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exhibit one or both forms. The first is Immune-Mediated
Myositis (IMM). It may occur in response to a vaccine or infectious agent, where the immune system misinterprets the muscle cells as foreign and rapidly attacks them. Horses initially experience stiffness, weakness, and a decreased appetite followed by the rapid loss of 40% of muscle mass within 72 hours. The second presentation of MYHM is Nonexertional Rhabdomyolysis (compare to PSSM, below) and often presents as stiffness and possible swelling of muscles along the back and haunches without exercise. Clinical signs include pain, muscle cramping, and muscle damage, but may or may not result in muscle loss. When triggered, horses can recover but may have more frequent episodes. Horses that are homozygous (My/My) may have more severe symptoms.
869:, and thus produces affected offspring only when both parents transmit the gene, but may produce unaffected carriers if only one copy is transmitted. When a horse is affected by this disease, there is a collagen defect that results in the layers of skin not being held firmly together. Thus, when the horse is ridden under saddle or suffers trauma to the skin, the outer layer often splits or separates from the deeper layer, or it can tear off completely. It rarely heals without disfiguring scars. Sunburn can also be a concern. In dramatic cases, the skin can split along the back and even roll down the sides, with the horse literally being skinned alive. Most horses with HERDA are euthanized for humane reasons between the age of two and four years. Researchers at
971:: a birth defect linked to multiple causative factors, including genetics, hormones, mineral deficiency, tranquilizers, or steroids. Cleft palates are extremely uncommon, but as most of the research done on the condition has utilized Quarter Horses, the defect is linked to the breed. The surgery to repair the cleft palate has about a 20% success rate. Clinical signs include: lifting head high when eating, dropping head low to drink, coughing when beginning of exercise, and taking an extremely long time to fully administer oral medications placed in the side of the jaw.
831:(H/N) horses are still eligible for registration, altering that status is periodically discussed. Additionally, all Quarter Horses born 2007 or later that are confirmed to be descendants of Impressive must carry a note about the risks of HYPP on their registration papers. Due to HYPP, there have been some rule changes for show competition, including the creation of a "Performance Halter class" in which a horse must possess a Register of Merit in performance or racing before it can compete.
471:
the "appendix" of the
American Quarter Horse Association's studbook, hence the nickname. Horses listed in the appendix may be entered in competition, but offspring are not initially eligible for full AQHA registration. If the Appendix horse meets certain conformational criteria and is shown or raced successfully in sanctioned AQHA events, the horse can earn its way from the appendix into the permanent studbook, making its offspring eligible for AQHA registration.
577:(which also encompasses Quarter Horses from Canada), the second largest registry of Quarter Horses is in Brazil, followed by Australia. In the UK the breed is also becoming very popular, especially with the two Western riding Associations, the Western Horse Association and The Western Equestrian Society. The British American Quarter Horse breed society is the AQHA-UK. With the internationalization of the discipline of
321:
848:(MH) causes a horse's body to release uncontrolled amounts of calcium into the bloodstream when subjected to certain stressors, which results in painful muscle cramps, extremely high temperature up to 113 degrees Fahrenheit, irregular heart rhythm, excessive sweating and shallow breathing. It manifests when horses receive certain anesthesia drugs or by stressors such as overwork or excitement. Caused by a mutated
765:
965:, and the color pattern was not always visibly expressed. Thus, the condition continued to periodically appear in Quarter Horse foals. There is a DNA test for this condition, and in part because DNA testing can verify parentage and because the genetic mechanism of LWS is now understood, AQHA repealed its cropout rules, allowing horses with white patterns to be registered.
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Thoroughbred, local sprinters often won. As the
Thoroughbred breed became established in America, many colonial Quarter Horses were included in the original American stud books. This began a long association between the Thoroughbred breed and what would later become officially known as the "Quarter Horse", named after the
27:
232:. He was foaled in 1746, and imported to colonial Virginia in 1756. The influence of Thoroughbreds like Janus contributed genes crucial to the development of the colonial "Quarter Horse". The resulting horse was small, hardy, quick, and was used as a work horse during the week and a race horse on the weekends.
475:
early years of its formation. Some breeders argue that the continued addition of
Thoroughbred bloodlines are beginning to compromise the integrity of the breed standard. Some favor the earlier style of horse and have created several separate organizations to promote and register "Foundation" Quarter Horses.
