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697:) breeds above 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in the highlands of southern Baja California. This subspecies is particularly distinctive, with pale gray-brown underparts. It is relatively small, and the palest subspecies, with uniform pale gray-brown on the head, face, and upperparts. It usually lacks any white spots to the tips of the outer tail feathers, which have white edges. It is sometimes classed as a separate species, but the
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469:. It is one of the earliest bird species to lay its eggs, beginning to breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range. The robin's nest consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers, and is smeared with mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials. It is among the earliest birds to sing at dawn, and its song consists of several discrete units that are repeated.
165:
686:. It winters throughout much of the southern breeding range and south to Baja California. It is the same size as, or slightly larger than, the eastern subspecies, but paler and tinged more heavily brownish-gray. It has very little white on the tip of the outermost tail feathers. Some birds, probably females, lack almost any red below. Males are usually darker and may show pale or whitish sides to the head.
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737:) is 23 to 28 cm (9.1 to 11.0 in) long with a wingspan ranging from 31 to 41 cm (12 to 16 in), with similar size ranges across all subspecies. The species averages about 77 g (2.7 oz) in weight, with males ranging from 72 to 94 g (2.5 to 3.3 oz) and females ranging from 59 to 91 g (2.1 to 3.2 oz). Among standard measurements, the
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leave the nest within two days of each other. Juveniles become capable of sustained flight two weeks after fledging. Chicks become sexually mature at one year of age. Bird banders have found that only 25% of young robins survive their first year. The longest known lifespan of an
American robin in the wild is 14 years; the average lifespan is about two years.
671:) breeds in southeastern Alaska through coastal British Columbia to Washington and northwestern Oregon. It winters from southwestern British Columbia south to central and southern California and east to northern Idaho. It is slightly smaller than the eastern subspecies and very dark-headed. The white on the tips of the outer two tail feathers is restricted.
1076:. Overall, 28 raptorial bird species are known to hunt American robins. Adult robins are most vulnerable when distracted by breeding activities, though they may also be attacked on the ground or even in flight. However, when feeding in flocks, the American robin is able to remain vigilant and watch other flock members for reactions to predators.
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The chicks are fed earthworms, insects, and berries. Waste accumulation does not occur in the nest because the adults collect and take it away. Chicks are fed, and then raise tails for elimination of waste, a solid white clump that is collected by a parent prior to flying off. All chicks in the brood
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berries, and after eating sufficient quantities will exhibit intoxicated behavior, such as falling over while walking. Robins forage primarily on the ground for soft-bodied invertebrates, and find worms by sight (and sometimes by hearing), pouncing on them and then pulling them up. Nestlings are fed
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Coast. Most depart south by the end of August and begin to return north in
February and March (exact dates vary with latitude and climate). The distance by which robins migrate varies significantly depending on their initial habitat; a study found that individual robins tagged in Alaska are known to
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The nest is most commonly located 1.5–4.5 m (4.9–14.8 ft) above the ground in a dense bush or in a fork between two tree branches, and is built by the female alone. The outer foundation consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers. This is lined with smeared mud and cushioned
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behavior is a distinguishing characteristic. In addition to hunting visually, it also has the ability to hunt by hearing. Experiments have shown that it can find earthworms underground by simply using its listening skills. It typically will take several short hops and then cock its head left, right
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are often the first noticed deaths in an area with West Nile virus, the
American robin is suspected to be a key host and holds a larger responsibility for the transmission of the virus to humans. This is because, while crows and jays die quickly from the virus, the American robin survives the virus
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carol, made up of discrete units, often repeated, and spliced together into a string with brief pauses in between. The song varies regionally, and its style varies by the time of day. The song period is from late
February or early March to late July or early August; some birds, particularly in the
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to western Europe, where the majority of records, more than 20, have been in Great
Britain. In the autumn of 2003, migration was displaced eastwards leading to massive movements through the eastern U.S., and presumably this is what led to no fewer than three American robins being found in Great
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The
American robin is active mostly during the day, and on its winter grounds, it assembles in large flocks at night to roost in trees in secluded swamps or dense vegetation. The flocks break up during the day when the birds feed on fruits and berries in smaller groups. During the summer, the
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The
American robin also sings when storms approach and again when storms have passed. In addition to its song, the species has a number of calls used for communicating specific information, such as when a ground predator approaches and when a nest or another American robin is being directly
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cartoon from 1990 that had Calvin celebrating his inevitable wealth and fame after seeing the first robin of spring. The harbinger of spring sobriquet is borne out by the fact that
American robins tend to follow the 37 °F (3 °C) isotherm north in spring, but also south in fall.
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that would likely make robins noninfectious and unable to spread disease. An oral bait is the preferred method of distribution of the vaccine as it would be easier and cheaper than intramuscular injection, but more research would be needed as the existing formulation did not work orally.
