Habitat destruction - Knowledge (XXG)

1323:, three to four underlying causes are driving two to three proximate causes. This means that a universal policy for controlling tropical deforestation would not be able to address the unique combination of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation in each country. Before any local, national, or international deforestation policies are written and enforced, governmental leaders must acquire a detailed understanding of the complex combination of proximate causes and underlying driving forces of deforestation in a given area or country. This concept, along with many other results of tropical deforestation from the Geist and Lambin study, can easily be applied to habitat destruction in general. 663: 651: 1231:

inhabitants rely on biodiversity to recover from extreme environmental conditions. When too much biodiversity is lost, a catastrophic event such as an earthquake, flood, or volcanic eruption could cause an ecosystem to crash, and humans would obviously suffer from that. Loss of biodiversity also means that humans are losing animals that could have served as biological-control agents and plants that could potentially provide higher-yielding crop varieties, pharmaceutical drugs to cure existing or future diseases (such as cancer), and new resistant crop-varieties for agricultural species susceptible to pesticide-resistant insects or virulent strains of

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wood (logging) and food markets. Growth in these markets, in turn, progresses the commercialization of agriculture and logging industries. When these industries become commercialized, they must become more efficient by utilizing larger or more modern machinery that often has a worse effect on the habitat than traditional farming and logging methods. Either way, more land is cleared more rapidly for commercial markets. This common feedback example manifests just how closely related the proximate and underlying causes are to each other.

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available results in specific landscapes that are made of isolated patches of suitable habitat throughout a hostile environment/matrix. This process is generally due to pure habitat loss as well as fragmentation effects. Pure habitat loss refers to changes occurring in the composition of the landscape that causes a decrease in individuals. Fragmentation effects refer to an addition of effects occurring due to the habitat changes. Habitat loss can result in negative effects on the dynamic of species richness. The order

4534: 631:(45%), which leads to wasteful logging practices. Within the broad category of cultural and sociopolitical factors are public attitudes and values (63%), individual/household behavior (53%), public unconcern toward forest environments (43%), missing basic values (36%), and unconcern by individuals (32%). Demographic factors were the in-migration of colonizing settlers into sparsely populated forest areas (38%) and growing population density—a result of the first factor—in those areas (25%). 1020: 788: 1339: 33: 140: 352: 6777: 6025: 5760: 4946: 455: 398: 282: 6765: 5749: 4956: 2596:

Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to

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Durner, George M.; Douglas, David C.; Nielson, Ryan M.; Amstrup, Steven C.; McDonald, Trent L.; Stirling, Ian; Mauritzen, Mette; Born, Erik W.; Wiig, Øystein; Deweaver, Eric; Serreze, Mark C.; Belikov, Stanislav E.; Holland, Marika M.; Maslanik, James; Aars, Jon; Bailey, David A.; Derocher, Andrew E.

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and show less concern for the environment to meet the market demand. Others will seek out new land or will convert other land-uses to agriculture. Agricultural intensification will become widespread at the cost of the environment and its inhabitants. Species will be pushed out of their habitat either

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is increasing the world's food requirement substantially. Simple logic dictates that more people will require more food. In fact, as the world's population increases dramatically, agricultural output will need to increase by at least 50%, over the next 30 years. In the past, continually moving to new

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Shoreline erosion: Coastal erosion is a natural process as storms, waves, tides and other water level changes occur. Shoreline stabilization can be done by barriers between land and water such as seawalls and bulkheads. Living shorelines are gaining attention as a new stabilization method. These can

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of destroying a given habitat. In other words, what do people lose out on with the removal of a given habitat? A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services

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organisms with limited ranges are most affected by habitat destruction, mainly because these organisms are not found anywhere else in the world, and thus have less chance of recovering. Many endemic organisms have very specific requirements for their survival that can only be found within a certain

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There are also feedbacks and interactions among the proximate and underlying causes of deforestation that can amplify the process. Road construction has the largest feedback effect, because it interacts with—and leads to—the establishment of new settlements and more people, which causes a growth in

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Geist and Lambin (2002) assessed 152 case studies of net losses of tropical forest cover to determine any patterns in the proximate and underlying causes of tropical deforestation. Their results, yielded as percentages of the case studies in which each parameter was a significant factor, provide a

470:, and climate change is well documented in the fossil record. One study shows that habitat fragmentation of tropical rainforests in Euramerica 300 million years ago led to a great loss of amphibian diversity, but simultaneously the drier climate spurred on a burst of diversity among reptiles. 272:

Currently, changes occurring in different environments around the world are changing the specific geographical habitats that are suitable for plants to grow. Therefore, the ability for plants to migrate to suitable environment areas will have a strong impact on the distribution of plant diversity.

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It is argued that the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation can be counteracted by including spatial processes in potential restoration management plans. However, even though spatial dynamics are incredibly important in the conservation and recovery of species, a limited amount of management

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and marine areas have endured high levels of habitat destruction. More than 50% of wetlands in the U.S. have been destroyed in just the last 200 years. Between 60% and 70% of European wetlands have been completely destroyed. In the United Kingdom, there has been an increase in demand for coastal

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to slow population growth is important as greater population leads to greater human caused habitat destruction. Habitat restoration can also take place through the following processes; extending habitats or repairing habitats. Extending habitats aims to counteract habitat loss and fragmentation

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is a diverse group of plant pollinators who are highly susceptible to the negative effects of habitat loss, this could result in a domino effect between the plant-pollinator interactions leading to major conservation implications within this group. It is observed from the worlds longest running

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The period since 1950 has brought "the most rapid transformation of the human relationship with the natural world in the history of humankind". Almost one-third of the world's forests, and almost two-thirds of its grassland, have been lost to human agriculture—which now occupies almost half the

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Habitat loss is one of the main environmental causes of the decline of biodiversity on local, regional, and global scales. Many believe that habitat fragmentation is also a threat to biodiversity however some believe that it is secondary to habitat loss. The reduction of the amount of habitat

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Preventing an area from losing its specialist species to generalist invasive species depends on the extent of the habitat destruction that has already taken place. In areas where the habitat is relatively undisturbed, halting further habitat destruction may be enough. In areas where habitat

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may not directly affect humans, but the indirect effects of losing many species as well as the diversity of ecosystems in general are enormous. When biodiversity is lost, the environment loses many species that perform valuable and unique roles in the ecosystem. The environment and all its

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Haddad, Nick M.; Brudvig, Lars A.; Clobert, Jean; Davies, Kendi F.; Gonzalez, Andrew; Holt, Robert D.; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Sexton, Joseph O.; Austin, Mike P.; Collins, Cathy D.; Cook, William M.; Damschen, Ellen I.; Ewers, Robert M.; Foster, Bryan L.; Jenkins, Clinton N. (6 March 2015).

