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The male courts the female by walking stiff-legged and with his wings stretched vertically, and by bobbing and bowing. A male may mate with several females. The male woodcock plays no role in selecting a nest site, incubating eggs, or rearing young. In the primary northern breeding range, the woodcock may be the earliest ground-nesting species to breed.
593:. It is thought that this behavior is a display to indicate to potential predators that the bird is aware of them. Heinrich notes that some field observations have shown that woodcocks will occasionally flash their tail feathers while rocking, drawing attention to themselves. This theory is supported by research done by
614:
rarely venture, or they have been covered with buildings and other human developments. Because its population has been declining, the
American woodcock is considered a "species of greatest conservation need" in many states, triggering research and habitat-creation efforts in an attempt to boost woodcock populations.
552:
body of their mother, that will then take wing and carry the young to safety. Woodcock fledglings begin probing for worms on their own a few days after hatching. They develop quickly and can make short flights after two weeks, can fly fairly well at three weeks, and are independent after about five weeks.
551:
and leave the nest within a few hours of hatching. The female broods her young and feeds them. When threatened, the fledglings usually take cover and remain motionless, attempting to escape detection by relying on their cryptic coloration. Some observers suggest that frightened young may cling to the
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The woodcock uses its long, prehensile bill to probe in the soil for food, mainly invertebrates and especially earthworms. A unique bone-and-muscle arrangement lets the bird open and close the tip of its upper bill, or mandible, while it is sunk in the ground. Both the underside of the upper mandible
531:
Males may continue with their courtship flights for as many as four months running, sometimes continuing even after females have already hatched their broods and left the nest. Females, known as hens, are attracted to the males' displays. A hen will fly in and land on the ground near a singing male.
303:
The
American woodcock is the only species of woodcock inhabiting North America. Although classified with the sandpipers and shorebirds in the family Scolopacidae, the American woodcock lives mainly in upland settings. Its many folk names include timberdoodle, bogsucker, night partridge, brush snipe,
406:
The primary breeding range extends from
Atlantic Canada (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick) west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to northern Virginia, western North Carolina, Kentucky, northern Tennessee, northern Illinois, Missouri, and eastern Kansas. A limited number breed
641:
The
American Woodcock Conservation Plan presents regional action plans linked to bird conservation regions, fundamental biological units recognized by the U.S. North American Bird Conservation Initiative. The Wildlife Management Institute oversees regional habitat initiatives intended to boost the
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The woodcock population remained high during the early and mid-20th century, after many family farms were abandoned as people moved to urban areas, and crop fields and pastures grew up in brush. In recent decades, those formerly brushy acres have become middle-aged and older forest, where woodcock
461:
In the north, woodcocks begin to shift southward before ice and snow seal off their ground-based food supply. Cold fronts may prompt heavy southerly flights in autumn. Most woodcocks start to migrate in
October, with the major push from mid-October to early November. Most individuals arrive on the
319:
In 2008, wildlife biologists and conservationists released an
American woodcock conservation plan presenting figures for the acreage of early successional habitat that must be created and maintained in the U.S. and Canada to stabilize the woodcock population at current levels, and to return it to
410:
After migrating south in autumn, most woodcocks spend the winter in the Gulf Coast and southeastern
Atlantic Coast states. Some may remain as far north as southern Maryland, eastern Virginia, and southern New Jersey. The core of the wintering range centers on Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and
483:
340:
The plumage is a cryptic mix of different shades of browns, grays, and black. The chest and sides vary from yellowish-white to rich tans. The nape of the head is black, with three or four crossbars of deep buff or rufous. The feet and toes, which are small and weak, are brownish gray to reddish
457:
Woodcocks migrate at night. They fly at low altitudes, individually or in small, loose flocks. Flight speeds of migrating birds have been clocked at 16 to 28 mi/h (26 to 45 km/h). However, the slowest flight speed ever recorded for a bird, 5 mi/h (8 km/h), was recorded for this species.
