1067:
1043:
are likely to attack their opponent. The head-forward display is where the legs are flexed, the neck extended, and the beak closed. At higher intensities, the neck is lowered, the beak is pointed at the opponent, and one or both wings are raised. In extreme cases, the neck is retracted, the bill opened, the body feathers sleeked, and the tail is fanned and raised slightly. Aggression is also displayed by showing the front of the body to another individual. Attacks include pecking at feathers, supplanting the opponent by landing next to it, and flying vertically with legs and feet extended, beaks open, and necks extended. Avoidance behaviors include showing only the side of the body to an aggressor, leaning away, and flexing the legs, retracting the neck, and pointing the beak down.
740:
123:
109:
1039:. While the nest is being constructed, the male will act aggressively toward other males who intrude into his territory, driving them away, and the female reacts in the same way toward other females. This aggressiveness subsides once the eggs have been laid. The social hierarchy in the breeding season generally has the female dominant over the male. Dominance may change based on the value of a resource; a study published in 1987 found that starved subordinate birds were sometimes dominant in competitions over feeder access.
1125:. One study found that 9% of nests had brown-headed cowbird eggs in them. It likely evades parasitism partly because of its late breeding season. The American goldfinch also makes a very poor host for brood parasites, with studies showing low hatching rates of brown-headed cowbird eggs and no fledging success. This is despite the lack of known behavioral adaptations against brood parasites in this finch. It is thought that the inability of brown-headed cowbird chicks to survive is due to a failure to get enough
1138:
172:
1146:
732:
959:
339:
147:
2755:
2709:
2743:
1066:
1075:
collects nesting materials, and though he may carry some materials back to the nest, he leaves its construction to the female. The outer shell of the nest is built of bark, weeds, vines, and grass. The inside diameter of the finished nest is about 6.5 cm (2.6 in). The rim is reinforced with bark bound by
1074:
The nest is built in late summer by the female in the branches of a deciduous shrub or tree at a height of up to 10 m (33 ft). The nest-building lasts approximately six days, during which time the female works in 10–40 minute increments. The male frequently flies with the female as she
990:
The
American goldfinch flies in a distinctive undulating pattern, creating a wave-shaped path. This normally consists of a series of wing beats to lift the bird, then folding in the wings and gliding in an arc before repeating the pattern. Birds often vocalize during the flapping phase of the pattern
1062:
Once a male has found a mate, he selects a territory, marking the boundaries by warbling as he flies from perch to perch. After circling the perimeter, he performs two flight displays, first repeating a low, flat flight, then flying in an exaggerated version of normal flight, tucking his wings close
1034:
during the nonbreeding season when it is often found in large flocks, usually with other finches. The social hierarchy, measured by how many aggressive encounters are won by each individual, tends towards the male being dominant in the nonbreeding season. During the breeding season, this finch lives
1058:
The courtship rituals include aerial maneuvers and singing by males, who begin courtship in late July. The flight displays begin as the male pursues the female, who flies in zigzagging evasive patterns. The male can signal his quality and fitness, both in the short term (current body condition) and
1117:
seeds and insects as they grow. The hatchlings develop quickly, opening their eyes after three days, and completing the growth of olive-brown juvenile plumage after 11–15 days, at which time they begin to practice short flights close to the nest. For up to three weeks after fledging, they are
1042:
Birds indicate their level of aggression through a range of displays. The head-up display, where the neck and legs are slightly extended, shows mild aggression and is often performed by the victor of an encounter. The carpals-raised display has the neck retracted and the carpals raised; displayers
787:
in the spring and autumn. It is the only cardueline finch to undergo molting twice a year. During the winter molt it sheds all its feathers; in the spring, it sheds all but the wing and tail feathers, which are dark brown in the female and black in the male. The markings on these feathers remain
1273:
while favoring short-distance migrants and permanent residents. This benefits the
American goldfinch both because it is a short-distance migrant and because the created open areas are the preferred environment of the bird, where weeds thrive which produce the primary food source of the American
1213:
hanging from birches and alders by pulling one up with its beak and using its toes to hold the catkin still against the branch. This dexterity enables it to take advantage of food sources relatively inaccessible to potential competitors, increasing its chances of survival.
802:
from plant materials in its diet, with a striking jet black cap and white rump that is visible during flight. The female is mostly brown, lighter on the underside with a yellow bib. After the autumn molt, the bright summer feathers are replaced by duller plumage, becoming
991:
and then go silent during the coasting phase. The call made during flight is "per-twee-twee-twee", or "ti-di-di-di", punctuated by the silent periods. They communicate with several distinct vocalizations, including one that sounds like "po-ta-to-chip" to the listener.
970:
2779:
1265:
The
American goldfinch is not threatened by human activity and is widespread throughout its range. The clearing of forests by humans, though harmful to many species, has benefited the American goldfinch. Clearing of woodlands causes declines in numbers of
1063:
to his body, plummeting earthwards and catching himself as he spreads his wings to glide upward in a series of loops. Two or three pairs may group their territories together in a loose colony, perhaps to aid in defense against predators.