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According to the Geist and Lambin (2002) study, the underlying driving forces were prioritized as follows (with the percent of the 152 cases the factor played a significant role in): economic factors (81%), institutional or policy factors (78%), technological factors (70%), cultural or

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Education of the general public is possibly the best way to prevent further human habitat destruction. Changing the dull creep of environmental impacts from being viewed as acceptable to being seen a reason for change to more sustainable practices. Education about the necessity of

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have received most of the attention concerning the destruction of habitat. From the approximately 16 million square kilometers of tropical rainforest habitat that originally existed worldwide, less than 9 million square kilometers remain today. The current rate of

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The negative effects of habitat destruction usually impact rural populations more directly than urban populations. Across the globe, poor people suffer the most when natural habitat is destroyed, because less natural habitat means fewer natural resources

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Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to "trivial" standardized ecosystems (e.g.,

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species. These hotspots are suffering from habitat loss and destruction. Most of the natural habitat on islands and in areas of high human population density has already been destroyed (WRI, 2003). Islands suffering extreme habitat destruction include

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not only more urgent but also more likely to conflict with local human interests. The high local population density in such areas is directly correlated to the poverty status of the local people, most of whom lacking an education and family planning.

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The biggest potential to solving the issue of habitat destruction comes from solving the political, economical and social problems that go along with it such as, individual and commercial material consumption, sustainable extraction of resources,

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versus rural), ecosystem type, and country; and the combined effects of poverty, age, family planning, gender, and education status of people in certain areas. Most of the exponential human population growth worldwide is occurring in or close to

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Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Jacob, D.; Taylor, M.; Bindi, M.; Brown, S.; Camilloni, I.; Diedhiou, A.; Djalante, R.; Ebi, K.L.; Engelbrecht, F.; Guiot, J.; Hijioka, Y.; Mehrotra, S.; Payne, A.; Seneviratne, S.I.; Thomas, A.; Warren, R.; Zhou, G. (2022).

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Governmental leaders need to take action by addressing the underlying driving forces, rather than merely regulating the proximate causes. In a broader sense, governmental bodies at a local, national, and international scale need to emphasize:

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The eradication of smallpox virus is also a perfect example of habitat destruction: smallpox vaccination gives life-long immunity, and humans are the only host. Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the

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land and soils provided a boost in food production to meet the global food demand. That easy fix will no longer be available, however, as more than 98% of all land suitable for agriculture is already in use or degraded beyond repair.

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Agricultural land can suffer from the destruction of the surrounding landscape. Over the past 50 years, the destruction of habitat surrounding agricultural land has degraded approximately 40% of agricultural land worldwide via

223:(ESA) Rank 1 wetland is one such example, with irreversible reclamation proceeding prior to environmental impact assessment and approvals. Other such areas include the eastern coasts of Asia and Africa, northern coasts of 1426: 1217:

The loss of trees from tropical rainforests alone represents a substantial diminishing of Earth's ability to produce oxygen and to use up carbon dioxide. These services are becoming even more important as increasing

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has been accelerating during the early twenty‐first century, with a decline rate of 4.7% per decade (it has declined over 50% since the first satellite records). One well known example of a species affected is the

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Natural vegetation along this coastal shoreline in North Carolina, US, is being used to reduce the effects of shoreline erosion while providing other benefits to the natural ecosystem and the human community.

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Galbraith, H.; Jones, R.; Park, R.; Clough, J.; Herrod-Julius, S.; Harrington, B.; Page, G. (1 June 2002). "Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds".

386:, have been somewhat degraded. But included in that 10–20% of land is the approximately 9 million square kilometers of seasonally dry-lands that humans have converted to deserts through the process of 4381:

Tilman D.; Fargione J.; Wolff B.; D'Antonio C.; Dobson A.; Howarth R.; Schindler D.; Schlesinger W. H.; Simberloff D.; et al. (2001). "Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change".

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responsible for tropical deforestation. The specific categories reveal further insight into the specific causes of tropical deforestation: transport extension (64%), commercial wood extraction (52%),

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usually rely upon relatively undisturbed habitat. Many people value the complexity of the natural world and express concern at the loss of natural habitats and of animal or plant species worldwide.

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youths, as these organisms would have a higher possibility of mating with related organisms within their population, or different species. One of the most famous examples is the impact upon China's

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following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat for the more diverse species. Even the simplest forms of agriculture affect diversity – through clearing or draining the land, discouraging

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Data: Historical data on forests from Williams (2003) - Deforesting the Earth. Historical data on agriculture from The History Database of Global Environment (HYDE). Modern data from the FAO

4294: 1296:. Any efforts to protect the world's remaining natural habitat and biodiversity will compete directly with humans' growing demand for natural resources, especially new agricultural lands. 6253: 434:. About one-fifth (20%) of marine coastal areas have been highly modified by humans. One-fifth of coral reefs have also been destroyed, and another fifth has been severely degraded by 6669: 4985: 998:

are frequently generalists that are able to survive in much more diverse habitats. Habitat destruction leading to climate change offsets the balance of species keeping up with the

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Barbault, R. and S. D. Sastrapradja. 1995. Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge pp. 193–274.