328:
The
American woodcock has a plump body, short legs, a large, rounded head, and a long, straight prehensile bill. Adults are 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm) long and weigh 5 to 8 ounces (140 to 230 g). Females are considerably larger than males. The bill is 2.5 to 2.8 inches (6.4 to
402:
Woodcocks inhabit forested and mixed forest-agricultural-urban areas east of the 98th meridian. Woodcock have been sighted as far north as York
Factory, Manitoba, and east to Labrador and Newfoundland. In winter, they migrate as far south as the Gulf Coast of the United States and Mexico.
546:
The hen makes a shallow, rudimentary nest on the ground in the leaf and twig litter, in brushy or young-forest cover usually within 150 yd (140 m) of a singing ground. Most hens lay four eggs, sometimes one to three. Incubation takes 20 to 22 days. The down-covered young are
564:
422:
American woodcocks live in wet thickets, moist woods, and brushy swamps. Ideal habitats feature early successional habitat and abandoned farmland mixed with forest. In late summer, some woodcocks roost on the ground at night in large openings among sparse, patchy vegetation.
617:
Population trends have been measured through springtime breeding bird surveys, and in the northern breeding range, springtime singing-ground surveys. Data suggest that the woodcock population has fallen rangewide by an average of 1.1% yearly over the last four decades.
519:
In spring, males occupy individual singing grounds, openings near brushy cover from which they call and perform display flights at dawn and dusk, and if the light levels are high enough, on moonlit nights. The male's ground call is a short, buzzy
503:). They do most of their feeding in places where the soil is moist. They forage by probing in soft soil in thickets, where they usually remain well-hidden. Other items in their diet include insect larvae, snails, centipedes, millipedes, spiders,
458:
Woodcocks are thought to orient visually using major physiographic features such as coastlines and broad river valleys. Both the autumn and spring migrations are leisurely compared with the swift, direct migrations of many passerine birds.
609:
How many woodcock were present in eastern North
America before European settlement is unknown. Colonial agriculture, with its patchwork of family farms and open-range livestock grazing, probably supported healthy woodcock populations.
585:
and B. H. Christy to theorize that this is a method of coaxing invertebrates such as earthworms closer to the surface. The foraging theory is the most common explanation of the behavior, and it is often cited in field guides.
645:
Creating young-forest habitat for American woodcocks helps more than 50 other species of wildlife that need early successional habitat during part or all of their lifecycles. These include relatively common animals such as
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American woodcocks occasionally perform a rocking behavior where they will walk slowly while rhythmically rocking their bodies back and forth. This behavior occurs during foraging, leading ornithologists such as
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469:, for example, the earliest birds are seen in February, but the bulk of the population does not arrive until March and April. Birds start to leave for winter by September, but some remain until mid-November.
524:. After sounding a series of ground calls, the male takes off and flies from 50 to 100 yd (46 to 91 m) into the air. He descends, zigzagging and banking while singing a liquid, chirping song. This
311:
caused by forest maturation and urban development. Because of the male woodcock's unique, beautiful courtship flights, the bird is welcomed as a harbinger of spring in northern areas. It is also a popular
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569:
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brown. Woodcocks have large eyes located high in their heads, and their visual field is probably the largest of any bird, 360° in the horizontal plane and 180° in the vertical plane.
3200:
3032:
3220:
307:
The population of the American woodcock has fallen by an average of slightly more than 1% annually since the 1960s. Most authorities attribute this decline to a
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1353:
487:
3190:
1368:
1133:
3115:
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Courtship/breeding habitats include forest openings, roadsides, pastures, and old fields from which males call and launch courtship flights in springtime.
568:
296:. Woodcocks spend most of their time on the ground in brushy, young-forest habitats, where the birds' brown, black, and gray plumage provides excellent
971:
Jones, Michael P.; Pierce, Kenneth E.; Ward, Daniel (2007). "Avian vision: a review of form and function with special consideration to birds of prey".
462:
wintering range by mid-December. The birds head north again in February. Most have returned to the northern breeding range by mid-March to mid-April.
2996:
448:
Roosting habitats are semiopen sites with short, sparse plant cover, such as blueberry barrens, pastures, and recently heavily logged forest stands.
