Turtle (submersible) - Knowledge (XXG)

642:, moreover, required great physical stamina and coordination. The operator would have to adjust the bilge in order to keep from sinking while providing his own propulsion by use of a crank, which worked a propeller located on the front of the submarine, and direction by use of a lever that would operate and direct a rudder in the back. The cabin also reportedly held air for only thirty minutes of use. Thereafter, the operator would have to surface and replenish the air through a ventilator. Obviously, training would be needed in order to ensure the project's success due to the complex nature of the machine. "The boat was moved from Ezra's farm on the Westbrook Road to what is now Ayer's Point in Old Saybrook on the Connecticut River," writes historian Lincoln Diamant. Bushnell had a Yale connection here that allowed him to run trials in secrecy. Bushnell did the initial testing of his submarine here, choosing his brother, Ezra, as the pilot. Despite Bushnell's insistence on secrecy surrounding his work, news of it quickly made its way to the British, abetted by a Loyalist spy working for New York Congressman 1298: 177: 144: 1283: 1330: 829:(now dead) and other respectable characters…Although I wanted faith myself, I furnished him with money, and other aids to carry it into execution. He laboured for some time ineffectually and, though the advocates for his scheme continued sanguine, he never did succeed. One accident or another was always intervening. I then thought, and still think, that it was an effort of genius; but that a combination of too many things were requisite…" 604: 1314: 1068:, modern navies embraced the submarine, first, for missions of reconnaissance and commerce-raiding, but, increasingly, in offensive, attack roles. In the postwar era, the submarine has become a central component of modern navies. Submarine usage has gone far beyond Bushnell's conception of lifting naval blockades designed to bleed a country dry of their imports to become an essential arm of offensive naval warfare and power projection. 496: 43: 783:, where it exploded "with tremendous violence, throwing large columns of water and pieces of wood that composed it high into the air." It was the first recorded use of a submarine to attack a ship; however, the only records documenting it are American. British records contain no accounts of an attack by a submarine or any reports of explosions on the night of the supposed attack on 871: 423: 657:, because his brother Ezra, who had been its operator during earlier trials at Ayer's Point on the Connecticut river, was taken ill. Three men were chosen, and the submersible was taken to Long Island Sound for training and further trials. While these trials went on, the British gained control of western Long Island in the August 27 492:

iron screw), brass compasses, and surveying instruments. He also founded and owned a brass foundry where he cast bells. At the start of the American Revolution, the wealthy and patriotic Doolittle built a gunpowder mill with two partners in New Haven to support the war, and was sent by the Connecticut government to prospect for lead.

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When the Connecticut government refused to fund further underwater project, Bushnell joined the Continental Army as a captain-lieutenant of sappers and miners, and served with distinction for several years the Hudson River in New York. After the war, Bushnell drifted into obscurity. He visited France

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was slightly across the tidal stream which would, in all probability, have resulted in Lee becoming exhausted. In the face of these and other problems, Compton-Hall suggests the entire story was fabricated as disinformation and morale-boosting propaganda, and if Lee did carry out an attack it was in

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In making the hull, Bushnell enlisted the services of several skilled artisans, including his brother the farmer Ezra Bushnell and ship's carpenter Phineas Pratt, both, like David Bushnell, from Saybrook. The hull was "constructed of oak, somewhat like a barrel and bound by heavy wrought-iron hoops."

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On that night, Lee maneuvered the small craft out to the anchorage. It took two hours to reach his destination, as it was hard work manipulating the hand-operated controls and foot pedals to propel the submersible into position. Adding to his difficulties was a fairly strong current and the darkness

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in February 1864 was the first successful submarine attack in history. By the early-twentieth century, the world's navies were beginning to adopt submarines in larger numbers. Like Bushnell's design, these boats mimicked the natural forms of marine animals in their hull designs. As one contemporary

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The plan failed. Lee began his mission with only twenty minutes of air, not to mention the complications of operating the craft. The darkness, the speed of the currents, and the added complexities all combined to thwart Lee's plan. Once surfaced, Lee lit the fuse on the explosive and tried multiple

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was the propeller, as it was the first known use of one in a watercraft: it was described as an "oar for rowing forward or backward", with "no precedent" design and in a letter by Dr. Benjamin Gale to Silas Dean as "a pair of oars fixed like the two opposite arms of a windmill" and as "two oars or

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by Gale and others, Doolittle was well known as an "ingenious mechanic" (i.e. an engineer), engraver, and metalworker. He had both designed and manufactured complicated brass-wheel hall-clocks, a mahogany printing-press in 1769 (the first made in America, after Doolittle successfully duplicated the

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Bushnell's basic design included some elements present in earlier experimental submersibles. The method of raising and lowering the vessel was similar to that developed by Nathaniel Simons in 1729, and the gaskets used to make watertight connections around the connections between the internal and

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s hull. Lee reported British soldiers on Governors Island spotted the submersible and rowed out to investigate. He then released the charge (which he called a "torpedo", the prevailing term for underwater explosive devices prior to about 1890), "expecting that they would seize that likewise, and