418:(AQHA) was formed by a group of horsemen and ranchers from the Southwestern United States dedicated to preserving the pedigrees of their ranch horses. After winning the 1941 Fort Worth Exposition and Fat Stock Show grand champion stallion, the horse honored with the first registration number, P-1, was
735:
competition are larger yet, with a very heavily muscled appearance, while retaining small heads with wide jowls and refined muzzles. There is controversy amongst owners, breeder and veterinarians regarding the health effects of the extreme muscle mass that is currently fashionable in the specialized
841:
condition, though not all horses who inherit the gene will show clinical signs of being affected and the environmental triggers are not well understood at present. An estimated 7% of all
Quarter Horses carry this gene. There are two forms, both linked to the same genetic variant. Affected horses may
470:
blood via a performance standard. An "Appendix" American
Quarter Horse is a first generation cross between a registered Thoroughbred and an American Quarter Horse or a cross between a "numbered" American Quarter Horse and an "appendix" American Quarter Horse. The resulting offspring is registered in
239:
became popular with the colonists, the
Quarter Horse gained even more popularity as a sprinter over courses that, by necessity, were shorter than the classic racecourses of England. These courses were often no more than a straight stretch of road or flat piece of open land. When competing against a
474:
Since
Quarter Horse/Thoroughbred crosses continue to enter the official registry of the American Quarter Horse breed, this creates a continual gene flow from the Thoroughbred breed into the American Quarter Horse breed, which has altered many of the characteristics that typified the breed in the
776:
are bred to sprint short distances ranging from 220 to 870 yards. Thus, they have long legs and are leaner than their stock type counterparts, but are still characterized by muscular hindquarters and powerful legs. Quarter Horses race primarily against other
Quarter Horses, and their sprinting
930:
storage disorder. There are two forms, PSSM-1 and PSSM-2. PSSM-1 is found in
Quarter Horses and has a genetic test available. PSSM-2, which is primarily found in other breeds, has no genetic test available but can be diagnosed with a muscle biopsy. PSSM-1 has been traced to three specific but
621:
There are two main body types: the stock type and the hunter or racing type. The stock horse type is shorter, more compact, stocky and well-muscled, yet agile. The racing and hunter type Quarter Horses are somewhat taller and smoother muscled than the stock type, more closely resembling the
885:
announced that a DNA test for HERDA has been developed. Over 1,500 horses were tested during the development phase of the test, which is now available to the general public through both institutions. Approximately 3.5% of all Quarter Horses are carriers, and as many as 28% of horses in
823:. It is characterized by uncontrollable muscle twitching and substantial muscle weakness or paralysis among affected horses. Because it is a dominant gene, only one parent has to have the gene for it to be transmitted to offspring. There is a DNA test for HYPP, which is required by the
398:
Sprint races were also popular weekend entertainment and racing became a source of economic gain for breeders. As a result, more Thoroughbred blood was added into the developing American Quarter Horse breed. The American Quarter Horse also benefitted from the addition of
938:
inheritance pattern. 11% of the Quarter Horse population carries PSSM, and 48% of Quarter Horses with symptoms of neuromuscular disease have PSSM. To some extent it can be diet controlled with specialized low-starch diets, but
297:
tribes. As the colonial Quarter Horse was crossed with these western horses, the pioneers found that the new crossbred had innate "cow sense", a natural instinct for working with cattle, making it popular with cattlemen on
2831:
2853:
considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those
374:
The main duty of the ranch horse in the American West was working cattle. Even after the invention of the automobile, horses were still irreplaceable for handling livestock on the range. Thus, major Texas cattle
141:
is the largest breed registry in the world, with almost three million living American Quarter Horses registered in 2014. The American Quarter Horse is well known both as a race horse and for its performance in
740:(62 to 64 inches, 157 to 163 cm) and weighs in at over 1,200 pounds (540 kg) when fitted for halter competition. Not only are there concerns about the weight to frame ratio on the horse's
605:
The Quarter Horse has a small, short, refined head with a straight profile, and a strong, well-muscled body, featuring a broad chest and powerful, rounded hindquarters. They usually stand between 14 and
723:
show horses are often slightly taller, with slower movements, smoother gaits, and a somewhat more level topline – though still featuring the powerful hindquarters characteristic of the Quarter Horse.
949:(LWS) is fatal when homozygous. Affected foals are born pure white in color, with an underdeveloped intestinal tract, and cannot defecate, thus dying within days if not euthanized first. Although "
957:
markings were not allowed to be registered for many years because white markings were thought to be a result of undesirable crossbreeding, the gene that causes the condition also creates the
2824:
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1816:
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and expanded to become a major competitive event throughout the west. The Quarter Horse dominates in events that require speed as well as the ability to handle cattle.
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The American Quarter Horse has also been exported worldwide. European nations such as Germany and Italy have imported large numbers of Quarter Horses. Next to the
1786:
1006:
340:(or Old Shiloh), foaled 1844; Old Cold Deck (1862); Lock's Rondo, one of many "Rondo" horses, foaled in 1880; Old Billy—again, one of many "Billy" horses—foaled
134: mi (0.40 km) or less; some have been clocked at speeds up to 44 mph (71 km/h). The development of the Quarter Horse traces to the 1600s.
