881:
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330:, even though they now had very little contact with Germany. German-language instruction ended at many schools and universities, and the federal government imposed restrictions on German-language publications. The younger generation generally demanded the switch to the exclusive use of English society affairs, which allowed many Turner societies to continue to function.
2790:
194:
politicians. Besides serving as physical education, social, political, and cultural organizations for German immigrants, Turners were also active in public education and labor movements. They were leading promoters of gymnastics in the United States as a sport and as a school subject. In the United
315:, and supported German-language teaching in public high schools, as well as gymnastics. Women's auxiliaries were formed in the 1850s and 1860s. The high point in membership came in 1894, with 317 societies and about 40,000 adult male members, along with 25,000 children and 3000 women.
336:
and both World Wars with
Germany took a gradual toll on membership, with some halls closing and others becoming regular dance halls, bars, or bowling alleys. As of 2011, 54 Turner societies still existed around the U.S. The current headquarters of American Turners is in
185:
After the failure of the 1848 Revolution in
Germany, the Turner movement was suppressed, and many Turners left Germany, some emigrating to the United States, especially to the Ohio Valley region, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas. Several of these
880:
318:
In the 1904 Olympics several competitors represented various
Turners organizations in Missouri, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York, and some of the teams at the Olympics were sponsored by Turners organizations.
2538:
995:
145:
231:
and in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively. Neal was the first
American to open a public gymnasium in the U.S. in Portland, Maine in 1827. He also documented and promoted these early efforts in the
2567:
2528:
97:
2534:
2464:
2524:
74:
2739:
683:
303:. Many Republican leaders in German communities were members. They provided the bodyguard at Abraham Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, 1861, and at his funeral in April 1865. In the
158:
meaning “club, union”) were not only athletic but also political, reflecting their origin in similar ethnocentric "national gymnastic" organizations in Europe (such as the Czech
520:
2844:
2859:
2864:
805:
2496:
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made a contribution to the integration of German-Americans into their new home. The organizations continue to exist in areas of heavy German immigration, such as
2457:
191:
936:
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621:
1637:
821:
532:
2639:
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2450:
868:
171:
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355:
The
Turnverein in Sacramento, founded in 1854, claims to be the oldest institution within the city still in existence. The Turnverein Vorwaerts of
1490:. "German Turners in America: Their Role in Nineteenth Century Exercise Expression and Physical Education Legislation." in Earle F. Zeigler ed.,
731:
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48:
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907:
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1985:
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in
Northampton, Massachusetts. Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the States in 1826 at
789:
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771:
477:
637:
554:
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1630:
1007:
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1503:. "Knights of Cause and Exercise: German Forty-Eighters and Turnvereine in the United States during the Antebellum Period."
211:
The Turner movement was preceded by the first wave of gymnastics in the United States in the 1820s, led by
Germans, such as
602:
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1685:
1013:
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1919:
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1435:
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About 1000 Turners served as Union soldiers during the Civil War. Anti-slavery was a common element, as typified by
2396:
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1068:
859:
177:
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35:
1593:
Website of the Los
Angeles Turners with history, photos, newsletters, and links to other Turners Organizations
566:
307:, a large force of German volunteers helped prevent Confederate forces from seizing the government arsenal in
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1832:
1792:
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114:(1798–1872), were the leading sponsors of gymnastics as an American sport and the field of academic study.
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1975:
956:
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just prior to the beginning of the war. After the Civil War, the national organization took a new name,
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1990:
1965:
1837:
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122:
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Annette R. Hofmann, "Transformation and
Americanization: The American Turners and their new identity."
398:
203:
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2185:
1807:
1757:
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360:
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1605:, including by-laws, correspondence, minutes and photographs, are available for research use at the
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30:
This article is about German-American gymnastic club members. For the unincorporated community, see
2279:
1970:
777:
629:
356:
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304:
1530:
Kramer, William M., and Norton B. Stern. "The
Turnverein: A German Experience for Western Jewry."
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1071:, a comparable movement for Czechs in Central Europe (Austria-Hungary) and the United States
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110:. They promoted German culture, physical culture, and liberal politics. Turners, especially
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2140:
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1995:
1960:
1787:
1742:
1732:
1292:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–250.
1018:
797:
705:
323:
228:
103:
78:
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1275:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 227–250.
1258:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–236.
1241:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 232–233.
1602:
1587:
1311:
Barry, William D. (May 20, 1979). "State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure".
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1436:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Hugh McCulloch House"
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1419:. Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology
1414:"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)"
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2005:
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1354:
Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia
1525:
A strong mind in a strong body: Libraries in the German-American Turner movement.