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and other marine life, however the lining was paper-thin and could not have stopped Lee from drilling through it. Bushnell believed Lee's failure was probably due to an iron plate connected to the ship's rudder hinge. When Lee attempted another spot in the hull, he was unable to stay beneath the

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and Robert Fulton. These men served as national heroes to Americans who advocated for technological advances and idolized the men making them. "Whether the motives were military pride or scientific nationalism," Roland contends, "it was important to Americans in the first half century after the

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created a military vantage point unseen prior to the Revolutionary War – a view from under the war-stricken waters. As historian Alex Roland argues, Bushnell's legacy as an inventor was also burnished by American writers and historians who in the early nineteenth-century lionized

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tank at the bottom of the vessel and ascended by pushing water out through a hand pump. It was propelled vertically and horizontally by hand-cranked and pedal-powered propellers, respectively. It also had 200 pounds (91 kg) of lead aboard, which could be released in a moment to increase

1101:. As Benjamin Gale noted in 1775, the vessel was "constructed with great simplicity," and it has thus inspired at least four replicas. Many of these followed the designs set down by Bushnell, with "precise and comprehensive descriptions of his submarine," which aided the replication process. 516:, including the propulsion system, the navigation instruments, the brass foot-operated water-ballast and forcing pumps, the depth gauge and compass, the brass crown hatch, the clockwork detonator for the mine, and the hand-operated propeller crank and foot-driven treadle with flywheel. 1151:

to seal the thing. Then you realized that someone else had to figure this out with the same limited resources that we were using. That's just an interesting way to learn. You can't do it any other way than by actually doing it." The outer shell of the replica was hollowed, using

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and the tendency of the weaker belligerent to adopt and embrace new, sometimes radical, technologies. "What astonishment it will produce and what advantages may be made…if it succeeds, more easy for you to conceive than for me to describe," physician Benjamin Gale wrote to

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s emergence over two centuries ago, the international playing field has leveled. The monopoly over submersible technology once held by the United States was lost over time as other navies around the world modernized and adopted submarine warfare. From the innovations of

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Also in 2015, Privateer Media used The Turtle Project replica for the Travel Channel series Follow Your Past, hosted by Alison Stewart. Filming took place in August where the submarine was launched with a tether in the Connecticut River in the town of Essex, CT.

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are often short and cryptic. Most of the records that do exist concern Bushnell's request for funds. Bushnell met with Jonathan Trumbull, the governor of Connecticut, during 1771 seeking financial support. Trumbull also sent requests to

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on a small, individually manned submersible designed to attach an explosive charge to the hull of an enemy ship, which, he wrote Benjamin Franklin, would be, "Constructed with Great Simplicity and upon Principles of Natural Philosophy."

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was necessarily shrouded in secrecy, based on his mechanical engineering expertise and previous experience in design and manufacturing, it seems Doolittle designed and crafted (and probably funded) the brass and the moving parts of the

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near New London harbor and to be floated down the Delaware River in an attempt to interrupt the British fleet off Philadelphia. Both attempts failed, and the latter occupied a brief, if farcical, place in the literature of the war.

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has been replicated many times to show new audience the roots of submarine technology, how much it has changed, and the influence it has had on modern submarines. By the 1950s, historian of technology Brooke Hindle credited the

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Bushnell and his submarine. To a new postwar generation of Americans, he seemed "the ingenious patriot who invented the submarine that terrified the British." Bushnell joined the ranks of American inventors of the era such as

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affixed to the needles to indicate their position in the dark. During trials in November 1775, Bushnell discovered that this illumination failed when the temperature dropped too low. Although repeated requests were made to

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A Historical Collection from Official Records, Files, &c., of the Part Sustained by Connecticut, During the War of the Revolution: With an Appendix, Containing Important Letters, Depositions, &c., Written During the

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The submarine was shipped to Richmond, VA where it underwent a full refit and was relaunched for film use in the water. Additional full-scale interior and exterior models were also made by AMC as part of the production.

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in 1776. All failed, and her transport ship was sunk later that year by the British with the submarine aboard. Bushnell claimed eventually to have recovered the machine, but its final fate is unknown. Modern replicas of

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Sketches of Church Life in Colonial Connecticut: Being the Story of the Transplanting of the Church of England Into Forty Two Parishes of Connecticut, with the Assistance of the Society for the Propagation of the

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for several years, then moved to Georgia in 1795 under the assumed name of David Bush, where he taught school and practiced medicine. He died largely unknown in Georgia in 1824. After the war, inventors such as

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According to a letter from Dr. Benjamin Gale to Benjamin Franklin, Doolittle also designed the mine attachment mechanism, "those Parts which Conveys the Powder, and secures the same to the Bottom of the Ship".

