American paddlefish - Knowledge (XXG)

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electroreceptors for detecting prey. However, the rostrum is not their only means of food detection. Some reports suggest a damaged rostrum would render American paddlefish less capable of foraging efficiently to maintain good health, but laboratory experiments and field research indicate otherwise. As well as electroreceptors on the rostrum, American paddlefish have sensory pores covering nearly half of the skin surface extending from the rostrum to the top of the head down to the tips of the operculum flaps. Studies have indicated that American paddlefish with damaged or abbreviated rostrums are still able to forage and maintain good health.

102: 1008: 4369: 864: 1334: 4375: 1399:. During this initial stage of development, which usually lasts a few weeks, veligers are able to swim freely in the water column with other microscopic animals comprising zooplankton. Veligers are poor swimmers, making them susceptible to predation by any animal that feeds on zooplankton. However, natural predation of zebra mussels at any stage of development has not made a significant contribution to the long-term reduction of zebra mussel populations. 168: 297: 1084: 126: 665: 993: 1132:, a relatively unaltered section of their historic range. Reports of free ranging adults captured by gill nets have since been documented in Pennsylvania and New York, but there is no evidence of natural reproduction. They are currently found in 22 states in the US, and are protected under state and federal laws. There are 13 states that allow commercial or sport fishing for American paddlefish. 1260: 872: 1251:, a blend of the two names. The offspring had a survival rate of 62–74% and on average reached 1 kg (2.2 lb) after a year of growth. This was the first time such fish from different families were successfully crossbred. Their last common ancestor is estimated to have lived 140 million years ago. 1283:

utilization. Reproduction was successful in 1988 and 1989, and resulted in the exportation of juveniles to Romania and Hungary. American paddlefish are now being raised in Ukraine, Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, and the Plovdiv and Vidin regions in Bulgaria. In May 2006, specimens of different

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American paddlefish are highly mobile and well adapted to living in rivers. They inhabit many types of riverine habitats throughout much of the Mississippi Valley and adjacent Gulf slope drainages. They occur most frequently in deeper, low current areas such as side channels, oxbows, backwater lakes,

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on January 24, 2003. From 2006 to 2008, scientists conducted surveys in an effort to locate the fish. They used several boats, deployed 4,762 setlines, 111 anchored setlines and 950 drift nets covering 488 km (303 mi) on the upper Yangtze River, most of which lies within the protected area

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assessment. The assessment concluded that "an overall population size reduction of at least 30% may occur within the next 10 years or three generations due to actual or potential levels of exploitation and the effects of introduced taxa, pollutants, competitors or parasites." American paddlefish are

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are around 5–6 in (13–15 cm) long. Their rate of growth is variable and highly dependent on food abundance. Higher growth rates occur in areas where food is not limited. The feeding behavior of fingerlings is quite different from that of older juveniles and adults. They capture individual

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American paddlefish begin their upstream spawning migration sometime during early spring; some begin in late fall. They spawn on silt-free gravel bars that would otherwise be exposed to air or covered by very shallow water were it not for the rises in the river from snow melt and annual spring rains

1210:, a relatively quick surgical method of extracting eggs through a 4 in (10 cm) abdominal incision which, though considered faster than hand stripping, can involve time-consuming suturing and an incision resulting in muscular stress and poor suture retention which lowers survival rate; and; 1074:

on approach, followed by an intercept maneuver to capture the selected prey. By late September fingerlings have developed into juveniles, and are around 10–12 in (25–30 cm) long. After the 1st year their growth rate slows and is highly variable. Studies indicate that by age 5 their growth

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nymphs. Their electroreceptors can detect weak electrical fields that signal not only the presence of zooplankton, but also the individual feeding and swimming movements of zooplankton appendages. When a swarm of zooplankton is detected, the paddlefish swims forward continuously with its mouth wide

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season, a popular sport fishing activity in certain parts of the U.S. The dentary is removed from the lower jawbone, cleaned of any remaining soft tissue, and cross-sectioned to expose the annual rings. The dentary rings are counted in much the same way a tree is aged. Dentary studies suggest that

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American paddlefish are among the largest and longest-lived freshwater fishes in North America. They have a shark-like body, average 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length, weigh 27 kg (60 lb), and can live in excess of thirty years. For most populations the median age is five to eight years

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over the course of three to four days. Milt is collected by inserting a short plastic tube with syringe attached into the urogenital opening of the male and applying light suction with the syringe to draw the milt. The collected milt is diluted in water just prior to adding it to the eggs and the

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until they are seven to ten years old, some as late as sixteen to eighteen years old. Females do not spawn every year; rather they spawn every second or third year. Males spawn more frequently, usually every year or every other year beginning around age seven, some as late as nine or ten years of

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American paddlefish have small undeveloped eyes that are directed laterally. Unlike most fishes, American paddlefish hardly respond to overhead shadows or changes in illumination. Electroreception appears to have largely replaced vision as a primary sensory modality, which indicates a reliance on

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which occurs in spring triggers biological and behavioral processes that are dependent on increasing day length; and there must be a proper rise and flow in the river before a successful spawn can occur. Historically, American paddlefish did not spawn every year because the precise environmental

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Scientists began to debate the function of the American paddlefish's rostrum when the species was described in the late 1700s. They had once believed it was used to excavate bottom substrate or functioned as a balancing mechanism and navigational aid. However, laboratory experiments in 1993 that

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MIST (minimally invasive surgical technique), which is the fastest of the three procedures because it requires less handling of the fish and eliminates the need for suturing. A small internal incision is made in the dorsal area of the oviduct, which allows direct stripping of eggs from the body

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sturgeon caviar from the Caspian Sea. Several cases of mislabeled American paddlefish roe sold as Caspian Sea caviar have been prosecuted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. State and federal regulations restricting the harvest of American paddlefish populations in the wild, and the illegal

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The official state record in Kansas is an American paddlefish snagged in 2004 that weighed 144 lb (65 kg). In Montana, an American paddlefish was snagged in 1973 weighing 142.5 lb (64.6 kg). In North Dakota, one snagged in 2024 weighed 131 lb (59 kg). The largest

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where their populations are sufficient to allow such activity. Areas where there are no self-sustaining populations rely on state and federal restocking programs to maintain a viable fishery. A 2009 report includes the following states as allowing American paddlefish sport fishing per their