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than other woodcocks and snipes; as long as some sheltered woodland remains for breeding, it can thrive even in regions that are mainly used for
1506:
1027:
3110:
1452:
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1448:
1297:
594:
1004:
Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1078:
Proc. Eighth Woodcock Symp. (Longcore, J. R. and G. F. Sepik, eds.) Biol. Rep. 16, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
852:
Cooper, T. R. & K. Parker (2009). American woodcock population status, 2009. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland.
3215:
3149:
1091:
2973:
365:
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Sepik, G. F. and E. L. Derleth (1993). Habitat use, home range size, and patterns of moves of the American Woodcock in Maine.
1119:
887:
816:
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708:(LSU) Agricultural Experiment Station. He was an LSU professor from 1948 to 1980 and an authority on wildlife in the
696:, the assistant secretary of the Interior for Fish, Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources from 1969 to 1970, wrote a
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American Woodcock Conservation Plan: A Summary of and Recommendations for Woodcock Conservation in North America.
74:
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701:
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American woodcock's population by protecting, renewing, and creating habitat throughout the species' range.
185:
2898:
2801:
2422:
2029:
2020:
1939:
1921:
1876:
1688:
687:
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Nesting habitats include thickets, shrubland, and young to middle-aged forest interspersed with openings.
407:
as far south as Florida and Texas. The species may be expanding its distribution northward and westward.
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2916:
2431:
1697:
1492:
671:
582:
169:
2192:
755:
3154:
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2717:
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1903:
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American woodcocks sometimes rock back and forth as they walk, perhaps to aid their search for worms.
412:
788:
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produces a melodious twittering sound as air rushes through the male's outer primary wing feathers.
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2517:
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1852:
1767:
39:
30:
3076:
2559:
2339:
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1975:
1661:
1652:
1625:
1270:
1145:
525:
225:
69:
3141:
2681:
2654:
3037:
638:. The estimated population is 5 million, so it is the most common sandpiper in North America.
3195:
3123:
3063:
2934:
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2618:
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2508:
2481:
2472:
2312:
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1966:
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1442:
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1115:
1023:
883:
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679:
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An alternative theory for the rocking behavior has been proposed by some biologists, such as
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2735:
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2258:
2216:
2038:
1957:
1930:
1749:
1593:
1519:
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1007:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 145.
980:
750:
2903:
946:
3097:
2440:
2357:
2348:
2321:
2142:
2047:
1993:
1948:
1819:
1810:
1634:
1550:
1322:
1095:
1043:
465:
Migrating birds' arrival at and departure from the breeding range is highly irregular. In
370:
308:
126:
1416:
1392:
Choiniere, Joe (2006). Seasons of the Woodcock: The secret life of a woodland shorebird.
732:
1422:
1205:
535:
507:, beetles, and ants. A small amount of plant food is eaten, mainly seeds. Woodcocks are
433:
Feeding habitats have moist soil and feature densely growing young trees such as aspen (
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2726:
2645:
2535:
2499:
2276:
2002:
1740:
1062:
683:
675:
590:
313:
1439:– Illustrated account of the phenomenal courtship flight of the male American woodcock
1173:"Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence"
441:
spp.), and mixed hardwoods less than 20 years of age, and shrubs, particularly alder (
3184:
3058:
2744:
2699:
2577:
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2174:
1670:
1643:
1189:
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998:
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The American Woodcock Today | Woodcock population and young forest habitat management
741:
667:
651:
631:
361:
293:
59:
54:
1484:
1274:
1206:"Life histories of familiar North American birds: American Woodcock, Scalopax minor"
1047:
2939:
2627:
2568:
1984:
697:
539:
383:
332:
1002:
670:, and animals whose populations have also declined in recent decades, such as the
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2011:
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500:
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7.1 cm) long. Wingspans range from 16.5 to 18.9 inches (42 to 48 cm).
1052:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 278.
984:
947:"American Woodcock Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
929:
3162:
2690:
2609:
2390:
2074:
1885:
297:
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1406:
Misc. Report 253, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maine.
