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Unhappily, we have been trained to think of the theatre mostly in terms of commercial enterprise that is too expensive when it is worthy, and too cheap and boring when it is not. We know it too frequently as an investment for gambling show men, or as a playground for dilettantes and escapists who are unable to withstand the hard realities of life. We need a people's theatre which shall in effect be a national theatre. The people who want a theatre will have to organize it and pay a part of the expense for both its creation and support. Realizing the reluctance of the people to assume this responsibility, the essential burden of stimulating the development of such a project rests upon the shoulders of those individuals who are willing to assume this obligation, those who feel sincerely the call in a genuine quest for the content of theatre art, and by their talent, industry, and profound respect for a theatre they shall create.
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most important legacies. The assessment of the curators of the
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture at New York Public Library, which hosted ANT's 75th Anniversary in 2016 explained the ANT's importance by pointing out that ANT "sought to push the boundaries of black theatre ... experimenting with modernist theatrical tropes, and producing ambitious, original works by Black playwrights. Ultimately, the American Negro Theatre became one of the most influential black theater organizations of the 1940s," while also cultivating a generation of professional Black actors, directors and other artists in the performing arts who continue to influence the culture today.
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A People's theatre is a very valuable institution. it provides the finest outlet for class emotions that can be organized. It serves as a spur to citizen ambition provides a partly self-supporting source of work and income, and a healthy kind of occupational therapy on a national scale for thousands.
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Theatre arts scholar
Jonathan Shandell counts ANT's expansion of the "repertoire to include canonical black playwrights, use of a predominantly black cast and crew in all productions, and ... community outreach efforts, such as the free Uptown Shakespeare performances at Marcus Garvey Park" among its
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In 1944, the ANT submitted a proposal to the
General Education Board of Rockefeller Center, explaining that their objectives were to develop (1) an Art, (2) a Vital Theatre and (3) Pride and Honor, and requesting funding for the salaries of the company's officers. The proposal resulted in a $ 22,000
450:, at the cost of their earlier emphasis on a "people's theatre", and Hill's own break with the company. From then on, the ANT only featured plays from established white playwrights, and young actors viewed the ANT as a means to break into Broadway productions.
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Hill and O'Neal quickly garnered support for the
American Negro Theatre, which they dubbed the ANT to reinforce the idea of a hard-working interdependent community, by assembling several of their theatre friends, including: Howard Augusta, James Jackson,
405:, was "originally conceived as the story of a sordid, impoverished Polish family in a small Pennsylvania town," but Yordan could not find a company to perform it, so he rewrote it to feature a Black family, and it was performed by the ANT in 1944.
268:, Belafonte described how the American Negro Theatre opened his eyes to how "magical" theatre was. Belafonte said that he saw his first show in the ANT when he was given two tickets as a gratuity when working as a janitor's assistant for
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In addition to their theatre productions, the ANT also produced a weekly radio program in 1945, with a repertoire that spanned
Shakespeare, Dickens and opera. It also ran the Studio Theatre school of drama under the leadership of
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The ANT produced 12 original Black plays and seven adaptations of non-Black work for tens of thousands of primarily Black audiences in its first nine years. The Black playwrights whose work the company produced included
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When the ANT was first founded in 1940, the group created a 30-page constitution for themselves that reflected the ideals of the
Federal Theatre Project. The constitution also drew upon
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Nine New York newspaper dailies reviewed the show. They all raved and producers instantly started fighting over who would get the rights to the play. Yordan agreed to sign a
446:, and the next three ANT plays to appear on Broadway were not successful. As a result, divisions developed within the company, with many determined to repeat the success of
327:, to start producing his plays. The librarians granted Hill and the ANT permission to use their 150-seat Little Library Theatre basement stage. The first show they produced
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To develop a permanent acting company trained in the arts and crafts of the theatre that also reflected the special gifts, talents, and attributes of
African Americans.