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The
American robin breeds throughout most of North America, from Alaska and Canada southward to northern Florida and Mexico. While robins occasionally overwinter in the northern part of the United States and southern Canada, most migrate to winter south of Canada from Florida and the
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and winters from southern
Newfoundland south through most of the eastern U.S. states to southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, and northern Georgia. It is uniformly darker or blackish on the head, with a dark gray back. The underparts are slightly redder than those of the eastern
774:. Juveniles are paler in color than adult males and have dark spots on their breasts and whitish wing coverts. First-year birds are not easily distinguishable from adults, but they tend to be duller, and a small percentage retain a few juvenile wing coverts or other feathers.
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are white. The American robin has a brown back and a reddish-orange breast, varying from a rich red maroon to peachy orange. The bill is mainly yellow with a variably dark tip, the dusky area becoming more extensive in winter, and the legs and feet are brown.
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east, sing occasionally into September or later. They are often among the first songbirds to sing as dawn rises or hours before, and last as evening sets in. It usually sings from a high perch in a tree. The song of the San Lucas subspecies
660:. It winters through much of the southern part of the breeding range. It is smaller than the eastern subspecies. The black feathers of the forehead and crown have pale gray tips. The underparts are paler than those of the eastern subspecies.
938:, caterpillars, and grasshoppers, and 60 percent wild and cultivated fruits and berries. Their ability to switch to berries allows them to winter much farther north than most other North American thrushes. They will flock to fermented
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The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to its summer range. It is one of the first North American bird species to lay eggs, and normally has two to three broods per breeding season, which lasts from April to July.
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from Alaska and northern Canada east to New England and then south to Maryland, northwestern Virginia, and North Carolina. It winters in southern coastal Alaska, southern Canada, most of the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas and eastern
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The American robin uses auditory, visual, olfactory and possibly vibrotactile cues to find prey, but vision is the predominant mode of prey detection. It is frequently seen running across lawns picking up earthworms, and its
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The sexes are similar, but females tend to be duller in color than males, with a brown tint to the head, brown upperparts, and less-bright underparts. However, some birds cannot be accurately sexed on the sole basis of
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Robinson added much to the luster of the Batman legend, including coming up with the name Robin the Boy Wonder (inspired by Robin Hood), and designing his costume (inspired by the N.C. Wyeth painting Robin Meets Maid
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are agile enough to hunt adults. However, the greatest predatory impact (perhaps alongside domestic cats) is probably from raptorial birds. They may be taken by nearly every variety of North American
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Martínez del Rio, C.; Baker, H. G.; Baker, I. (1992). "Ecological and evolutionary implications of digestive processes: Bird preferences and the sugar constituents of floral nectar and fruit pulp".
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I had a vision of Robin Hood just as Wyeth drew him in his costume, and that's what I quickly sketched out when I suggested Robin, which they seemed to like, and then showed them the costume.
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The American robin has an extensive range, estimated at 16,000,000 km (6,200,000 sq mi), and a large population of about 370 million individuals. The western subspecies (
1297:. The story of how the robin got its red breast by fanning the dying flames of a campfire to save a Native American man and a boy is similar to those that surround the European robin. The
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The adult robin's main predator is the domestic cat; other predators include hawks and snakes. When feeding in flocks, it can be vigilant, watching other birds for reactions to predators.
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and behavior. Beyond this, it lies in a small group of four species of otherwise Central American distribution, suggesting it recently spread northwards into North America.
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with fine grass or other soft materials. The American robin builds a new nest for each brood; in northern areas the nest for the first clutch will usually be located in an
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata
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716:. It is slightly smaller than the western subspecies, but has a larger bill; the male's underparts are less brick-red than the eastern subspecies and have a rustier tone.
3388:
1832:
Voelker G, Rohwer S, Bowie RC, Outlaw DC (2007). "Molecular systematics of a speciose, cosmopolitan songbird genus: Defining the limits of, and relationships among, the
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threatened. Even during nesting season, when they exhibit mostly competitive and territorial behavior, they may still band together to drive away a predator.
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The American robin's breeding habitat is woodland and more open farmland and urban areas. It becomes less common as a breeder in the southernmost part of the
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superstition that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck. The association has continued down to the present day, as, for example, in one
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family. The American robin is widely distributed throughout North America, wintering from southern Canada to central Mexico and along the Pacific coast.
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or forward to detect movement of its prey. In urban areas, robins will gather in numbers soon after lawns are mowed or where sprinklers are in use.
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The American robin is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night. Its diet consists of invertebrates (such as beetle
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1215:) in central California is considered to be expanding its range, as is likely the case elsewhere in the United States. It is threatened by
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682:) breeds from southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to southern California and northern
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2011:
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were a family of American robins that attracted minor publicity in the mid-1930s for their prominent nest on the Canadian side of the
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The American robin's diet generally consists of around 40 percent small invertebrates (mainly insects), such as earthworms, beetle
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According to the Partners in Flight database (2019), the American robin is the most abundant landbird in North America (with 370
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titled "I Dreaded That First Robin So". Among other 19th-century poems about the first robin of spring is "The First Robin" by
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of the United States and there prefers large shade trees on lawns. Its winter habitat is similar but includes more open areas.