999: 997: 994: 998: 802:; last recorded 2003), and the single extant species, the American paddlefish, native to the Mississippi River Basin in the United States. DNA sequences suggest the Chinese and American paddlefishes diverged about 68 million years ago. The oldest fossils of paddlefish belonging to 1172:

that became the catalyst for further development of culture techniques for aquaculture in the United States. Artificial propagation requires broodstock which, because of the late sexual maturation of American paddlefish, are initially obtained from the wild and brought into a

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that cause flooding. Although availability of preferred spawning habitat is essential, there are three precise environmental events that must occur before American paddlefish will spawn. The water temperature must be from 55 to 60 °F (13 to 16 °C); the lengthened

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The primary reasons for the decline of the now-extinct Chinese paddlefish are similar to those of American paddlefish, which include overfishing, the construction of dams, and destruction of habitat. The last confirmed sighting of a live Chinese paddlefish was from the

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trafficking of their roe, are strictly enforced. Related violations such as the illegal transport of American paddlefish roe have resulted in convictions with substantial fines and prison sentences. American paddlefish are also protected under Appendix II of the

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respective state and federal regulations: Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota and Tennessee. Since American paddlefish are filter-feeders, they will not take bait or

1146: 1430:, limiting U.S. sources of caviar. The most sought-after caviar is produced by sturgeons in the Northern Caspian Sea, but overfishing and poaching have exhausted the supply. American sturgeon and paddlefish populations were targeted as likely substitutes. 1193:; rather, they open dorsally into the body cavity. To determine the status of progression toward maturation, ova staging is performed. The process begins with a minor procedure that involves a small abdominal incision from which to extract a few sample 980:

open, forcing water over the gill rakers to filter out prey. Such feeding behavior is considered ram suspension-feeding. Further research has indicated that the electroreceptor of the paddlefish may serve as a navigational aid for obstacle avoidance.

1052:. Fertilization occurs externally. The eggs become sticky after they are released into the water and will attach to the bottom substrate. Incubation varies depending on water temperature, but in 60 °F (16 °C) water the eggs will hatch into 1115:

rivers of the southeast. They were extirpated from New York, Maryland and Pennsylvania, as well as from much of their peripheral range in the Great Lakes region, including Lake Huron and Lake Helen in Canada. In 1991, Pennsylvania implemented a

831:, a Greek compound word meaning "many toothed". Adult American paddlefish are actually toothless, although numerous small teeth less than 1 mm (0.039 in) were found in a juvenile paddlefish measuring 630 mm (25 in). The name 1355:

filter-feeding pelagic fish that require large, free-flowing rivers with braided channels, backwater areas, oxbow lakes that are rich in zooplankton, and gravel bars for spawning. Series of dams on rivers such as those constructed on the

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or wing dykes have caused the narrowing of rivers and altered flow, destroying crucial spawning and nursery habitat. As a result, most impounded populations are not self-sustaining and must be stocked to maintain a viable sport fishery.

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that fed on small fishes and crustaceans. Some distinct morphological differences of Chinese paddlefish include a narrower, sword-like rostrum, and a protrusible mouth. They also had fewer, thicker gill rakers than American paddlefish.

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Murray, Alison M.; Brinkman, Donald B.; DeMar, David G.; Wilson, Gregory P. (March 3, 2020). "Paddlefish and sturgeon (Chondrostei: Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae and Acipenseridae) from lower Paleocene deposits of Montana, U.S.A.".

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Zhang, Hui; Jarić, Ivan; Roberts, David L.; He, Yongfeng; Du, Hao; Wu, Jinming; Wang, Chengyou; Wei, Qiwei (2020). "Extinction of one of the world's largest freshwater fishes: Lessons for conserving the endangered Yangtze fauna".

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Petri ArPetri Artedi sueci genera Piscium in quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum diffentiis, observationibus plumiris. Redactis Speciebus 2. Ichthyologiae,

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million fertilized eggs and larvae every year from hatcheries in Russia and the United States. Some American paddlefish are polycultured in carp ponds and sold to restaurants while others are cultured for brood stock and

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has characteristics adapted specifically for filter feeding, including the jaw, gill arches, and cranium. The gill rakers of American paddlefish are composed of extensive comb-like filaments believed to have inspired the

3386: 1197:. The oocytes are boiled in water for a few minutes until the yolk is hardened, and then they are cut in half to expose the nucleus. The exposed nucleus is examined under a microscope to determine stage of maturity. 3207:

Káldy, Jenő; Mozsár, Attila; Fazekas, Gyöngyvér; Farkas, Móni; Fazekas, Dorottya Lilla; Fazekas, Georgina Lea; Goda, Katalin; Gyöngy, Zsuzsanna; Kovács, Balázs; Semmens, Kenneth; Bercsényi, Miklós (July 6, 2020).

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as with the long snouts of other fish. Other distinguishing characteristics include a deeply forked heterocercal caudal fin and dull coloration, often with mottling, ranging from bluish gray to black

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Daniel P. Molloy; Alexander Y. Karatayev; Lyubov E. Burlakova; Dina P. Kurandina; Franck Laruelle (1997). "Natural Enemies of Zebra Mussels – Predators, Parasites, and Ecological Competitors".

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American paddlefish populations have declined dramatically, primarily as a result of overfishing and habitat destruction. In 2004 they were listed as Vulnerable (VU A3de ver 3.1) on the

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Imogen A. Hurley; Rachel Lockridge Mueller; Katherine A. Dunn; Eric J. Schmidt; Matt Friedman; Robert K. Ho; Victoria E. Prince; Ziheng Yang; Mark G. Thomas; Michael I. Coates (February 2007).

1124:-reared American paddlefish in an effort to establish self-sustaining populations in the upper Ohio and lower Allegheny rivers. In 1998, New York initiated a stocking program upstream in the 2694: 4361: 1781: 1443: 1468:

equipment to monitor sounds in the water, but were unable to confirm the presence of paddlefish. The species is believed to have gone extinct before 2005 and no later than 2010. The

995: 3210:"Hybridization of Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Brandt and Ratzeberg, 1833) and American Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula, Walbaum 1792) and Evaluation of Their Progeny" 1235:, therefore if incubation is to take place in a flow-through hatching jar, the eggs must be treated to prevent clumping. Incubation usually takes anywhere from five to twelve days. 3565: 794:

The family Polyodontidae comprises six known species: three fossil species from western North America, one fossil species from China, one recently extinct species from China (the

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have established conclusively that the rostrum of American paddlefish is covered with tens of thousands of sensory receptors. These receptors are morphologically similar to the

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Alexander B. Neiman; David F. Russell; Xing Pei; Winfried Wojtenek; Jennifer Twitty; Enrico Simonotto; Barbara A. Wettring; Eva Wagner; Lon A. Wilkens; Frank Moss (2000).

