): 895–9.
821:
817:
810:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
764:
759:
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751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
721:
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712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
677:
674:
668:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:(5): 300–19.
644:
640:
633:
630:
625:
623:1-85317-226-X
619:
615:
608:
605:
599:
596:
591:
589:0-521-36514-7
585:
581:
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571:
558:
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429:
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417:
409:
403:
399:
397:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
364:
360:
358:
354:
351:locus, cause
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:that encodes
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:, is a dense
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:melanogenesis
192:
188:
179:
175:
173:
172:adrenal gland
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
88:
86:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
1510:Poikiloderma
1434:Lentiginosis
1132:
948:
944:
937:
923:
882:
878:
871:
862:
858:
852:
819:
815:
809:
779:(1): 24–30.
776:
772:
766:
733:
729:
723:
690:
686:
679:
667:
642:
638:
632:
613:
607:
598:
579:
573:
561:. Retrieved
551:
481:
443:
427:
413:
374:
348:
344:
330:
315:
282:chondrocytes
270:neural crest
262:melanophores
259:
233:-containing
227:rufous-black
226:
218:
184:
121:DNA-damaging
92:
80:
35:
31:
30:
1738:Carotenosis
1365:Reticulated
1096:development
1042:melanocytes
563:January 27,
410:Aeumelanism
385:carotenoids
324:. When the
298:germ layers
294:multipotent
268:called the
199:melanocytes
191:melanosomes
128:Vertebrates
124:ultraviolet
1839:Categories
1790:Skin color
1761:Dyschromia
1707:Chrysiasis
1443:Liver spot
1262:Leukoderma
1170:Melanosome
1103:Piebaldism
1094:Melanocyte
1018:Dyschromia
557:"Albinism"
543:References
527:Piebaldism
502:Dyschromia
436:blond hair
396:tyrosinase
339:. Certain
337:tyrosinase
312:In mammals
302:piebaldism
274:Stem cells
219:true black
215:tyrosinase
187:organelles
154:, and the
110:amino acid
60:amphibians
52:tyrosinase
36:amelanosis
1562:ungrouped
1352:Melanosis
1292:Ungrouped
1160:in humans
1133:amelanism
1073:Syndromic
899:1432-1777
507:Erythrism
424:mutations
347:, at the
203:catalysis
160:inner ear
32:Amelanism
1783:See also
1619:pigments
1421:Diffuse/
1357:Melanism
1173:transfer
1142:Albinism
1126:Loss of
1051:Vitiligo
965:11353392
915:27945452
907:15520882
844:29095360
793:10602988
715:12179800
659:11041206
532:Vitiligo
522:Melanism
497:Albinism
491:See also
467:"points"
448:chestnut
440:melanoma
432:red hair
392:etiology
377:pigments
318:albinism
235:cysteine
223:compound
207:tyrosine
140:feathers
113:tyrosine
106:protists
83:albinism
76:melanism
64:reptiles
50:loss of
44:melanins
40:pigments
1817:removal
1805:Sunless
1800:Tanning
1702:Argyria
1574:Freckle
1490:Melasma
1430:Lentigo
1347:Melanin
1128:melanin
1039:Loss of
1031:leucism
973:2012676
859:Birding
836:8995760
801:1755908
758:2497765
750:8661706
707:8458079
517:Leucism
426:of the
389:genetic
341:alleles
213:called
189:called
102:animals
94:Melanin
72:mammals
48:genetic
42:called
1812:Tattoo
1695:metals
1560:Other/
1534:Linear
1338:Hyper-
971:
963:
913:
905:
897:
842:
834:
799:
791:
756:
748:
713:
705:
657:
620:
586:
463:agouti
326:stroma
292:, and
290:embryo
266:embryo
231:sulfur
211:enzyme
209:by an
148:stroma
144:scales
104:, and
98:plants
70:, and
25:albino
1731:Other
1693:Other
1617:Other
1216:Other
1026:Hypo-
969:S2CID
911:S2CID
840:S2CID
797:S2CID
754:S2CID
711:S2CID
349:Color
168:brain
142:, or
68:birds
1626:Iron
961:PMID
903:PMID
895:ISSN
832:PMID
789:PMID
746:PMID
703:PMID
687:Cell
655:PMID
618:ISBN
584:ISBN
565:2015
457:The
444:MC1R
428:MC1R
357:mice
333:gene
170:and
152:iris
136:hair
134:and
132:skin
56:fish
1264:w/o
953:doi
887:doi
824:doi
781:doi
738:doi
695:doi
647:doi
459:bay
345:TYR
205:of
1841::
1436::
967:.
959:.
949:12
947:.
909:.
901:.
893:.
883:15
881:.
863:39
861:.
838:.
830:.
818:.
795:.
787:.
777:11
775:.
752:.
744:.
732:.
709:.
701:.
691:72
689:.
653:.
643:13
641:.
434:,
272:.
174:.
138:,
100:,
66:,
62:,
58:,
1665:/
1521:)
1512:(
1432:/
1354:/
1349:/
1130:/
1028:/
1016:/
1006:e
999:t
992:v
975:.
955::
917:.
889::
846:.
826::
820:7
803:.
783::
760:.
740::
734:7
717:.
697::
661:.
649::
626:.
592:.
567:.
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