209:
194:
American Morse. An attempt in 1854 to make
International Morse the standard within the US was rejected by the telegraph companies. Overhead wires, used for most land routes in the US, have nowhere near as big a problem with dispersion as undersea or underground cables, and the companies had no wish to retrain their staff. The Chilean telegraph regulation of 1872 required operators to know both "German and American" code; some lines with the state system seem to have generally used one, some the other (and a few lines had
154:
190:
opposed to recoding and retransmission by an operator). The code was adopted as the
European standard in 1865, and was known at first as "Continental Morse," although as its use spread it also became known as "International Morse." At this point the original Morse Code started to be called American Morse, to differentiate between the two main standards.
205:"—was invented, and used Morse Code transmissions. Most radio operators used the version of the Code that they were most familiar with—the American Morse Code in the United States, and Continental Morse in Europe. However, because of the long range of radio signals, a single international standard was needed, especially for seagoing vessels.
233:
As already mentioned, American Morse is less suitable for use on cables because of the high density of dots. However, this same feature, together with the shorter dash, leads to the advantage of a more compressed code and a faster sending rate. The same operator could send at least 20% faster with
169:
in 1848, which was simpler—it eliminated the long intra-character spaces and the two long dashes—but also included changes in the sequences for eleven of the letters and most of the numerals. The Gerke code had a distinct advantage for use on undersea telegraph cables. Cables suffer from a type of
216:
At the
Radiotelegraphic Convention meeting in London in 1912, the section of the Convention covering "Transmission of Radiograms" included the statement that "The signals to be employed are those of Morse International Code." Even after this, the original Morse Code continued to be used throughout
189:
The Gerke code was adopted as a standard for transmission over cables by the Austro-German
Telegraph Union (which included many central European states) at a conference in 1851. It was necessary to have a common code as the Union had also agreed to direct connection of cables across borders (as
193:
There was some resistance to adopting
International Morse in the US. This resulted in international Morse operators in the US needing to be proficient in both codes since messages on transatlantic cables were in the international code, and incoming messages needed to be recoded and sent on in
250:
Over time, with the disappearance of landline telegraphy and the end of commercial radio use of Morse Code, American Morse has become nearly extinct. In the United States, the ranks of amateur radio operators used to include many active and retired commercial landline telegraph operators, who
237:
The greater complexity of
American Morse meant that it was easier for operators to make errors. American Morse has multiple lengths of dashes and spaces and inadvertently transmitting the wrong ones and other timing errors by novice operators is known as
225:, and along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. However, International Morse predominated for ocean-going vessels, and many U.S. shipboard operators became skilled in transmitting both versions of the Code as needed.
50:," the companies that continued to use the original Morse Code were mainly located in the United States. American Morse is now nearly extinct—it is most frequently seen in American railroad museums and
1402:
221:, in part because the original code, with fewer dashes, could be sent about 5% faster than International Morse. American Morse also was commonly used for domestic radio transmissions on the
165:
Various other companies and countries soon developed their own variations of the original Morse Code. Of special importance was one standard, originally created in
Germany by
255:(continuous wave) amateur bands used to have a mixture of American and International Morse. However, today even U.S. amateurs use International Morse almost exclusively.
98:
23:23, chosen for Morse by Annie
Ellsworth, daughter of the Governor of Connecticut. The original paper tape received by Vail in Baltimore is on display in the
344: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1014: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
961: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
889: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
868: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1452:
63:
217:
much of the United States. American Morse remained the standard for U.S. landline telegraph companies, including the dominant company,
1593:
1588:
1576:
1571:
1556:
1207:
713: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
385: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1354:
1339:
1116: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1075: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
853: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
174:
that gets progressively worse with the length of the cable. Dispersion severely limits the rate that Morse can be sent because of
1369:
186:. This interference is worse with American Morse because it has a greater proportion of closely spaced dots than the Gerke code.