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Kauffman, J. B. and D. A. Pyke. 2001. Range ecology, global livestock influences. In S. A. Levin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 5: 33–52. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

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were significantly threatened by habitat loss. Most amphibian species are also threatened by native habitat loss, and some species are now only breeding in modified habitat.

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Ravenga, C., J. Brunner, N. Henninger, K. Kassem, and R. Payne. 2000. Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Wetland Ecosystems. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.

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reduce damage and erosion while simultaneously providing ecosystem services such as food production, nutrient and sediment removal, and water quality improvement to society

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recycles rainwater and maintains constant annual rainfall; on a global scale, plants (especially trees in tropical rainforests) around the world counter the accumulation of

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Cincotta, R.P., and R. Engelman. 2000. Nature's place: human population density and the future of biological diversity. Population Action International. Washington, D.C.

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will be a major source of habitat destruction. Commercial farmers are going to become desperate to produce more food from the same amount of land, so they will use more

967:. Habitat destruction can also decrease the range of certain organism populations. This can result in the reduction of genetic diversity and perhaps the production of 261:

Areas of high agricultural output tend to have the highest extent of habitat destruction. In the U.S., less than 25% of native vegetation remains in many parts of the

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is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved to elsewhere or are dead, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and

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Stein, B. A., L. S. Kutner, and J. S. Adams (eds.). 2000. Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States. Oxford University Press, New York.

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quantitative prioritization of which proximate and underlying causes were the most significant. The proximate causes were clustered into broad categories of

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White, R. P., S. Murray, and M. Rohweder. 2000. Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems: Grassland Ecosystems. World Resources Institute, Washington, D. C.

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However, at the moment, the rates of plant migration that are influenced by habitat loss and fragmentation are not as well understood as they could be.

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Ecosystem services in Southern Africa: a regional assessment. The regional scale component of the Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

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Evangelista, Paul H.; Kumar, Sunil; Stohlgren, Thomas J.; Jarnevich, Catherine S.; Crall, Alycia W.; Norman III, John B.; Barnett, David T. (2008).

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report on "Making Peace with Nature" released in 2021 found that most of these efforts had failed to meet their internationally agreed upon goals.

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and food. But 70–90% of today's warm-water coral reefs will disappear even if warming is kept to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). For example, Caribbean

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WRI. 2003. World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.

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are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse.

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Liao, Jinbao; Bearup, Daniel; Wang, Yeqiao; Nijs, Ivan; Bonte, Dries; Li, Yuanheng; Brose, Ulrich; Wang, Shaopeng; Blasius, Bernd (2 May 2017).

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McKee J. K.; Sciulli P.W.; Fooce C. D.; Waite T. A. (2003). "Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth".

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on a Hawaiian coral reef. Although the endangered species is protected, habitat loss from human development is a major reason for the loss of

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Primack, R. B. 2006. Essentials of Conservation Biology. 4th Ed. Habitat destruction, pages 177–188. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.

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ecosystem, resulting in their extinction. Extinction may also take place very long after the destruction of habitat, a phenomenon known as

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can link isolated populations and increase pollination. Corridors are also known to reduce the negative impacts of habitat destruction.

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practices can reduce the chance of these events happening, or will at least mitigate adverse impacts. Eliminating swamps—the habitat of

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Sahney S.; Benton M.J.; Falcon-Lang H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica".

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Fig. 3.67(j): loss of tropical rainforest and woodland, as estimated for tropical Africa, Latin America and South and Southeast Asia.

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Beebee, Trevor J.C.; Griffiths, Richard A. (31 May 2005). "The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?".

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The rate of global tree cover loss has approximately doubled since 2001, to an annual loss approaching an area the size of Italy.

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also has a great benefit. When women have the same education (decision-making power), this generally leads to smaller families.

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of North America, on the other hand, have less than 3% of natural habitat remaining that has not been converted to farmland.

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fragmentation experiment over 35 years that habitat fragmentation has caused a decrease in biodiversity from 13% to 75%.

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have extremely dense human populations that allow little room for natural habitat. Marine areas close to highly populated

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fragmentation is a process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats.

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is 160,000 square kilometers per year, which equates to a loss of approximately 1% of original forest habitat each year.

6228: 5035: 4745: 4164: 459: 356: 6769: 3591:"Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction: disentangling patch fragmentation from patch loss" 258:

areas of South America are the main regions with unsustainable agricultural practices and/or government mismanagement.

6714: 6704: 6617: 6523: 5797: 5406: 5290: 5047: 4830: 4035: 3711:"Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions" 538:, economic, sociopolitical, scientific and technological, and cultural drivers all contribute to habitat destruction. 979:. Now it is only found in fragmented and isolated regions in the southwest of the country, as a result of widespread 3328:(1997). "Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors". In Gubler, Duane J.; Ooi, Eng Eong; Vasudevan, Subhash; 2083:"Deforestation and Forest Loss / Humanity destroyed one third of the world's forests by expanding agricultural land" 6586: 6132: 4478: 383: 6496: 6320: 6157: 5676: 5628: 5523: 5416: 5300: 4820: 4041: 2657:"Genetic effects of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on remnant animal and plant populations: a meta-analysis" 1334:

Example of human caused habitat destruction likely capable of reversing if further disturbance is halted. Uganda.

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Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies

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Map of the world's biodiversity hot spots, all of which are heavily threatened by habitat loss and degradation

2283: 1174:. Other ecosystem services that are diminished or lost altogether as a result of habitat destruction include 6443: 6153: 5911: 5728: 5666: 5069: 4790: 771: 713: 242:

or unstable governments, which may go hand-in-hand, typically experience high rates of habitat destruction.

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Habitat loss is perhaps the greatest threat to organisms and biodiversity. Temple (1986) found that 82% of

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offsets from a combination of habitat generalists and specialists to a population primarily consisting of

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is not the primary cause of deforestation in all world regions, while transport extension (including the

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Finding ecological ways to increase agricultural output without increasing the total land in production.