810:
The immature bird has a dull brown back, and the underside is pale yellow. The shoulders and tail are a dull black with buff-colored, rather than white, markings on wings and rump. This coloration is the same in both sexes.
771:
is 1.2 to 1.4 cm (0.47 to 0.55 in). The beak is small, conical, and pink for most of the year, but turns bright orange with the spring molt in both sexes. The shape and size of the beak aid in the extraction of
1208:
Unlike some finch species, the
American goldfinch uses its feet extensively in feeding. It frequently hangs from seedheads while feeding to reach the seeds more easily. In the spring, the American goldfinch feeds on the
494:
during nest construction, but this aggression is short-lived. Its breeding season is tied to the peak of food supply, beginning in late July, which is relatively late in the year for a finch. This species is generally
928:, this responsive, southerly migratory pattern is thought to begin to occur as daily low temperatures approach freezing, and particularly as these temperatures near 0 °F. The migration is completed in compact
1098:. It is thought that they are laid during the night. The eggs are incubated by the female alone, though the male brings her food as she nests, and most mating pairs raise only one brood each year.
974:
977:
976:
973:
972:
978:
1222:
The
American goldfinch has a large range, with an estimated global extent of about 11,300,000 km (4,400,000 sq mi) and an increasing population. The species is evaluated as
1059:
long term (genes), through ornamentation (bill color and plumage). If a female accepts the male as a mate, the pair will fly in wide circles, as the male warbles throughout the flight.
935:
Its winter range includes southern Canada and stretches south through the United States to parts of Mexico. In winter, in the northern part of its range, the finch may move nearer to
1707:
2699:
490:
to remove the seeds and agile feet to grip the stems of seedheads while feeding. It is a social bird and will gather in large flocks while feeding and migrating. It may behave
1890:
McGraw, Kevin; Hill, Geoffrey; Parker, Robert S. (2005). "The physiological costs of being colourful: nutritional control of carotenoid utilization in the
American goldfinch,
975:
3243:
722:
in the winter. In winter, the plumage of both sexes is browner than the other subspecies and in summer, the male's black cap is smaller than that of the other subspecies.
3223:
924:
on the west coast. The
American goldfinch is a short-distance migrant, moving south in response to colder weather and lessened food supply. According to ornithologist
2986:
2167:
2435:
3218:
3051:
792:
displayed in plumage coloration is especially pronounced after the spring molt, when the bright color of the male's summer plumage is needed to attract a mate.
1783:
807:
below and olive-brown above, with a pale yellow face and bib. The autumn plumage is almost identical in both sexes, but the male has yellow shoulder patches.
3198:
1933:
1201:. However, it also consumes tree buds, maple sap, and berries. It will eat at bird feeders provided by humans, particularly in the winter months, preferring
1087:. The nest is so tightly woven that it can hold water, and it is possible for nestlings to drown following a rainstorm if the parents do not cover the nest.
471:
color during the winter, while the female is a dull yellow-brown shade which brightens only slightly during the summer. The male displays brightly colored
2553:
2473:
1488:
1403:
2214:
652:) is differentiated from other subspecies by its paler body color, stronger white markings and, in males, a larger black cap. It is slightly larger than
2698:
739:
1118:
still fed by the male, who locates them by listening for their fledging call. The chicks stop giving this call when they become entirely independent.
939:
if they are available. In southern ranges, during winter, they remain in areas like fields and flood plains where they live during the summer months.
3170:
2950:
1051:
The breeding season begins later in the year than for any other finch and later than any other native North
American bird, besides occasionally the
2999:
1594:
2584:
1643:
3090:
2652:
2509:
2308:
2273:
2198:
2085:
2057:
1750:
1679:
1967:
3233:
2714:
971:
3213:
1685:
868:
2658:
1719:
1450:
1514:
869:
1860:
1561:
3228:
2615:
502:
Human activity has generally benefited the
American goldfinch. It is often found in residential areas because it is attracted to
445:
3208:
531:
297:
3238:
3004:
2515:
1586:
2125:
1094:, which are oval in shape and about 16 mm × 12 mm (0.63 in × 0.47 in), roughly the size of a
3038:
2153:
755:
of 19–22 cm (7.5–8.7 in). It weighs between 11–20 g (0.39–0.71 oz). Among standard measurements, the
2838:
2191:
Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments
2733:
2427:
2888:
846:, which they use until they have left the nest entirely. There are two defense calls made by adults during nesting; a
1775:
1158:
1022:, which pose a threat to both young and adults. The oldest known American goldfinch was 10 years and 5 months old.
3056:
1055:. This may be related to the abundance of seeds in the late summer months, as seeds represent most of their diet.
867:
858:
used to signal to the nestlings to quiet them and get them to crouch down in the nest to become less conspicuous.