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Peng, Z.; Ludwig, A.; Wang, D.; Diogo, R.; Wei, Q.; He, S. (March 2007). "Age and biogeography of major clades in sturgeons and paddlefishes (Pisces: Acipenseriformes)".

3160:"Technical Notes: Effectiveness of the Minimally Invasive Surgical Technique (MIST) for Removal of Ovulated Eggs from First-Time and Second-Time MIST-Spawned Paddlefish" 2227: 1672: 1181:

hormone to stimulate spawning. The number of eggs a female may produce depends on the size of the fish and can range anywhere from 70,000 to 300,000 eggs. Unlike most

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has been a contributing factor to declining populations of American paddlefish in the states where they are commercially exploited, particularly while the demand for

775:, because of morphological characteristics that they retain from some of their early fossil ancestors. These characteristics include a skeleton composed primarily of 3604: 3573: 1168:

during the early 1960s, and focused primarily on maintenance of the sport fishery. However, it was the growing importance of American paddlefish for their meat and

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In 1988, fertilized American paddlefish eggs and larvae from Missouri hatcheries were first introduced into China. Since that time, China imports approximately 4.5

3024: 1469: 912:, American paddlefish have no rostrum. It begins to form shortly after hatching. The rostrum is an extension of the cranium, not of the upper and lower jaws or 875: 5206: 5103: 1379:

infestations in the Mississippi River, Great Lakes and other Midwest rivers are also negatively affecting American paddlefish populations. Zebra mussels are an

5221: 904:, a large mouth, and a flat, paddle-shaped rostrum that measures approximately one-third of their body length. During the initial stages of development from 1647: 2951:

David G. Argent; William G. Kimmel; Rick Lorson; Paul McKeown; Doug M. Carlson; Mike Clancy (December 2009). Craig P. Paukert; George D. Scholten (eds.).

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Young American paddlefish are poor swimmers which makes them susceptible to predation. Therefore, rapid first-year growth is important to their survival.

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references the elongated, paddle-shaped snout or rostrum. Compared to Chinese paddlefish and fossil genera, American paddlefish (and the fossil relative

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drainage basin. American paddlefish are currently found in twenty-two states in the U.S., and are protected under state, federal and international laws.

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and once moved freely under the relatively unaltered conditions that existed prior to the early 1900s. It commonly inhabited large, free-flowing rivers,

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American paddlefish are smooth-skinned and almost entirely cartilaginous. Their eyes are small and directed laterally. They have a large, tapering

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rivers in the northwest to the Ohio and Allegheny rivers of the northeast; the headwaters of the Mississippi River south to its mouth, from the

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in Montana, dating to around 65 million years ago. An elongated rostrum is a morphological characteristic of Polyodontidae, but only the genus

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in about seven days. After hatching, the larval fish drift downstream into areas of low flow velocity where they forage on zooplankton.

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Once maturation is confirmed, one of three procedures is used to extract the eggs from a female paddlefish. The three procedures are:

2311: 1614: 101: 3122: 2952: 673: 246: 2196: 953:. Clusters of electroreceptors also cover the head and operculum flaps. The diet of the American paddlefish consists primarily of 5168: 5216: 3816: 3264:

Mirjana Lenhardt; A. Hegediš; B. Mićković; Željka Višnjić Jeftić; Marija Smederevac; I. Jarić; G. Cvijanović; Z. Gačić (2006).

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bayous, and tailwaters below dams. They have been observed to move more than 2,000 mi (3,200 km) in a river system.

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rate averages around 2 in (5.1 cm) per year depending on the abundance of food and other environmental influences.

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has priority as the specific name (and 'Walbaum, 1792' is the taxonomic authority to be cited). But Walbaum's generic name

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and Lake Helen in Canada until about 1917. American paddlefish populations have declined dramatically primarily because of

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Phillip W. Bettoli; Janice A. Kerns; George D. Scholten (December 2009). Craig P. Paukert; George D. Scholten (eds.).

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have impounded large populations of American paddlefish, and blocked their upstream migration to spawning shoals.

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began when five thousand hatched larvae from Missouri hatcheries in the United States were exported to the former

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Steven Mims; William L. Shelton; Richard J. Onders (December 2009). Craig P. Paukert; George D. Scholten (eds.).

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some individuals can live 60 years or longer, and that females typically live longer and grow larger than males.

167: 2310:. Texas National History Collection, a division of Texas Natural Science Center, University of Texas at Austin. 1636: 1391:

and zooplankton from the water, altering the availability of an important food source for paddlefish and native

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has also been a contributing factor to its decline and is liable to continue to be so as long as the demand for

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living groups of ray-finned fish. Fossil records of other paddlefish species date back 125 million years to the

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production. China has also exported American paddlefish to Cuba, where they are farmed for caviar production.

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combination is gently stirred for about a minute to achieve fertilization. Fertilized eggs are adhesive and

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river systems in western Pennsylvania. However, their current range has been reduced to the Mississippi and

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Distribution, Ecology, and Life History; Biology and Life History of Paddlefish in North America: An Update

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were crossbred with American paddlefish using sperm from four male paddlefish, resulting in hybrids called

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and recruitment. As filter feeders, zebra mussels rely on plankton and can filter significant amounts of

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of American paddlefish. In 1970, American paddlefish were stocked in several rivers in Europe and Asia.