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because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European robin belonging to the
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mainly on earthworms and other soft-bodied animal prey. In some areas, robins, particularly of the northwestern subspecies (
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for this species has been recorded since at least 1703. There are about 65 species of medium to large thrushes in the genus
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At one point, the bird was killed for its meat, but it is now protected throughout its range in the United States by the
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The male American robin, as with many thrushes, has a complex and almost continuous song. It is commonly described as a
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thresholds under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations), and therefore
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by the female alone. The eggs hatch after 14 days, and the chicks leave the nest a further two weeks later. The
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3975:
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McCaffery, B. J., Booms, T. L., Doolittle, T. C., Broerman, F. R. E. D., Morgart, J. R., & Sowl, K. M. (2011).
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is 2.9 to 3.3 cm (1.1 to 1.3 in). The head varies from jet black to gray, with white eye arcs and white
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Morneau, F.; Lépine, C.; Décarie, R.; Villard, M. A.; DesGranges, J. L. (1995). "Reproduction of American robin (
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1604:. Avian Conservation Assessment and Population Estimates Databases. Partners in Flight Databases. Archived from
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624:), the nominate subspecies, breeds in the U.S. and Canada, other than down the West Coast, to the edge of the
3825:
2878:
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Lavin, S. R.; Van Deelen, T. R.; Brown, P. W.; Warner, R. E.; Ambrose, S. H. (2003). "Prey use by red foxes (
4024:
3033:
Campbell, R. W. & MacColl, M. D. (1978). "Winter foods of snowy owls in Southwestern British Columbia".
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656:) breeds from southern Oklahoma east to Maryland and western Virginia and south to northern Florida and the
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longer, hence spreading it to more mosquitoes, which then transmit the virus to humans and other species.
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and severe weather, but the population trend appears to be stable, and the species does not approach the
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804:. A sighting occurred in Great Britain in January 2007. This species has also occurred as a vagrant to
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1374:, a later version had his mother nicknaming him Robin because he was born on the first day of spring.
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example of a bird (though the students did not have the opportunity to specify the species of robin).
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Nagorsen, D. W.; Morrison, K. F.; Forsberg, J. E. (1989). "Winter diet of Vancouver Island marten (
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1310:
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154:
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A successful West Nile virus vaccine has been administered to six 3-5 week old American robins. A
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3518:"Cover of sheet music for 'When the Red, Red Robin Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbing Along' – Ruth Etting"
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Pettingill, O. S. Jr. (1976). "Observed acts of predation on birds in northern Lower Michigan".
2245:
2235:
1886:
899:
4180:
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2698:
Taylor, W. P. (1954). "Food habits and notes on life history of the ring-tailed cat in Texas".
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2007:
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3714:– Photo blog following the process from nest building to leaving the nest – Webster's Wobbins
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1981:
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regards it as only a subspecies, albeit in a different group from the other six subspecies.
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National Science Foundation: West Nile Virus: The Search for Answers in Chicago's Suburbs
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Kilpatrick, A. Marm; Dupuis, Alan P.; Chang, Gwong-Jen J.; Kramer, Laura D. (May 2010).
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The American robin is considered a symbol of spring. A well-known example is a poem by
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Juvenile robins and eggs are preyed upon by squirrels, snakes, and some birds, such as
949:), will feed on beaches, taking insects and small mollusks. American robins are common
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420:
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119:
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544:, characterized by rounded heads, longish pointed wings, and usually melodious songs.
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Brugger, Kristin E.; Nelms, Curtis O. (1991). "Sucrose avoidance by American robins (
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1095:. In a study of 105 juvenile robins, 77.1% were infected with one or more species of
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Britain, with two attempting to overwinter in 2003–2004, although one was taken by a
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458:, is particularly distinctive, with light gray upper-parts and a pale beige breast.
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3162:
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Welte, S. C.; Kirkpatrick, C. E. (1986). "Syngamiasis in juvenile American Robins (
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American robin calls: 'scold' call at beginning & 'alarm' call at 42 (very end)
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chicks are naked and have their eyes closed for the first few days after hatching.
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travel as much as 3.5x further across seasons than robins tagged in Massachusetts.
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Sequence of dated images showing the progress from eggs to fledging in three weeks
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and dogs, are mainly likely to grab fledgling young robins from the ground, while
820:. Vagrants to Europe, where identified to subspecies, are the eastern subspecies (
522:
3884:
3335:
2986:"Diets of northern pygmy-owls and northern saw-whet owls in west-central Montana"
2900:
Olendorff, Richard R. (1976). "The Food Habits of North American Golden Eagles".
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134:
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4032:
3781:
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3502:
McPhaul, Meghan McCarthy (11 May 2016). "Robins don't necessarily mean spring".
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is rare. Even when it occurs, the parasite's chick does not normally survive to
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870:
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750:
529:
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412:
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45:
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Cox, T. M. (1986). "More on the bird-eating activities of the black rat snake,
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1371:
950:
940:
878:
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809:
90:
55:
17:
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2521:
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828:), and some of the southern overshots may have been the southern subspecies (
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3676:– natural history, maps, and photos at the Washington Nature Mapping Program
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indicates that the American robin is not part of the Central/South American
261:
221:
95:
3711:
2383:
2344:
1865:
1811:
1785:"A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the 'true thrushes' (Aves: Turdinae)"
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3070:"Brown-headed Cowbirds fledged from Barn Swallow and American Robin nests"
2391:
2318:
1744:
Qiao-Wa Pan; Fu-Min Lei; Zuo-Hua Yin; Anton Kristin; Peter Kaņuch (2007).