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was inspired by ANT's
Broadway hit, it relied on the original 1936 Polish-American play to justify its all-white cast. Another film was released under the
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To produce plays that honestly, and with integrity, interpreted, illuminated, and criticized contemporary Black life and the concerns of the Black people.
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Marshall
University et al. "American Negro Theater, 1930-1955." Clio: Your Guide to History. July 14, 2021. Accessed January 10, 2022.
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Harlem's Little
Library Theatre in the 135th Street branch of the New York Public Library hosted ANT's early performances.
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A 1926 photo of a performance of the Little Library Theatre at the 135th Street Branch of the New York Public Library.
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Aside from teaching, Archer also directed plays for the ANT, most notably a 1948 command performance for First Lady
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To maintain an affiliation with, and provide leadership for, other Black theatre groups throughout the nation.
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on March 30, 1944, the sets for that initial production were designed by the American realist painter
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Hill approached librarians at the public library on 135th Street in Harlem, the Harlem Branch of the
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To utilize its resources to develop racial pride in the theatre, rather than racial apathy.
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grant-in-aid. These objectives were also printed on programs for ANT productions.
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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1413:"How the American Negro Theatre Shaped the Career of the Iconic Harry Belafonte"
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and scored star Alice Childress the first Tony nomination for a Black actress.
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The New York Public Library's Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
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Belafonte, Harry, Interview of Harry Belafonte by Cornel West, June 3, 1996
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Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980. Print. Twentieth Century Views.
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Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library.
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1442:"Remembering Osceola Archer: Summer Stock Director and Equity Advocate"
418:, but that has not been verified. Five weeks later, the play opened on
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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
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148:. Determined to build a "people's theatre", they were inspired by the
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338:, which Hill put into rehearsal after it had done so well with the
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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1476:"American Negro Theatre - Social Networks and Archival Context"
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Remembering Our American Negro Theatre on Its 75th Anniversary
1364:"Remembering Ruby Dee, Celebrating the American Negro Theatre"
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ran for five months and, in March 1941, Hill moved it to the
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Restoring Hope: Conversations on the Future of Black America
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Hutchinson, George; Hutchinson, George Evelyn (2007-06-14).
1040:
Classix: A living library of rarely seen Black classic plays
350:, where it ran for a week, as a musical with the lyrics of
1194:"The American Negro Theatre and the Long Civil Rights Era"
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gained a Tony nomination for playing the title character.
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The first major play that the ANT put into rehearsal was
1308:"archives.nypl.org -- American Negro Theatre records"
1552:"The 75th Anniversary of the American Negro Theatre"
1523:"The 75th Anniversary of the American Negro Theatre"
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437:. This gave Hill a five percent author's royalty.
1251:The Cambridge Companion to the Harlem Renaissance
2782:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1645:"75th Anniversary of the American Negro Theatre"
1119:(an association for Black theater professionals)
2827:Black players in professional American football
2777:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1388:"Remembering Osceola Archer—Thespian, Activist"
433:contract that would make Hill the co-author of
342:Players, who also held performances in Harlem.
1639:Black Theatre Companies: Black Theatre Matters
1673:
1647:. Exhibitions. New York Public Library. 2015.
140:was co-founded on June 5, 1940 by playwright
8:
2540:Historically black colleges and universities
30:
3742:Defunct theatre companies in New York City
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1617:. Sealey, Kelvin Shawn (ed.), Boston, MA:
1339:"Alice Childress, the Last Woman Standing"
1226:"American Negro Theatre (1940-ca. 1955) •"
440:The ANT itself received few royalties for
36:
29:
2757:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
1113:Coordinating Council for Negro Performers
387:The company's most successful production
847:(Selection was limited by availability.)
368:
1598:The theatre of Black Americans. Vol. 2.
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850:
3712:Arts organizations established in 1940
3656:Topics related to the African diaspora
2762:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
1279:"The American Negro Theater is Formed"
3636:Landmark African-American legislation
1580:A History of African American theatre
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3707:1940 establishments in New York City
2767:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
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1128:Harlem Renaissance theater companies
291:success, for which its lead actress
3717:African-American arts organizations
3121:African-American Vernacular English
1578:Hill, Errol G. and Hatch, James V.