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2405:
2157:
1793:
1515:
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136:
86:
1466:
A Summary of and Recommendations for Woodcock Conservation in North America
3102:
2818:
2455:
2083:
1912:
1867:
1538:
1266:
1253:
Heinrich, Bernd (March 1, 2016). "Note on the Woodcock Rocking Display".
316:, with about 540,000 killed annually by some 133,000 hunters in the U.S.
146:
106:
555:
The maximum lifespan of adult American woodcock in the wild is 8 years.
3001:
2885:
2207:
709:
416:
289:
2872:
2330:
2240:
1894:
1723:
1608:
1532:
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on the woodcock, with research based on his observations through the
659:
96:
3024:
2795:
2783:
2952:
866:
Kelley, James; Williamson, Scot & Cooper, Thomas, eds. (2008).
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The American woodcock is not considered globally threatened by the
415:
results, winter concentrations are highest in the northern half of
345:
and the long tongue are rough-surfaced for grasping slippery prey.
2947:
655:
562:
534:
481:
379:
375:
354:
331:
286:
2965:
1480:. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Report 253.
1476:
Sepik, Greg F.; Ray B. Owen Jr.; Malcolm W. Coulter (July 1981).
1110:
O'Brien, Michael; Crossley, Richard & Karlson, Kevin (2006).
1544:
627:
466:
116:
2799:
2112:
1563:
1488:
1470:
1340:
726:
724:
499:
Woodcocks eat mainly invertebrates, particularly earthworms (
1404:
A Landowner's Guide to Woodcock Management in the Northeast,
1478:"Landowner's Guide to Woodcock Management in the Northeast"
1292:(10th ed.). Sunderland (Mass.): Sinauer. p. 522.
776:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
1402:
Sepik, Greg F.; Owen, Roy & Coulter, Malcolm (1981).
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
495:
American woodcock catching a worm in a New York City park
1315:"A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio"
336:
Woodcock, with attenuate primaries, natural size, 1891
862:
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858:
2808:
2590:
2548:
2453:
2403:
2381:
2374:
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1832:
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1721:
1714:
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1584:
1577:
1065:. Trails.com (2010-07-27). Retrieved on 2013-04-03.
756:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22693072A182648054.en
360:was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
882:. Wilderness Adventures Press, pp. 28–29,
1471:Timberdoodle.org: the Woodcock Management Plan
1428:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification Infocenter
928:Keppie, D. M. & R. M. Whiting Jr. (1994).
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
803:
801:
799:
797:
1500:
1445:, Internet Bird Collection / Macaulay Library
1106:
1104:
265:), sometimes colloquially referred to as the
8:
1343:. Timberdoodle.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-03.
1020:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
779:. Timberdoodle.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-03.
2796:
2378:
2130:
2123:
2109:
1788:
1718:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1507:
1493:
1485:
1114:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 444–445,
194:
48:
29:
20:
3201:Native birds of the Eastern United States
1290:Animal behavior: an evolutionary approach
1188:
1022:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 351.
880:Field Guide to Upland Birds and Waterfowl
754:
789:10 Fun Facts About The American Woodcock
720:
292:found primarily in the eastern half of
1210:United States National Museum Bulletin
1171:Wasser, D. E.; Sherman, P. W. (2010).
811:. Houghton Mifflin, pp. 225–226,
511:, being most active at dawn and dusk.
3221:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
7:
1457:"Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge"
1216:(1). Smithsonian Institution: 61–78.
1087:Ohio Ornithological Society (2004).
3191:IUCN Red List least concern species
1463:American Woodcock Conservation Plan
742:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
542:young are already well-camouflaged.
1567:(Numeniinae–Limosinae–Arenariinae)
1443:American Woodcock - Scolopax minor
14:
1417:American woodcock species account
1190:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x
1049:Check-List of Birds of the World
73:
1367:Paul Y. Burns (June 13, 2008).
731:BirdLife International (2020).
597:who believes this is a type of
3206:Native birds of Eastern Canada
1089:Annotated Ohio state checklist
973:Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
843:. University of Massachusetts.