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occupies a prominent place in the history of technology and military history, Roland's scholarship points to other technological precedence that almost certainly influenced Bushnell's design. Roland points to

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Doolittle also likely provided the scarce commodities of gunpowder and lead ballast as well. The wealthy Doolittle, nearly 20 years older than the Yale student Bushnell, was a founder and long time Warden of

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Royal R. "Hinman, A Historical Collection, from Official Records", Files, &c. of the Part Sustained by Connecticut, during the War of the Revolution (Hartford, Conn., 1842), pp. 343, 437, 531

559:; it was about 10 feet (3.0 m) long (according to the original specifications), 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, and about 3 feet (0.9 m) wide, and consisted of two wooden shells covered with 963:," captured the surprising, if futile, venture: "The soldier flew, the sailor too, and, scared almost to death, sir, wore out their shoes to spread the news, and ran till out of breath, sir." 528:

paddles" that were "like the arms of a windmill...twelve inches (30 cm) long, and about four (10) wide." As it was probably brass, it was thus likely designed and forged by Doolittle.

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buoyancy. Manned and operated by one person, the vessel contained enough air for about thirty minutes and had a speed in calm water of about 3 mph (2.6 kn; 4.8 km/h).

1143:'s design, materials, and technique authentic. "With it, Yankee ingenuity was born," observed Rick Brown, referring to the latest in a long line of commemoration that perceived the 5101: 4637: 3952: 1261:, calling this an incident of "marine mischief" assured the public that this was simply an art project and did not, in fact, represent a terrorist threat to the passenger ship. 5172: 5162: 4302: 2982: 536:, and was in charge of New Haven's port inspection and beacon-alarm systems – suggesting that Doolittle provided much of the political and financial leadership in building the 1147:

as something authentically American. Of the temptation to use synthetic and ahistorical materials, Rob Duarte, a MassArts student observed, "It was always a temptation to use

2511: 1225:. Its portholes and hatch were collected from a marine salvage company. He also installed pumps to allow him to add or remove water for ballast. Riley christened his vessel 2381: 940:, but its final fate is unknown. Washington called the attempt "an effort of genius", but "a combination of too many things was requisite" for such an attempt to succeed. 683:

Destroying this symbol of British naval power by means of a submarine would at least be a blow to British morale and, perhaps, threaten the British blockade and control of

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s hull and abandoned the operation as the timer on the explosive was due to go off and he feared getting caught at dawn. A popular story held that he failed due to the

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historian of submarines observed in 1901, the evolution of modern submarine evolved from the whale, which he deemed a "submarine made by nature out of a mammal."

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thus all would be blown to atoms." Suspicious of the drifting charge, the British retreated back to the island. Lee reported that the charge drifted into the

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remains a source of national as well as regional pride, which led to the construction of several replicas, a number of which exist in Bushnell's home state of

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s shortcomings, Bushnell's invention marked an important milestone in submarine technology. The American inventor Robert Fulton conceived of his submarine

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Several setbacks plagued the design process. The mine in particular was delayed several times from its expected completion from 1771 to 1776. Piloting the

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Little is known about the origin, inspiration, and influences for Bushnell's invention. It seems clear Bushnell knew of the work of the Dutch inventor

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in Connecticut on a four-year project called The Turtle Project, to construct their own working replica, which they completed and launched in 2007.

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s abortive attack in New York Harbor, Bushnell continued his work in underwater explosives. In 1777, he devised mines to be towed for an attack on

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In 2015, the replica built by Manstan and Frese in 2007 for The Turtle Project was acquired by Privateer Media and used in the television series

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in the first years of the nineteenth century and took it to Europe when the United States proved largely uninterested in the design. During the

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Due to colonial efforts to keep the existence of this potential war asset secret from the British, the colonial records concerning the

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The shape of the hull, Gale informed Silas Deane, "has the nearest resemblance to the two upper shells of a Tortoise joined together."

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students and faculty, constructed another replica. The Browns set out to gain a better understanding of human ingenuity while keeping

821:"a Man of great Mechanical Powers, fertile of invention and a master in execution." In retrospect, Washington observed in a letter to 694:

s rudder and use a screw to attach an explosive to the ship's hull. Once attached, Lee would re-enter the water and make his getaway.

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While Bushnell's name is not generally well-known, he is often credited with revolutionizing naval warfare from below. Bushnell's

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Six small pieces of thick glass in the top of the submarine provided natural light. The internal instruments had small pieces of

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for his upcoming gallery show. Riley's was not an exact replica, however, measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) tall and made of cheap

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times to stab the device into the underside of the ship. Unfortunately, after several attempts Lee was not able to pierce

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external controls also may have come from Simons, who constructed a submersible based on a 17th-century Italian design by

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Rindskopf, Mike H; Naval Submarine League (U.S.); Turner Publishing Company staff; Morris, Richard Knowles (1997).

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was the first submersible vessel used for combat and led to the development of what we know today as the modern

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The submarine's ultimate fate is not known, although it is believed that after the British took New York, the

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inhalation, which made him confused and unable to properly carry out the process of drilling through the

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Milkofsky, Brenda. David Bushnell And His Revolutionary Submarine (Connecticut History.org. N.p., 2017).