549:. Its rostrum and cranium are covered with tens of thousands of sensory receptors for locating swarms of 5142: 4942: 4639: 2045: 934: 888:

and the maximum age is fourteen to eighteen years. The age of American paddlefish is best determined by

757: 704: 697: 502: 286: 269: 3630: 3512: 553:, its primary food source. The only other species of paddlefish that survived to modern times was the 5173: 4963: 4901: 4696: 4330: 3723: 3485: 2664: 2621: 2120: 2010: 1912: 815: 4296: 4286: 4256: 4035: 3680: 1350:. In 2022 the status category was changed to VU A2cd throughout their range as the result of a 1333: 863: 4758: 4504: 4323: 2808: 1515: 1446:(CITES) meaning international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated. 1125: 930: 696:(1788), which had suggested that paddlefish were a species of shark. When Lacépède established his 597: 115: 5095: 3908: 2857: 850:

American paddlefish, Chinese paddlefish were strong swimmers, grew larger, and were opportunistic

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of American paddlefish can be processed into caviar similar in taste, color, size and texture to

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resembling that of sharks, though it is not closely related. The American paddlefish is a highly

529:(snout), which extends nearly one-third its body length. It has been referred to as a freshwater 309: 304:

A range map of American paddlefish overlayed with a map of major rivers in the Mississippi basin

162: 130: 3986: 3919: 1395:. A few days after the fertilization of zebra mussel eggs, a microscopic larva emerges called a 1284:

sizes and weights were caught by professional fisherman near Prahovo in the Serbian part of the

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American paddlefish are endemic to the Mississippi River Basin, historically occurring from the

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Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Aquaculture, Fisheries, & Pond Management, Publication 437

5129: 4950: 4681: 4585: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4486: 4007: 3962: 3951: 3454: 3241: 3033: 2961: 2896: 2392: 2271: 2265: 2243: 2233: 2144: 2136: 2085: 1977: 1928: 1790: 1360: 1322: 1207: 1100: 1064: 1037: 641: 569: 526: 2482: 5134: 4767: 4621: 4594: 4567: 4522: 4420: 4051: 4021: 3675: 3493: 3284: 3231: 3221: 3174: 2852: 2629: 2353: 2342:"The paddlefish rostrum as an electrosensory organ: a novel adaptation for plankton feeding" 2128: 2018: 1967: 1959: 1920: 1754: 1673:"Extinct freshwater sharks that spawned in saltwater had been mistaken for separate species" 1510: 1380: 1244: 917: 901: 764: 753: 617: 613: 506: 498: 219: 5072: 1699:"COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the paddlefish Polyodon spathula in Canada" 296: 4906: 4749: 4630: 4068: 3074: 3002: 2937: 2659: 2433: 2303: 1831: 1472:

assessed the species as extinct in 2019, formally publishing this categorisation in 2022.

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Steven D. Mims; William L. Shelton; Forrest S. Wynne; Richard J. Onders (November 1999).

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Cecil A. Jennings; Steven J. Zigler (2009). Craig P. Paukert; George D. Scholten (eds.).

1603: 3489: 3133: 2971: 2625: 2124: 2014: 1916: 1083: 4740: 4716: 4648: 4531: 4337: 4236: 4209: 4178: 4130: 4116: 4093: 4079: 3977: 3801: 3776: 3236: 3209: 1972: 1947: 1465: 1356: 1096: 1029: 772: 768: 664: 649: 209: 3657: 1780:

Steven Mims; William L. Shelton (January 2005). Anita Kelly; Jeff Silverstein (eds.).

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the traditional hand-stripping method, considered to be time-consuming and laborious;

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Daniel McKinley (February 1984). "History of a Neglected Account of the Paddlefish,

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The American paddlefish is the sole surviving species in the paddlefish family, the

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Gene Helfman; Bruce B. Collette; Douglas E. Facey; Brian W. Bowen (April 3, 2009).

2084:. Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, US Geological Survey. Archived from 1580: 1376: 1314: 1276: 1248: 1223: 1049: 1016: 780: 741: 629: 542: 534: 483: 3711:

Study: 96 percent of vertebrates descended from common ancestor with 'sixth sense'

2402: 2022: 733:(Walbaum, 1792)' is the accepted full scientific name of the American paddlefish. 3513:"Why the Caviar-Producing American Paddlefish Is a Symbol of Luxury and Scarcity" 2538: 5160: 5090: 5028: 4886: 4457: 3876: 3854: 3828: 3785: 3746: 3096: 1924: 1427: 1280: 1268: 1259: 1164:

The artificial propagation of American paddlefish began with the efforts of the

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branches of American paddlefish and sturgeons are not directly attached to the

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Eschmeyer's catalog of fishes: genera, species, references: electronic version

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Advancements in biotechnology have created a global commercial market for the

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into the water over bare rocks or gravel at the same time males release their

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remains strong. Naturally occurring American paddlefish populations have been

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Freshwater Fishes of North America: Volume 1: Petromyzontidae to Catostomidae

2140: 1845: 4976: 4819: 4477: 4276: 4109: 1392: 1384: 1182: 909: 851: 824: 811: 776: 745: 722: 703:

he was unaware the species had already been described in 1792 by taxonomist

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Steven Mims; William L. Shelton; Richard J. Onders; Boris Gomelsky (2004).

2148: 1981: 1963: 1932: 1530: 4929: 3707: – documentary chronicling the biology and life history of paddlefish 3226: 1383:

well adapted for explosive population growth as a result of high rates of

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Rafinesque 1820 non Schoenherr 1833 nomen nudum non Robineau-Desvoidy 1827

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plankton one by one, which requires detection and location of individual

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lived roughly 140 million years ago. Together these families compose the

625: 621: 605: 491: 199: 74: 69: 54: 49: 39: 3289: 5020: 4603: 2105: 2103: 1766: 1704:. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. April 2008. 1456: 1438: 1415: 1396: 1186: 1070: 962: 889: 748:(family Acipenseridae); evidence from DNA sequences suggest that their 717: 89: 64: 5007: 3321:"Paddlefish Culture: Development Expanding Beyond U.S., Russia, China" 2773: 1063:

can grow about 1 in (2.5 cm) per week, and by late July the

5033: 4914: 4433: 3764: 1411: 1364: 1297: 1285: 1194: 1041: 976: 905: 609: 189: 4848: 3178: 3132:. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. pp. 1–5. Archived from 2954:

Paddlefish Restoration to the Upper Ohio and Allegheny River Systems

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125 million years ago. American paddlefish are often referred to as

4981: 2481:. Montana Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Archived from 5155: 2610:"Stochastic synchronization of electroreceptors in the paddlefish" 1258: 1190: 1178: 1006: 788: 530: 152: 146: 3539:"Seven Men Indicted for Alleged Trafficking of Paddlefish Caviar" 1422:

restricted imports of the highly sought after and most expensive

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studies, a process which usually occurs on fish harvested during

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in China and considered to have gone extinct no later than 2010.