1852:
859:
1331:
387:
played a significant role in the development of the modern Quarter Horse. The skills required by cowboys and their horses became the foundation of the
2355:
1537:
809:
745:
1495:
585:, there is a growing international interest in Quarter Horses. The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States, and the
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as one of the significant foundation sires for the Quarter Horse breed. Other significant Thoroughbred sires seen in early AQHA pedigrees include
919:
1214:
2782:
2754:
2672:
2653:
1248:
67:
Great speed over short distances; short, refined head; strong, well-muscled body, featuring a broad chest and powerful, rounded hindquarters
897:
221:
In the 1600s, imported English Thoroughbred horses were first bred with assorted local horses on the Eastern seaboard of colonial America.
2402:
2840:
1884:
786:
447:
315:
2188:
943:
is advised before breeding, as the condition exists at a subclinical level in approximately 6% of the general Quarter Horse population.
785:, usually reflecting a higher percentage of appendix breeding. They are shown in hunter/jumper classes at both breed shows and in open
1923:
1708:
586:
574:
415:
311:
282:
138:
2497:
1980:
1956:
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mile (0.40 km) race distance at which it excelled. Some Quarter Horses have been clocked at up to 44 mph (71 km/h).
3279:
923:
1728:
1698:
1310:
904:, the horse's heart muscle and skeletal muscles cannot function, leading to rapid death. The disease manifests in foals who are
1827:
882:
2625:
1730:
The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide: The Complete Guide to the Standards of All North American Equine Breed Associations
3056:
852:, ryanodine receptor 1 gene (RyR1) at nucleotide C7360G, generating a R2454G amino acid substitution, it is inherited as an
1362:
2528:"Clinical characteristics of horses and foals diagnosed with cleft palate in a referral population: 28 cases (1988–2011)"
466:
Since the American Quarter Horse was formally established as a breed, the AQHA stud book has remained open to additional
874:
589:
is the largest breed registry in the world, with nearly 3 million American Quarter Horses registered worldwide in 2014.
124:
that excels at sprinting short distances. Its name is derived from its ability to outrun other horse breeds in races of
2309:
1794:
1014:
2692:
2249:
834:
1052:
1859:
827:. Since 2007, the AQHA bars registration of horses who possess the homozygous form (H/H) of the gene, and though
205:
157:
The compact body of the American Quarter Horse is well suited for the intricate and quick maneuvers required in
3121:
3066:
2926:
2901:
2450:
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1646:
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2006:
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32:
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1409:
Doan, Ryan; Cohen, Noah D; Sawyer, Jason; Ghaffari, Noushin; Johnson, Charlie D; Dindot, Scott V (2012).
3269:
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2941:
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2027:
946:
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A stock horse is a horse of a type that is well suited for working with livestock, particularly cattle.
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329:
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There are several genetic diseases of concern to Quarter Horse breeders. Most can now be identified by
2931:
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is linked to the disease. In 2007, Researchers working independently at Cornell University and at the
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3151:
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testing to verify parentage, the registry accepts all colors as long as both parents are registered.
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2986:
2617:
2423:
337:
3201:
3101:
2916:
2891:
2712:"Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies"
2107:"Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies"
1676:
1503:
1210:
1170:"American Quarter Horse." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2015. Web. 1 Jul. 2015.
732:
611:
352:
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Murphy, Robert F., and Yolanda Murphy. Shoshone-Bannock Subsistence and Society. Good Press, 2019.
360:
263:
3237:
3156:
3051:
3001:
2946:
2148:"Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 (C7360G) Mutation in Quarter Horses"
900:(GBED) is a recessive genetic disease where the horse is lacking an enzyme necessary for storing
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427:
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horse, and all-around family horse. Quarter Horses are commonly used in rodeo events such as
430:. Other sires alive at the founding of the AQHA were given the earliest registration numbers
2723:
2576:
2539:
2199:
2159:
2118:
1432:
1422:
837:(MYHM) is a genetic muscle disease added to the AQHA genetic testing panel in 2022. It is a
720:
654:
455:
431:
348:
201:
1133:
719:
horses are smaller in stature, with quick, agile movements and very powerful hindquarters.
177:
events, especially those involving live cattle. The American Quarter Horse is also used in
3232:
3171:
3111:
3036:
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for the lethal GBED allele, meaning both parents carry one copy of the gene. The stallion
887:
716:
638:
532:
504:
278:
182:
162:
2505:
1984:
1461:"Breeds of Livestock - Quarter Horse — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science"
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Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, MacLeay JM, Lentz L, de la Corte F (July 1999).
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52:
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922:, also called EPSM or PSSM, is a metabolic muscular condition in horses that causes
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testing so that breeders do not inadvertently produce foals with these conditions:
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with earnings in the millions. Quarter Horses have also been trained to compete in
551:
496:
467:
439:
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368:
364:
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259:
137:
The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States, and the
117:
2471:
2105:
Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, MacLeay JM, Lentz L, de la Corte F (1999).