3722:African-American theatre companies
3039:U.S. cities with large populations
2742:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1224:Hill, Anthony Duane (2008-02-06).
272:, who was in the play that night.
75:A people's theatre for Black drama
25:
1912:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
1908:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
1715:African American founding fathers
458:The ANT had a four-part mission:
27:Community theater group in Harlem
3702:Performing arts in New York City
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2792:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
1937:Nadir of American race relations
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997:
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907:
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422:where it launched the career of
1798:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
1788:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
1533:from the original on 2015-07-07
1452:from the original on 2020-09-28
1423:from the original on 2015-07-09
279:of an integrated production of
152:'s Negro Unit in Harlem and by
2787:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
1793:Civil right movement 1896–1954
1507:https://theclio.com/entry/1392
1254:. Cambridge University Press.
1148:Negro Actor's Guild of America
1109:Coalition of Theatres of Color
487:According to the constitution:
393:ultimately led to its demise.
1:
2967:Cherokee freedmen controversy
1943:The Negro Motorist Green Book
408:According to a notice in the
3737:Former theatres in Manhattan
1167:Paul Robeson Theatre at the
138:American Negro Theatre (ANT)
2837:Black players in ice hockey
2772:National Urban League (NUL)
2598:American Society of Muslims
1836:Selma to Montgomery marches
1756:Brown v. Board of Education
1556:The New York Public Library
1368:The New York Public Library
1104:Classical Theatre of Harlem
264:. In a 1996 interview with
248:); stage and screen couple
3763:
2994:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
2752:Nashville Student Movement
1763:Children of the plantation
1584:Cambridge University Press
1163:New Heritage Theatre Group
1138:Lafayette Theatre (Harlem)
650:The Later Christopher Bean
615:You Can't Take It with You
358:, and the choreography of
3664:
3631:Index of related articles
2812:
2632:Doctrine of Father Divine
2016:Women's suffrage movement
1969:Reconstruction Amendments
1776:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1283:African American Registry
383:, with an all-Black cast.
331:opened on July 17, 1940.
281:Katherine Garrison Chapin
35:
3681:United States portal
3116:African-American English
2545:Inventors and scientists
2237:George Washington Carver
1841:Chicago Freedom Movement
1133:Harlem Repertory Theatre
397:, which was inspired by
3604:African-American firsts
2653:Back-to-Africa movement
2622:Black Hebrew Israelites
2402:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1950:Partus sequitur ventrem
373:Although the 1949 film
325:New York Public Library
150:Federal Theatre Project
3747:20th century in Harlem
3572:Spingarn Medal winners
3061:States and territories
2832:Black NFL quarterbacks
2332:Martin Luther King Jr.
1864:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1803:Montgomery bus boycott
1446:www.putnamcountyny.com
1153:Negro Ensemble Company
1143:National Black Theatre
755:Osceola Macarthy Adams
708:Harry Wagstaff Gribble
494:
384:
312:
188:) and Curtis Cooksey (
130:and John O’Shaughnessy
31:American Negro Theatre
18:American Negro Theater
2882:Athletic associations
2817:Negro league baseball
2588:African-American Jews
2307:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2272:Henry Highland Garnet
2131:Negro National Anthem
1881:George Floyd protests
1846:Post–civil rights era
730:John Millington Synge
554:and Abram Hill (1944)
504:Hits, Bits, and Skits
489:
372:
329:Hits, Bits, and Skits
310:
3089:Afro-Seminole Creole
2615:Azusa Street Revival
2487:Booker T. Washington
2011:Underground Railroad
1876:Free people of color
1730:Atlantic slave trade
1411:Frederick, Candice.