1:
936:, The Birds of North America.
841:Book of the American Woodcock
809:Lives of North American Birds
1459:, photo gallery and analysis
1432:American Woodcock Bird Sound
1419:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1341:the Woodcock Management Plan
839:Sheldon, William G. (1971).
878:Smith, Christopher (2000).
3237:
1234:. National Audubon Society
985:10.1053/j.jepm.2007.03.012
706:Louisiana State University
2778:
2122:
2108:
2057:Buff-breasted sandpiper (
1573:
1559:
1527:
1313:Henninger, W. F. (1906).
1018:Jobling, James A (2010).
749:: e.T22693072A182648054.
630:. It is more tolerant of
231:
224:
202:
193:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2423:Short-billed dowitcher (
2116:(Tringinae–Scolopacinae)
2030:Spoon-billed sandpiper (
2021:Semipalmated sandpiper (
1940:White-rumped sandpiper (
1922:Broad-billed sandpiper (
1877:Sharp-tailed sandpiper (
1689:Bristle-thighed curlew (
702:Texas A&M University
398:Distribution and habitat
304:hokumpoke, and becasse.
3216:Birds described in 1789
2432:Long-billed dowitcher (
2286:Nordmann's greenshank (
1698:Slender-billed curlew (
1255:Northeastern Naturalist
1153:: 77–78. Archived from
1136:Batrachostomus cornutus
1132:Mann, Clive F. (1991).
2718:South American snipe (
2184:Red-necked phalarope (
807:Kaufman, Kenn (1996).
688:New England cottontail
577:
543:
526:high spiralling flight
496:
411:Georgia. Based on the
337:
3137:Paleobiology Database
2518:New Guinea woodcock (
2250:Grey-tailed tattler (
1853:Henderson sandpiper (
1768:Black-tailed godwit (
1288:Alcock, John (2013).
951:www.allaboutbirds.org
672:golden-winged warbler
583:Arthur Cleveland Bent
575:
538:
494:
335:
2560:Subantarctic snipe (
2340:Solitary sandpiper (
2304:Greater yellowlegs (
2193:Wilson's phalarope (
1976:Pectoral sandpiper (
1662:Far Eastern curlew (
1653:Hudsonian whimbrel (
1626:Long-billed curlew (
1423:American Woodcock –
1267:10.1656/045.023.0109
1204:Bent, A. C. (1927).
1063:Amazing Bird Records
473:Behavior and ecology
413:Christmas Bird Count
374:. The genus name is
2527:Eurasian woodcock (
2509:Moluccan woodcock (
2491:American woodcock (
2482:Sulawesi woodcock (
2473:Bukidnon woodcock (
2313:Common greenshank (
2295:Wandering tattler (
2268:Lesser yellowlegs (
2226:Spotted sandpiper (
1967:Western sandpiper (
1904:Baird's sandpiper (
1844:Tuamotu sandpiper (
1759:Bar-tailed godwit (
1680:Eurasian whimbrel (
1664:N. madagascariensis
1369:"Leslie L. Glasgow"
1356:. January 13, 2017.
1354:"Leslie L. Glasgow"
1228:"American Woodcock"
1160:on August 28, 2008.
1138:carrying its young"
1112:The Shorebird Guide
930:American Woodcock (
40:Conservation status
2736:Pin-tailed snipe (
2664:Madagascar snipe (
2259:Spotted redshank (
2217:Common sandpiper (
2066:Temminck's stint (
2039:Red-necked stint (
1958:Purple sandpiper (
1931:Curlew sandpiper (
1750:Hudsonian godwit (
1594:Upland sandpiper (
1371:. lsuagcdenter.com
1177:Journal of Zoology
1094:2004-07-18 at the
578:
544:
497:
392:Scolopax rusticola
338:
24:American woodcock
3178:
3177:
3124:Open Tree of Life
3116:american-woodcock
3012:american-woodcock
2802:Taxon identifiers
2793:
2792:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2682:Swinhoe's snipe (
2655:Jameson's snipe (
2603:
2466:
2441:Asian dowitcher (
2416:
2370:
2369:
2358:Common redshank (
2349:Marsh sandpiper (
2322:Green sandpiper (
2168:
2143:Terek sandpiper (
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2048:Long-toed stint (
1994:Least sandpiper (
1949:Stilt sandpiper (
1820:Black turnstone (
1811:Ruddy turnstone (
1804:
1780:
1779:
1734:
1710:
1709:
1635:Eurasian curlew (
1619:
1134:"Sunda Frogmouth
1044:Peters, James Lee
1029:978-1-4081-2501-4
680:willow flycatcher
648:white-tailed deer
605:Population status
573:
492:
388:Eurasian woodcock
382:or woodcock. The
320:1970s densities.