258:
In the 19th century, pioneers heading West needed a hardy, willing horse. On the
3196:
2850:
1460:
1366:
958:
954:
778:
737:
706:
642:
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520:
236:
170:
1411:"Whole-Genome sequencing and genetic variant analysis of a quarter Horse mare"
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878:
790:
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678:
492:
451:
423:
380:
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147:
1966:
1933:
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work. Many race tracks offer Quarter Horses a wide assortment of pari-mutuel
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2301:
1427:
935:
813:
419:
267:
2737:
2588:
2553:
2173:
2132:
1581:
1446:
483:
351:, a stallion of unknown breeding, known to have been in Texas by 1889; and
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but of disputed pedigree. Another early foundation sire for the breed was
932:
927:
901:
863:
856:. Horses that carry PSSM or MYHM along with MH have more severe episodes.
777:
ability has earned them the nickname, "the world's fastest athlete." The
682:
666:
658:
555:
290:
286:
916:
blood test available. Roughly 10% of all Quarter Horses carry this gene.
3096:
2189:"Heritable Diseases of the American Quarter Horse and Their Management"
950:
862:(HERDA), also known as hyperelastosis cutis (HC). This is caused by an
712:
690:
578:
536:
500:
158:
2567:
Kirkham, LemcN (2002). "Surgical cleft soft palate repair in a foal".
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designated the American Quarter Horse as the official "State Horse of
3206:
3136:
2372:
2330:
981:
849:
670:
547:
392:
539:
are open to all breeds but are dominated by American Quarter Horse.
262:, settlers encountered horses that descended from the Spanish stock
2451:"Lethal White Overo Syndrome (LWO) | School of Veterinary Medicine"
2080:
2007:"AQHA Handbook, Section 448 Halter Classes, (j) Performance Halter"
1638:
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763:
596:
512:
508:
482:
388:
376:
319:
299:
274:
151:
143:
121:
95:
610:(56 and 64 inches, 142 and 163 cm) high, although some
1040:. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 22.
824:
641:
by most other breed registries. Other recognized colors include
2813:
266:
and other Conquistadors had introduced into the viceroyalty of
26:
1183:
Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America
913:
802:
694:
581:
and its acceptance as one of the official seven events of the
2356:
Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds
487:
The Quarter Horse is well-suited for the western disciplines.
446:, alive in the early years of the AQHA, is recognized by the
2052:
1885:"AQHA Handbook of Rules & Regulations 2008 Rule 205 (d)"
1500:
International Museum of the Horse- Horse Breeds of the World
614:
and English hunter-type horses may grow as tall as 17
1754:
1700:
Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse - E-Book
391:, a contest which began with informal competition between
324:
A photograph of Peter McCue, taken in Oklahoma around 1905
270:, which became the Southwestern United States and Mexico.
2693:"HERDA: DNA Tests Available for Disfiguring Skin Disease"
2250:"HERDA: DNA Tests Available for Disfiguring Skin Disease"
1290:
Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares.
2747:
The Great American Speedhorse: A Guide to Quarter Racing
2644:
Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares
2609:
Official Stud Book and Registry Combined Books 1-2-3-4-5
1668:
877:
theorized that the sire line of the foundation stallion
2302:"Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED) in Horses"
1608:
80:
2799:
1772:
1951:(6th ed.). Somerset: Wiley. pp. Chapter 2.
363:, foaled in 1828, who tracks his lineage through the
2401:. Purdue University, Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab.
2276:"Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA)"
1891:. American Quarter Horse Association. Archived from
1858:. American Quarter Horse Association. Archived from
1543:. American Quarter Horse Association. Archived from
768:
A Quarter Horse warming up for hunt seat competition
3215:
2859:
2611:. Amarillo, TX: American Quarter Horse Association.
2504:. University of California at Davis. Archived from
1722:
1720:
1243:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
71:
63:
58:
48:
40:
2641:
2618:"ACVIM 2006: Prevalence of PSSM in Quarter Horses"
1236:
931:undisclosed bloodlines in Quarter Horses, with an
438:, Cowboy P-12, and Waggoner's Rainy Day P-13. The
224:One of the most famous of these early imports was
185:, show jumping, dressage, hunting, and many other
2665:The Quarter Running Horse: America's Oldest Breed
1675:. National Foundation Quarter Horse Association.
736:halter horse, which typically is 15.2 to 16
673:(also occasionally referred to as blue dun), red
637:, a brownish red, part of the color group called
2028:"AQHA Adds MYHM Testing to Genetic Health Panel"
1053:"Quarter Horses Get Official Status in Oklahoma"
781:type is slimmer, even more closely resembling a
1669:"National Foundation Quarter Horse Association"
1667:National Foundation Quarter Horse Association.
531:or O-Mok-See. Other stock horse events such as
2775:Foundation Sires of the American Quarter Horse
3275:Horse breeds originating in the United States
2825:
2373:"Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED)"
2331:"Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED)"
228:, a Thoroughbred who was the grandson of the
8:
2841:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States
2667:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
1981:"Details on AQHA HYP rules for registration"
1787:"AQHA Annual Report - 2014 Horse Statistics"
1697:Ross, Michael W; Dyson, Sue J (2010-11-11).