718:Katherine G. Chaplin
694:The Washington Years
603:Juno and the Paycock
168:), Theodore Browne (
119:Artistic director(s)
3484:Trinidad and Tobago
3099:Black American Sign
2926:By African descent
2920:Ethnic subdivisions
2907:Southwestern (SWAC)
2822:Baseball color line
2737:Black Panther Party
2641:Political movements
2558:in computer science
2217:Carol Moseley Braun
2006:Tulsa race massacre
1999:Treatment of slaves
1831:March on Washington
1826:Birmingham movement
1480:snaccooperative.org
1158:New Federal Theatre
1094:Black Arts Movement
260:, and singer-actor
32:
3732:Theatres in Harlem
3582:US representatives
3577:US cabinet members
3469:Dominican Republic
3056:Metropolitan areas
2897:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
2722:Civic and economic
2700:Self-determination
2521:Education, science
2442:Fred Shuttlesworth
2422:A. Philip Randolph
2327:Coretta Scott King
2252:Frederick Douglass
2079:Harlem Renaissance
1984:Separate but equal
1974:Reconstruction era
1962:Plessy v. Ferguson
1853:Cornerstone Speech
1767:Civil Rights Acts
1750:Black Lives Matter
1725:American Civil War
1582:. United Kingdom:
1169:Store Front Museum
1123:Harlem Renaissance
580:Home Is the Hunter
385:
381:same title in 1958
313:
3689:
3688:
3517:African Americans
3389:Dallas–Fort Worth
2984:Black Southerners
2915:
2914:
2367:Thurgood Marshall
2337:Bernard Lafayette
1932:Million Man March
1689:African Americans
1596:Hill, Errol, ed.
1312:archives.nypl.org
1261:978-0-521-67368-6
860:Actress-director
848:
790:Maxwell Granville
748:Notable graduates
725:Riders to the Sea
688:Clemence Randolph
531:Three Is a Family
497:Stage productions
318:Virgil Richardson
277:Eleanor Roosevelt
223:All in the Family
166:One Way To Heaven
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
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3679:
3678:
3677:
3641:Lynching victims
3140:Louisiana Creole
3111:American English
2999:Louisiana Creole
2972:Choctaw freedmen
2810:
2347:Huddie Ledbetter
2287:Fannie Lou Hamer
2257:W. E. B. Du Bois
2247:Claudette Colvin
2242:Shirley Chisholm
2059:Family structure
1927:Military history
1809:Browder v. Gayle
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596:Patrick Hamilton
569:Henry Christophe
510:On Strivers' Row
482:W. E. B. Du Bois
431:Dramatists Guild
344:On Strivers' Row
336:On Strivers' Row
216:), Emmy-winning
154:W. E. B. Du Bois
146:Frederick O'Neal
128:Frederick O'Neal
40:
33:
21:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3660:
3626:Historic places
3619:US state firsts
3505:
3420:
3144:
3077:
3049:2010 majorities
3044:2000 majorities
3015:
2962:Black Seminoles
2911:
2902:Southern (SIAC)
2885:
2884:and conferences
2883:
2876:
2872:Serena Williams
2867:Jackie Robinson
2801:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2636:
2603:Nation of Islam
2574:
2522:
2516:
2457:Sojourner Truth
2447:Clarence Thomas
2412:Gabriel Prosser
2312:Michael Jackson
2187:Crispus Attucks
2177:Ralph Abernathy
2165:
2121:Musical theater
2020:
1886:Great Migration
1858:COVID-19 impact
1816:Sit-in movement
1691:
1686:
1643:
1635:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1198:jadtjournal.org
1192:
1191:
1182:
1177:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
948:
939:
930:
921:
912:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
844:
839:
810:Rosetta LeNoire
795:William Greaves
770:Alvin Childress
765:Alice Childress
760:Harry Belafonte
750:
745:
714:Sojourner Truth
704:Almost Faithful
574:Dan Hammersmith
524:Theodore Browne
499:
478:
456:
354:, the music of
305:
293:Alice Childress
285:Sojourner Truth
262:Harry Belafonte
239:Sanford and Son
184:), Alvin Hill (
120:
104:Harry Belafonte
96:
89:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3760:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
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3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3592:Visual artists
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:Mathematicians
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3493:
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3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
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3441:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3376:
3371:
3369:South Carolina
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:North Carolina
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3284:Massachusetts