2747:
1114:
711:
1173:
consists of the seeds from a wide variety of plants, often those of weeds, grasses, and trees, such as thistle,
122:
3248:
3064:
2771:
2538:
2458:
1473:
1366:
1283:
171:
108:
1823:
2240:
3203:
2218:
1941:
582:
2729:
788:
through each molt, with bars on the wings and white under and at the edges of the short, notched tail. The
3069:
2875:
2791:
2893:
2759:
1129:; the seed-rich diet of American goldfinch chicks varies from the usual insect-rich diet of other hosts.
3116:
795:
Once the spring molt is complete, the body of the male is a brilliant lemon yellow, a color produced by
276:
2766:
2592:
1343:
2937:
2867:
2849:
2400:
2162:
1623:
1122:
756:
707:
2829:
2037:
1202:
878:
496:
460:
136:
3030:
2270:
1474:"Thirty-third Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds"
1298:, where it is called the willow goldfinch. It was chosen by schoolchildren in Washington in 1951.
2014:
1975:
1911:
1395:
1295:
590:
491:
369:
166:
3121:
2991:
1137:
3103:
3017:
2965:
2911:
2648:
2505:
2373:
2338:
2304:
2300:
2194:
2081:
2053:
2049:
2042:
1746:
1675:
1442:
994:
Birds do not act aggressively toward predators within their territory; their only reaction is
789:
768:
2642:
1669:
3108:
2408:
2391:
Rosen, Rafael F.; Tarvin, Keith A. (2006). "Sexual signals of the male
American goldfinch".
2365:
2006:
1903:
1635:
1432:
1387:
1338:
1170:
898:
827:
657:
574:
425:
2880:
731:
3077:
2854:
2501:
The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species
2277:
1247:
958:
719:
536:
441:
687:) is smaller and darker than the other subspecies. It occurs on the coastal slope of the
2404:
1526:
1320:
1868:
1549:
1270:
1190:
1162:
1154:
963:
917:
909:
479:
437:
429:
2010:
3192:
3012:
2619:
2412:
1428:
1329:
1259:
1227:
1223:
1091:
929:
894:
804:
764:
715:
688:
527:
507:
468:
293:
253:
156:
151:
59:
2109:
2078:
Birds of Greater Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Buffalo (The Birding Pro's Field Guides)
2018:
1915:
1238:
The American goldfinch is found in residential areas throughout its range. Backyard
1145:
691:
from southern British Columbia to central California, overlapping with the range of
629:) is the most common of the subspecies. Its summer range is from southern Canada to
2916:
2073:
1239:
1110:
925:
913:
2356:
Popp, James W. (1987). "Resource value and dominance among American goldfinches".
1907:
1161:, the species is one of the strictest vegetarians in the bird world. It is mainly
912:
stretches across North America from coast to coast. It is bounded on the north by
338:
3161:
2903:
2814:
2697:
2499:
3134:
3043:
3025:
2973:
2823:
1267:
1165:, but will occasionally eat insects, which are also fed to its young to provide
1036:
936:
882:
503:
243:
34:
2754:
2539:"Failure of Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism in nests of the American Goldfinch"
2369:
1121:
The American goldfinch is occasionally victim to brood parasites, particularly
3129:
1830:. Canadian Wildlife Service & Canadian Wildlife Federation. Archived from
1367:"Individual, seasonal, and geographical variations of the American Goldfinch (
1291:
1243:
1194:
1076:
1052:
995:
921:
796:
673:
614:
483:
79:
44:
2377:
2342:
1446:
1622:
Middleton, Alex L.; Poole, A.; Gill, F. (1993). Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.).
1438:
1186:
1178:
1126:
1106:
1102:
1031:
983:
890:
777:
634:
561:
452:
223:
183:
84:
526:
The American goldfinch was one of the many species originally described by
2742:
2329:
Coutlee, Ellen L. (1967). "Agonistic behavior in the American goldfinch".
3155:
3082:
2808:
2717:
was created from a revision of this article dated 13 April 2009
1997:
Knight, R.; Temple, A. (1987). "Nest defence in the American Goldfinch".
1255:
1080:
1011:
1007:
886:
851:
815:
752:
665:
630:
566:
203:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
877:
The American goldfinch prefers open country where weeds thrive, such as
3175:
2955:
2862:
2618:. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. Archived from
1399:
1378:
1251:
1182:
1166:
1084:
950:
in 1938, but the species failed to become established in either place.
943:
902:
818:
is a series of musical warbles and twitters, often with a long note. A
799:
661:
638:
606:
515:
472:
433:
89:
64:
2978:
2297:
Hunting for Frogs and Elston, and Other Tales from Field & Street
1210:
1174:
1095:
1003:
947:
843:
669:
552:
511:
464:
193:
2785:
1391:
2929:
1831:
1639:
1101:
The chicks hatch 12–14 days after incubation begins. Like all
2924:
1198:
1144:
1136:
1065:
999:
968:
957:
865:
784:
748:
738:
730:
602:
541:
422:
233:
3095:
2942:
830:
the eggs, she calls to her returning mate with a soft continuous
672:. In winter, the range extends from southern Canada and northern
2271:
American Goldfinch, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1287:
1079:
and caterpillar silk, and the cup is lined with plant down from
1015:
773:
760:
487:
456:
418:
213:
2789:
2118:
Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin
1019:
905:
preference continues during the spring and autumn migrations.