1284:
1282:
1007:"AQHA Annual Report - 2014 Horse Statistics"
912:has been linked to this disease. There is a
19:
2607:American Quarter Horse Association (1961).
2306:Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED)
2832:
2818:
2810:
2805:Information about Quarter Horses in Europe
1755:"National Saddle Clubs Association - Home"
1127:
1125:
860:Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia
744:, but the massive build is also linked to
693:were excluded, but now with the advent of
25:
18:
2727:
2686:. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson.
2543:
2163:
2122:
1436:
1426:
273:The horses of the West included herds of
204:also designated the Quarter Horse as its
81:American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA)
2466:
2464:
1773:"The Canadian Quarter Horse Association"
1615:. Foundation Quarter Horse Association.
2300:Valberg, Stephanie; James R Mickelson.
2152:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
998:
383:, the 6666 (Four Sixes) Ranch, and the
2648:. Colorado Springs: Western Horseman.
2424:"Prevalence of PSSM in Quarter Horses"
1949:Adams and Stashak's Lameness in Horses
1609:"Foundation Quarter Horse Association"
1607:Foundation Quarter Horse Association.
1489:
1487:
920:Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy
748:(HYPP) in descendants of the stallion
562:. They are also used for recreational
542:The breed is not only well-suited for
2075:
2073:
1918:. Minneapolis, MN: Bellwether Media.
1502:. Kentucky Horse Park. Archived from
753:
7:
2053:"Myosin-Heavy Chain Myopathy (MYHM)"
1883:American Quarter Horse Association.
1140:. Texas State Historical Association
898:Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency
281:, as well as horses domesticated by
2616:Church, Stephanie L. (2006-09-14).
1817:"Light Horse: Breed Types and Uses"
1523:American Quarter Horse Association
448:American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame
316:American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame
2800:American Quarter Horse Association
2729:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05279.x
2581:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb11375.x
2496:University of California – Davis.
2476:American Quarter Horse Association
2395:"Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis"
2280:American Quarter Horse Association
2225:"Malignant hyperthermia: a review"
2124:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05279.x
2085:American Quarter Horse Association
2057:American Quarter Horse Association
2032:American Quarter Horse Association
1791:American Quarter Horse Association
1679:from the original on 22 April 2007
1649:from the original on 26 April 2007
1586:American Quarter Horse Association
1011:American Quarter Horse Association
819:originally linked to the stallion
629:Quarter Horses come in nearly all
587:American Quarter Horse Association
575:American Quarter Horse Association
462:"Appendix" and "Foundation" horses
416:American Quarter Horse Association
312:American Quarter Horse Association
139:American Quarter Horse Association
14:
2773:Denhardt, Robert Moorman (1997).
2335:American QuarterHorse Association
1619:from the original on 1 April 2007
1313:from the original on 22 June 2008
2777:. University of Oklahoma Press.
2682:Mackay-Smith, Alexander (1983).
2628:from the original on 6 June 2008
2405:from the original on 13 May 2008
2312:from the original on 12 May 2008
1639:"Foundation Bred Quarter Horses"
491:The American Quarter Horse is a
2684:The Colonial Quarter Race Horse
2165:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0274.x
1217:from the original on 2021-04-22
883:University of California, Davis
810:Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
746:hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
618:(68 inches, 173 cm).
355:, foaled 1895, registered as a
332:of Quarter Horse type included
306:Development as a distinct breed
3057:Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
2502:Veterinary Genetics Laboratory
1235:Moulton, Gary E., ed. (2003).
812:(HYPP), which is caused by an
1:
2749:. New York: Sovereign Books.
2569:Australian Veterinary Journal
2360:Equine Vet Journal Supplement
2081:"Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)"
1727:Lynghaug, Fran (2009-10-15).
1309:. Oklahoma State University.
479:Modern American Quarter Horse
341:
2663:Denhardt, Robert M. (1979).
2308:. University of Minnsesota.
1703:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1525:Combined Stud Book 1-2-3-4-5
1398:History of the Quarter Horse
1239:The Lewis and Clark Journals
875:Mississippi State University
2691:Sellnow, Les (2007-05-28).
1301:Oklahoma State University.
1274:Colonial Quarter Race Horse
1159:Colonial Quarter Race Horse
1117:Colonial Quarter Race Horse
1104:Colonial Quarter Race Horse
1036:Hatch, Rosie (Ed.) (2022).
926:, and is also related to a
835:Myosin-heavy chain myopathy
633:. The most common color is
601:A halter-type Quarter Horse
367:, a foundation sire of the
3296:
2449:Young, Amy (9 June 2020).
1916:The American quarter horse
704:
309:
3246:
2847:
2472:"Flashy Paint Coat Color"
1569:Great American Speedhorse
1051:Izzo, Kim (17 May 2022).