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3457:. Preface by May Harvey Drummond. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. xi, 81–86
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trees. The species is not shy about nesting close to human habitations.
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3004:
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970:
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771:
598:
100:
75:
2851:"Sexual dimorphism and food habits in three North American accipiters"
824:), but the Greenland birds also included the Newfoundland subspecies (
753:. The throat is white with black streaks, and the belly and undertail
536:
450:. It has seven subspecies, but only one of them, the San Lucas robin (
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3820:
3640:
1359:
1337:
817:
713:
625:
231:
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species the most commonly encountered, found in 57.1% of the birds.
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Seven subspecies of American robin are recognized. These subspecies
3936:
3910:
3236:
Eleanor Rosch, 'Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories',
2205:"Village braced for invasion of twitchers as rare visitor flies in"
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species, which places the American robin's closest relative as the
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1169:
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is unpalatable to them and can be used by humans as a deterrent.
3644:, vol. 1, no. 213 (July–August 1969).
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891:
American robin defends a breeding territory and is less social.
858:
554:
251:
3747:
3191:. International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council. Archived from
2035:. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 492.
1978:"American robin videos, photos and facts – Turdus migratorius"
862:
582:
3115:), with a note on the prevalence of other fecal parasites".
2486:): Implications for control of bird damage in fruit crops".
2117:
Rogers, Michael J.; The Rarities Committee (December 2004).
2287:. Sciencedaily.com (6 March 2009). Retrieved on 2012-08-23.
1254:
found that the robin was, in the students' minds, the most
1293:(this note was subsequently withdrawn.) It has a place in
1060:, most every North American falcon from the smallest, the
3583:"Jerry Robinson: January 1st, 1922 – December 7th, 2011"
1783:
Klicka, John; Voelker, Gary; Spellman, Garth M. (2005).
1572:
McCrum, Robert; Cran, William; MacNeil, Robert (1992).
1352:
When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)
1336:, which, according to the author's wife, is based on a
565:
thrushes; instead it shows genetic similarities to the
3159:"Backyard Birding Information – How to Attract Robins"
847:
The American robin is a known reservoir (carrier) for
640:) breeds from coastal northern Quebec to Labrador and
2936:
Life histories of North American birds of prey, pt. 2
2605:"Variation in nesting success of the American Robin,
2363:
Montgomerie, Robert; Weatherhead, Patrick J. (1997).
1647:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 292.
1621:"How an Eight-Sided 'Egg' Ended Up in a Robin's Nest"
1301:
people of northwestern North America held it to be a
1266:
is a color named after the color of the bird's eggs.
745:
is 1.8 to 2.2 cm (0.71 to 0.87 in) and the
1350:
American popular songs featuring this bird include "
1036:
often prey upon nests, and small carnivores such as
581:), both African species. This conflicts with a 2007
3756:
2237:
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds
1719:Clement, Peter; Hathway, Ren; Wilczur, Jan (2000).
1519:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103889499A139392811.en
2568:"Feeding ecology of North American gopher snakes (
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1750:species: Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene analysis"
741:is 11.5 to 14.5 cm (4.5 to 5.7 in), the
2428:
2426:
2424:
2278:Diversity Of Birds Buffer Against West Nile Virus
3718:Florida bird sounds including the American robin
3216:"Robins' return is familiar sight during spring"
1135:A clutch consists of three to five cyan-colored
1128:tree or shrub, while later broods are raised in
1079:The American robin is known to be a rejecter of
2119:"Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 2004"
1880:"The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds"
1661:Simpson, J.; Weiner, E., eds. (1989). "Robin".
3733:American robin growth progress with date stamp
3389:"Famous robins return to nest at Peace Bridge"
2358:
2356:
2354:
2181:. BirdGuides. 30 December 2003. Archived from
1225:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1191:is weaker than that of the eastern subspecies
733:The eastern subspecies of the American robin (
3222:. St. Cloud, MN: Gannett. Archived from
2603:Yen, C. F.; Klaas, E. E.; Kam, Y. C. (1996).
1246:In a study of 209 psychology students at the
612:with each other and are only weakly defined.
597:) of Central America. Though having distinct
465:, earthworms, and caterpillars), fruits, and
8:
2964:Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World
2179:"Review of the Week 18th–31st December 2003"
2031:Leukering, T. (2006). Alderfer, John (ed.).
1954:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
492:This species was first described in 1766 by
3238:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1020:hawks, cats, and larger snakes (especially
877:resulted in a 400-fold decrease in average
3744:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
484:), but the robins usually reject the egg.
329:
185:
163:
132:
118:
31:
4265:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances
3340:. American Book Company. pp. 88–95.
2966:. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
2737:) in urban and rural areas of Illinois".
2587:
2576:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2334:
2240:(Eastern Region ed.). New York, NY:
2229:
2227:
1942:Dewey, Tanya; Middleton, Candice (2002).