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Shaw 1804 non Haworth 1821 non van Deventer 1904 non Mehely 1935

4968: 4852: 4392: 3757: 3719: 3715: 1169: 1157: 680:

for paddlefish, which today includes a single extant species,

580:

throughout the Mississippi River drainage basin, and adjacent

2697:. North Dakota Game and Fish Department. 2012. Archived from 1222:

A spermiating male indicates successful production of mature

1040:, also referred to as mass spawners or synchronous spawners. 1718:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. June 28, 2010. Archived from 1585:

Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris

545:

fish because it has evolved specialised adaptations such as

490:(Polyodontidae). This family is most closely related to the 3566:"Man Gets Prison Term in Paddlefish 'Caviar' Criminal Case" 2391:. Vol. 66. American Fisheries Society. pp. 1–22. 1087:

Map of the United States showing distribution of paddlefish

1015:

American paddlefish are long-lived, sexually late maturing

3417:

Missouri National Recreational River Zebra Mussel Bulletin

763:. Paddlefish have a long fossil record dating back to the 883:

Paddlefish ram suspension-feeding zooplankton in aquarium

3270:, Walbaum 1792) in the Serbian Part of the Danube River" 3093:

Louisiana Marine Education Resources, Classroom Projects

2535:

Louisiana Marine Education Resources, Classroom Projects

2267:

The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology

1952:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1444:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

2259: 2257: 1873:

Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Van der Laan, R. (2022).

1003:

Development of paddlefish from embryo to larval stage

616:

from most of their peripheral range, as well as from

4319: 4309: 4292: 4282: 4252: 4242: 4232: 4215: 4205: 4195: 4127: 4090: 4075: 4064: 3974: 3958: 3947: 3936: 3926: 3915: 3904: 3893: 3383:"Seeking paddlefish on the Missouri : Outdoors" 729:

is the valid name for this paddlefish genus. Hence '