89:
76:
24:
3122:North American Sportpony
3067:Lac La Croix Indian Pony
2927:American Sorraia Mustang
2902:American Miniature Horse
2498:"Horse Coat Color Tests"
1947:Baxter, Gary M. (2011).
1496:"American Quarter Horse"
1138:Handbook of Texas Online
731:Horses shown in-hand in
3280:American Quarter Horses
3192:Tennessee Walking Horse
3092:Mountain Pleasure Horse
1914:Ellen., Frazel (2012).
1428:10.1186/1471-2164-13-78
1180:Dutson, Judith (2012),
1038:Texas Almanac 2022-2023
677:, blue roan, bay roan,
64:Distinguishing features
3132:Pryor Mountain mustang
2922:American Shetland Pony
2912:American Quarter Horse
2877:American Belgian Draft
2872:American Bashkir Curly
2745:Wiggins, Walt (1978).
2455:ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu
2399:Summer 2000 Newsletter
1826:. 2011. Archived from
953:" Quarter Horses with
846:Malignant hyperthermia
769:
760:Racing and hunter type
691:spotted color patterns
602:
583:World Equestrian Games
488:
422:, a descendant of the
325:
110:American Quarter Horse
35:American Quarter Horse
20:American Quarter Horse
3047:Florida Cracker Horse
2977:Camarillo White Horse
2942:American Walking Pony
2937:American Spotted Paso
2897:American Indian Horse
2697:The Horse Online News
2622:The Horse Online News
1824:Alabama Horse Council
1797:on September 23, 2015
1645:. Foundation Horses.
1582:"Documents and Forms"
1494:Kentucky Horse Park.
1091:Quarter Running Horse
1078:Quarter Running Horse
1017:on September 23, 2015
947:Lethal White Syndrome
767:
600:
593:Breed characteristics
486:
323:
165:, working cow horse,
3250:List of horse breeds
3182:Spotted Saddle Horse
3162:Spanish Jennet Horse
3152:Rocky Mountain Horse
3127:Pony of the Americas
3072:Missouri Fox Trotter
3007:Carolina Marsh Tacky
2997:Canadian Sport Horse
2992:Canadian Rustic Pony
2952:American White Horse
2907:American Paint Horse
2887:American Crème Horse
2882:American Cream Draft
2526:Shaw, Sarah (2015).
1853:"Registration rules"
1643:FoundationHorses.com
1211:"AQHA World Records"
206:official state horse
96:Equus ferus caballus
16:American horse breed
3202:Virginia Highlander
3102:National Show Horse
2917:American Saddlebred
2892:American Drum Horse
2640:Close, Pat (1994).
2430:. 14 September 2006
1637:Foundation Horses.
1307:Breeds of Livestock
961:color pattern when
150:, and as a working
21:
3238:Narragansett Pacer
3002:Canadian Warmblood
2947:American Warmblood
2867:Alberta Wild Horse
2716:Equine Vet J Suppl
2393:Ulman, Katherine.
2111:Equine Vet J Suppl
1895:on October 7, 2008
1833:on August 19, 2019
1733:. Voyageur Press.
871:Cornell University
854:autosomal dominant
770:
603:
489:
458:and Depth Charge.
326:
254:Westward expansion
3257:
3256:
3042:Cumberland Island
3022:Chincoteague Pony
2784:978-0-8061-2947-1
2756:978-0-671-18340-0
2674:978-0-8061-1500-9
2655:978-0-911647-30-3
2354:Valberg et al., "
2146:Aleman M (2009).
1538:"Three Bars (TB)"
1250:978-0-8032-8039-7
1188:Storey Publishing
1132:Beckmann, Bruce.
892:working cow horse
436:Oklahoma Star P-6
277:animals known as
230:Godolphin Arabian
194:Texas Legislature
116:, is an American
106:
105:
49:Country of origin
3287:
3032:Colonial Spanish
2932:American Spotted
2834:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2788:
2760:
2741:
2731:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2687:
2678:
2659:
2647:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2612:
2593:
2592:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2369:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2198:. Archived from
2193:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1983:. Archived from
1977:
1971:
1970:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:. Archived from
1783:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1467:. 31 March 2021.