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2045:
1907:
1862:
1827:
1772:
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327:
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17:
1547:
Pfister, Gertrud. "The Role of German Turners in American Physical Education,"
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65:
3,000 Turners performed at the Federal Gymnastics Festival in Milwaukee, 1893.
1513:. "America's First Turnverein: Commentary in Favor of Louisville, Kentucky."
1297:
207:
Postage stamp commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the American Turners
162:), who were participants in various national movements for independence. The
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States, the movement declined after 1900, and especially after 1917.
1574:
Website of the Louisville Turners - Only Turners with Circus Program
1132:. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Max Kade Center.
1615:
1392:
1568:
1111:
Gruen, Mardee. "Milwaukee Turners, local Jews go back 141 years."
253:
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176:
60:
42:
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1460:
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to mark the 100th anniversary of the movement in the country.
223:. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the U.S. in 1825 at the
1592:
544:
Jahn Monument in Berlin with memorial plaques from American
241:, helping to establish the American branch of the movement.
181:
Group portrait of the St. Louis, Missouri Turnverein in 1860
1556:
Research guide to the Turner movement in the United States
1198:
Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture
1001:
Central Turn-Verein, East 67th Street, New York, New York
886:
Detail, South Side Turnverin Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana
1492:
American Sport and Physical Education History (to 1875)
1328:"THE ROLE OF GERMAN IMMIGRANTS IN CIVIL WAR - MISSOURI"
125:
in the early 19th century when Germany was occupied by
117:
In Germany, a major gymnastic movement was started by
942:
Interior ca. 1910, Turner Hall, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
2719:
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1938:
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1704:
1653:
190:went on to become Union soldiers, and some became
874:South Side Turnverein Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana
326:groups, the Turners experienced suspicion during
1330:. The Missouri Civil War Museum. Archived from
34:. For the New Zealand automotive retailer, see
2458:
1631:
1549:International Journal of the History of Sport
1223:International Journal of the History of Sport
1130:"150 years of Turnerism in the United States"
170:in nature, and many Turners took part in the
8:
1289:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1272:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1255:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1238:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1195:George Eisen; David Kenneth Wiggins (1995).
363:from 1906 until 1966. It was listed on the
2845:History of gymnastics in the United States
2619:
2514:
2465:
2451:
2443:
2254:
1717:
1708:
1638:
1624:
1616:
1539:A brief history of the American Turnerbund
1167:
1165:
1123:
1121:
121:("father of gymnastics") and nationalist
2860:Sports organizations established in 1848
2481:Artistic gymnastics in the United States
929:Turner Hall (1882), Milwaukee, Wisconsin
719:East Turner Hall (1891), Davenport, Iowa
2865:People associated with physical culture
2568:World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
1393:"Homepage of the Sacramento Turnverein"
1081:
617:
550:
516:
449:
382:
1461:"National Register Information System"
154:meaning “to practice gymnastics,” and
27:German-American gymnastic club members
1128:Annette R. Hofmann (August 3, 1998).
538:Davenport, Iowa Turngemeinde Monument
137:
89:
7:
2789:
1661:Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths
1599:American Turners, Wilmington Records
1554:Pumroy, Eric, and Katja Rampelmann.
1505:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
1466:National Register of Historic Places
1176:. Texas State Historical Association
689:Germania Singing and Sport Society,
526:Jahn Monument in St. Louis, Missouri
365:National Register of Historic Places
2835:American Civil War political groups
1579:American Turners Records, 1853-2017
1607:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
1369:. American Turners. Archived from
1315:. Portland, Maine. pp. 1D–2D.
1093:. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
150:; "gymnastic unions"; from German
25:
2691:The Tour of Gymnastics Superstars
1588:American Turner Topics newsletter
1048:German-Americans in the Civil War
2788:
2779:
2778:
2766:USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal
2474:
2426:
2425:
1434:Karen Anderson (November 1979).
1055:: Owned by the Milwaukee Turners
1025:
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994:
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376:Vintage photos of the Milwaukee
1583:Indiana University Indianapolis
1569:Website of the American Turners
446:Other Wisconsin Turners in 1915
986:Turn-Verein, East 4th Street,
513:Monuments in the United States
1:
2830:German-American organizations
1532:Western States Jewish History
1450:and Accompanying photographs.
1367:"Welcome to American Turners"
1286:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1269:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1252:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1235:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
862:(1900), Indianapolis, Indiana
313:Nordamerikanischer Turnerbund
233:American Journal of Education
52:
1738:Edward William Barton-Wright
1115:April 29, 1994; p. 6, col. 1
704:Central Turner Hall (1888),
674:Central Turner Hall (1848),
199:History in the United States
2881:
1686:Francisco Amorós y Ondeano
1603:Roxborough Turners Records
1551:26 (no. 13, 2009) 1893-925
1113:Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle
860:South Side Turnverein Hall
139:[ˈtʊʁnfɛɐ̯ˌʔaɪ̯nə]
29:
2774:
2553:Trampoline & Tumbling
2487:
2420:
1527:New York, NY: Peter Land.