3282:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3126:social context
3123:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:Creek Freedmen
2974:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2952:Alabama Creole
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Central (CIAA)
2888:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Pan-Africanism
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:Black theology
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2568:in STEM fields
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2523:and technology
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Harriet Tubman
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Michelle Obama
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:Barbara Jordan
2319:
2317:Harriet Jacobs
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Amelia Boynton
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2170:Notable people
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:LGBT community
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Freedom Riders
1818:
1813:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1745:Black genocide
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1633:External links
1631:
1630:
1629:
1627:978-0807009437
1608:
1606:978-0139127250
1594:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1543:
1510:
1491:
1462:
1433:
1403:
1379:
1355:
1343:The New Yorker
1323:
1294:
1267:
1260:
1237:
1209:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1089:Apollo Theater
1085:
1084:
1081:Theatre portal
1069:
1068:
1065:Theatre portal
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1007:Sidney Poitier
1003:
996:
994:
985:
978:
976:
967:
960:
958:
949:
942:
940:
931:
924:
922:
913:
906:
904:
895:
888:
886:
881:Countee Cullen
877:
870:
868:
863:Osceola Archer
859:
852:
843:
840:
838:
837:
835:Clarice Taylor
832:
827:
825:Isabel Sanford
822:
820:Sidney Poitier
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:
733:
721:
711:
701:
691:
677:
667:
664:Eugene O'Neill
657:
647:
644:Walter Carroll
640:Tin Top Valley
637:
634:Kurt Unkelbach
630:The Peacemaker
627:
624:George Kaufman
611:
599:
587:
577:
565:
558:Garden of Time
555:
543:
527:
517:
507:
500:
498:
495:
477:
474:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
455:
452:
416:Michael Lenson
411:Brooklyn Eagle
360:Leonard Harper
348:Apollo Theater
340:Rose McClendon
304:
301:
270:Clarice Taylor
258:Sidney Poitier
256:, movie actor
245:The Cosby Show
234:Clarice Taylor
229:The Jeffersons
218:Isabel Sanford
198:Osceola Archer
182:Garden of Time
162:Countee Cullen
132:
131:
121:
118:
115:
114:
100:Sidney Poitier
97:
94:
91:
90:
88:
87:
83:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3759:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Black theatre
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Neighborhoods
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Sports firsts
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3416:West Virginia
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:Pennsylvania
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3332:New York City
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3176:San Francisco
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:By state/city
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:American Sign
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:Neighborhoods
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:Black Indians
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Black schools
2533:
2531:
2530:Black studies
2528:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2512:Whitney Young
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Oprah Winfrey
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Denmark Vesey
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Joseph Rainey
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Toni Morrison
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Joseph Lowery
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Jesse Jackson
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Kamala Harris
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Marcus Garvey
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Blanche Bruce
2225:
2223:
2222:Edward Brooke
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:James Bradley
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:James Baldwin