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at USNA, made ten dives, noting "you feel very isolated from the outside world. If you had any sense of

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ship, and eventually abandoned the attempt. It seems more likely that he was suffering from fatigue and

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On August 3, 2007 three men were stopped by police while escorting and piloting a replica based on the

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In 2003, Roy Manstan, Fred Frese, and the Naval Underwater Warfare Center partnered with students from

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issued Riley a citation for having an unsafe vessel, and for violating the security zone around

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anchored off Manhattan. He reported the ship's watch spotted him, so he abandoned the attempt.

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made the idea of a submersible vessel for use in lifting the British naval blockade during the

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was transported overland from New Rochelle to the Hudson River. After two weeks of training,

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Darian, Steven, and Amy Price. "David Bushnell: An Inventor Describes His Invention."

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According to British naval historian Richard Compton-Hall, the problems of achieving

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Steven Darian and Amy Price. "David Bushnell: An Inventor Describes His Invention,"

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Roland, Alex (1977). "Bushnell's Submarine: American Original or European Import?".

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Roland, Alex (1977). "Bushnell's Submarine: American Original or European Import?".

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it would not be a very good experience." The replica is currently on display at the

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were influenced by Bushnell's designs in the development of underwater explosives.

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vessel with a documented record of use in combat. It was built in 1775 by American

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The vessel was a source of particular pride in Connecticut. In 1976, a replica of

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On October 5, Sergeant Lee again went out in an attempt to attach the charge to a

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lining covering the ship's hull. The Royal Navy had recently begun installing

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Beginning of Modern Submarine Warfare under Captain Lieutenant David Bushnell

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Roland, Alex. "Bushnell's Submarine: American Original or European Import."

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Alex Roland, "Bushnell's Submarine: American Original or European Import,"

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One of the central concerns for Bushnell as he planned and constructed the

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At 11:00 pm on September 7, 1776, Sgt. Lee piloted the submersible toward

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Chaining the Hudson: The Fight for the River in the American Revolution

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Revolution to look upon Bushnell's submarine as an American original.

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American popular music and its business: the first four hundred years

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clock-maker, engraver, silversmith, brass manufacturer and inventor

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and reinforced with steel bands. It dived by allowing water into a

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Don Walsh, 2011. "Turtle: David Bushnell's Revolutionary Vessel."

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reflected both the ingenuity of American forces after the fall of

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First submersible vessel with a documented record of use in combat

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Kennedy, Randy. "An Artist and His Sub Surrender in Brooklyn."

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Randy Kennedy. "An Artist and his Sub Surrender in Brooklyn,"

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Benjamin Gale to Silas Deane, Killingworth, November 9, 1775.

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would have rendered the vertical propeller useless. The route

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American Military Leaders: From Colonial Times to the Present

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to affix explosives to the undersides of British warships in

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was destroyed to prevent her from falling into enemy hands.

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on the bottoms of their warships to protect from damage by

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Though Bushnell is given the overall design credit for the

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Steel Boats, Iron Men: History of the U.S. Submarine Force

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Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

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and constructed by Fred Frese as a project marking the

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American Revolutionary War ships of the United States

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campaigns of the World Wars, and the nuclear-powered

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for possible alternatives, none was forthcoming, and

2344:"Connecticut River Museum – David Bushnell's Turtle" 1841:

25, no. 1: 69–70. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost

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creeping overhead, which made visibility difficult.