4861: 4817: 4793: 4784: 4738: 4694: 4661: 4475: 4466: 4266: 4186: 4177: 4126: 4089: 4049: 3973: 3874: 3827: 3800: 3597:"Federal Authorities Step in to Protect Paddlefish" 2203:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2014. 2171:"Study declares ancient Chinese paddlefish extinct" 1464:. They did not catch a single fish. They also used 1128:above Kinzua Dam, and a second stocking in 2006 in 2573:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. May 16, 2001. 584:drainages. Its peripheral range extended into the 2302:Carla Hassan-Williams; Timothy H. Bonner (2007). 1565:. Grypeswaldiae : Ant. Ferdin. Rose. p. 522. 1226:which results in the release of large volumes of 3358:"Mandan angler snags record-breaking paddlefish" 3266:"First Record of the North American Paddlefish ( 3032:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 357–383. 2340:Lon A. Wilkens Michael & H. Hofmann (2007). 1948:"A New Time-Scale for Ray-Finned Fish Evolution" 1789:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 227–249. 3681:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T18428A146104283.en 2232:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 211. 2226:M.L. Warren; B.M. Burr; J.R. Tomelleri (2014). 1716:"Aquatic Species at Rick – The Paddlefish" 668:An American paddlefish in a large aquarium tank 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2614:International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 2052:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1516:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T17938A81763841.en 1321:American paddlefish on record was captured in 1033:events occurred just once every 4 or 5 years. 517:. The American paddlefish is a smooth-skinned 4404: 3731: 2960:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 1–13. 2895:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 1–16. 2858:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-1.RLTS.T18428A8264989.en 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 1995: 1993: 1991: 929:utilized advanced technology in the field of 867:General morphology of the American paddlefish 513:extending back 65 million years to the early 8: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3095:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 2537:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 689: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2308:Fishes of Texas Project and Online Database 1898: 1896: 1894: 1243:A 2020 paper reported that eggs from three 4849: 4790: 4472: 4411: 4397: 4389: 4183: 4057: 3886: 3882: 3871: 3806: 3797: 3754: 3738: 3724: 3716: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 1574: 1572: 1414:remains strong. Since the 1980s, a trade 1263:Tin of freshly processed paddlefish caviar 843:because of their specialised adaptations. 295: 124: 100: 20: 3679: 3288: 3235: 3225: 2889:Status of Paddlefish in the United States 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2856: 2660:"Polyodon spathula (American paddlefish)" 2357: 1971: 1553: 1551: 1514: 791:, although they are not closely related. 568:The American paddlefish is native to the 3453:. University of Michigan. Archived from 3385:. Sioux City Journal. October 11, 2012. 3277:Archives of Biological Science, Belgrade 2828: 2826: 2075: 2073: 2071: 1332: 1177:environment. The fish are injected with 1144: 1082: 991: 870: 862: 663: 3607:from the original on September 17, 2015 3576:from the original on September 17, 2015 3419:. National Park Service. Archived from 3116: 3114: 2807:(January/February 1999). Archived from 2738:. Missouri Department of Conservation. 2580:from the original on September 24, 2015 2522: 2520: 2473:D.L. Scarnechhia; Brad Schmitz (2010). 1480: 367: 324: 3624: 3622: 3070: 3060: 2998: 2988: 2933: 2923: 2801:"Progress with Paddlefish Restoration" 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2429: 2419: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2270:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 254. 1827: 1817: 1486: 1484: 949:used by American paddlefish to detect 783:(spine extending into the upper lobe) 3167:North American Journal of Aquaculture 3026:Propagation and Culture of Paddlefish 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2207:from the original on October 19, 2014 1905:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1854:from the original on December 8, 2015 1462:Upper Yangtze National Nature Reserve 1156:Caesarean-section surgery to extract 7: 5207:Freshwater fish of the United States 3705:The Paddlefish: An American Treasure 3637:from the original on October 6, 2014 3545:from the original on August 21, 2014 3541:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 3389:from the original on August 24, 2017 2780:from the original on October 6, 2014 2742:from the original on August 24, 2017 1653:from the original on August 24, 2017 1617:from the original on August 24, 2017 692:Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique 354:Rafinesque 1820 non Quatrefages 1845 5222:Fish genera with one living species 3667:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3631:"Giant Fish 'Verges on Extinction'" 3629:Jody Bourton (September 29, 2009). 3511:Katherine Cooper (March 30, 2016). 2844:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2284:from the original on June 17, 2016. 1502:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1348:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1342:Overfishing and habitat destruction 1166:Missouri Department of Conservation 3300:from the original on July 14, 2014 2695:"Paddlefish Questions and Answers" 2454:from the original on July 23, 2014 2314:from the original on July 26, 2014 2003:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1317:, and must be caught by snagging. 1308:American paddlefish are a popular 14: 3564:David Harper (October 18, 2013). 2056:from the original on May 29, 2014 1581:"Mémoire sur le polyodon feuille" 1337:Angler landing a large paddlefish 920:grading to a whitish underbelly. 660:Taxonomy, etymology and evolution 5197:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 4373: 4367: 4360: 3356:Anhalt, Michael (June 4, 2024). 3319:Steven D. Mims (February 2006). 2113:Science of the Total Environment 2080:Steven Zigler (March 13, 2014). 1879:. California Academy of Sciences 1450:Extinction of Chinese paddlefish 1352:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1218:bypassing the oviductal funnels. 166: 2133:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242 2050:Illinois Natural History Survey 2046:"Species Spotlight: Paddlefish" 1644:Deeplyfish- fishes of the world 561:), last sighted in 2003 in the 3595:Richard Simms (July 9, 2009). 3537:Gavin Shire (April 15, 2013). 3089:"Native Fish in the Classroom" 2805:Pennsylvania Angler and Boater 1850:. Encyclopedia of Life. 2013. 1602:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). 924:Feeding ecology and physiology 839:) are considered to be highly 1: 2620:(11). Ohio University: 2499. 2450:. World Wildlife Federation. 2023:10.1080/02724634.2020.1775091 1491:Moore, M.; Rider, S. (2022). 1403:Poaching and overexploitation 1011:Stages of rostrum development 957:. Examples of animals in the 525:skeleton and a paddle-shaped 3478:Reviews in Fisheries Science 501:, which are one of the most 494:; together they make up the 3328:Global Aquaculture Advocate 2736:Discover Nature Field Guide 2528:"Biology of the Paddlefish" 1925:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.09.008 988:Reproduction and life cycle 674:Bernard Germain de Lacépède 672:In 1797, French naturalist 5238: 3123:"Production of Paddlefish" 2082:"Paddlefish Study Project" 684:. Lacépède disagreed with 405:Bloch & Schneider 1801 16:Species of freshwater fish 4428: 4357: 4060: 3889: 3885: 3870: 3851: 3809: 3796: 3753: 3498:10.1080/10641269709388593 2634:10.1142/S0218127400001717 1579:Lacépède, B.G.E. (1797). 941:, and are indeed passive 315: 308: 303: 294: 275: 268: 163:Scientific classification 161: 144: 122: 113: 108: 99: 23: 4588:A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus 1255:Global commercial market 1107:in the southwest to the 1079:Habitat and distribution 1036:American paddlefish are 686:Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre 521:with an almost entirely 4640:European sea sturgeon ( 4421:sturgeon and paddlefish 3445:Tiffany Murphy (2008). 3408:National Park Service. 3330:: 62–63. Archived from 2119:. Elsevier BV: 136242. 1141:Propagation and culture 1019:. Females do not begin 721:was already in use for 570:Mississippi River basin 30:Early Paleocene–Present 5217:Fish described in 1792 3674:: e.T18428A146104283. 3447:"Dreissena polymorpha" 1964:10.1098/rspb.2006.3749 1558:Walbaum, J.J. (1792). 