257:American woodcock
253:
252:
247:
239:
219: Nonbreeding
63:
3228:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3093:
3092:
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3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3041:
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3028:
3027:
3015:
3014:
3005:
3004:
2992:
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2891:F4829920F1710E56
2881:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2797:
2727:Solitary snipe (
2646:Imperial snipe (
2637:Latham's snipe (
2619:Wilson's snipe (
2602:
2601:
2597:
2536:Javan woodcock (
2500:Amami woodcock (
2475:S. bukidnonensis
2465:
2464:
2460:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2379:
2277:Wood sandpiper (
2167:
2166:
2162:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2059:C. subruficollis
2003:Rock sandpiper (
1822:A. melanocephala
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1741:Marbled godwit (
1733:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1486:
1481:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1364:
1358:
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1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1142:
1129:
1123:
1108:
1099:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1015:
1009:
1008:
995:
989:
988:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
943:
937:
926:
891:
876:
870:
864:
853:
850:
844:
837:
820:
805:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
758:
728:
574:
559:Rocking behavior
493:
478:Food and feeding
283:Labrador twister
245:
237:
218:
213: Year-round
212:
206:
198:
181:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3211:Birds of Mexico
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3098:Observation.org
3096:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2762:
2747:G. stricklandii
2745:Fuegian snipe (
2700:African snipe (
2666:G. macrodactyla
2599:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2578:Chatham snipe (
2544:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2449:
2443:L. semipalmatus
2412:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2366:
2234:
2201:
2175:Red phalarope (
2164:
2163:
2161:
2151:
2118:
2115:
2092:
2077:C. tenuirostris
1861:
1846:P. parvirostris
1828:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1776:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1706:
1700:N. tenuirostris
1671:Little curlew (
1644:Eskimo curlew (
1615:
1614:
1612:
1602:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1551:Charadriiformes
1523:
1522:: Scolopacidae)
1513:
1475:
1413:
1389:
1387:Further reading
1384:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1323:Wilson Bulletin
1317:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1109:
1102:
1096:Wayback Machine
1086:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1017:
1016:
1012:
997:
996:
992:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
945:
944:
940:
927:
894:
877:
873:
865:
856:
851:
847:
838:
823:
806:
795:
787:
783:
775:
771:
761:
759:
730:
729:
722:
718:
624:
607:
563:
561:
517:
482:
480:
475:
455:
400:
371:Systema Naturae
351:
326:
309:loss of habitat
279:night partridge
243:Rusticola minor
235:Philohela minor
220:
216:
214:
210:
208:
204:
189:
183:
177:
164:
127:Charadriiformes
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:Scolopax-minor
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3068:
3055:
3042:
3029:
3016:
3006:
2993:
2983:
2970:
2957:
2944:
2931:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2878:scolopax-minor
2869:
2865:Scolopax_minor
2856:
2845:
2840:Scolopax minor
2830:
2814:
2812:
2810:Scolopax minor
2806:
2805:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2702:G. nigripennis
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2628:Common snipe (
2625:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2569:Snares snipe (
2566:
2562:C. aucklandica
2556:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2520:S. rosenbergii
2515:
2511:S. rochussenii
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2434:L. scolopaceus
2429:
2419:
2417:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2351:T. stagnatilis
2346:
2337:
2333:T. semipalmata
2328:
2319:
2310:
2306:T. melanoleuca
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2005:C. ptilocnemis
2000:
1991:
1985:Little stint (
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1942:C. fuscicollis
1937:
1928:
1924:C. falcinellus
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1860:
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1756:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1695:
1691:N. tahitiensis
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
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1514:
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1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:
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1482:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1455:– www.fws.gov–
1449:Photo-High Res
1446:
1440:
1437:Rite of Spring
1434:
1429:
1425:Scolopax minor
1420:
1412:
1411:External links
1409:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1359:
1345:
1333:
1305:
1299:978-0878939664
1298:
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1219:
1196:
1163:
1124:
1100:
1080:
1067:
1055:
1046:, ed. (1934).