850:
call made to rally other goldfinches to the nest and distract
593:, the two are in separate genera and are not closely related.
2695:
2459:"Effect of cowbird parasitism on American Goldfinch nesting"
942:
Attempts were made to introduce the American goldfinch into
822:
call is often given in flight; it may also be described as
1109:; they are hatched naked, with reddish bodies, pale grey
2044:
The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds
1867:. Wild Birds Unlimited. 10 December 2007. Archived from
710:
range during the summer and in the central and southern
1968:"Focus on American, Lawrence's, and Lesser Goldfinches"
1718:. The Georgia Museum of Natural History. Archived from
932:, which travel in an erratic, wavelike flight pattern.
589:), and the siskins. Although it shares a name with the
2616:"Birds and Landscape Changes in Northeastern Forests"
2504:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 629.
2080:. Naturalist & Traveler Press. pp. 262–263.
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1472:
Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (1976).
767:
is 0.9 to 1.1 cm (0.35 to 0.43 in) and the
2217:. National Geographic. 29 April 2014. Archived from
2108:
Bent, A. C.; Cleveland, Arthur; et al. (1968).
637:. Its winter range is from southern Canada south to
613:
is Latin for 'sorrowful'. There are four recognized
3145:
2798:
1113:, and closed eyes. The mother bird feeds her young
506:, which increase its survival rate in these areas.
2041:
2280:. Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
1344:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720407A94669207.en
486:for the consumption of seedheads, with a conical
2299:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.
1745:. Princeton University Press. pp. 236–237.
1294:, where it is called the eastern goldfinch, and
1205:(commonly and erroneously called thistle seed).
763:is 4.2 to 5.1 cm (1.7 to 2.0 in), the
759:is 6.5 to 7.8 cm (2.6 to 3.1 in), the
2585:"Backyard Birdwatching: The American Goldfinch"
1966:Unitt, Philip; Perretta, Nicole (Winter 2001).
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
986:seeds and taking flight, including slow motion.
751:, 11–14 cm (4.3–5.5 in) long, with a
551:, a group containing New World goldfinches and
2708:
2647:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 75.
2324:
2322:
2320:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1262:, which produce seedheads favored by finches.
475:during the breeding season to attract a mate.
2426:Ehrlich, P.R.; D.S. Dobkin; D. Wheye (1988).
1663:
1661:
8:
2166:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
1014:, which may destroy eggs or kill young, and
916:and stretches south across North America to
889:, and gardens. It may also be found in open
569:. Recent studies have resurrected the genus
2290:
2288:
2286:
2193:. Terrey Hills, Sydney: Reed. p. 449.
2786:
2266:
2264:
2262:
337:
145:
121:
107:
20:
3244:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances
2644:Our life with birds: a nature trails book
2578:
2576:
2574:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1342:
3224:Least concern biota of the United States
2725:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2641:Tveten, John L.; Tveten, Gloria (2004).
1961:
1959:
834:sound. The young begin to use a call of
1595:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1525:. BayScience Foundation. Archived from
1306:
1090:The clutch is four to six bluish-white
2147:
2145:
2143:
1927:
1925:
1581:
1579:
1564:from the original on 23 September 2015
1314:
1312:
1310:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
7:
3219:Least concern biota of North America
2170:from the original on 8 February 2008
1242:attract it using feeders containing
962:Male (left) and female (right) at a
3199:IUCN Red List least concern species
2128:from the original on 1 January 2008
1940:. State of Michigan. Archived from
1453:from the original on 21 August 2011
1330:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
783:The American goldfinch undergoes a
547:. It was later placed in the genus
2559:from the original on 24 April 2014
2479:from the original on 24 April 2014
2438:from the original on 11 April 2016
1786:from the original on 23 April 2008
1688:from the original on 30 April 2016
1646:from the original on 27 April 2012
747:The American goldfinch is a small
499:and produces one brood each year.
459:, the American goldfinch displays
14:
2518:from the original on 1 April 2017
2498:Hauber, Mark E. (1 August 2014).
1932:Department of Natural Resources.
1632:The Birds of North America Online
1494:from the original on 4 March 2016
1441:: Laurentii Salvii. p. 320.
1409:from the original on 4 March 2016
776:from the seed heads of thistles,
2780:American goldfinch photo gallery
2753:
2741:
2707:
2661:from the original on 3 June 2013
2413:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01257.x
1513:Stang, David (28 January 2008).
920:on the east coast, and northern
573:. Its closest relatives are the
540:, where he classified it in the
170:
1319:BirdLife International (2016).
514:areas, which are its preferred
1865:Chipper Woods Bird Observatory
1782:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1674:. Capstone Press. p. 13.
1282:The American goldfinch is the
1:
2011:10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80075-6
1908:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.05.018
1365:Dwight, Jonathan Jr. (1902).