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1665:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1517:
1391:Newly hatched chick among unhatched young
1115:American robin with nest-making materials
911:Male American robin carrying an earthworm
712:) is resident in Mexico south to central
3581:Ringgenberg, Steven (13 December 2011).
3161:. The Ornate Bird Garden. Archived from
2984:Holt, D. W. & Leroux, L. A. (1996).
1619:Greenwood, Veronique (29 January 2021).
1309:to please the people with its song. The
787:to central Mexico, as well as along the
3367:. London: Aquarian Press. p. 194.
3337:The Indian Primer (Fox's Indian Primer)
3240:, 104.3 (1975), 192–233 (pp. 198, 232).
2766:"Diets of North American Falconiformes"
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1885:(Seventh ed.). AOU. Archived from
1480:
1381:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1486:
1484:
1068:, and almost all owl species from the
3593:from the original on 12 February 2021
3528:from the original on 19 December 2020
3483:from the original on 16 November 2017
3014:from the original on 13 February 2021
2953:on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska"
2299:"DNA Vaccination of American Robins (
1958:from the original on 24 November 2007
1838:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1792:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1721:Thrushes (Helm Identification Guides)
1656:
1654:
510:. The binomial name derives from two
480:) lay their eggs in robin nests (see
7:
4275:Migratory birds (Western Hemisphere)
3989:bed989eb-4ee6-45bc-9108-bdb80d1419a7
3559:from the original on 11 January 2008
3432:from the original on 29 October 2021
3344:from the original on 29 October 2021
3315:from the original on 27 October 2007
2791:from the original on 29 October 2021
2629:from the original on 25 October 2020
2409:from the original on 25 October 2020
1764:from the original on 29 October 2021
1746:"Phylogenetic relationships between
4270:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
4230:IUCN Red List least concern species
3720:– Florida Museum of Natural History
3477:"Calvin and Hobbes, March 21, 1990"
3092:from the original on 7 January 2021
2881:from the original on 7 January 2021
2155:. BBC. 9 March 2004. Archived from
2153:"Twitchers watch robin served rare"
2063:Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology.
1723:. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd.
1505:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1285:. It was also depicted on the 1986
1174:An adult while making an alarm call
3412:Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel (1990).
3068:Wolfe, Donald H. (December 1994).
3035:The Journal of Wildlife Management
2549:North. Ohio Assoc. Herpetol. Notes
2307:Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
2234:Bull, J.; Farrand, J. Jr. (1987).
1248:University of California, Berkeley
903:American robin eating an earthworm
25:
4025:american-robin-turdus-migratorius
3638:). "The Origin of Robin"
3365:Symbolic and Mythological Animals
3261:from the original on 11 July 2007
1465:Australasian robins of the genus
1056:, to one of the two largest, the
601:, the two species are similar in
3451:Drummond, William Henry (1908).
2938:. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. no. 170.
2589:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00098.x
2566:Rodríguez-Robles, J. A. (2002).
2203:Roberts, John (26 January 2007)
1576:. Faber and Faber. p. 123.
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1396:
1384:
1014:. Adults are primarily taken by
795:This species is actually a rare
208:
3668:"Robins of a Different Feather"
3547:Groth, Gary (15 October 2005).
3506:. Barton, Vermont. pp. 9A.
3214:Bergstrom, Jan (5 April 2014).
2090:Wilson Journal of Ornithology.
2033:Complete Birds of North America
965:diet they have evolved to lose
957:in North America. Due to their
434:million individuals), ahead of
3280:Canadian Paper Money Society.
2814:) in a suburban environment".
2006:. Princeton University Press.
699:American Ornithologists' Union
419:family. It is named after the
415:genus and Turdidae, the wider
1:
3309:"1986 Birds of Canada Series"
2514:10.1016/s0261-2194(91)80110-2
2129:(12): 628–694. Archived from
393:Video of a male robin singing
3740:at VIREO (Drexel University)
3738:American robin photo gallery
3726:Turdus migratorius nigrideus
2836:10.1016/0169-2046(94)00177-5
2816:Landscape and Urban Planning
144:American robin song (with a
4300:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3251:"Official U.S. state birds"
2949:"The ecology of Gyrfalcons
2902:American Midland Naturalist
2739:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2654:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2244:/ Alfred A. Knopf. p.
1858:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.016
1804:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.001
1199:and lacks any clear notes.
4326:
4260:Birds of the United States
4235:NatureServe secure species
3724:American robin subspecies
3415:Literary Studies in Action
2303:) Against West Nile Virus"
1512:: e.T103889499A139392811.
1269:The American robin is the
41:Late Pleistocene – present
3706:Plans for nesting shelves
3418:. Routledge. p. 75.
3334:Fox, Florence C. (1906).
1663:Oxford English Dictionary
1454:Nest amidst human habitat
1295:Native American mythology
1236:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
1052:, from the smallest, the
765:Fluffed-up American robin
528:
366:
359:
337:
328:
310:
303:
205:Scientific classification
203:
183:
161:
152:
143:
131:
126:
117:
34:
3692:Internet Bird Collection
3522:The Ruth Etting Web Site
3402:. 12 April 1936. Page 6.
2545:Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
2283:1 September 2018 at the
778:Distribution and habitat
4240:Birds described in 1766
2764:Sherrod, S. K. (1978).