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Probably the most profound impact that habitat destruction has on people is the loss of many valuable

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across 114 countries, providing indisputable evidence that people play the largest role in decreasing

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Read "Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8: A Unifying Foundation" at NAP.edu

2108:"The imprint of the geographical, evolutionary and ecological context on species-area relationships" 2035: 1111:. Humans also lose direct uses of natural habitat when habitat is destroyed. Aesthetic uses such as 6780: 6558: 6389: 6340: 6283: 6223: 5867: 5718: 5711: 5651: 5588: 5548: 5218: 4949: 4712: 4594: 4589: 4498: 4441: 1448:"Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability" 1352: 1211: 1056: 624: 588: 289: 56: 3779:

Banks-Leite, Cristina; Mark Ewers, Robert; Folkard-Tapp, Hollie; Fraser, Adam (18 December 2020).

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Constable, A.J., S. Harper, J. Dawson, K. Holsman, T. Mustonen, D. Piepenburg, and B. Rost, 2022:

1019: 861: – will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current rate. 562:. This may explain why human population density accounts for 87.9% of the variation in numbers of 6684: 6622: 6410: 6399: 6377: 6372: 6361: 6146: 5895: 5890: 5877: 5820: 5733: 5691: 5686: 5646: 5598: 5362: 5134: 4415: 4220: 4001: 3338:. CAB books (2, revised ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI (published 2014). p. 504. 2986: 2903: 2782: 2516: 2472: 2417: 2360: 2265: 1694: 1624: 1417:

plans are taking the spatial effects of habitat restoration and conservation into consideration.

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Schlaepfer, Daniel R.; Braschler, Brigitte; Rusterholz, Hans-Peter; Baur, Bruno (October 2018).

1251:, yet wealthier people and countries can simply pay more to continue to receive more than their 2311:; Xi, Baike; DuVivier, Alice K.; Kay, Jennifer E.; Landrum, Laura L.; Deng, Yi (19 June 2019). 6801: 6659: 6533: 6426: 6335: 6218: 5608: 5483: 5429: 5228: 5213: 4919: 4805: 4795: 4548: 4508: 4407: 4369: 4324: 4212: 4045: 4024: 3993: 3946: 3889: 3842: 3758: 3740: 3690: 3636: 3628: 3498: 3490: 3441: 3339: 3282: 3214: 3196: 3148: 3140: 3093: 3085: 3046: 3028: 2978: 2774: 2686: 2609: 2567: 2491:(2009). "Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models". 2464: 2409: 2352: 2257: 2221: 2180: 2170: 2137: 1839: 1686: 1616: 1608: 1495: 1477: 1368: 1227: 1179: 1052: 1028: 987: 936: 886: 725: 690: 584: 546: 418:

housing and tourism which has caused a decline in marine habitats over the last 60 years. The

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Calizza, Edoardo; Costantini, Maria Letizia; Careddu, Giulio; Rossi, Loreto (17 June 2017).

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Attempts to address habitat destruction are in international policy commitments embodied by

1259: 1100: 1036: 995: 787: 604: 439: 431: 427: 103: 3559: 32: 6745: 6506: 6028: 5696: 5613: 5593: 5573: 5473: 5322: 4632: 4569: 4298: 4171: 3546: 3310: 1896: 1409: 1360: 1191: 1096: 1064: 964: 894: 741: 705: 697: 686: 616: 608: 507: 499: 479: 442:; 90% of the Philippines' coral reefs alone have been destroyed. Finally, over 35% of the 387: 337: 247: 139: 115: 111: 4264:

Sanderson E. W.; Jaiteh M.; Levy M. A.; Redford K. H.; Wannebo A. V.; Woolmer G. (2002).

2882:"Description of a seminatural habitat of the endangered Suweon treefrog Hyla suweonensis" 807:

contributes to destruction of some habitats, endangering various species. For example:

4395: 4248: 4198: 4117: 3981: 3932: 3796: 3726: 3606: 3476: 3417: 3184: 3128: 2964: 2858: 2762: 2727: 2672: 2504: 2452: 2395: 2328: 2123: 1817: 1674: 1596: 1540: 1463: 6750: 5946: 5723: 5618: 5518: 5446: 4785: 4760: 4364: 4339: 3873: 3753: 3710: 3436: 3401: 3246:"Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate" 3209: 3168: 3041: 3008: 2562: 2535: 2308: 2044:

Chart in section titled "Annual rates of global tree cover loss have risen since 2000".

1490: 1447: 1376: 1223: 1219: 1203: 1171: 1163: 1151: 901:

processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment (suspected of being

812: 804: 709: 419: 402: 333: 95: 4156: 4135: 3885: 1580: 1338: 881:

describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred

351: 6795: 6489: 6438: 5951: 5840: 5706: 5661: 5641: 5463: 5238: 4662: 4513: 4488: 3989: 3941: 3916: 3623: 3538: 3485: 3460: 3329: 3081: 2973: 2948: 2476: 2421: 2364: 2132: 2107: 1825: 1682: 1604: 1405: 1195: 1159: 1092: 980: 640: 628: 615:

and infrastructure improvement (34%), and subsidies for land-based activities (26%);

600: 503: 294: 228: 224: 27:

Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species

4419: 4005: 2990: 2907: 2786: 2709:"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica" 2520: 2269: 1698: 1628: 1522:"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica" 841:

are very sensitive to global warming and ocean acidification. Coral reefs provide a

6538: 6248: 6198: 5399: 5394: 5382: 5342: 5327: 5015: 4904: 4483: 4224: 3965: 3370: 3065: 2054:

Steffen, Will; Sanderson, Angelina; Tyson, Peter; Jäger, Jill; et al. (2004).

1801: 1658: 1135: 1112: 1108: 1048: 627:(42%). The main technological factor was the poor application of technology in the 612: 567: 491: 487: 423: 407: 328:

stands have lost more than 98% of their previous area because of human activities.

79: 75: 4970: 2898: 2881: 2290:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2319–2368, 1263:

such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.