4817: 4786: 4762: 4600: 4593: 4488: 4332: 4325: 4270: 4189: 4182: 4124: 4046: 4032: 4006: 3935: 3736: 3661: 3614: 3581: 3544: 3537: 3439: 3282: 3181: 3110: 3016: 2932: 2911: 2876: 2833: 2797: 2751: 2680: 2604: 2583: 2567: 2541: 1036:, a French physician, physicist, and member of the 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2272: 1257:also impounded the submarine. Police Commissioner 1131:In 2002, Rick and Laura Brown, two sculptors from 669:was towed to New York, and its new operator, Sgt. 523:The most historically important innovation in the 499:This 19th-century diagram shows the side views of 1093:as "the greatest of the wartime inventions." The 2064:"Turtle Reconstruction Image Collection – Index" 1704:"David Bushnell and his Revolutionary Submarine" 1450: 1448: 394:have been constructed and are on display in the 331:vessel with a documented record of use in combat 1865: 1863: 1861: 1116:. It was christened by Connecticut's governor, 687:. The plan was to have Lee surface just behind 661:. Since the British now controlled the harbor, 4840:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 888:was lost on October 9, 1776, while aboard the 874:Bushnell mines destroying a small British boat 484:, whose shop was just a half block from Yale. 5006: 2976: 2519: 2219:Turtle: David Bushnell's Revolutionary Vessel 1901:, Turtle I (Submarine) Accessed 12 April 2023 1205:. The replica was created by New York artist 1201:, then docked at the cruise ship terminal in 1056:in the early twentieth century to the German 8: 2217:Manstan, Roy R.; Frese, Frederic J. (2010). 1739:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5173:New York (state) in the American Revolution 5163:Age of Sail submarines of the United States 3953:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 2319:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 2148:. Mineola, NY: Courier Dover Publications. 2146:Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution 1899:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 1288:1976 functional replica that is now at the 5013: 4999: 4991: 4830:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 4759: 4744: 4669: 4597: 4329: 4186: 4179: 4168: 4043: 3541: 3534: 3504: 3084:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 3013: 2999: 2983: 2969: 2961: 2526: 2512: 2504: 2473:Friends of the Office of State Archaeology 2346:. Connecticut River Museum. Archived from 1743:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1474:Science and Technology in Colonial America 426:A diagram showing front and side views of 362:to ships in a harbor, for use against the 2893:Washington calls off invasion of New York 2363:"Makeshift submarine found in East River" 1476:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, p. 90 311:2.6 kn (4.8 km/h; 3.0 mph) 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 5183:Shipwrecks of the New York (state) coast 2446:Gidwitz, Tom. "The Turtle Dives Again." 460:in April 1775, Bushnell began work near 2733:Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga) 1995:Tom Gidwitz, "The Turtle Dives Again," 1851: 1849: 1847: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1489:, Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 364 1349: 1278: 1137:Massachusetts College of Art and Design 649:In August 1776, Bushnell asked General 540:as well as its brass and moving parts. 5168:Connecticut in the American Revolution 4835:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 2743:Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga) 2738:Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery 2194:. New York: Fordham University Press. 1779: 1777: 1732: 1702:Milkofsky, Brenda (7 September 2019). 825:, " came to me in 1776 recommended by 138: 30:For the Deep Submergence Vehicle, see 3341:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 2950:Washington's Farewell to His Officers 2919:Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh 2482:"Plan Salvaged For Submarine Replica" 2457:, vol. 35, no. 4, 1988, p. 344, 2365:. WABC-TV. 2007-08-03. Archived from 2221:. Yardley, Pa: Westholme Publishing. 2035:"Plan Salvaged For Submarine Replica" 2033:Van Nes, Claudia (October 25, 2002). 534:Trinity Episcopal Church on the Green 173: 7: 4950:Daughters of the American Revolution 3300:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 1973:Roland, "Bushnell's Submarine," 159. 148:A cutaway full-sized replica of the 65:adding citations to reliable sources 4945:Children of the American Revolution 4825:Timeline of the American Revolution 2627:Submarine attack in New York Harbor 2535:New York in the American Revolution 1897:Naval History and Heritage Command 1335:2007 functional replica created by 3606:European allies of King George III 3462:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 3397:Committee of Secret Correspondence 3059:No taxation without representation 2328:Naval History and Heritage Command 2248:. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing. 2121:Naval History and Heritage Command 2117:"Submarine Turtle Naval Documents" 1951:, ABC-CLIO, 1999, Volume 1, p. 103 1681:Connecticut Historical Collections 1305:Submarine Force Library and Museum 803:a covered rowing boat rather than 400:Submarine Force Library and Museum 25: 4972:Museum of the American Revolution 2469:"Submarine Turtle Reconstruction" 1810:Abbot, Thatcher's Journal, p. 185 1683:, New Haven: Hamlen, 1836, p. 177 920:sank the sloop by gunfire in the 798:would have had to take to attack 607:Turtle submarine design explained 381:Several attempts were made using 295:0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) 287:3.0 m (9 ft 10 in) 5024:New York and New Jersey campaign 4860:Continental Currency dollar coin 4845:Women in the American Revolution 2612:New York and New Jersey campaign 1328: 1312: 1296: 1281: 458:Battles of Lexington and Concord 175: 142: 41: 5148:Submarines of the United States 4955:Sons of the American Revolution 2492:from the original on 2017-04-27 2396:. AMC. May 2015. Archived from 2045:from the original on 2017-04-27 1651:Jarvis, Lucy Cushing (editor), 1241:, manned by cast members from ' 1124:. This replica is owned by the 52:needs additional citations for 5052:Staten Island Peace Conference 4855:Continental currency banknotes 3943:Staten Island Peace Conference 2632:Staten Island Peace Conference 2171:Compton-Hall, Richard (1999). 