2365:"How robins find worms"
843:Disease and vaccination
534:"to migrate". The term
375:Planesticus migratorius
4285:Symbols of Connecticut
4280:Native birds of Alaska
4255:Birds of North America
3687:"American robin media"
3282:"Canadian Paper Money"
2849:Storer, R. W. (1966).
2384:10.1006/anbe.1996.0411
2002:Clement, Peter (2001)
1598:"Population Estimates"
1492:BirdLife International
1334:William Henry Drummond
1175:
1167:
1116:
1064:, to the largest, the
931:
920:
912:
904:
766:
730:
591:rufous-collared thrush
394:
348: Year-round range
146:Black-capped Chickadee
4176:Paleobiology Database
2498:Butterworth-Heinemann
2319:10.1089/vbz.2009.0029
1173:
1165:
1114:
996:California scrub jays
926:
918:
910:
902:
764:
728:
474:Brown-headed cowbirds
436:red-winged blackbirds
392:
354: Wintering range
4295:Symbols of Wisconsin
3984:Fauna Europaea (new)
3670:– albinism in robins
3387:The Canadian Press.
2934:Bent, A. C. (1938).
2700:Journal of Mammalogy
1952:Animal Diversity Web
1821:on 16 February 2008.
1574:The Story of English
1418:Juvenile in New York
1089:brown-headed cowbird
1028:). Mammals, such as
979:running and stopping
802:Eurasian sparrowhawk
425:Old World flycatcher
342: Breeding range
4290:Symbols of Michigan
3616:Bridwell, E. Nelson
3394:21 May 2014 at the
3363:Cooper, JC (1992).
3074:The Wilson Bulletin
2993:The Wilson Bulletin
2958:2 June 2018 at the
2828:1995LUrbP..32...55M
2570:Pituophis catenifer
2506:1991CrPro..10..455B
2133:on 20 November 2015
1984:on 30 November 2011
1892:on 10 February 2008
1850:2007MolPE..42..422V
1608:on 29 October 2021.
1602:birdconservancy.org
1366:was inspired by an
1311:Peace Bridge robins
1207:Conservation status
1046:long-tailed weasels
456:Baja California Sur
296:T. migratorius
155:Conservation status
4305:Tool-using animals
4207:Turdus-migratorius
3826:turdus-migratorius
3813:Turdus_migratorius
3788:Turdus migratorius
3758:Turdus migratorius
3728:(Aldrich and Nutt)
3553:The Comics Journal
3400:The New York Times
3195:on 31 October 2007
3187:Turdus migratorius
3165:on 1 December 2007
3113:Turdus migratorius
2812:Turdus migratorius
2616:Zoological Studies
2607:Turdus migratorius
2484:Turdus migratorius
2453:10.1007/bf01920237
2301:Turdus migratorius
2211:8 May 2006 at the
2098:on 29 October 2021
1946:Turdus migratorius
1625:The New York Times
1543:Turdus migratorius
1498:Turdus migratorius
1323:Fort Erie, Ontario
1221:vulnerable species
1176:
1168:
1117:
1070:northern pygmy owl
1054:sharp-shinned hawk
932:
921:
919:Perching in a tree
913:
905:
857:mosquitoes. While
767:
731:
665:northwestern robin
634:Newfoundland robin
585:study of 60 of 65
508:Turdus migratorius
440:European starlings
404:Turdus migratorius
395:
314:Turdus migratorius
4217:
4216:
4163:Open Tree of Life
3750:Taxon identifiers
3479:. 21 March 1990.
3425:978-0-415-02945-2
3288:on 3 January 2008
3185:"American Robin (
1403:Eggs, Collection
1343:Calvin and Hobbes
1319:Buffalo, New York
1291:Canadian $ 2 note
1195:T. m. migratorius
1163:
830:T. m. achrusterus
822:T. m. migratorius
735:T. m. migratorius
658:Gulf Coast states
654:T. m. achrusterus
622:T. m. migratorius
567:Kurrichane thrush
390:
382:
381:
370:Merula migratoria
198:
178:
137:
16:(Redirected from
4317:
4210:
4209:
4197:
4196:
4184:
4183:
4171:
4170:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4144:
4132:
4131:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4105:
4103:NHMSYS0000530675
4093:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4067:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4014:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3991:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3965:
3953:
3952:
3940:
3939:
3927:
3926:
3914:
3913:
3901:
3900:
3888:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3864:
3852:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3839:075C161020D1E5D2
3829:
3828:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3745:
3702:– vivanatura.org
3696:
3649:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3549:"Jerry Robinson"
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3409:
3403:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3307:Bank of Canada.
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3284:. Archived from
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3226:on 24 June 2014.
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3013:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2951:Falco rusticolus
2945:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2745:(6): 1070–1082.
2730:
2724:
2723:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2660:(6): 1394–1400.