1457:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1430:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1365:. Archived from
1363:"Lost Bloodline"
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1337:. Archived from
1336:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1134:"Quarter Horses"
1129:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1013:. Archived from
1003:
839:genetic dominant
797:Genetic diseases
754:Genetic diseases
721:Western pleasure
426:foundation sire
346:
343:
330:foundation sires
285:, including the
283:Native Americans
249:
248:
244:
133:
132:
128:
98:
29:
22:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3242:
3233:Conestoga Horse
3211:
3172:Spanish Mustang
3112:Nez Perce Horse
3087:Morocco Spotted
3037:Colorado Ranger
2962:Assateague Pony
2855:
2843:
2838:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2772:
2768:
2766:Further reading
2763:
2757:
2744:
2709:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2675:
2662:
2656:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2615:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1759:www.omoksee.com
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1465:afs.okstate.edu
1459:
1458:
1454:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1303:"Quarter Horse"
1300:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1000:
995:
978:
941:genetic testing
799:
762:
742:skeletal system
729:
709:
703:
689:. In the past,
595:
481:
464:
344:
336:, foaled 1843;
318:
308:
256:
246:
242:
241:
219:
214:
200:" in 2009, and
130:
126:
125:
102:
94:
85:
72:Breed standards
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3293:
3291:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Canadian Pacer
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Spanish Norman
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Cherokee Horse
3014:
3012:Cerbat mustang
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Canadian Pinto
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2849:These are the
2848:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2794:External links
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2742:
2707:
2688:
2679:
2673:
2660:
2654:
2637:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2575:(3): 143–146.
2559:
2538:(7): 756–760.
2518:
2488:
2460:
2441:
2415:
2385:
2364:
2347:
2322:
2292:
2267:
2256:. May 28, 2007
2241:
2216:
2179:
2158:(2): 329–334.
2138:
2097:
2069:
2044:
2019:
1998:
1972:
1957:
1939:
1925:978-1612115436
1924:
1906:
1875:
1844:
1808:
1778:
1764:
1746:
1739:
1716:
1710:978-1437711769
1709:
1689:
1659:
1629:
1599:
1588:. www.aqha.com
1573:
1560:
1529:
1516:
1483:
1470:
1452:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1354:
1332:"Copperbottom"
1323:
1293:
1278:
1265:
1256:
1249:
1227:
1202:
1196:
1190:, p. 64,
1172:
1163:
1150:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1043:
1028:
997:
996:
994:
991:
990:
989:
984:
977:
974:
973:
972:
966:
944:
917:
895:
867:recessive gene
857:
843:
832:
798:
795:
772:Quarter Horse
761:
758:
728:
725:
702:
699:
594:
591:
568:mounted police
544:western riding
480:
477:
463:
460:
385:Waggoner Ranch
379:, such as the
307:
304:
255:
252:
218:
215:
213:
210:
175:western riding
104:
103:
101:
100:
90:
87:
86:
84:
83:
77:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3292:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Racking Horse
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Kiger mustang
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Choctaw Horse
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2722:(30): 533–8.
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2508:on 2008-02-19
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2205:on 2014-06-09
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:Lenz, Tom R.
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2117:(30): 533–8.
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2033:
2029:
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793:competition.
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414:In 1940, the
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264:Hernán Cortés
261:
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212:Breed history
211:
209:
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181:disciplines,
180:
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167:barrel racing
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114:Quarter Horse
111:
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53:United States
51:
47:
44:Quarter Horse
43:
39:
34:
28:
23:
3270:Horse breeds
3248:
3187:Standardbred
3167:Spanish Barb
3157:Sable Island
3142:Quarter Pony
3107:Newfoundland
2911:
2860:Contemporary
2851:horse breeds
2774:
2746:
2719:
2715:
2700:. Retrieved
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2683:
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2643:
2630:. Retrieved
2621:
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2531:
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:the original
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2491:
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2432:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
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2398:
2388:
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2367:
2362:, pp. 533–38
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2314:. Retrieved
2305:
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2253:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2229:ResearchGate
2228:
2219:
2209:September 9,
2207:. Retrieved
2200:the original
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2182:
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2151:
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2114:
2110:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:
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2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:
2022:
2012:30 September
2010:. Retrieved
2001:
1991:September 9,
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1975:
1948:
1942:
1915:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:the original
1889:AQHA Website
1888:
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1860:the original
1847:
1837:September 9,
1835:. Retrieved
1828:the original
1823:
1811:
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1781:
1767:
1758:
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1692:
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1632:
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1613:FQHA Website
1612:
1602:
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1585:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1552:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1532:
1524:
1519:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:the original
1499:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1418:
1415:BMC Genomics
1414:
1404:
1393:
1382:
1371:. Retrieved
1367:the original
1357:
1346:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1306:
1296:
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1273:
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1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1057:Horse Canada
1056:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:the original
1010:
1001:
987:Quarter pony
969:Cleft Palate
963:heterozygous
894:disciplines.
890:and related
829:heterozygous
800:
783:Thoroughbred
771:
730:
710:
628:
624:Thoroughbred
620:
604:
572:
564:trail riding
560:show jumping
552:horse racing
541:
511:competitor,
490:
473:
468:Thoroughbred
465:
440:Thoroughbred
432:Joe Reed P-3
413:
411:bloodlines.
409:Standardbred
397:
373:
369:Thoroughbred
365:Byerley Turk
361:Copperbottom
357:Thoroughbred
327:
272:
260:Great Plains
257:
234:
223:
220:
217:Colonial era
191:
189:activities.