1233:, "resembled something out of 1168:. Lew Nuckols, a professor of 1156:, from a 12-foot (3.7 m) 936:. Bushnell reported salvaging 587:was sidelined for the winter. 1: 5198:1775 in the Thirteen Colonies 3649:German supporters of Congress 3347:Massachusetts Circular Letter 2779:Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga 2297:Torpedoes and torpedo warfare 990:Confederate States of America 817:s failure, Washington called 449:firing mechanism, probably a 374:recommended the invention to 3330:Committees of correspondence 439:American War of Independence 4967:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 3998:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 3983:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 3757:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 3412:Declaration of Independence 3377:Second Continental Congress 2622:New York Prison Ships begin 2591:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 2554:First Liberty poles erected 2300:. Portsmouth, UK: Griffin. 2139:. Hamden, CT: Acrhon Books. 2010:"Bushnell Submarine Turtle" 1999:, 58 (May/June 2005): 36–41 1166:United States Naval Academy 999:, whose destruction of the 453:, adapted for the purpose. 404:Royal Navy Submarine Museum 154:Royal Navy Submarine Museum 5214: 5188:Maritime incidents in 1776 5153:Ships built in Connecticut 4850:Financial costs of the war 3357:First Continental Congress 3208:Royal Proclamation of 1763 3153:Second Rockingham ministry 2992:American Revolutionary War 2759:Setauket Spy Ring launched 2386:– Spycraft Handbook – The 1670:, E. Gleason, 1842, p. 516 1570:Manstan, pp. 109, 110, 112 1194:within 200 feet (61 m) of 1120:, and later tested in the 1114:United States Bicentennial 1042:French Academy of Sciences 653:for volunteers to operate 368:American Revolutionary War 29: 5034: 4758: 4743: 4704:Constitutional Convention 4684:Society of the Cincinnati 4679: 4668: 4178: 4167: 3973:Carlisle Peace Commission 3807:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 3533: 3503: 3472:Hutchinson letters affair 3422:Articles of Confederation 3269:Proclamation of Rebellion 3133:First Rockingham ministry 3077:All men are created equal 3012: 2998: 2945:British evacuate New York 2868:Battle of Fort St. George 2698:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 2672:Battle of Fort Washington 2294:Sleeman, Charles (1880). 2271:Schecter, Barnet (2002). 2190:Diamant, Lincoln (2004). 1552:Manstan, pp. 57, 105, 107 507:Though the design of the 260: 168: 141: 76:"Turtle" submersible 3968:Entry of France into war 3583:Kingdom of Great Britain 2657:Battle of Valcour Island 2652:Execution of Nathan Hale 2642:Battle of Harlem Heights 2436:18 (April 1977): 157–74. 2414:"TURN: Turtle submarine" 2394:TURИ: Washington's Spies 2384:TURN: Washington's Spies 2135:Abbot, Henry L. (1966). 2093:TURN: Washington's Spies 2014:International Spy Museum 1986:35 (November 1988), 344. 1290:Connecticut River Museum 1267:TURN: Washington's Spies 1185:Old Saybrook High School 1178:International Spy Museum 1126:Connecticut River Museum 851:less than a year before 593:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 408:International Spy Museum 396:Connecticut River Museum 358:as a means of attaching 350:) was the world's first 279:91 kg (201 lb) 5193:Hand-cranked submarines 4699:Ratification Day (1784) 4024:Second Anglo-Mysore War 3708:Northern after Saratoga 3688:New York and New Jersey 3362:Continental Association 3259:Conciliatory Resolution 3118:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 3091:Consent of the governed 2888:runs aground at Montauk 2863:Battle of Klock's Field 2841:Battle of Young's House 2774:Attack on German Flatts 2728:Battle of Staten Island 2455:Technical Communication 2275:The Battle for New York 1984:Technical Communication 1869:Compton-Hall, pp. 32–40 1319:Cutaway replica at the 1303:Cutaway replica at the 370:. Connecticut Governor 303:Hand-cranked propellers 261:General characteristics 4960:Sons of the Revolution 4689:Treaty of Paris (1783) 4019:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 4014:Cherokee–American wars 3627:Franco-American Treaty 3482:Philadelphia Tea Party 3452:Treaty of Paris (1763) 3431:Confederation Congress 3024:American Enlightenment 2825:Boyd and Parker ambush 2789:Cherry Valley massacre 2769:West Point established 2667:Battle of White Plains 2662:Battle of Pell's Point 2647:Great Fire of New York 2434:Technology and Culture 2314:"Turtle I (Submarine)" 2173:The Submarine Pioneers 2144:Coggins, Jack (2002). 2102:TURN: Turtle Submarine 1962:Technology and Culture 1783:Rindskopf et al, p. 29 1708:Connecticuthistory.org 1507:Rindskopf et al, p. 30 1411:Technology and Culture 1368:Technology and Culture 875: 721: 608: 504: 433:The American inventor 430: 4905:Washington's Birthday 4710:The Federalist Papers 4694:Evacuation Day (1783) 3747:Lexington and Concord 3447:French and Indian War 3387:Olive Branch Petition 2898:Battle of Fort Slongo 2805:Battle of Stony Point 2708:Siege of Fort Stanwix 2617:Battle of Long Island 2575:Battle of Golden Hill 2175:. Sutton Publishing. 