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was attacked by a fleet of
Japanese twin-engine bombers, which killed Hawaiian colonists Joseph Keliʻihananui and Richard Whaley. In the ensuing weeks, Japanese submarine and military aircraft continued to target Howland, Baker, and Jarvis Islands. The four colonists from Baker and the two remaining
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During the seven years of colonization, more than 130 young men participated in the project, the majority of whom were
Hawaiian. In 1940, when the issue of discontinuing the colonization project was raised, the Navy acknowledged that the islands were "probably worthless to commercial aviation" but
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developed a clandestine colonization plan with the objective of placing U.S. citizens on the remote islands in order for the U.S. to lay claim to them. The colonization program called for non-active military personnel in order to avoid conflicting with international law regarding colonization by
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colonists from
Howland were rescued on January 31, 1942, and the eight colonists from Jarvis and Enderbury were rescued on February 9, 1942, two months after the initial attacks on Howland Island. In July 1943, a military base was established on Baker Island and played a substantial role in the
416:"H. Res. 169 (Rep. Mark Takai) Acknowledging and honoring brave young men from Hawaii who enabled the United States to establish and maintain jurisdiction in remote equatorial islands as prolonged conflict in the Pacific lead to World War II"
131:. After several decades, guano resources became depleted, leading to the diminishing presence of American companies on the islands; they were thus vulnerable to development and claim by other nations, especially the regional rival,
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In June 1941, the
Commandant of the 14th Naval District recognized the "tension in the Western Pacific" and recommended the evacuation of the colonists, but his request was denied. On December 8, 1941,
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William T. Miller, Superintendent of
Airways at the Department of Commerce, was appointed to lead the project. He traveled to Hawaii in February 1935, met with Albert F. Judd, Trustee of
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135:. The U.S. maintained a desire for military and commercial air routes between Australia and California, routes that would be facilitated by the use of
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After World War II, the participants of the colonization project established an organization to preserve the fellowship of their group, naming it "
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71:. Additionally, the U.S. government wanted to claim these remote islands to provide a check on eastern territorial expansion by the
217:" in 1956. In 1974, the islands of Howland, Baker and Jarvis were designated as National Wildlife Refuges and are now part of the
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Multiple federal agencies vied for the right to administer the colonization project, including the
Department of Commerce, the
163:, and agreed that recent graduates and students of the Kamehameha School for Boys would make ideal colonists for the project.
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The United States first began establishing its presence in the
Equatorial Pacific during the mid-19th century through
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The makeshift camp built for settlers on
Howland Island during the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project.
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advocated for "continued occupation" because the islands could serve as "bases from a military standpoint."
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operation, a significant U.S. offensive against the
Japanese fleet in the Pacific theater.
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Colonists waving before they begin their stint as settlers on Jarvis Island.
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444:"Congressional Record, Volume 157 Issue 113 (Tuesday, July 26, 2011)"
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385:"Hui Panalāʻau: Hawaiian Colonists in the Pacific, 1935–1942"
221:. The islands of Canton and Enderbury became part of the
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mining conducted by private
American companies under the
359:"Hui Panalāʻau, Real Life Kamehameha Schools Survivors"
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University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Center for Oral History
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men and other male students recruited from schools in
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Camp on Baker Island during the Colonization Project
59:could be built for military and commercial use on
29:American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project
219:Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument
91:. In 1937, the project was expanded to include
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505:1942 disestablishments in the United States
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278:Moving drums of water onto Howland Island
500:1935 establishments in the United States
495:Settlement schemes in the United States
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35:to place U.S. citizens on uninhabited
490:History of United States expansionism
75:. The colonists, who became known as
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33:United States Department of Commerce
31:was a plan initiated in 1935 by the
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290:Supply delivery to Howland Island
235:Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme
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363:The Kamehameha Schools Archives
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266:Baker Island Government House
326:Balloon run at Jarvis Island
254:Settlements on Baker Island
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168:Department of the Interior
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357:Janet Zisk (July 2002).
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172:Department of the Navy
149:Department of Commerce
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365:. Kamehameha Schools
223:Republic of Kiribati
314:Jarvis Island camp
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182:End of the program
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451:. Retrieved
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469:Categories
344:References
170:, and the
152:military.
69:California
61:air routes
453:6 October
428:6 October
97:Enderbury
65:Australia
395:18 March
369:18 March
229:See also
159:and the
63:between
51:so that
448:Gpo.gov
241:Gallery
137:Howland
111:History
99:in the
37:Howland
202:Tarawa
143:, and
93:Canton
89:Hawaii
43:, and
419:(PDF)
206:Makin
141:Baker
125:guano
41:Baker
455:2017
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397:2017
371:2017
95:and
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27:The
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