1338: 1264: 1161: 1088: 1044:females release their 1012: 1004: 884: 868: 814:Tullock Member of the 779:, and a deeply forked 707:, who had named it as 690: 676:established the genus 669: 588:, with occurrences in 468:Mississippi paddlefish 5143:Paleobiology Database 4805:American paddlefish ( 4759:Shovelnose sturgeon ( 4579:A. oxyrinchus desotoi 3410:"Don't Move a Mussel" 3227:10.3390/genes11070753 3139:on September 10, 2016 2776:. Earthwave Society. 2640:on September 24, 2015 2485:on September 24, 2015 1806:on September 24, 2015 1509:: e.T17938A81763841. 1336: 1262: 1155: 1086: 1010: 1002: 935:ampullae of Lorenzini 882: 866: 705:Johann Julius Walbaum 667: 437:(sic) Rafinesque 1820 434:Accipenser lagenarius 418:Spatularia reticulata 4829:Chinese paddlefish ( 4726:Amu Darya sturgeon ( 4708:Syr Darya sturgeon ( 4496:Shortnose sturgeon ( 4331:Pseudoscaphirhynchus 3451:Animal Diversity Web 3099:on September 3, 2014 2851:: e.T18428A8264989. 2811:on September 3, 2014 2772:Betty Wills (2004). 2665:Animal Diversity Web 1531:"Appendices | CITES" 816:Fort Union Formation 750:last common ancestor 386:Platirostra edentula 378:Megarhinus paradoxus 109:American paddlefish 4586:Atlantic sturgeon ( 4559:Adriatic sturgeon ( 4550:Japanese sturgeon ( 4541:Sakhalin sturgeon ( 4487:Siberian sturgeon ( 4324:Protoscaphirhynchus 3490:1997RvFS....5...27M 3457:on October 30, 2014 3290:10.2298/abs060327pl 2626:2000IJBC...10.2499N 2304:"Polyodon spathula" 2125:2020ScTEn.71036242Z 2015:2020JVPal..40E5091M 1917:2007MolPE..42..854P 1677:Scientific American 1329:Population declines 1214:cavity through the 1126:Allegheny Reservoir 931:electron microscopy 827:of the genus name, 787:similar to that of 598:habitat destruction 466:), also known as a 458:American paddlefish 116:Conservation status 24:American paddlefish 4768:Alabama sturgeon ( 4622:Chinese sturgeon ( 4595:Persian sturgeon ( 4568:Bastard sturgeon ( 4525:A. gueldenstaedtii 4523:Russian sturgeon ( 4505:Dabry's sturgeon ( 3941:Bobasatraniiformes 3656:Qiwei, W. (2022). 3633:. BBC Earth News. 2833:Qiwei, W. (2010). 2479:Species of Concern 2088:on October 6, 2014 1679:. January 16, 2014 1339: 1265: 1162: 1120:program utilizing 1089: 1038:broadcast spawners 1013: 1005: 885: 869: 796:Chinese paddlefish 688:'s description in 670: 576:, backwaters, and 555:Chinese paddlefish 509:, with records of 478:, is a species of 410:Proceros maculatus 5184: 5183: 5130:Open Tree of Life 4920:polyodon-spathula 4907:Polyodon_spathula 4893:Polyodon spathula 4863:Polyodon spathula 4855:Taxon identifiers 4846: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4780: 4779: 4750:Pallid sturgeon ( 4631:Starry sturgeon ( 4386: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4045: 4044: 3963:Saurichthyiformes 3952:Guildayichthyidae 3866: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3847: 3846: 3660:Psephurus gladius 3268:Polyodon spathula 3039:978-1-934874-12-7 2967:978-1-934874-12-7 2912:on April 23, 2022 2902:978-1-934874-12-7 2837:Psephurus gladius 2730:Polyodon spathula 2566:Polyodon Spathula 2398:978-1-934874-12-7 2277:978-1-4443-1190-7 2239:978-1-4214-1202-3 2199:Polyodon spathula 2177:. January 9, 2020 1958:(1609): 489–498. 1847:Polyodon spathula 1796:978-1-888569-71-1 1743:Polyodon spathula 1722:on August 7, 2014 1611:version (02/2017) 1495:Polyodon spathula 1323:West Okoboji Lake 1245:Russian sturgeons 1208:Caesarean section 1153: 1136:Human interaction 1105:San Jacinto River 1000: 880: 800:Psephurus gladius 761:ray-finned fishes 731:Polyodon spathula 682:Polyodon spathula 632:. They have been 559:Psephurus gladius 482:. It is the last 463:Polyodon spathula 454: 453: 447: 438: 430: 426:Proceros vittatus 422: 414: 406: 398: 390: 382: 374: 370:Squalus spathulus 364: 355: 347: 339: 331: 321: 279:Polyodon spathula 250: 156: 139: 5229: 5177: 5176: 5164: 5163: 5151: 5150: 5138: 5137: 5125: 5124: 5112: 5111: 5099: 5098: 5086: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5063: 5062: 5050: 5049: 5037: 5036: 5024: 5023: 5011: 5010: 4998: 4997: 4985: 4984: 4972: 4971: 4959: 4958: 4946: 4945: 4933: 4932: 4923: 4922: 4910: 4909: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4850: 4791: 4717:Dwarf sturgeon ( 4651:A. transmontanus 4649:White sturgeon ( 4552:A. multiscutatus 4532:Green sturgeon ( 4473: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4390: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4321: 4311: 4294: 4284: 4254: 4244: 4234: 4217: 4207: 4197: 4184: 4129: 4092: 4077: 4066: 4058: 4052:Acipenseriformes 4022:Plesiococcolepis 3976: 3960: 3949: 3938: 3928: 3917: 3906: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3872: 3807: 3798: 3791: 3790: 3755: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3717: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3601:The Chattanoogan 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3426:on July 14, 2014 3425: 3414: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3337:on July 14, 2014 3336: 3325: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3274: 3261: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3229: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3188:on July 14, 2014 3187: 3181:. Archived from 3164: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3138: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3049:on July 14, 2014 3048: 3042:. Archived from 3031: 3020: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2977:on July 14, 2014 2976: 2970:. Archived from 2959: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2911: 2905:. Archived from 2894: 2883: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2860: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2769: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2724: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2701:on June 24, 2015 2691: 2670: 2669: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2636:. Archived from 2605: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2544:on July 14, 2014 2543: 2532: 2524: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2408:on July 14, 2014 2407: 2401:. Archived from 2390: 2379: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2337: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2299: 2286: 2285: 2261: 2252: 2251: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2201:(Walbaum, 1792)" 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2107: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2077: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2041: 2035: 2034: 1997: 1986: 1985: 1975: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1900: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1799:. Archived from 1788: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1652: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1555: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1488: 1381:invasive species 1294: 1154: 1001: 947:electroreceptors 914:olfactory system 881: 765:Early Cretaceous 754:Acipenseriformes 725:, so Lacépède's 709:Squalus spathula 695: 652:tributaries and 574:braided channels 507:Early Cretaceous 499:Acipenseriformes 472:spoon-billed cat 445: 443:Polyodon pristis 436: 428: 420: 412: 404: 396: 394:Polyodon feuille 388: 380: 372: 362: 353: 345: 337: 329: 319: 299: 281: 261:P. spathula 245: 220:Acipenseriformes 171: 170: 150: 133: 128: 127: 104: 94: 31: 27:Temporal range: 21: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5172: 5167: 5159: 5154: 5146: 5141: 5133: 5128: 5120: 5115: 5107: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5058: 5053: 5045: 5040: 5032: 5027: 5019: 5014: 5006: 5001: 4993: 4988: 4980: 4975: 4967: 4962: 4954: 4949: 4941: 4936: 4928: 4926: 4918: 4913: 4905: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4857: 4847: 4838: 4813: 4776: 4761:S. platorynchus 4734: 4710:P. fedtschenkoi 4698: 4690: 4657: 4613:Amur sturgeon ( 4577:Gulf sturgeon ( 4514:Lake sturgeon ( 4498:A. brevirostrum 4462: 4424: 4417: 4387: 4378: 4359: 4343: 4262: 4173: 4122: 4085: 4069:Cylindracanthus 4054: 4041: 3969: 3879: 3858: 3843: 3823: 3792: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3744: 3701: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3283:(3): 27P, 28P. 3272: 3263: 3262: 3253: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3179:10.1577/c02-053 3162: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3069: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3029: 3022: 3021: 3010: 2997: 2987: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2957: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2932: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2892: 2885: 2884: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2771: 2770: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2726: 2725: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2673: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2607: 2606: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2428: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2388: 2381: 2380: 2367: 2359:10.1641/B570505 2339: 2338: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2301: 2300: 2289: 2278: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2240: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2079: 2078: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2009:(2): e1775091. 