1258:

Another way to view the negative effects of habitat destruction is to look at the

166:

species and, when all hotspots are combined, may contain over half of the world's

4320: 3804: 3426: 3333: 3276: 2866: 2600:. Cambridge, UK and New York City: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–312. 269:. Only 15% of land area remains unmodified by human activities in all of Europe. 6421: 5513: 5468: 5337: 5310: 4765: 4750: 4533: 3325: 2436: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1280: 1183: 1143: 1080: 1007: 972: 733: 580: 535: 483: 435: 313: 204: 180: 172: 3113:"Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks" 2460: 1023:

The draining and development of coastal wetlands that previously protected the

744:, and encouraging just a limited set of domesticated plant and animal species. 17: 6306: 5922: 5862: 5578: 4464: 4034:

Burke, L.; Y. Kura; K. Kassem; C. Ravenga; M. Spalding; D. McAllister (2000).

3686: 2605: 2295: 1961: 1284: 1124: 1027:

contributed to severe flooding in New Orleans, Louisiana, in the aftermath of

1024: 948: 914: 906: 898: 854: 838: 828: 620: 596: 519: 454: 305: 243: 212: 176: 64: 3997: 3950: 3846: 3744: 3632: 3494: 3252:. United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. 3200: 3144: 3089: 3032: 2982: 2778: 2690: 2468: 2413: 2404: 2379: 2356: 2261: 2225: 1843: 1690: 1612: 1481: 1158:. On a local scale, trees provide windbreaks and shade; on a regional scale, 6476: 5701: 5347: 4770: 4403: 3735: 2949:"Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species" 2552: 1717:

Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001

1293: 1154:. One ecosystem service whose significance is becoming better understood is 1147: 1139: 1104: 968: 717: 495: 379: 301: 200: 4411: 4373: 4216: 4104:

Laurance W. F. (1999). "Reflections on the tropical deforestation crisis".

3915:

Elmarsdottir, Asrun; Aradottir, Asa L.; Trlica, M. J. (26 September 2003).

3762: 3640: 3502: 3445: 3218: 3192: 3152: 3097: 3066:"Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation" 3050: 3024: 2571: 2184: 2156: 2141: 2082: 1620: 1499: 397: 6432: 4076:"Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation" 3823:"An Experimental Test of Whether Habitat Corridors Affect Pollen Transfer" 281: 6548: 6471: 5233: 4825: 4800: 3306: 3013:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences

3009:"Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail" 2749:

Fahrig, Lenore (2019). "Habitat fragmentation: A long and tangled tale".

2631:"Caribbean coral reefs 'will be lost within 20 years' without protection" 2337: 2312: 2061:. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). pp. 131, 133. 1520:

Sahney, S; Benton, Michael J.; Falcon-Lang, Howard J. (1 December 2010).

1240: 1076: 1068: 959: 694: 371: 196: 163: 159: 91: 4355: 3681:, Encyclopedia of Earth Science, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 308–309, 2347: 2198:

Baker, Jason D.; Littnan, Charles L.; Johnston, David W. (24 May 2006).

728:) is the largest single proximate factor responsible for deforestation. 370:

areas have been degraded to a lesser extent. Only 10–20% of the world's

5528: 5478: 5258: 2378:

Senftleben, Daniel; Lauer, Axel; Karpechko, Alexey (15 February 2020).

1834: 1802:"Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation" 1155: 1120: 1116: 1088: 1072: 1044: 976: 918: 842: 819: 414: 360: 317: 148: 87: 52: 3590: 3400:

Benoît Geslin; Benoit Gauzens; Elisa Thébault; Isabelle Dajoz (2013).

3136: 2800:

Fahrig, L (2003). "Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity".

2770: 2681: 2656: 2512: 2287: 2216: 2199: 1472: 355:

Farmers near newly cleared land within Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (

6453: 6213: 5789: 5352: 4256: 4207: 4182: 3822: 3614: 2735: 1897:"United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology" 1548: 1427:

Impacts of shipping on marine wildlife and habitats in Southeast Asia

1207: 591:(68%), which are driven by national and international demands; urban 515: 511: 367: 232: 83: 3878:

Sustainable Resource Management: Global Trends, Visions and Policies

3838: 3305:

It was drainage of swampland which eradicated the disease from the

3169:"Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems" 3112: 1800:

Higgins, Steven I.; Lavorel, Sandra; Revilla, Eloy (25 April 2003).

1657:

WIEGAND, THORSTEN; REVILLA, ELOY; MOLONEY, KIRK A. (February 2005).

1134:. Habitat destruction has altered nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and 2166: 1035:

Habitat destruction can vastly increase an area's vulnerability to

6208: 6116: 1659:"Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics" 1337: 1329: 1236: 1232: 1199: 1040: 1018: 832: 453: 396: 350: 280: 208: 192: 188: 184: 138: 31: 3244:

Mumba, Musonda; Munang, Richard; Rivington, Mike (27 June 2013).

3064:

Helm, Aveliina; Hanski, Ilkka; Partel, Meelis (9 November 2005).

2707:

Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J.; Falcon-Lang, H. J. (1 December 2010).

466:

Habitat destruction through natural processes such as volcanism,

118:

are some examples. Loss of habitat can be preceded by an initial

2056:"Global Change and the Climate System / A Planet Under Pressure" 1288:

directly by habitat destruction or indirectly by fragmentation,

737: 467: 147:. Originally dry tropical forest, the land is being cleared for 6279: 5793: 4974: 4437: 1579:

Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004).

1083:, for example—can result in eradicating that infectious agent. 835:

can also be affected when it grows on the underside of sea ice.

4174:. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press, Covelo, CA. 2588:"Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems" 1379:, restoration of degraded land and addressing climate change. 619:

and land-tenure insecurity (44%); and policy failures such as

6275: 4433: 2437:"Dramatic decline of Arctic sea ice linked to global warming" 913:, which can alter the environment much faster and causes the 530:

The forces that cause humans to destroy habitat are known as

3461:"Understanding ecosystem dynamics for conservation of biota" 3402:"Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation" 2594: 2534:

Riebesell, Ulf; Körtzinger, Arne; Oschlies, Andreas (2009).