1246:, or by planting grasses and
448:to Mexico during the winter.
444:, and from just south of the
346:Approximate distribution map
2782:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2546:Journal of Field Ornithology
2152:Dewey, T.; Roof, J. (2007).
1671:Washington Facts and Symbols
1153:The American goldfinch is a
1149:Feeding from sunflower heads
478:The American goldfinch is a
417:) is a small North American
3234:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2537:Middleton, Alex L. (1991).
2457:Middleton, Alex L. (1977).
2048:. New York: Knopf. p.
656:. The summer range is from
617:of the American goldfinch:
446:Canada–United States border
3265:
3214:Birds of the United States
2767:"American goldfinch media"
2370:10.3727/015613887791918088
1159:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1030:The American goldfinch is
559:was merged into the genus
2276:29 September 2018 at the
1668:McAuliffe, Emily (2003).
1558:Words by William Whitaker
1157:feeder. According to the
712:Baja California Peninsula
375:
368:
345:
336:
310:
305:
282:
275:
167:Scientific classification
165:
143:
134:
129:
120:
115:
106:
23:
2772:Internet Bird Collection
2428:"Precocial and Atricial"
2245:National Geographic Kids
1337:: e.T22720407A94669207.
1234:Relationship with humans
946:in the 19th century and
885:, as well as roadsides,
862:Distribution and habitat
463:: the male is a vibrant
30:Late Pleistocene–present
3229:Birds described in 1758
1741:Clement, Peter (1999).
897:woodlands and areas of
873:American goldfinch call
3209:Birds of North America
2703:
2683:Listen to this article
2189:Long, John L. (1981).
1150:
1142:
1071:
987:
966:
874:
744:
736:
681:northwestern goldfinch
455:to undergo a complete
451:The only finch in its
3239:Symbols of New Jersey
3117:Paleobiology Database
2702:
2295:Sullivan, J. (1980).
1934:"American Goldfinch (
1519:(American Goldfinch)"
1148:
1140:
1123:brown-headed cowbirds
1069:
981:
961:
872:
742:
734:
706:) occurs west of the
530:in the landmark 1758
467:in the summer and an
398:(Linnaeus, 1758)
390:(Linnaeus, 1758)
2750:at Wikimedia Commons
2734:More spoken articles
2622:on 27 September 2006
2614:Droege, Sam (2000).
2241:"American Goldfinch"
2221:on 21 September 2021
2215:"American Goldfinch"
2163:Animal Diversity Web
2110:"American Goldfinch
1861:"American Goldfinch"
1828:Hinterland Who's Who
1824:"American Goldfinch"
1776:"American Goldfinch"
1743:Finches and Sparrows
1716:Georgia Wildlife Web
1624:"American Goldfinch
1369:Astragalinus tristis
998:. Predators include
780:, and other plants.
743:Non-breeding plumage
609:'; the species name
583:Lawrence's goldfinch
387:Astragalinus tristis
2405:2006Ethol.112.1008R
2331:The Wilson Bulletin
1978:on 19 December 2007
1944:on 24 December 2007
1548:Whitaker, William.
832:tee-tee-tee-tee-tee
826:. While the female
641:and central Mexico.
461:sexual dichromatism
432:, ranging from mid-
382:Linnaeus, 1758
137:Conservation status
2966:american-goldfinch
2748:American goldfinch
2704:
1834:on 17 January 2008
1151:
1143:
1072:
988:
967:
875:
745:
737:
676:, south to Mexico.
633:, and east to the
591:European goldfinch
510:also creates open
409:American goldfinch
363: Non-breeding
24:American goldfinch
3186:
3185:
3147:Fringilla tristis
3104:Open Tree of Life
2855:Carduelis_tristis
2792:Taxon identifiers
2760:Carduelis tristis
2746:Media related to
2700:
2654:978-1-58544-380-2
2589:Garden and Hearth
2511:978-0-226-05781-1
2432:Birds of Stanford
2399:(10): 1008–1019.
2310:978-0-226-77993-5
2200:978-0-589-50260-7
2156:Carduelis tristis
2112:Carduelis tristis
2087:978-1-954228-00-9
2059:978-0-394-46651-4
1936:Carduelis tristis
1892:Carduelis tristis
1752:978-0-691-04878-9
1710:Carduelis tristis
1681:978-0-7368-2277-0
1626:Carduelis tristis
1591:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1589:Carduelis tristis
1529:on 8 January 2008
1517:Carduelis tristis
1429:Linnaeus, Carolus
1197:, sunflower, and
1105:, the chicks are
979:
870:
820:tsee-tsi-tsi-tsit
790:sexual dimorphism
689:Cascade Mountains
623:eastern goldfinch
405:
404:
395:Carduelis tristis
379:Fringilla tristis
160:
3256:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3044:NHMSYS0021275271
3034:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2870:
2868:C9ABA616B963B563
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2787:
2776:
2758:Data related to
2757:
2745:
2724:
2722:
2711:
2710:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2591:. Archived from
2580:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2292:
2281:
2268:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2047:
2034:
2023:
2022:
1999:Animal Behaviour
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1974:. Archived from
1963:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1896:Animal Behaviour
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1819:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1772:
1757:
1756:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1375:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1316:
1248:perennial plants
980:
899:secondary growth
871:
704:S. t. salicamans
700:willow goldfinch
658:British Columbia
597:is derived from
575:lesser goldfinch
399:
391:
383:
362:
357: Year-round
356:
350:
341:
329:S. t. salicamans
288:
175:
174:
154:
149:
148:
125:
111:
101:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3249:Symbols of Iowa
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3089:
3081:
3078:Observation.org
3076:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2794:
2765:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2715:This audio file
2712:
2705:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2655:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2583:Hollis, Elece.