173:, and other
156:
136:
113:
109:
107:
93:
3052:Kanata Pony
2196:Tom R. Lenz
1481:pp. 143–167
959:frame overo
779:show hunter
774:race horses
727:Halter type
707:Stock horse
669:, red dun,
612:Halter-type
525:team roping
521:calf roping
442:race horse
407:, and even
353:Peter McCue
345: 1880
237:flat racing
171:calf roping
148:horse shows
41:Other names
3264:Categories
2854:countries.
2702:2007-05-07
2632:2008-06-12
2624:(# 7628).
2512:2008-03-08
2434:August 24,
2409:2008-06-12
2316:2008-06-12
2260:August 24,
2234:August 24,
1869:2010-12-21
1801:August 24,
1683:2007-04-02
1653:2007-04-02
1623:2007-04-02
1592:August 24,
1554:2010-12-21
1510:2008-06-11
1373:2019-10-26
1348:2019-10-26
1317:2008-06-11
1221:2021-06-27
1144:2006-05-30
1021:August 24,
993:References
910:King P-234
906:homozygous
879:Poco Bueno
821:Impressive
791:horse show
750:Impressive
705:See also:
701:Stock type
497:race horse
493:show horse
452:Rocket Bar
444:Three Bars
428:Old Sorrel
424:King Ranch
381:King Ranch
334:Steel Dust
310:See also:
187:equestrian
3228:Chickasaw
2957:Appaloosa
2532:Can Vet J
2428:The Horse
2254:The Horse
1967:927499663
1934:794554681
1899:August 9,
1477:Denhardt
1387:Sir Archy
1093:pp. 20–32
1089:Denhardt
1076:Denhardt
936:recessive
933:autosomal
864:autosomal
814:autosomal
295:Nez Perce
268:New Spain
208:in 2022.
2982:Canadian
2738:10659313
2626:Archived
2589:12019699
2554:26130841
2403:Archived
2310:Archived
2174:19220734
2133:10659313
1677:Archived
1647:Archived
1617:Archived
1567:Wiggins
1447:22340285
1311:Archived
1215:Archived
976:See also
928:glycogen
924:tying up
902:glycogen
756:below).
683:cremello
659:palomino
655:buckskin
639:chestnut
606:16
556:dressage
529:gymkhana
456:Top Deck
349:Traveler
291:Shoshoni
287:Comanche
279:Mustangs
202:Oklahoma
33:chestnut
3216:Extinct
3097:Mustang
2600:Sources
2545:4466833
2481:7 March
2378:7 March
2340:7 March
2285:7 March
2090:7 March
2062:7 March
2037:7 March
1438:3309927
1288:Close,
1161:p. xxxi
1080:pp. 4–8
1062:23 June
951:cropout
888:cutting
789:-rated
717:cutting
713:Reining
679:perlino
579:reining
570:units.
566:and in
537:reining
533:cutting
507:horse,
505:cutting
501:reining
401:Arabian
393:cowboys
377:ranches
300:ranches
245:⁄
183:driving
179:English
163:cutting
159:reining
154:horse.
129:⁄
3207:Welara
3137:Quarab
3117:Nokota
3082:Morgan
2972:Blazer
2967:Banker
2781:
2753:
2736:
2671:
2652:
2587:
2552:
2542:
2172:
2131:
1965:
1955:
1932:
1922:
1737:
1707:
1571:p. 166
1445:
1435:
1421:: 78.
1276:p. 193
1247:
1194:
1119:p. 138
1106:p. 106
982:Quarab
850:allele
733:Halter
685:, and
671:grullo
635:sorrel
631:colors
548:cattle
527:; and
405:Morgan
338:Shiloh
328:Early
144:rodeos
59:Traits
3197:Tiger
3077:Morab
2203:(PDF)
2192:(PDF)
1863:(PDF)
1856:(PDF)
1831:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
1548:(PDF)
1541:(PDF)
1342:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
955:pinto
752:(see
738:hands
687:white
651:brown
647:black
616:hands
608:hands
513:ranch
509:rodeo
420:Wimpy
389:rodeo
275:feral
226:Janus
198:Texas
152:ranch
122:horse
118:breed
112:, or
2779:ISBN
2751:ISBN
2734:PMID
2669:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2585:PMID
2550:PMID
2483:2024
2436:2019
2380:2024
2342:2024
2287:2024
2262:2019
2236:2019
2211:2019
2170:PMID
2129:PMID
2092:2024
2064:2024
2039:2024
2014:2012
1993:2019
1963:OCLC
1953:ISBN
1930:OCLC
1920:ISBN
1901:2008
1839:2019
1803:2015
1735:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1594:2019
1527:p. 1
1443:PMID
1245:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1064:2023
1023:2015
873:and
825:AQHA
787:USEF
715:and
675:roan
663:gray
558:and
546:and
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523:and
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314:and
293:and
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108:The
2724:doi
2577:doi
2540:PMC
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1433:PMC
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914:DNA
803:DNA
695:DNA
667:dun
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