20:
1389:
195:
51:
1403:
Samuel Morse's first "What hath God
Wrought?" telegraph message, sent May 24, 1844 (American Morse recorded on a paper tape)
179:
977: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
672: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
426: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
208:
1629:
1095: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1054: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
940: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
925: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
83:
1490:
1536:
1445:
862:
175:
47:
1531:
166:
1603:
769: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
687: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
454: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
87:
1038: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
904: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
631: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
467: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1420:
858: ▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄
54:—and "Morse Code" today virtually always means the International Morse which supplanted American Morse.
1362:
International
Communications: The International Telecommunication Union and the Universal Postal Union
79:
1526:
1475:
847:
1624:
1438:
1424:
1110:
898:
202:
171:
99:
67:
1581:
43:
1480:
349: ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄
147: ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄
1365:
1350:
1335:
372: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1377:
1288:
1043: ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
955:
797: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
741: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
413: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
400: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
183:
75:
1284:
Guglielmo Marconi - The father of long distance radio communication - An engineer's tribute
1192: ▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄
1154: ▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄
998: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
930: ▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄
590: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
508: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
46:. The "American" qualifier was added because, after most of the rest of the world adopted "
1485:
1032:
595: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
252:
95:
1287:. 25th European Microwave Conference. Vol. 2. Bologna, IT: IEEE. pp. 879–885.
1347:
The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States
1088:
1047:
30:— also known as Railroad Morse—is the latter-day name for the original version of the
1618:
966: ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄
919:
218:
105:
In its original implementation, the Morse Code specification included the following:
1383:
Modern Practice of the Electric Telegraph: A Handbook for Electricians and Operators
677: ▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
513: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄
472: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄
431: ▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄
153:
35:
1500:
222:
39:
1282:
728: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
700: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
564: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1598:
1495:
1461:
1103: ▄▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄
894: ▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄▄
756: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
718: ▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄
692: ▄▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄
659: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
636: ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄
523: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
390: ▄ ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄
359: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
251:
preferred to use American Morse for their amateur radio transmissions, so the
135:
long intra-character gap (longer internal gap used in C, O, R, Y, Z and &)
31:
1292:
1019: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
982: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
549: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
418: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
123:
intra-character gap (standard gap between the dots and dashes in a character)
1069:
992:
239:
1430:
1381:
82:" was sent on May 24, 1844, by Morse in Washington to Alfred Vail at the
71:
554: ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
264:
American (Railroad) vs. International Morse (similar codes highlighted)
1100: ▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄
1059: ▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄
1007:
970:
948: ▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄
876: ▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄
873: ▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄
746: ▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄
664: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄
459: ▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄
364: ▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1003: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
802: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
774: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1546:
1541:
934:
1415:
19:
1166:
883:
784: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
207:
152:
91:
18:
1407:
1121: ▄▄ ▄ ▄▄
733: ▄▄ ▄ ▄▄
705: ▄ ▄▄ ▄▄
618: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
569: ▄▄ ▄▄ ▄
495: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
441: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
16:
Morse code variant used on landline telegraph systems in the U.S.
945: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
610: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
605: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1434:
74:, and the old Supreme Court chamber in the Capitol building in
1521:
1516:
182:
of 1858 could only sustain a transmission rate of less than 1
201:
In the late 1890s, radio communication—initially known as "
909: ▄ ▄ ▄▄
623: ▄ ▄ ▄▄
528: ▄ ▄▄ ▄
446: ▄▄ ▄ ▄
500: ▄ ▄ ▄
405: ▄ ▄ ▄
1411:
1910 recording of an American Morse radio transmission
789: ▄▄ ▄▄
331: ▄▄▄ ▄
318: ▄ ▄▄▄
23:
1911 Chart of the Standard American Morse Characters
1555:
1509:
1468:
1080: ▄ ▄ ▄
541: ▄ ▄ ▄
536: ▄ ▄ ▄
1427:about (American) Morse code, first published 1858
1151:Pope (§157) gives a single parenthesis symbol of
1268:Ordenanza Jeneral de los Telégrafos del Estado
761: ▄▄▄▄
259:Comparison of American and International Morse
234:American Morse than with International Morse.
140: ▄▄▄▄
1446:
1062: ▄▄ ▄
985: ▄▄ ▄
336: ▄▄ ▄
323: ▄ ▄▄
8:
1234:
1232:
377: ▄ ▄
1386:(11th ed.). New York: D. van Nostrand.