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Neighborhoods
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1989:Silent Parade
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1917:Jim Crow laws
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740:Kenneth White
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549:
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536:Phoebe Ephron
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170:Go Down Moses
167:
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109:
105:
101:
98:
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86:New York City
85:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:Theatre group
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
3567:Sportspeople
3537:Billionaires
3454:Sierra Leone
3357:Philadelphia
3193:Jacksonville
3020:Demographics
2852:Jack Johnson
2842:Muhammad Ali
2675:Conservatism
2610:Black church
2507:Andrew Young
2492:Ida B. Wells
2482:David Walker
2477:C. T. Vivian
2432:Paul Robeson
2427:Hiram Revels
2407:Colin Powell
2387:Barack Obama
2342:James Lawson
2297:Jimi Hendrix
2267:James Farmer
2262:Medgar Evers
2232:Ralph Bunche
2182:Maya Angelou
2156:Middle class
2034:Afrofuturism
1960:
1948:
1941:
1862:
1807:
1754:
1720:Afrocentrism
1710:Abolitionism
1619:Beacon Press
1614:
1597:
1579:
1573:Bibliography
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1527:www.nypl.org
1526:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:
1454:. Retrieved
1445:
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1417:www.nypl.org
1416:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1371:. Retrieved
1367:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1345:. 2011-10-03
1342:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:
1250:
1229:. Retrieved
1201:. Retrieved
1197:
1024:
1005:
987:
969:
952:
933:
915:
897:
879:
862:
845:
815:Helen Martin
800:Gordon Heath
785:Roger Furman
735:
723:
713:
703:
693:
679:
674:George Kelly
670:The Show Off
669:
659:
649:
639:
629:
613:
608:Seán O'Casey
601:
591:Angel Street
589:
584:Samuel Kootz
579:
567:
557:
547:Anna Lucasta
545:
540:Henry Ephron
529:
519:
509:
503:
490:
486:
479:
476:Constitution
457:
448:Anna Lucasta
447:
443:Anna Lucasta
441:
439:
435:Anna Lucasta
434:
428:
409:
407:
395:Anna Lucasta
390:Anna Lucasta
388:
386:
376:Anna Lucasta
374:
364:
343:
335:
333:
328:
322:
314:
297:
289:Anna Lucasta
288:
284:
274:
243:
237:
227:
221:
212:
205:
202:Helen Martin
194:
189:
185:
181:
173:
169:
165:
158:
137:
135:
95:Membership
3587:US senators
3557:Republicans
3542:Journalists
3399:San Antonio
3364:Puerto Rico
3305:Mississippi
3198:Tallahassee
3171:Los Angeles
2862:Jesse Owens
2847:Arthur Ashe
2705:Nationalism
2695:Raised fist
2658:Black power
2563:in medicine
2497:Roy Wilkins
2452:Emmett Till
2437:Al Sharpton
2202:Julian Bond
2197:James Bevel
2161:Upper class
2151:Stereotypes
2044:Black mecca
1956:Plantations
1735:Black Codes
1028:in 1944.
953:Early Hyman
899:Ossie Davis
878:Playwright
830:Hilda Simms
805:Earle Hyman
775:Ossie Davis
698:Nat Sherman
684:John Colton
562:Owen Dodson
520:Natural Man
266:Cornel West
250:Ossie Davis
178:Owen Dodson
174:Natural Man
112:Ossie Davis
3696:Categories
3532:Astronauts
3322:New Jersey
3166:California
2670:Capitalism
2467:Nat Turner
2397:Rosa Parks
2382:Diane Nash
2352:John Lewis
2141:Newspapers
2111:Literature
2096:Juneteenth
2049:Businesses
1903:Exodusters
1871:Free Negro
1561:2022-01-09
1537:2022-01-16
1485:2022-01-09
1456:2022-01-12
1427:2022-01-16
1397:2022-01-12
1373:2022-01-16
1349:2022-01-10
1317:2022-01-09
1288:2022-01-09
1231:2022-01-09
1203:2022-01-10
1175:References
1025:Hilda Sims
989:Canada Lee
514:Abram Hill
352:Don Burley
207:Good Times
144:and actor
142:Abram Hill
124:Abram Hill
3646:Monuments
3522:Activists
3374:Tennessee
3294:Michigan
3278:Baltimore
3268:Louisiana
3261:Lexington
3244:Davenport
3183:Cleveland
3082:Languages
3011:Melungeon
2989:Blaxicans
2857:Joe Louis
2712:Socialism
2648:Anarchism
2377:Bob Moses
2362:Malcolm X
2282:Fred Gray
2146:Soul food
2084:New Negro
2069:Folktales
1979:Redlining
1117:The Frogs
968:Composer
620:Moss Hart
190:Starlight
186:Walk Hard
56:Dissolved
48:Formation
3669:Category
3460:America
3426:Diaspora
3411:Virginia
3344:Oklahoma
3327:New York
3310:Nebraska
3273:Maryland
3256:Kentucky
3222:Illinois
3161:Arkansas
3066:Illinois
3004:of color
2690:Populism
2663:Movement
2580:Religion
1922:Lynching
1705:Timeline
1621:, 1997.