2582:
2581:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:(62): 200–203.
2541:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:(94): 304–307.
2461:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2328:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2294:
2293:
2284:
2278:Wayback Machine
2269:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2107:
2106:
2095:
2088:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2038:Terres, John K.
2036:
2035:
2026:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1821:
1820:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1780:All About Birds
1774:
1773:
1760:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1523:The Zipcode Zoo
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1434:Systema Naturae
1427:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1392:10.2307/4069307
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1280:
1236:
1220:
1135:
1049:
1028:
969:
956:
866:
864:
842:shortly before
729:
720:Colorado Desert
537:Systema Naturae
524:
442:breeding season
397:
389:
381:
364:
360:
358:
354:
352:
348:
301:
290:
284:
271:
268:S. tristis
169:
161:
150:
146:
139:
102:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Spinus (genus)
3201:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3167:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:Spinus-tristis
3126:
3113:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2898:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2846:
2835:
2830:Spinus tristis
2820:
2804:
2802:
2800:Spinus tristis
2796:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2763:
2762:at Wikispecies
2751:
2727:
2713:
2706:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:External links
2675:
2673:
2672:
2653:
2633:
2606:
2595:on 29 May 2007
2570:
2529:
2510:
2490:
2449:
2418:
2383:
2348:
2316:
2309:
2282:
2258:
2232:
2206:
2199:
2181:
2139:
2124:(1): 447–466.
2093:
2086:
2065:
2058:
2024:
2005:(3): 887–897.
1989:
1955:
1921:
1902:(3): 653–660.
1882:
1871:on 13 May 2008
1845:
1797:
1758:
1751:
1733:
1722:on 3 July 2009
1699:
1680:
1657:
1640:10.2173/bna.80
1607:
1575:
1540:
1505:
1464:
1420:
1386:(2): 149–164.
1357:
1323:Spinus tristis
1305:
1303:
1300:
1279:
1276:
1235:
1232:
1219:
1216:
1134:
1131:
1083:, thistle, or
1048:
1045:
1027:
1024:
964:thistle feeder
955:
952:
918:North Carolina
910:breeding range
863:
860:
824:per-chic-o-ree
728:
725:
724:
723:
696:
693:S. t. pallidus
677:
650:S. t. pallidus
646:pale goldfinch
642:
523:
520:
438:North Carolina
414:Spinus tristis
403:
402:
401:
400:
392:
384:
373:
372:
366:
365:
359:
353:
351: Breeding
347:
343:
342:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
321:
319:S. t. pallidus
316:
308:
307:
303:
302:
291:
286:Spinus tristis
280:
279:
273:
272:
265:
263:
259:
258:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
163:
162:
144:
141:
140:
135:
132:
131:
127:
126:
118:
117:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3261:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2716:
2676:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2634:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:Bird Behavior
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2337:(1): 89–109.
2336:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:Parnell, Marc
2069:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:Hayakawa, E.
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1260:globe thistle
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1228:IUCN Red List
1225:
1224:least concern
1217:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:alarm calling
992:
985:
965:
960:
953:
951:
949:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
808:
806:
801:
798:
793:
791:
786:
781:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
741:
733:
726:
721:
717:
716:Mojave Desert
713:
709:
708:Sierra Nevada
705:
701:
697:
694:
690:
686:
685:S. t. jewetti
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:S. t. tristis
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:S. t. tristis
624:
620:
619:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
538:
534:of his work,
533:
529:
528:Carl Linnaeus
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
508:Deforestation
505:
500:
498:
493:
492:territorially
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
396:
393:
388:
385:
380:
377:
376:
374:
371:
367:
344:
340:
335:
330:
327:
325:
324:S. t. jewetti
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:S. t. tristis
312:
311:
309:
304:
299:
295:
289:
287:
281:
278:
277:Binomial name
274:
270:
269:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:Passeriformes
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
164:
158:
153:
152:Least Concern
142:
138:
133:
128:
124:
119:
114:
110:
105:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3146:
2799:
2770:
2663:. Retrieved
2643:
2636:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:the original
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2588:
2561:. Retrieved
2549:
2545:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2500:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2469:
2465:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2431:
2421:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2364:(2): 73–77.