1035:
1028:
1010:
999:Linnaeus, Carl
990:
963:
938:
932:Scolopax minor
892:
871:
854:
845:
821:
793:
791:. audubon.org.
781:
769:
735:Scolopax minor
719:
717:
714:
694:Leslie Glasgow
684:indigo bunting
676:whip-poor-will
623:
620:
606:
603:
591:Bernd Heinrich
560:
557:
516:
513:
479:
476:
474:
471:
454:
451:
450:
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446:
437:spp.), birch (
431:
428:
399:
396:
350:
347:
325:
322:
262:Scolopax minor
251:
250:
249:
248:
240:
229:
228:
222:
221:
215:
209:
207: Breeding
203:
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199:
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179:Scolopax minor
173:
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3060:
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2913:
2909:
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2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2759:
2757:
2754:Giant snipe (
2752:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2720:G. paraguaiae
2716:
2714:
2712:
2709:Noble snipe (
2707:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2693:G. nemoricola
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2673:Great snipe (
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2648:G. imperialis
2644:
2642:
2640:
2639:G. hardwickii
2635:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2484:S. celebensis
2480:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
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2388:
2386:
2384:
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2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2261:T. erythropus
2257:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2219:A. hypoleucos
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2177:P. fulicarius
2173:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:Scolopacidae
2111:
2107:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2068:C. temminckii
2064:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2041:C. ruficollis
2037:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2001:
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1992:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1951:C. himantopus
1947:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1933:C. ferruginea
1929:
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1752:L. haemastica
1748:
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1656:
1655:N. hudsonicus
1651:
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1642:
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1633:
1631:
1629:
1628:N. americanus
1624:
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1605:
1599:
1597:
1596:B. longicauda
1592:
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1565:Scolopacidae
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669:
668:ruffed grouse
665:
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652:snowshoe hare
649:
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639:
637:
633:
632:deforestation
629:
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170:Binomial name
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161:S. minor
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55:Least Concern
45:
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36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2809:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2729:G. solitaria
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2691:Wood snipe (
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2630:G. gallinago
2629:
2620:
2611:
2610:Puna snipe (
2591:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2551:Coenocorypha
2549:
2537:
2529:S. rusticola
2528:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2454:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2413:(Dowitchers)
2404:
2392:
2391:Jack snipe (
2383:Lymnocryptes
2382:
2375:Scolopacinae
2359:
2350:
2342:T. solitaria
2341:
2332:
2323:
2315:T. nebularia
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
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2228:A. macularia
2227:
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2206:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2165:(Phalaropes)
2156:
2144:
2134:
2085:
2076:
2075:Great knot (
2067:
2058:
2050:C. subminuta
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1996:C. minutilla
1995:
1986:
1978:C. melanotos
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1886:Sanderling (
1879:C. acuminata
1878:
1866:
1854:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1813:A. interpres
1812:
1801:(Turnstones)
1792:
1769:
1761:L. lapponica
1760:
1751:
1742:
1722:
1699:
1690:
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1261:(1): N4–N7.