1999: 1998: 1989: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1902: 1901: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1826: 1816: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1786: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1759:10.2307/1445053 1740: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1452: 1405: 1374: 1344: 1331: 1306: 1292: 1257: 1241: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1130:Conewango Creek 1081: 992: 990: 926: 871: 861: 810:from the Lower 711:. Consequently 701:Polydon feuille 662: 533:because of its 519:freshwater fish 480:ray-finned fish 450: 446:Rafinesque 1818 429:Rafinesque 1820 413:Rafinesque 1820 402:Polyodon folius 381:Rafinesque 1820 366: 365: 358: 323: 322: 290: 283: 277: 264: 244: 165: 157: 140: 129: 125: 118: 95: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 37: 29: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5235: 5233: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5212:Fish of Canada 5209: 5204: 5199: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5165: 5152: 5139: 5126: 5113: 5100: 5087: 5077: 5064: 5051: 5038: 5025: 5012: 4999: 4986: 4973: 4960: 4947: 4934: 4924: 4911: 4898: 4883: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4741:Scaphirhynchus 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4699:scaphirhynchus 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4570:A. nudiventris 4565: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4534:A. medirostris 4529: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4338:Scaphirhynchus 4334: 4327: 4317: 4307: 4300: 4297:Engdahlichthys 4290: 4287:Anchiacipenser 4280: 4272: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4257:Pugiopsephurus 4250: 4240: 4237:Protopsephurus 4230: 4223: 4213: 4210:Paleopsephurus 4203: 4192: 4190: 4181: 4179:Acipenseroidei 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4133: 4131:Peipiaosteidae 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4117:Strongylosteus 4113: 4106: 4098: 4096: 4094:Chondrosteidae 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4080:Eochondrosteus 4073: 4061: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4036:Toarcocephalus 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3980: 3978:Coccolepididae 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3956: 3945: 3934: 3924: 3913: 3902: 3890: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3817:Actinopterygii 3810: 3804: 3802:Actinopterygii 3794: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3779: 3777:Actinopterygii 3773: 3767: 3758: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3700: 3699:External links 3697: 3695: 3694: 3648: 3618: 3587: 3556: 3529: 3503: 3468: 3437: 3400: 3374: 3362:www.kfyrtv.com 3348: 3311: 3251: 3199: 3150: 3110: 3080: 3071:|journal= 3038: 3008: 2999:|journal= 2966: 2943: 2934:|journal= 2901: 2871: 2822: 2791: 2753: 2712: 2671: 2651: 2591: 2555: 2496: 2465: 2439: 2430:|journal= 2397: 2365: 2352:(5): 399–407. 2325: 2287: 2276: 2253: 2238: 2218: 2188: 2162: 2099: 2067: 2036: 1987: 1938: 1911:(3): 854–862. 1890: 1865: 1837: 1828:|journal= 1795: 1772: 1753:(1): 201–204. 1733: 1707: 1690: 1664: 1637:"Polydontidae" 1628: 1604:"Polydontidae" 1594: 1568: 1547: 1522: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1451: 1448: 1404: 1401: 1373: 1370: 1361:Channelization 1357:Missouri River 1343: 1340: 1330: 1327: 1305: 1302: 1256: 1253: 1240: 1237: 1220: 1219: 1211: 1205: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1118:reintroduction 1080: 1077: 989: 986: 977:ephemeropteran 937:of sharks and 925: 922: 902:operculum flap 860: 857: 837:P. tuberculata 808:P. tuberculata 773:relict species 769:primitive fish 756:, an order of 740:. This is the 661: 658: 650:Missouri River 547:filter feeding 484:living species 452: 451: 449: 448: 439: 431: 423: 415: 407: 399: 391: 383: 375: 361: 360: 359: 357: 356: 348: 340: 332: 318: 317: 316: 313: 312: 306: 305: 301: 300: 292: 291: 284: 273: 272: 266: 265: 258: 256: 252: 251: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 210:Actinopterygii 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 159: 158: 145: 142: 141: 123: 120: 119: 114: 111: 110: 106: 105: 97: 96: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 32: 26: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5234: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202:Polyodontidae 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4786:Polyodontidae 4783: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4615:A. schrenckii 4611: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4516:A. fulvescens 4512: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4468:Acipenseridae 4465: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4422: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4376: 4372: 4370: 4363: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4314:Priscosturion 4308: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4268:Acipenseridae 4265: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4220:Parapsephurus 4214: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4188:Polyodontidae 4185: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3857: 3856: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3649: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3588: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3200: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3064: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2992: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2927: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2799:Dudley Parr. 2795: 2792: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2728:"Paddlefish, 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2576: 2569: 2567: 2559: 2556: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2423: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2386: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2219: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2192: 2189: 2176: 2175:Oceanographic 2172: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1866: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1821: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1466:hydroacoustic 1463: 1458: 1457:Yangtze River 1449: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1424:beluga caviar 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:phytoplankton 1386: 1382: 1378: 1372:Zebra mussels 1371: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1304:Sport fishing 1303: 1301: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1239:Hybridization 1238: 1236: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1009: 987: 985: 981: 978: 974: 973: 972:Daphnia pulex 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 923: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 895: 891: 865: 858: 856: 853: 849: 848:planktivorous 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 817: 813: 809: 806:are those of 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 738:Polyodontidae 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 719: 714: 710: 706: 702: 699: 698:binomial name 694: 693: 687: 683: 679: 675: 666: 659: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 563:Yangtze River 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:cartilaginous 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 464: 459: 444: 440: 435: 432: 427: 424: 419: 416: 411: 408: 403: 400: 397:Lacépède 1797 395: 392: 387: 384: 379: 376: 371: 368: 352: 349: 344: 341: 336: 333: 328: 325: 314: 311: 307: 302: 298: 293: 288: 282: 280: 274: 271: 270:Binomial name 267: 263: 262: 257: 254: 253: 248: 243: 242: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230:Polyodontidae 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 169: 164: 160: 154: 148: 143: 137: 132: 121: 117: 112: 107: 103: 98: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 36: 22: 19: 4862: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4804: 4794: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4739: 4728:P. kaufmanni 4727: 4718: 4709: 4695: 4683: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4641: 4633:A. stellatus 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4507:A. dabryanus 4506: 4497: 4488: 4476: 4452:Osteichthyes 4366: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4312: 4302: 4295: 4285: 4275: 4255: 4245: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4208: 4200:Crossopholis 4198: 4166: 4161:Stichopterus 4159: 4152: 4147:Peipiaosteus 4145: 4138: 4115: 4108: 4103:Chondrosteus 4101: 4078: 4067: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3961: 3950: 3939: 3929: 3918: 3909:Errolichthys 3907: 3896: 3853: 3781: 3685:. 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