2361:
2357:
2351:
2334:
2330:
2296:
2249:. Retrieved
2247:. 8 May 2017
2244:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2209:
2190:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2161:
2155:
2130:. Retrieved
2121:
2117:
2111:
2077:
2068:
2043:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:the original
1971:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1935:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:the original
1864:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1827:
1788:. Retrieved
1779:
1742:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1715:
1709:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1670:
1648:. Retrieved
1631:
1625:
1598:. Retrieved
1588:
1566:. Retrieved
1557:
1551:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:the original
1522:
1516:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1484:
1480:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1437:(in Latin).
1433:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1383:
1377:
1368:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1334:
1328:
1322:
1281:
1264:
1237:
1226:on the 2016
1221:
1207:
1152:
1120:
1115:regurgitated
1100:
1089:
1073:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1029:
993:
989:
941:
934:
926:Marc Parnell
914:Saskatchewan
907:
883:flood plains
876:
855:
847:
839:
835:
831:
823:
819:
813:
809:
794:
782:
746:
703:
699:
692:
684:
680:
668:and west to
653:
649:
645:
626:
622:
610:
598:
594:
587:S. lawrencei
586:
578:
570:
560:
556:
548:
544:
535:
532:10th edition
525:
504:bird feeders
501:
477:
450:
413:
412:
408:
406:
394:
386:
378:
328:
323:
318:
313:
285:
283:
267:
266:
254:
234:Fringillidae
18:
3065:Neotropical
3026:NatureServe
2974:iNaturalist
2824:Wikispecies
1413:22 February
1350:11 November
1274:goldfinch.
1268:neotropical
1163:granivorous
908:The summer
881:, meadows,
727:Description
664:, south to
660:to western
579:S. psaltria
555:. In 1976,
440:during the
306:Subspecies
244:Carduelinae
240:Subfamily:
3193:Categories
3130:Xeno-canto
2730:Audio help
2721:2009-04-13
2626:4 February
2599:4 February
2563:4 February
2483:4 February
2442:4 February
2174:4 February
2132:4 February
1982:4 February
1972:Wrendering
1948:4 February
1875:4 February
1838:4 February
1790:4 February
1726:4 February
1692:23 October
1650:4 February
1600:4 February
1568:4 February
1533:4 February
1498:4 February
1457:4 February
1302:References
1296:Washington
1292:New Jersey
1284:state bird
1278:State bird
1254:, cosmos,
1250:, such as
1244:niger seed
1203:Niger seed
1195:goatsbeard
1103:passerines
1077:spiderwebs
1053:sedge wren
1032:gregarious
984:coneflower
922:California
797:carotenoid
778:sunflowers
757:wing chord
674:California
615:subspecies
605:word for '
497:monogamous
3162:Q28530187
2815:Q27075861
2522:5 October
2378:0156-1383
2343:0043-5643
1447:174638949
1179:dandelion
1127:nutrition
1107:altricial
1035:in loose
1026:Sociality
1012:blue jays
1008:squirrels
891:deciduous
852:predators
840:chick-wee
836:chick-kee
828:incubates
635:Carolinas
595:Carduelis
562:Carduelis
545:Fringilla
480:granivore
453:subfamily
430:migratory
262:Species:
190:Kingdom:
184:Eukaryota
3156:Wikidata
3031:2.105854
3018:22720407
2992:11164375
2943:45510354
2881:22720407
2876:BirdLife
2809:Wikidata
2732: ·
2659:Archived
2554:Archived
2516:Archived
2474:Archived
2436:Archived
2393:Ethology
2274:Archived
2168:Archived
2126:Archived
2076:(2021).
2040:(1980).
2019:53174480
1916:45919907
1784:Archived
1686:Archived
1644:Archived
1562:Archived
1489:Archived
1451:Archived
1431:(1758).
1404:Archived
1271:migrants
1256:bee balm
1081:milkweed
1047:Breeding
1037:colonies
954:Behavior
895:riparian
887:orchards
854:, and a
844:fledging
800:pigments
753:wingspan
718:and the
666:Colorado
631:Colorado
567:subgenus
522:Taxonomy
428:. It is
370:Synonyms
294:Linnaeus
230:Family:
204:Chordata
200:Phylum:
194:Animalia
180:Domain:
157:IUCN 3.1
3176:9742542
3096:1484340
2956:5231640
2863:Avibase
2719: (
2690:minutes
2401:Bibcode
2225:30 June
1552:Tristis
1481:The Auk
1439:Holmiae
1400:4069307
1379:The Auk
1252:zinnias
1240:birders
1211:catkins
1187:mullein
1183:ragweed
1167:protein
1155:diurnal
1141:Feeding
1133:Feeding
1085:cattail
1004:weasels
982:Eating
944:Bermuda
937:feeders
903:habitat
901:. This
856:bearbee
714:to the
662:Ontario
639:Florida
611:tristis
607:thistle
599:carduus
553:siskins
516:habitat
484:adapted
473:plumage
434:Alberta
421:in the
250:Genus:
220:Order:
210:Class:
155: (
130:Female
96:↓
3122:368390
3109:559260
3070:amegfi
3005:179249
2979:145310
2963:GNAB:
2930:amegfi
2904:amegfi
2894:745830
2843:amegol
2665:17 May
2651:
2508:
2376:
2341:
2307:
2251:20 May
2197:
2084:
2056:
2017:
1914:
1749:
1678:
1634:(80).