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762:November 13,
760:. Retrieved
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698:dissertation
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622:Conservation
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178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
137:Scolopacidae
18:
3072:NatureServe
3020:iNaturalist
2834:Wikispecies
2784:Boyd (2019)
2756:G. undulata
2657:G. jamesoni
2621:G. delicata
2538:S. saturata
2463:(Woodcocks)
2406:Limnodromus
2324:T. ochropus
2288:T. guttifer
2279:T. glareola
2270:T. flavipes
2252:T. brevipes
2195:P. tricolor
2145:X. cinereus
1960:C. maritima
1785:Arenariinae
1682:N. phaeopus
1646:N. borealis
1375:October 21,
1330:(2): 47–60.
664:wild turkey
636:agriculture
599:aposematism
595:John Alcock
509:crepuscular
505:snipe flies
501:Oligochaeta
324:Description
285:is a small
3185:Categories
3163:Xeno-canto
2738:G. stenura
2711:G. nobilis
2580:C. pusilla
2571:C. huegeli
2425:L. griseus
2393:L. minimus
2360:T. totanus
2186:P. lobatus
2158:Phalaropus
2086:C. virgata
2084:Surfbird (
2032:C. pygmaea
2023:C. pusilla
1915:C. canutus
1913:Red knot (
1906:C. bairdii
1835:Prosobonia
1673:N. minutus
1637:N. arquata
1578:Numeniinae
1516:Sandpipers
1238:October 5,
1183:(2): 103.
1120:0618432949
888:1885106203
817:0618159886
716:References
298:camouflage
186:Gmelin, JF
2782:Based on
2684:G. megala
2612:G. andina
2593:Gallinago
2297:T. incana
2127:Tringinae
2014:C. pugnax
1987:C. minuta
1897:C. alpina
1770:L. limosa
1731:(Godwits)
1715:Limosinae
1616:(Curlews)
1586:Bartramia
1531:Kingdom:
1399:(4): 3–5.
1394:Sanctuary
979:(2): 69.
549:precocial
453:Migration
314:game bird
287:shorebird
275:bogsucker
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
3196:Scolopax
3077:2.105226
3064:22693072
3038:10836458
2966:45509171
2904:22693072
2899:BirdLife
2819:Wikidata
2675:G. media
2600:(Snipes)
2493:S. minor
2456:Scolopax
2331:Willet (
1969:C. mauri
1895:Dunlin (
1868:Calidris
1855:P. sauli
1794:Arenaria
1743:L. fedoa
1609:Numenius
1539:Chordata
1537:Phylum:
1533:Animalia
1275:87482420
1146:Forktail
1092:Archived
1001:(1758).
710:wetlands
700:through
515:Breeding
358:Scolopax
349:Taxonomy
238:Gray, JE
226:Synonyms
148:Scolopax
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3002:2481695
2886:Avibase
2825:Q694319
2502:S. mira
2208:Actitis
1888:C. alba
1549:Order:
1543:Class:
1453:Article
1232:Audubon
435:Populus
417:Alabama
386:is the
368:of his
364:in the
290:species
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
3155:159027
3142:129789
3129:244702
3051:176580
3009:GNAB:
2986:FEIS:
2974:EURING
2953:amewoo
2927:amewoo
2873:ARKive
2853:amewoo
2241:Tringa
2012:Ruff (
1724:Limosa
1520:family
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686:, and
666:, and
660:bobcat
445:spp.).
439:Betula
378:for a
271:mudbat
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188:, 1789
3150:WoRMS
3103:72895
3090:56299
3033:IRMNG
2948:eBird
2940:6XXHP
2924:BOW:
2917:10164
2135:Xenus
1318:(PDF)
1271:S2CID
1158:(PDF)
1141:(PDF)
656:moose
540:Downy
522:peent
443:Alnus
380:snipe
376:Latin
355:genus
281:, or
3111:ODNR
3085:NCBI
3059:IUCN
3046:ITIS
3025:3936
2997:GBIF
2989:scmi
2979:5310
2912:BOLD
1545:Aves
1377:2014
1294:ISBN
1240:2023
1116:ISBN
1024:ISBN
958:2020
884:ISBN
813:ISBN
764:2021
747:2020
628:IUCN
467:Ohio
353:The
255:The
117:Aves
2961:EoL
2935:CoL
2860:ADW
2849:ABA
1263:doi
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