2106:

Drakare, Stina; Lennon, Jack J.; Hillebrand, Helmut (2006).

1150:

in rivers and oceans and contributed tremendously to global

599:(25%). Institutional and policy factors included formal pro- 4283:

10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:thfatl]2.0.co;2

4093:

10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0143:PCAUDF]2.0.CO;2

2254:

10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2

510:

are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (

340:

than tropical rainforests; consequently, less than 0.1% of

815:

which will threaten natural habitats and species globally.

4311:

Temple S. A. (1986). "The Problem of Avian Extinctions".

4037:

Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems: Coastal Ecosystems

2435:

Yadav, Juhi; Kumar, Avinash; Mohan, Rahul (21 May 2020).

1394:

Protecting remaining intact sections of natural habitat.

943:

plants, animals, and other organisms is reduced so that

4340:"Louisiana's Wetlands: A Lesson in Nature Appreciation" 2536:"Sensitivities of marine carbon fluxes to ocean change" 1071:—has contributed to the prevention of diseases such as 6670:

International Conference on Population and Development

3278:

A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor

3111:

Spiesman, Brian J.; Inouye, Brian D. (December 2013).

720:

extraction for domestic use (28%). One result is that

304:

have suffered as much or more destruction as tropical

59:. Habitat destruction is in fact the leading cause of 3459:

Sinclair, A. R. E.; Byrom, Andrea E. (January 2006).

1364:

whereas repairing habitats counteracts degradation.

70:

Humans contribute to habitat destruction through the

3679:

Environmental Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science

2802:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

1138:, which has increased the frequency and severity of 822:

destroys habitat for some species. For example, the

6723: 6648: 6600: 6579: 6462: 6408: 6359: 6313: 6184: 6114: 6080: 6022: 5971: 5964: 5939: 5904: 5876: 5855: 5848: 5836: 5627: 5415: 5078: 5008: 4897: 4866: 4843: 4728: 4680: 4671: 4623: 4557: 4541: 4471: 4163:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Program). 2005. 1059:. On the other hand, a healthy ecosystem with good 3880:, Greenleaf Publishing Limited, pp. 155–215, 583:factors (61%). The main economic factors included 3964:Huxel, Gary R.; Hastings, Alan (September 1999). 3821:Townsend, Patricia A.; Levey, Douglas J. (2002). 3709:Ehrlich, P. R.; Pringle, R. M. (11 August 2008). 1652: 1650: 1222:levels is one of the main contributors to global 3816: 3814: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 285:Jungle burned for agriculture in southern Mexico 6264:Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in 3715:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4874:International Union for Conservation of Nature 4266:"The human footprint and the last of the wild" 3966:"Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration" 3002: 3000: 2880:Borzée, Amaël; Jang, Yikweon (28 April 2015). 1574: 1572: 1570: 1404:and expansion. Apart from improving access to 1273:rapid expansion of the global human population 1002:leading to a higher likelihood of extinction. 986:As habitat destruction of an area occurs, the 478:Habitat destruction caused by humans includes 376:temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 342:dry forests in Central America's Pacific Coast 6291: 5805: 4986: 4449: 3536:United Nations Environment Programme (2021). 2307:Huang, Yiyi; Dong, Xiquan; Bailey, David A.; 8: 4290:Scholes, R. J. and R. Biggs (eds.). 2004. 831:, whose habitat in the Artic is threatened. 162:regions that feature high concentrations of 6695:United Nations world population conferences 5830:Template: Threatened species by region 2038:. World Resources Institute. 4 April 2024. 2036:"Indicators of Forest Extent / Forest Loss" 1855: 1853: 689:(67%). Therefore, according to this study, 219:, a township in southern Malaysia built on 6608:Population and housing censuses by country 6298: 6284: 6276: 5968: 5852: 5845: 5812: 5798: 5790: 4993: 4979: 4971: 4931:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History 4677: 4456: 4442: 4434: 1746: 1744: 1742: 897:. Causes of habitat fragmentation include 336:and are more suitable for agriculture and 5504:Environmental issues in the United States 4363: 4281: 4206: 4125: 4091: 3940: 3752: 3734: 3622: 3514: 3512: 3484: 3435: 3425: 3208: 3040: 2972: 2897: 2680: 2561: 2551: 2403: 2346: 2336: 2215: 2131: 1833: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1489: 1471: 1319:Tropical deforestation: In most cases of 74:, agriculture, industrial production and 6331:Estimates of historical world population 5489:Effects of climate change on agriculture 2814:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 320:have severely disturbed at least 94% of 6176:The world's 100 most threatened species 6171:The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 3874:"Visions of a sustainable resource use" 2922:"The Panda's Forest: Biodiversity Loss" 1951:Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005. 1786: 1784: 1438: 845:for thousands of species. They provide 5494:Effects of climate change on livestock 3239: 3237: 2928:from the original on 23 September 2011 2089:from the original on 7 November 2022. 2021:"Global forest loss increases in 2020" 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1713:"Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia" 211:cities also face degradation of their 4183:"Biodiversity: Extinction by numbers" 3774: 3772: 2101: 2099: 462:10 years after a forest fire occurred 7: 6764: 5748: 5604:Tropical cyclones and climate change 4955: 4181:Pimm Stuart L.; Raven Peter (2000). 2284:Cross-Chapter Paper 6: Polar Regions 2068:from the original on 19 March 2017. 1555:from the original on 11 October 2011 1314:United Nations Environment Programme 1079:(such as a virus) of its habitat—by 917:of many species. More specifically, 348:remain from their original extents. 6700:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 5637:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 4889:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 4638:Extinction risk from climate change 3335:Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 762:Effects of climate change on biomes 579:socio-political factors (66%), and 4074:Geist H. J.; Lambin E. E. (2002). 3570:from the original on 18 March 2021 3381:from the original on 25 April 2021 3295:from the original on 24 April 2021 3256:from the original on 15 April 2021 2835:Barbault & Sastrapradja, 1995. 2031:from the original on 1 April 2021. 2019:Butler, Rhett A. (31 March 2021). 1907:from the original on 30 March 2019 25: 6592:Population and Development Review 5284:pharmaceuticals and personal care 4315:. Vol. 3. pp. 453–485. 3886:10.9774/gleaf.978-1-907643-07-1_5 3853:from the original on 23 July 2021 3675:"Habitat and habitat destruction" 3647:from the original on 23 July 2021 3007:Travis, J. M. J. (7 March 2003). 2042:from the original on 27 May 2024. 1972:from the original on 23 July 2021 1635:from the original on 23 July 2021 1367:The preservation and creation of 1312:"Life Below Water". However, the 935:When a habitat is destroyed, the 187:. South and East Asia—especially 6776: 6775: 6763: 6640:Population concern organizations 6346:Projections of population growth 6254:Vulnerability and susceptibility 6142:Decline in amphibian populations 6024: 6023: 5759: 5758: 5747: 5435:decline in amphibian populations 5140:Deforestation and climate change 4954: 4945: 4944: 4910:Decline in amphibian populations 4879:IUCN Species Survival Commission 4532: 3990:10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x 3942:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00848.x 3486:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01036.x 3082:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x 2974:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x 2155:Allen, L.; Kelly, B. B. (2015). 2133:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00848.x 1826:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x 1683:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x 1605:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x 871:This section is an excerpt from 824:decline of sea ice in the Arctic 786: 770: 661: 649: 635:Forest conversion to agriculture 541:Demographic drivers include the 430:, and loss of quality in the UK 6741:Human impact on the environment 6675:Population Action International 5569:Land surface effects on climate 5026:Environmental impact assessment 5002:Human impact on the environment 4585:Human impact on the environment 4165:Ecosystems and Human Well-Being 4058:from the original on 4 May 2018 2751:Global Ecology and Biogeography 2629:Aldred, Jessica (2 July 2014). 1723:. 16 April 2001. Archived from 1310:Sustainable Development Goal 14 1306:Sustainable Development Goal 15 947:, sometimes up to the level of 446:worldwide have been destroyed. 6822:Environmental impact by effect 6690:United Nations Population Fund 5930:Conservation Dependent (LR/cd) 4565:Climate variability and change 1750:Cincotta & Engelman, 2000. 1387:Considering the irreplaceable 975:, once found in many areas of 909:), and human activity such as 474:Causes due to human activities 330:Tropical deciduous dry forests 221:Environmentally Sensitive Area 203:, and Japan—and many areas in 1: 6234:Ecoregion conservation status 6137:Decline in insect populations 5440:decline in insect populations 4915:Decline in insect populations 4858:IUCN Red List extinct species 4157:10.1016/s0006-3207(03)00099-5 4136:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00088-9 3721:(Supplement 1): 11579–11586. 2899:10.1080/19768354.2015.1028442 1391:provided by natural habitats. 