1453:
1439:
1431:
62:American Morse Code was first used on the
1176:
1174:
813:
262:
1313:
1311:
1219:
1147:
1145:
1141:
577: ▄▄▄
198:and so did not use Morse Code at all).
157:The first public telegram in America, "
66:, a telegraph line constructed between
1083: ▄ ▄
1025: ▄ ▄
1022: ▄ ▄
651: ▄ ▄
646: ▄ ▄
7:
1332:Undersea Fiber Communication Systems
64:Baltimore-Washington telegraph line
1208:Telegraph in United States history
14:
1281:Bondyopadhyay, Prebir K. (1995).
1165:Not officially recognized by the
90:) in Baltimore. The message is a
86:(B&O) "outer depot" (now the
1378:"Chapter VIII Hints to Learners"
912: ▄▄
582: ▄▄
118: ▄▄
1189:Pope (§157) gives semicolon as
787:
782:
731:
726:
703:
698:
662:
657:
649:
644:
621:
616:
608:
603:
580:
575:
567:
562:
539:
534:
511:
506:
485:
480:
444:
439:
362:
357:
334:
329:
321:
316:
161:" sent by Samuel Morse in 1844.
52:American Civil War reenactments
34:developed in the mid-1840s, by
1:
180:transatlantic telegraph cable
229:Advantages and disadvantages
212:1905 chart of the characters
132:long gap (between sentences)
178:. For instance, the first
126:short gap (between letters)
84:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
1646:
1416:Morse Telegraph Club, Inc.
296:
281:
129:medium gap (between words)
78:The first public message "
1491:Modulated continuous wave
1421:The Dot and Line Alphabet
1127: ▄
1124: ▄
829:
487: ▄
482: ▄
111: ▄
1537:Morse code abbreviations
1462:International Morse code
1293:10.1109/EUMA.1995.337090
176:intersymbol interference
48:International Morse Code
1532:Prosigns for Morse code
1376:Pope, Frank L. (1881).
1334:, Academic Press, 2002
167:Friedrich Clemens Gerke
88:B&O Railroad Museum
1604:Chinese telegraph code
213:
162:
24:
1557:Other writing systems
211:
159:What hath God wrought
156:
116:longer mark or dash (
80:What hath God wrought
22:
1527:Morse code mnemonics
1476:Electrical telegraph
1469:Transmission methods
196:Wheatstone equipment
102:in Washington, D.C.
1567:American Morse code
1425:Edward Everett Hale
265:
203:wireless telegraphy
109:short mark or dot (
100:Library of Congress
28:American Morse Code
1630:1844 introductions
1364:, Routledge, 2016
1349:, McFarland, 2003
1270:. p. Art. 15.
810:Common punctuation
263:
246:Later developments
214:
170:distortion called
163:
145:even longer dash (
44:electric telegraph
25:
1612:
1611:
1133:
1132:
807:
806:
1637:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1423:, a sketch from
1390:available in PDF
1387:
1360:Lyall, Francis,
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1257:
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1180:Not given in Coe
1178:
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1163:
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1155:
1149:
1128:
1125:
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1117:
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1039:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1004:
999:
986:
983:
978:
967:
962:
956:Exclamation mark
949:
946:
941:
931:
926:
913:
910:
905:
895:
890:
877:
874:
869:
859:
854:
814:
803:
798:
790:
785:
775:
770:
762:
757:
747:
742:
734:
729:
719:
714:
706:
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637:
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149:, the numeral 0)
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119:
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76:Washington, D.C.
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1644:
1640:
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1638:
1636:
1635:
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1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1577:Cyrillic script
1558:
1551:
1510:Notable signals
1505:
1486:Continuous wave
1464:
1459:
1399:
1375:
1330:Chesnoy, Jose,
1327:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
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1266:Chile. (1872).