1964:18 (April 1977), 158. 1947:Fredriksen, John C., 1884:founders.archives.gov 1679:Barber, John Warner, 1579:Manstan, pp. 131, 136 1307:, Groton, Connecticut 1209:and two residents of 873: 708: 659:Battle of Long Island 651:Samuel Holden Parsons 606: 547:Named for its shape, 498: 425: 4910:Jefferson's Birthday 4900:Pulaski Memorial Day 3907:Guilford Court House 3558:Continental Congress 3335:Committees of safety 3310:Daughters of Liberty 3305:Virginia Association 3054:Rights of Englishmen 2764:Battle of Cobleskill 2718:Battle of Bennington 2637:Landing at Kip's Bay 2279:. New York: Walker. 1642:Manstan, pp. 63, 131 1588:Manstan, pp. 194–198 1561:Manstan, pp. 120–123 1321:Oceanographic Museum 896:when the Royal Navy 726:Admiral Richard Howe 412:Oceanographic Museum 61:improve this article 4038:colony or location) 3993:Newburgh Conspiracy 3852:Sullivan Expedition 3372:Provincial Congress 3163:Fox–North coalition 3102:Settler colonialism 3049:Freedom of religion 3006:American Revolution 2940:Newburgh Conspiracy 2903:Battle of Johnstown 2815:Sullivan Expedition 2703:Battle of Fort Anne 2441:The New York Times, 2418:TURИ to a historian 1472:Burns, William E., 1337:Philip "Duke" Riley 1207:Philip "Duke" Riley 1180:in Washington, DC. 599:Preparation for use 472:. According to Dr. 4940:Semiquincentennial 4865:Libertas Americana 3295:Stamp Act Congress 3185:Acts of Parliament 3158:Shelburne ministry 3128:Grenville ministry 2858:conspiracy exposed 2846:First Purple Heart 2810:Battle of Minisink 2723:Battle of Setauket 2713:Battle of Oriskany 2596:Invasion of Canada 2559:Stamp Act Congress 2480:Van Nes, Claudia. 1525:Manstan, pp. 52–53 1203:Red Hook, Brooklyn 1064:submarines of the 986:American Civil War 961:Battle of the Kegs 876: 735:, then moored off 722: 609: 551:resembled a large 505: 431: 398:, the U.S. Navy's 223:249 years ago 152:on display at the 5135: 5134: 5102:Delaware crossing 4988: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4739: 4738: 4726:Shays's Rebellion 4664: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4589: 4588: 4556:Richard Henry Lee 4321: 4320: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4007:Related conflicts 3877:Connecticut Farms 3657: 3656: 3550:Thirteen Colonies 3499: 3498: 3495: 3494: 2958: 2957: 2820:Battle of Newtown 2693:Saratoga campaign 2330:. 19 October 2015 2255:978-1-56311-081-8 2228:978-1-59416-105-6 2201:978-0-8232-2339-8 2155:978-0-486-42072-1 2084:. August 4, 2007. 1624:Abbot pp. 178–180 1485:Sanjek, Russell, 1221:then coated with 1170:Ocean Engineering 1122:Connecticut River 1008:Charleston Harbor 957:Francis Hopkinson 928:on Manhattan and 827:Governor Trumbull 625:George Washington 581:Benjamin Franklin 376:George Washington 372:Jonathan Trumbull 360:explosive charges 335: 334: 224: 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 5205: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4992: 4930:Sesquicentennial 4890:Independence Day 4794:Founding Fathers 4760: 4745: 4670: 4598: 4330: 4187: 4180: 4169: 4044: 4039: 3867:Cape St. Vincent 3542: 3535: 3505: 3477:Boston Tea Party 3402:Halifax Resolves 3352:Suffolk Resolves 3143:Grafton ministry 3138:Chatham ministry 3034:Colonial history 3014: 3000: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2962: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2486:Hartford Courant 2476: 2450:, May/June 2005. 2429: 2427: 2425: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2400:on 26 April 2016 2377: 2375: 2374: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2309: 2290: 2278: 2267: 2240: 2213: 2186: 2167: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2039:Hartford Courant 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2006: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1958: 1952: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1856: 1855:Schecter, p. 174 1853: 1842: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1762:Schecter, p. 172 1760: 1749: 1748: 1738: 1730: 1727:history.navy.mil 1718: 1712: 1711: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1677: 1671: 1663: 1657: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1477: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1443: 1442: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1332: 1316: 1300: 1285: 1259:Raymond W. Kelly 1162:British Columbia 1108:was designed by 837: 823:Thomas Jefferson 816: 792:neutral buoyancy 777: 760:copper sheathing 753: 737:Governors Island 719: 693: 633:Continental Army 629:Thomas Jefferson 470:Cornelis Drebbel 222: 185: 180: 179: 178: 146: 139: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5112:Assunpink Creek 5097:Iron Works Hill 5082:Fort Washington 5030: 5027: 5023: 5021: 5019: 4989: 4976: 4915:Von Steuben Day 4813: 4782: 4754: 4735: 4675: 4652: 4594:Colonial allies 4585: 4484: 4317: 4278:King George III 4266: 4174: 4151: 4120: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4028: 4002: 3931: 3912:Lochry's Defeat 3797:Assunpink Creek 3787:Fort Washington 3732: 3666: 3664: 3653: 3644:Hortalez et Cie 3615:Colonial allies 3610: 3577: 3546:United Colonies 3529: 3491: 3457:Boston Massacre 3435: 3426:Perpetual Union 3382:United Colonies 3315:Sons of Liberty 3278: 3186: 3184: 3183:Related British 3177: 3106: 3008: 3004:Origins of the 2994: 2989: 2959: 2954: 2928: 2924:Newburgh letter 2907: 2872: 2829: 2793: 2784:Carleton's Raid 2747: 2676: 2600: 2579: 2563: 2549:Sons of Liberty 2537: 2532: 2495: 2493: 2479: 2467: 2443:August 4, 2007. 