1586:, 2003.
1531:Archived
1450:Archived
1421:Archived
1051:See also
1034:Archives
1022:Actress
1010:in 1968.
992:in 1941.
974:in 1921.
956:in 1956.
938:in 1972.
935:Ruby Dee
932:Actress
920:in 1958.
902:in 1963.
884:in 1948.
780:Ruby Dee
424:Ruby Dee
420:Broadway
283:'s play
254:Ruby Dee
108:Ruby Dee
80:Location
3597:Writers
3562:Singers
3547:Jurists
3495:Europe
3449:Liberia
3394:Houston
3298:Detroit
3234:Indiana
3227:Chicago
3210:Atlanta
3205:Georgia
3188:Florida
3156:Alabama
3106:English
2680:Leftism
2550:Museums
2101:Kwanzaa
2026:Culture
1994:Slavery
1697:History
1651:Video:
1392:TAPinto
842:Gallery
736:Freight
454:Mission
303:History
232:), and
72:Purpose
3609:Mayors
3527:Actors
3499:France
3491:Israel
3479:Mexico
3464:Canada
3439:Gambia
3434:Africa
3384:Austin
3349:Oregon
3288:Boston
3251:Kansas
3217:Hawaii
3135:Gullah
2945:Yoruba
2935:Gullah
2806:Sports
2724:groups
2554:Women
2091:Hoodoo
1965:(1896)
1891:Second
1867:(1857)
1812:(1956)
1759:(1954)
1625:
1604:
1590:
1258:
1004:Actor
986:Actor
950:Actor
914:Actor
896:Actor
866:, n.d.
742:(1949)
732:(1949)
720:(1949)
710:(1948)
700:(1948)
690:(1947)
676:(1947)
666:(1947)
656:(1947)
646:(1947)
636:(1946)
626:(1946)
610:(1946)
598:(1946)
586:(1946)
576:(1945)
564:(1945)
542:(1943)
526:(1941)
516:(1940)
506:(1940)
3510:Lists
3474:Haiti
3444:Ghana
3379:Texas
3315:Omaha
2593:Islam
2126:Names
2116:Music
2054:Dance
1613:, in
3406:Utah
3239:Iowa
3071:Ohio
3032:list
2940:Igbo
2930:Fula
2074:Hair
2064:Film
1781:1968
1771:1964
1623:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1256:ISBN
686:and
680:Rain
660:Rope
622:and
538:and
252:and
242:and
226:and
210:and
172:and
136:The
110:and
64:Type
59:1951
51:1940
2039:Art
1896:New
738:by
728:by
716:by
706:by
696:by
682:by
672:by
662:by
652:by
642:by
632:by
618:by
606:by
594:by
582:by
572:by
560:by
550:by
534:by
522:by
512:by
401:'s
213:227
192:).
176:),
3698::
1910:/
1554:.
1529:.
1525:.
1513:^
1494:^
1478:.
1465:^
1448:.
1444:.
1419:.
1415:.
1390:.
1366:.
1341:.
1326:^
1310:.
1297:^
1281:.
1270:^
1240:^
1212:^
1196:.
1183:^
362:.
126:,
106:,
102:,
1681:e
1674:t
1667:v
1564:.
1540:.
1488:.
1459:.
1430:.
1400:.
1376:.
1352:.
1320:.
1291:.
1264:.
1234:.
1206:.
236:(
220:(
204:(
180:(
164:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