219:, and Americans, such as
166:in Germany was generally
2840:Gymnastics organizations
1515:Journal of Sport History
1201:. ABC-CLIO. p. 28.
36:Turners Automotive Group
2825:German-American culture
2820:German-American history
2696:Gold Over America Tour
1149:Encyclopedia of Chicago
1091:"The German Turnverein"
900:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
734:(1882), Davenport, Iowa
483:Madison Bears (seniors)
106:gymnastic clubs called
2630:National Championships
2358:Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao
1517:11.1 (1984): 134-137.
1352:Steven A. Reiss, ed.,
957:New Orleans, Louisiana
843:Independent Turnverein
830:Holyoke, Massachusetts
608:Washington, D.C., 1911
208:
182:
82:
66:
58:
49:Turner Hall, Milwaukee
2382:Battle of the Systems
2226:Warren Lincoln Travis
1991:Marie Bjelke Petersen
1798:Edith Margaret Garrud
1666:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
1511:Barney, Robert Knight
1501:Barney, Robert Knight
1488:Barney, Robert Knight
1471:National Park Service
1417:(Searchable database)
1313:Maine Sunday Telegram
1174:"TURNVEREIN MOVEMENT"
1035:Rock Island, Illinois
898:Germania Turnverein,
846:Indianapolis, Indiana
732:Northwest Turner Hall
334:Cultural assimilation
206:
180:
123:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
64:
46:
2740:At the Heart of Gold
2343:Seetharaman Sundaram
2305:Kodi Rammurthy Naidu
2290:Jatindra Charan Guho
2186:Dudley Allen Sargent
1808:George Hackenschmidt
1671:Johann Baptist Krebs
1523:Hoyt, D. J. (1999).
1225:19.1 (2002): 91-118.
913:Turner Hall (1868),
762:Turner Hall (1888),
659:Pilsen Turner Hall,
361:Hugh McCulloch House
339:Louisville, Kentucky
2855:Politics and sports
1843:Jørgen Peter Müller
1507:13.2 (1982): 62-79.
1172:Mary Lou LeCompte.
954:Turners Hall (1868)
827:Holyoke Turner Hall
778:Eldridge Turn-Halle
630:Boonville, Missouri
560:The Berlin monument
357:Fort Wayne, Indiana
350:commemorative stamp
305:Camp Jackson Affair
172:Revolutions of 1848
47:Gymnastics room in
2756:Nissen-Emery Award
2285:Ambika Charan Guha
2201:Genevieve Stebbins
1878:Clara Schlaffhorst
1558:(Greenwood, 1996).
1356:(2011) pp 913-916.
988:New York, New York
973:New Ulm, Minnesota
915:Madison, Wisconsin
596:Philadelphia, 1861
278:Syracuse, New York
209:
183:
67:
59:
2802:
2801:
2715:
2714:
2650:Nastia Liukin Cup
2611:
2610:
2584:Magnificent Seven
2440:
2439:
2397:Muscular religion
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2244:
2243:
2196:Amos Alonzo Stagg
2131:Bernarr Macfadden
2096:Annette Kellerman
2041:Keene Fitzpatrick
1946:Marguerite Agniel
1925:Emily Diana Watts
1893:Lionel Strongfort
1793:Gustav Frištenský
1768:Launceston Elliot
1758:François Delsarte
1089:Claire E. Nolte.
764:Duluth, Minnesota
661:Chicago, Illinois
225:Round Hill School
102:) are members of
32:Turners, Missouri
16:(Redirected from
2872:
2850:Physical culture
2792:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2620:
2535:Women's artistic
2529:Olympic gymnasts
2515:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2444:
2429:
2428:
2402:Yoga as exercise
2255:
2206:Alois P. Swoboda
2116:Diocletian Lewis
2091:George F. Jowett
2036:Carrica Le Favre
2026:Ludwig Durlacher
2016:C. Ward Crampton
1888:Mary Bagot Stack
1823:F. A. Hornibrook
1818:Oscar Heidenstam
1763:Edmond Desbonnet
1718:
1709:
1681:Franz Nachtegall
1676:Pehr Henrik Ling
1647:Physical culture
1640:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1537:Metzner, Henry.
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1373:on April 6, 2011
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1339:
1334:on March 3, 2012
1326:Scott Williams.