2423: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2380: 2372: 2370: 2369:on May 30, 2012 2361: 2353: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2331: 2324:Navy Department 2312: 2293: 2287: 2270: 2256: 2243: 2229: 2216: 2202: 2189: 2183: 2170: 2156: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2075: 2068:www.fosa-ct.org 2062: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1942: 1938:Manstan, p. 271 1937: 1933: 1929:Manstan, p. 270 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1895: 1891: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1859: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1832: 1828:Manstan, p. 129 1827: 1823: 1819:Manstan, p. 193 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1752: 1731: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1665:Hinman, Royal, 1664: 1660: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606:Manstan, p. 150 1605: 1601: 1597:Mansten, p. 138 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543:Manstan, p. 120 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1446: 1423:10.2307/3103954 1408: 1407: 1403: 1380:10.2307/3103954 1365: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1339: 1333: 1324: 1317: 1308: 1301: 1292: 1286: 1154:controlled fire 1074: 1027:Yet, while the 926:Fort Washington 892:serving as her 868: 835: 814: 775: 751: 717: 703: 691: 685:New York Harbor 601: 482:Isaac Doolittle 420: 387:New York Harbor 347:American Turtle 181: 176: 174: 164: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:American Turtle 15: 12: 11: 5: 5211: 5209: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 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June 4, 2015 2410: 2378: 2359: 2340: 2310: 2291: 2285: 2268: 2254: 2241: 2227: 2214: 2200: 2187: 2181: 2168: 2154: 2141: 2132: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2082:New York Times 2073: 2055: 2025: 2001: 1988: 1975: 1966: 1953: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1920:Diamant, p. 34 1913: 1911:Diamant, p. 33 1904: 1889: 1871: 1857: 1843: 1830: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1773: 1771:Diamant, p. 27 1764: 1750: 1713: 1694: 1692:Manstan, p. 54 1685: 1672: 1658: 1644: 1635: 1633:Manstan, p. 93 1626: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1534:Manstan, p. 88 1527: 1518: 1516:Manstan, p. 43 1509: 1500: 1498:Manstan, p. 53 1491: 1478: 1465: 1463:Manstan, p. 29 1456: 1454:Diamant, p. 23 1444: 1401: 1358: 1356:Diamant, p. 22 1348: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1327: 1325: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1287: 1280: 1231:New York Times 1174:claustrophobia 1073: 1070: 867: 864: 769:carbon dioxide 702: 698:Attack on the 696: 600: 597: 573:bioluminescent 435:David Bushnell 419: 416: 356:David Bushnell 333: 332: 325: 321: 320: 317: 313: 312: 309: 305: 304: 301: 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 277: 273: 272: 267: 266:Class and type 263: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 219: 215: 214: 212:David Bushnell 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 171: 170: 166: 165: 147: 135: 134: 117:September 2017 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5210: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5026: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5004: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 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4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3728:Naval battles 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3663:Campaigns and 3660: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 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3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3123:Bute ministry 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3071:Spirit of '76 3069: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3044:Republicanism 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2350:on 2007-11-29 2349: 2345: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2288: 2286:0-8027-1374-2 2282: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2182:0-7509-2154-4 2178: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839:Naval History 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1615:Abbot, p. 177 1612: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1350: 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664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 621: 616: 615:was funding. 614: 605: 598: 596: 594: 588: 586: 582: 577: 574: 569: 566: 562: 558: 555:as much as a 554: 550: 545: 541: 539: 535: 529: 526: 521: 517: 515: 510: 502: 497: 493: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 474:Benjamin Gale 471: 466: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 429: 424: 417: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 348: 344:(also called 343: 342: 337: 330: 326: 323: 322: 318: 315: 314: 310: 307: 306: 302: 299: 298: 294: 291: 290: 286: 283: 282: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 264: 259: 255: 252: 251: 247: 244: 243: 239: 236: 235: 231: 228: 227: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 196: 192: 189: 188: 184: 183:United States 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 145: 140: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 5092:Geary Ambush 5077:White Plains 5067:Pell's Point 5045: 5043: 4935:Bicentennial 4818:Other topics 4804:Liberty Tree 4776: 4774: 4716:Constitution 4708: 4613:Beaumarchais 4501:Samuel Adams 4252:William Howe 4247:Richard Howe 4147:West Florida 4132:East Florida 4106:Rhode Island 4101:Pennsylvania 4034:Involvement 3978:Gordon Riots 3963:Valley Forge 3958:Conway Cabal 3936:Other events 3698:Philadelphia 3596:British Army 3487:Powder Alarm 3417:Model Treaty 3339: 3097:Expansionism 3065:Common Sense 3063: 2885: 2494:. 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