2650:Martes americana
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2613:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2430:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2372:Animal Behaviour
2369:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2222:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2094:. Archived from
2092:"Web of Science"
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2067:. Archived from
2065:"American Robin"
2060:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1980:. Archived from
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1939:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1814:. Archived from
1789:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1716:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1488:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1405:Museum Wiesbaden
1400:
1388:
1370:illustration of
1227:evaluated it as
1213:T. m. propinquus
1198:
1190:
1164:
1085:brood parasitism
1062:American kestrel
1042:ring-tailed cats
1038:American martens
680:T. m. propinquus
532:
520:, "thrush", and
433:
391:
353:
347:
341:
333:
316:
213:
212:
192:
189:
188:
172:
167:
166:
139:
138:
122:
112:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4250:Birds of Mexico
4245:Birds of Canada
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4205:
4200:
4192:
4187:
4179:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4140:
4137:Observation.org
4135:
4127:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4023:
4018:
4010:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3987:
3982:
3974:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3948:
3943:
3935:
3930:
3922:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3847:
3845:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3752:
3712:Nesting journal
3708:– Journey North
3685:
3682:– Journey North
3658:
3653:
3652:
3614:
3610:
3596:
3594:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3562:
3560:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3454:The Great Fight
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3426:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:Wayback Machine
3386:
3382:
3375:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3129:10.2307/1590578
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3047:10.2307/3800714
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3011:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2960:Wayback Machine
2946:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2914:10.2307/2424254
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2867:10.2307/4083053
2848:
2847:
2843:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2779:(3/4): 49–121.
2773:Raptor Research
2768:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2751:10.1139/z03-088
2732:
2731:
2727:
2712:10.2307/1376073
2697:
2696:
2692:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2666:10.1139/z89-198
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2489:Crop Protection
2481:
2480:
2476:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2285:Wayback Machine
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2242:Audubon Society
2233:
2232:
2225:
2213:Wayback Machine
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2185:on 5 April 2017
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2159:on 9 March 2021
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2018:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1941:
1940:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1680:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1431:
1428:
1419:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1380:
1358:. Although the
1330:Emily Dickinson
1287:Birds of Canada
1244:
1209:
1192:
1184:
1159:
1157:
1109:
1004:common grackles
988:
897:
888:
875:intramuscularly
849:West Nile virus
845:
826:T. m. nigrideus
780:
723:
710:T. m. phillipsi
691:San Lucas robin
684:Baja California
638:T. m. nigrideus
547:A study of the
503:Systema Naturae
498:twelfth edition
490:
431:
384:
355:
351:
349:
345:
343:
339:
324:
318:
312:
299:
207:
199:
190:
186:
179:
168:
164:
157:
148:in background)
133:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4198:
4185:
4172:
4159:
4155:american-robin
4146:
4133:
4120:
4107:
4094:
4081:
4068:
4055:
4042:
4029:
4016:
4012:american-robin
4006:
3993:
3980:
3971:Fauna Europaea
3967:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3879:
3866:
3853:
3843:
3830:
3817:
3804:
3793:
3778:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3730:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3656:External links
3654:
3651:
3650:
3632:Esposito, Mike
3608:
3573:
3539:
3509:
3494:
3468:
3443:
3424:
3404:
3380:
3373:
3355:
3326:
3299:
3272:
3242:
3229:
3206:
3176:
3150:
3117:Avian Diseases
3103:
3080:(4): 764–766.
3060:
3041:(1): 190–192.
3025:
2999:(1): 123–128.
2976:
2972:978-1461129073
2940:
2927:
2908:(1): 231–236.
2892:
2861:(3): 423–436.
2841:
2802:
2756:
2725:
2690:
2671:
2640:
2622:(3): 220–226.
2595:
2582:(2): 165–183.
2572:, Colubridae)"
2558:
2535:
2474:
2420:
2378:(1): 143–151.
2350:
2313:(4): 377–380.
2289:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2223:
2218:Yorkshire Post
2196:
2170:
2144:
2109:
2082:
2071:on 9 June 2007
2048:
2041:
2016:
2012:978-0691088525
1995:
1969:
1903:
1871:
1824:
1798:(3): 486–500.
1775:
1736:
1729:
1678:
1671:
1650:
1630:
1611:
1589:
1582:
1564:
1532:
1479:
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1422:
1420:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1356:Harry M. Woods
1354:", written by
1263:Robin egg blue
1243:
1240:
1217:climate change
1208:
1205:
1187:T. m. confinis
1156:
1153:
1108:
1105:
1008:American crows
1000:Steller's jays
987:
984:
955:fruit orchards
947:T. m. caurinus
896:
893:
887:
884:
844:
841:
779:
776:
722:
719:
718:
717:
702:
695:T. m. confinis
687:
672:
669:T. m. caurinus
661:
650:southern robin
646:
630:
595:T. rufitorques
489:
486:
482:brood parasite
478:Molothrus ater
452:T. m. confinis
444:mourning doves
421:European robin
409:migratory bird
399:American robin
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
364:
363:
357:
356:
350:
344:
338:
335:
334:
326:
325:
319:
308:
307:
301:
300:
293:
291:
287:
286:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
201:
200:
184:
181:
180:
162:
159:
158:
153:
150:
149:
141:
140:
129:
128:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
35:American robin
26:
24:
18:American Robin
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4322:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3876:
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3867:
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3844:
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3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
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3805:
3798:
3794:
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3774:
3768:
3764:
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3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:Vocalizations
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3664:– eNature.com
3663:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3637:
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3629:
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3617:
3612:
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3605:
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3588:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3504:The Chronicle
3498:
3495:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3456:
3455:
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3444:
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3427:
3421:
3417:
3416:
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3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3374:1-85538-118-4
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3366:
3359:
3356:
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3330:
3327:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:Vulpes vulpes
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
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2385:
2381:
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2373:
2366:
2359:
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2346:
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2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
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2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2255:0-394-41405-5
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:British Birds
2120:
2113:
2110:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:0-7922-4175-4
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:(2): 422–34.