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814:Galena, Illinois
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676:Cincinnati, Ohio
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584:Cincinnati, 1865
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91:[ˈtʊʁnɐ]
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21:
18:American Turners
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2416:
2407:Natural hygiene
2387:Fitness culture
2362:
2333:Krishnamacharya
2319:
2270:Ramesh Balsekar
2240:
2141:William Muldoon
2111:W. R. C. Latson
2031:George Eiferman
1996:William Blaikie
1961:Sanford Bennett
1934:
1788:Bob Fitzsimmons
1743:Zishe Breitbart
1733:William Bankier
1700:
1649:
1644:
1613:
1565:
1534:16 (1984): 227.
1484:
1482:Further reading
1479:
1478:
1473:. July 9, 2010.
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2815:Turner halls
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2635:U.S. Classic
2623:Competitions
2602:Golden Girls
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2315:Monotosh Roy
2295:Guru Hanuman
2265:Manohar Aich
2258:Bodybuilding
2235:
2211:Armand Tanny
2181:Tony Sansone
2166:Steve Reeves
2106:Jack LaLanne
2006:Alan Calvert
1873:Arthur Saxon
1868:Eugen Sandow
1778:Juan Ferrero
1691:Adolf Spiess
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1442:. Retrieved
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1421:. Retrieved
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1396:. Retrieved
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1332:the original
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1178:. Retrieved
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1095:. Retrieved
1084:
614:Turner Halls
545:
495:New Holstein
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359:, owned the
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2590:Fierce Five
2310:Chandgi Ram
2280:B. C. Ghosh
2221:John Terpak
2191:Larry Scott
2176:Joe Rollino
2086:Bob Hoffman
2071:John Grimek
2046:Mark Forest
1908:Monte Saldo
1863:Joan Rhodes
1828:Thomas Inch
1773:Tony Emmott
1753:Victor Dane
1654:Antecedents
1338:January 10,
1014:Turner Hall
970:Turner Hall
811:Turner Hall
746:Turner Hall
643:Turner Hall
627:Turner Hall
546:Turnvereine
328:World War I
322:Like other
301:Carl Schurz
294:Los Angeles
246:Turnvereine
131:Turnvereine
108:Turnvereine
56: 1900
2809:Categories
2645:Winter Cup
2596:Final Five
2392:Gymnastics
2300:K. V. Iyer
2231:Al Treloar
2171:Leo Robert
2161:Bill Pearl
2151:Kid Parker
2121:Gilman Low
2001:Paul Bragg
1976:Joe Bonomo
1971:Mark Berry
1838:Dan McLeod
1748:Niels Bukh
1377:January 9,
1180:January 9,
1097:January 9,
1076:References
378:Turnverein
290:Sacramento
238:The Yankee
192:Republican
2733:Athlete A
2727:AAI Award
2544:Acrobatic
2216:Vic Tanny
2126:Dan Lurie
1939:New World
1898:Maxalding
1833:John Lees
1298:561890463
1032:Turnhalle
507:Sheboygan
367:in 1980.
309:St. Louis
270:Minnesota
258:Wisconsin
221:John Neal
119:Turnvater
75:‹See Tfd›
2784:Category
2751:Level 10
2577:In media
2550:Rhythmic
2539:Gymnasts
2518:National
2431:Category
1853:Reg Park
1721:European
1601:and the
1398:June 13,
1154:July 20,
1042:See also
282:Kentucky
274:Missouri
127:Napoleon
2794:Commons
2761:Turners
2561:Results
2547:Parkour
2412:Pilates
2375:Related
2236:Turners
2051:Ed Fury
1915:Vulcana
1713:Western
1705:Systems
1541:(1924)
1444:July 1,
1423:July 1,
1053:WMWG-LP
471:Madison
459:Kenosha
371:Gallery
262:Indiana
168:liberal
135:German:
87:German:
70:Turners
2693:(2008)
2675:GymACT
2616:Events
2604:(2024)
2598:(2016)
2592:(2012)
2586:(1996)
2353:Tiruka
2250:Indian
1903:Maxick
1543:online
1519:online
1496:online
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1016:(1914)
292:, and
156:Verein
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2684:Tours
2668:women
2659:NCAA
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2497:USOPC
2325:Yogic
1883:Sokol
1439:(PDF)
1430:Note:
1069:Sokol
254:Texas
160:Sokol
2705:2024
2700:2021
1597:The
1446:2015
1425:2015
1400:2019
1379:2011
1340:2011
1294:OCLC
1203:ISBN
1182:2011
1156:2019
1099:2011
440:1915
428:1879
416:1875
404:1869
392:1866
266:Ohio
250:Iowa
244:The
235:and
215:and
2663:men
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