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1033:Paragraph break
1024:
1021:
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1002:
997:
984:
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976:
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960:
947:
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911:
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903:
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303:
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278:
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261:
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231:
184:word per minute
146:
142:, the letter L)
139:
117:
110:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1643:
1641:
1633:
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1617:
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1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
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1572:Greek alphabet
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1397:External links
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1319:
1307:
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1226:Chesnoy, p. 19
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1089:Quotation mark
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1048:Quotation mark
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1005:
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835:International
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820:International
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302:International
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272:International
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4:
3:
2:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Arabic script
1592:
1590:
1589:Hebrew script
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1559:in Morse code
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:On–off keying
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:0-7864-1808-7
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:0-08-049237-1
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:
991:
990:
980:
975:
972:
969:
964:
959:
957:
954:
953:
943:
938:
936:
933:
928:
923:
921:
920:Question mark
918:
917:
907:
902:
900:
897:
892:
887:
885:
882:
881:
871:
866:
864:
861:
856:
851:
849:
846:
845:
839:
834:
831:
824:
819:
816:
815:
809:
800:
795:
792:
779:
778:
772:
767:
764:
759:
754:
751:
750:
744:
739:
736:
723:
722:
716:
711:
708:
695:
690:
685:
682:
681:
675:
670:
667:
654:
641:
640:
634:
629:
626:
613:
600:
599:
593:
588:
585:
572:
559:
558:
552:
547:
544:
531:
526:
521:
518:
517:
503:
498:
493:
490:
477:
476:
470:
465:
462:
457:
452:
449:
436:
435:
429:
424:
421:
416:
411:
408:
403:
398:
395:
394:
388:
383:
380:
375:
370:
367:
354:
353:
347:
342:
339:
326:
313:
312:
306:
301:
298:
291:
286:
283:
276:
271:
268:
267:
258:
256:
254:
245:
243:
241:
235:
228:
226:
224:
220:
219:Western Union
210:
206:
204:
199:
197:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
160:
155:
144:
138:"long dash" (
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
115:
108:
107:
106:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
1566:
1408:
1382:
1370:1-317-114345
1361:
1346:
1345:Coe, Lewis,
1331:
1325:Bibliography
1301:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1253:Lyall, p. 19
1243:
1222:
1185:
1161:
249:
236:
232:
215:
200:
192:
188:
164:
158:
104:
61:
36:Samuel Morse
27:
26:
1501:Signal lamp
1008:Parenthesis
971:Parenthesis
223:Great Lakes
94:verse from
40:Alfred Vail
1625:Morse code
1619:Categories
1599:Wabun code
1496:Heliograph
1317:Coe, p. 68
1305:Coe, p. 70
1250:Coe, p. 69
1238:Coe, p. 69
1214:References
863:Apostrophe
172:dispersion
42:for their
32:Morse Code
1091:(close)
1070:Semicolon
1010:(close)
993:Ampersand
840:American
825:American
307:American
292:American
277:American
240:hog-Morse
68:Baltimore
1202:See also
1050:(open)
973:(open)
72:Maryland
1582:Russian
832:Symbol
817:Symbol
284:Letter
269:Letter
96:Numbers
58:History
1547:Z code
1542:Q code
1368:
1353:
1338:
1129:(KEE)
1027:(PII)
935:Hyphen
848:Period
842:Morse
827:Morse
309:Morse
299:Digit
294:Morse
279:Morse
1409:Circa
1388:Also
1136:Notes
1111:Colon
1105:(QJ)
1085:(SI)
1064:(QN)
987:(PN)
950:(HX)
914:(UT)
899:Slash
884:Comma
878:(QX)
837:Code
822:Code
304:Code
289:Code
274:Code
92:Bible
1366:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1336:ISBN
38:and
1522:CQD
1517:SOS
1289:doi
1167:ITU
1621::
1380:.
1310:^
1231:^
1173:^
1144:^
793:Z
780:M
765:Y
752:L
737:X
724:K
709:9
696:W
683:J
668:8
655:V
642:I
627:7
614:U
601:H
586:6
573:T
560:G
545:5
532:S
519:F
504:4
491:R
478:E
463:3
450:Q
437:D
422:2
409:P
396:C
381:1
368:O
355:B
340:0
327:N
314:A
253:CW
242:.
70:,
1454:e
1447:t
1440:v
1392:.
1372:.
1357:.
1342:.
1295:.
1291::
120:)
113:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