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:Ornis Fennica
1751:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1730:0-7136-3940-7
1726:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:0-19-861186-2
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1583:0-571-16443-9
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:Eleanor Rosch
1249:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1229:least concern
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:gopher snakes
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:common ravens
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
983:
980:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:insectivorous
956:
952:
948:
943:
942:
937:
930:
925:
917:
909:
901:
894:
892:
885:
883:
880:
876:
872:
867:
864:
860:
856:
855:
850:
842:
840:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
793:
790:
786:
777:
775:
773:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
727:
720:
715:
711:
707:
706:Mexican robin
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
681:
677:
676:western robin
673:
670:
666:
662:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:eastern robin
615:
614:
613:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:T. libonyanus
568:
564:
560:
556:
553:
550:
549:mitochondrial
545:
543:
539:
538:
533:
531:
525:
524:
519:
518:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
495:
494:Carl Linnaeus
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
448:house finches
445:
441:
438:, introduced
437:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
365:
362:
358:
336:
332:
327:
322:
317:
315:
309:
306:
305:Binomial name
302:
298:
297:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:Passeriformes
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
202:
196:
182:
176:
171:
170:Least Concern
160:
156:
151:
147:
142:
130:
125:
121:
116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
3757:
3725:
3690:
3674:Animal Facts
3639:
3611:
3602:
3595:. Retrieved
3586:
3576:
3568:
3561:. Retrieved
3552:
3542:
3530:. Retrieved
3521:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3453:
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3414:
3407:
3399:
3383:
3364:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3336:
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3286:the original
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3254:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:the original
3219:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3193:the original
3186:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3163:the original
3153:
3123:(4): 736–9.
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3077:
3073:
3063:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
2996:
2992:
2979:
2963:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2883:. Retrieved
2858:
2854:
2844:
2822:(1): 55–62.
2819:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2776:
2772:
2759:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2706:(1): 55–63.
2703:
2699:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2619:
2615:
2606:
2598:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2440:
2434:
2411:. Retrieved
2375:
2371:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2273:
2264:
2236:
2216:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:the original
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:the original
2126:
2122:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
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2069:the original
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1982:the original
1972:
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1951:
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1887:the original
1874:
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1816:the original
1795:
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1757:
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1303:culture hero
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1256:prototypical
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1155:Vocalization
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1100:
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1058:golden eagle
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594:
586:
579:T. olivaceus
578:
575:olive thrush
570:
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552:cytochrome b
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4085:NatureServe
4033:iNaturalist
3782:Wikispecies
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3487:15 November
3169:27 November
2795:3 September
2681:Living Bird
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2447:: 544–551.
2436:Experientia
1962:19 November
1836:thrushes".
1639:Linnaeus, C
1557:8 September
1550:NatureServe
1368:N. C. Wyeth
1317:connecting
1305:created by
1275:Connecticut
963:frugivorous
929:crab apples
927:Feeding on
871:DNA vaccine
814:Puerto Rico
808:, Jamaica,
721:Description
645:subspecies.
523:migratorius
413:true thrush
195:NatureServe
4224:Categories
4202:Xeno-canto
3700:Sound file
3662:FieldGuide
3563:7 February
3461:1 February
3436:1 February
3319:18 January
3292:18 January
3199:21 January
3096:13 October
2885:13 October
2445:Birkhäuser
2189:20 January
2163:20 January
2137:3 December
1896:20 January
1475:References
1372:Robin Hood
1362:superhero
1360:comic book
1271:state bird
1242:In culture
1050:accipitrid
1022:rat snakes
941:Pyracantha
879:viral load
851:spread by
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810:Hispaniola
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3862:103889499
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1141:incubated
1139:, and is
1130:deciduous
1126:evergreen
1083:eggs, so
1074:snowy owl
1066:gyrfalcon
1017:Accipiter
992:blue jays
873:injected
806:Greenland
290:Species:
228:Kingdom:
222:Eukaryota
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886:Behavior
488:Taxonomy
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321:Linnaeus
272:Turdidae
268:Family:
242:Chordata
238:Phylum:
232:Animalia
218:Domain:
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2336:2883478
2075:26 June
1846:Bibcode
1378:Gallery
1299:Tlingit
1289:series
1099:, with
1087:by the
1081:cowbird
1072:to the
986:Threats
971:Sucrose
967:sucrase
797:vagrant
789:Pacific
772:plumage
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599:plumage
530:migrare
514:words:
500:of his
496:in the
467:berries
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258:Order:
248:Class:
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951:pests
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