1445:
1398:
1218:Status
1191:cosmos
1175:teasel
1169:. Its
1096:peanut
1010:, and
1000:snakes
948:Tahiti
930:flocks
879:fields
769:tarsus
765:culmen
735:Female
670:Oregon
601:, the
571:Spinus
557:Spinus
549:Spinus
512:meadow
465:yellow
426:family
361:
355:
349:
255:Spinus
3083:78303
3057:54773
2987:IRMNG
2925:eBird
2917:4Z662
2901:BOW:
2557:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2477:(PDF)
2462:(PDF)
2015:S2CID
1912:S2CID
1492:(PDF)
1487:(4).
1477:(PDF)
1407:(PDF)
1396:JSTOR
1374:(PDF)
1258:, or
1199:alder
1016:hawks
848:sweet
774:seeds
749:finch
603:Latin
565:as a
542:genus
469:olive
423:finch
116:Male
3171:GBIF
3091:OBIS
3052:NCBI
3013:IUCN
3000:ITIS
2951:GBIF
2889:BOLD
2667:2011
2649:ISBN
2628:2008
2601:2008
2565:2008
2524:2018
2506:ISBN
2485:2008
2444:2008
2374:ISSN
2339:ISSN
2305:ISBN
2253:2021
2227:2023
2195:ISBN
2176:2008
2134:2008
2082:ISBN
2054:ISBN
1984:2008
1950:2008
1877:2008
1840:2008
1792:2008
1747:ISBN
1728:2008
1694:2015
1676:ISBN
1652:2008
1602:2008
1570:2008
1535:2008
1500:2008
1459:2008
1443:OCLC
1415:2013
1352:2021
1335:2016
1290:and
1288:Iowa
1171:diet
1111:down
1092:eggs
1070:Nest
1020:cats
1018:and
893:and
816:song
814:The
805:buff
785:molt
761:tail
698:The
679:The
644:The
621:The
488:beak
482:and
457:molt
419:bird
407:The
298:1758
214:Aves
35:PreꞒ
3039:NBN
2938:EoL
2912:CoL
2850:ADW
2839:ABA
2466:Auk
2409:doi
2397:112
2366:doi
2301:207
2122:237
2050:329
2007:doi
1904:doi
1894:".
1636:doi
1388:doi
1339:doi
1286:of
838:or
581:),
436:to
3195::
3173::
3158::
3132::
3119::
3106::
3093::
3080::
3067::
3054::
3041::
3028::
3015::
3002::
2989::
2976::
2953::
2940::
2927::
2914::
2891::
2878::
2865::
2852::
2841::
2826::
2811::
2769:.
2688:19
2657:.
2587:.
2573:^
2548:.
2544:.
2514:.
2468:.
2464:.
2434:.
2430:.
2407:.
2395:.
2372:.
2360:.
2335:79
2333:.
2319:^
2303:.
2285:^
2261:^
2243:.
2160:.
2142:^
2120:.
2116:.
2096:^
2052:.
2027:^
2013:.
2003:34
2001:.
1970:.
1958:^
1938:)"
1924:^
1910:.
1900:69
1898:.
1863:.
1848:^
1826:.
1800:^
1778:.
1761:^
1714:.
1684:.
1660:^
1642:.
1630:.
1610:^
1593:.
1578:^
1560:.
1556:.
1521:.
1485:93
1483:.
1479:.
1449:.
1402:.
1394:.
1384:19
1382:.
1376:.
1371:)"
1333:.
1327:.
1309:^
1230:.
1193:,
1189:,
1185:,
1181:,
1177:,
1006:,
1002:,
518:.
296:,
85:Pg
2775:.
2736:)
2728:(
2723:)
2692:)
2685:(
2669:.
2630:.
2603:.
2567:.
2550:2
2526:.
2487:.
2470:2
2446:.
2415:.
2411::
2403::
2380:.
2368::
2362:7
2345:.
2313:.
2255:.
2229:.
2203:.
2178:.
2158:"
2154:"
2136:.
2114:"
2090:.
2062:.
2021:.
2009::
1986:.
1952:.
1918:.
1906::
1879:.
1842:.
1794:.
1755:.
1730:.
1712:"
1708:"
1696:.
1654:.
1638::
1628:"
1604:.
1587:"
1572:.
1554:"
1550:"
1537:.
1515:"
1502:.
1461:.
1417:.
1390::
1354:.
1341::
1325:"
1321:"
702:(
695:.
683:(
648:(
625:(
585:(
577:(
411:(
300:)
292:(
159:)
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