1347:destruction is more extreme ( 422:and temperatures have caused 256:Amazonian tropical rainforest 6229:Conservation-reliant species 4321:10.1007/978-1-4615-6784-4_11 3805:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.016 3427:10.1371/journal.pone.0063421 2867:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009 2317:Geophysical Research Letters 2085:. Our World in Data (OWID). 1563:– via GeoScienceWorld. 1255:share of natural resources. 857: – which are 460:Grands-Jardins National Park 357:Kerinci Seblat National Park 82:). Other activities include 6715:World Population Foundation 6705:World Population Conference 6618:World population milestones 2953:Diversity and Distributions 2204:Endangered Species Research 693:to agriculture is the main 553:of people in a given area ( 322:temperate broadleaf forests 6838: 6812:Environmental conservation 6587:Population and Environment 5886:Critically Endangered (CR) 4479:Background extinction rate 3921:Journal of Applied Ecology 2826:Scholes & Biggs, 2004. 2461:10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y 1962:"File:Burnt forest GJ.jpg" 1868:Kauffman & Pyke, 2001. 1075:. Completely depriving an 870: 793:Decline in arctic sea ice 777:Decline in arctic sea ice 755: 638: 543:expanding human population 492:infrastructure development 6817:Environmental terminology 6759: 6497:Human population planning 6321:Demographics of the world 6262: 5827: 5742: 5677:Environmental engineering 5524:Environmental degradation 5301:fishing down the food web 4940: 4801:End-Jurassic or Tithonian 4530: 4304:, Pretoria, South Africa. 4042:World Resources Institute 3872:Bringezu, Stefan (2009), 3687:10.1007/1-4020-4494-1_165 3624:10067/1418100151162165141 3465:Journal of Animal Ecology 3375:World Wildlife Foundation 2606:10.1017/9781009157940.005 2296:10.1017/9781009325844.023 2009:Geist & Lambin, 2002. 1115:, recreational uses like 758:Effects of climate change 726:construction of new roads 215:or other marine habitat. 6502:Compulsory sterilization 6194:Biodiversity action plan 5868:Extinct in the Wild (EW) 5682:Environmental mitigation 5539:Greenhouse gas emissions 5499:Environmental insecurity 4853:Lists of extinct species 2886:Animal Cells and Systems 2405:10.1175/jcli-d-19-0075.1 1458:(15). Wiley: 5784–5796. 891:population fragmentation 781:(area) from 1979 to 2022 683:infrastructure expansion 534:of habitat destruction. 145:deforestation in Bolivia 143:Satellite photograph of 72:use of natural resources 51:) occurs when a natural 6444:Malthusian growth model 5729:Sustainable consumption 5070:Social ecology (ethics) 4404:10.1126/science.1057544 4344:Environ Health Perspect 4145:Biological Conservation 4106:Biological Conservation 3807:– via Cell Press. 3736:10.1073/pnas.0801911105 3673:Morrison, M.L. (1999), 3527:Sanderson et al., 2002. 2847:Biological Conservation 2553:10.1073/pnas.0813291106 956:endangered bird species 903:one of the major causes 714:subsistence agriculture 669:world's habitable land. 240:sustainable agriculture 6571:Zero population growth 6566:Sustainable population 6490:Malthusian catastrophe 6449:Overshoot (population) 6326:Demographic transition 6244:Latent extinction risk 5672:Ecological engineering 5452:runaway climate change 4658:Latent extinction risk 4338:Tibbetts John (2006). 3564:NOAA Habitat Blueprint 3193:10.1126/sciadv.1500052 3025:10.1098/rspb.2002.2246 1721:NASA Earth Observatory 1343: 1335: 1321:tropical deforestation 1198:and immobilization of 1032: 839:Warm-water coral reefs 811:Climate change causes 679:agricultural expansion 508:coral reef degradation 482:from forests, etc. to 463: 411: 363: 286: 152: 37: 6680:Population Connection 6544:Mere addition paradox 6383:Physiological density 6129:Endangered arthropods 6125:Threatened arthropods 6047:Critically Endangered 5989:Critically Endangered 5055:List of global issues 4615:Paradox of enrichment 4504:Functional extinction 4494:Ecological extinction 3281:. OXFAM. p. 29. 2493:Ecological Monographs 1886:Ravenga et al., 2000. 1452:Ecology and Evolution 1408:globally, furthering 1341: 1333: 1279:The impending global 1182:, oxygen production, 1166:in the atmosphere by 1022: 983:in the 20th century. 931:On animals and plants 879:Habitat fragmentation 873:Habitat fragmentation 866:Habitat fragmentation 859:biodiversity hotspots 712:) cultivation (41%), 702:permanent cultivation 639:Further information: 560:biodiversity hotspots 457: 400: 354: 284: 156:Biodiversity hotspots 142: 120:habitat fragmentation 35: 6710:World Population Day 6665:Church of Euthanasia 6554:Non-identity problem 6529:Political demography 6485:Human overpopulation 6204:Conservation biology 6199:Biodiversity threats 5912:Near Threatened (NT) 5657:Community resilience 5457:in the United States 5425:Biodiversity threats 5098:cannabis cultivation 5065:Planetary boundaries 5031:Environmental issues 5021:Ecological footprint 4884:Extinction Rebellion 4826:Pliocene–Pleistocene 4708:Cretaceous–Paleogene 4653:Hypothetical species 4643:Extinction threshold 4600:Overabundant species 3518:Tilman et al., 2001. 3275:Bull, David (1982). 2338:10.1029/2019gl082791 1727:on 20 September 2008 1663:Conservation Biology 1228:loss of biodiversity 1176:watershed management 1000:extinction threshold 722:shifting cultivation 572:conservation efforts 551:spatial distribution 344:and less than 8% in 290:Tropical rainforests 277:By type of ecosystem 6559:Reproductive rights 6390:Population dynamics 6341:Population momentum 6239:Habitat destruction 6224:Conservation status 6042:Extinct in the Wild 5984:Extinct in the Wild 5947:Data Deficient (DD) 5719:Restoration ecology 5652:Climate engineering 5589:Ocean acidification 5579:Loss of green belts 5549:Holocene extinction 5544:Habitat destruction 5219:Environmental crime 4811:Cenomanian-Turonian 4756:Cambrian–Ordovician 4688:Ordovician–Silurian 4595:Mutational meltdown 4580:Habitat destruction 4499:Extinct in the wild 4396:2001Sci...292..281T 4356:10.1289/ehp.114-a40 4313:Current Ornithology 4249:2010Geo....38.1079S 4199:2000Natur.403..843P 4118:1999BCons..91..109L 4044:, Washington, D.C. 3982:1999ResEc...7..309H 3970:Restoration Ecology 3933:2003JApEc..40..815E 3797:2020OEart...3..672B 3727:2008PNAS..10511579E 3607:2017Ecol...98.1631L 3560:"Living Shorelines" 3477:2006JAnEc..75...64S 3418:2013PLoSO...863421G 3309:in Britain and the 3185:2015SciA....1E0052H 3129:2013Ecol...94.2688S 2965:2008DivDi..14..808E 2859:2005BCons.125..271B 2763:2019GloEB..28...33F 2728:2010Geo....38.1079S 2673:2018Ecosp...9E2488S 2546:(49): 20602–20609. 2505:2009EcoM...79...25D 2453:2020NatHa.103.2617Y 2396:2020JCli...33.1487S 2329:2019GeoRL..46.6980H 2124:2006EcolL...9..215D 1989:McKee et al., 2003. 1925:Burke et al., 2000. 1877:White et al., 2000. 1818:2003Oikos.101..354H 1790:Stein et al., 2000. 1675:2005ConBi..19..108W 1597:2004RiskA..24..869M 1541:2010Geo....38.1079S 1464:2017EcoEv...7.5784C 1353:restoration ecology 1308:"Life on Land" and 1212:agricultural runoff 1168:sequestering carbon 1160:plant transpiration 1057:water contamination 1015:On human population 945:populations decline 547:population increase 526:Overarching drivers 444:mangrove ecosystems 231:and its associated 41:Habitat destruction 6685:Population Matters 6400:Population pyramid 6378:Population density 6373:Population decline 5952:Not Evaluated (NE) 5940:Not fully assessed 5917:Least Concern (LC) 5821:Threatened species 5734:Waste minimization 5692:Mitigation banking 5687:Industrial ecology 5647:Cleaner production 5599:Resource depletion 5135:Corporate behavior 5093:animal agriculture 4297:2020-10-02 at the 4170:2016-06-10 at the 3545:2021-03-23 at the 2924:. 24 August 2011. 2384:Journal of Climate 2309:Holland, Marika M. 1389:ecosystem services 1377:conservation areas 1344: 1336: 1204:nutrient recycling 1188:pollinator decline 1156:climate regulation 1132:ecosystem services 1101:nutrient depletion 1033: 992:generalist species 851:coastal protection 847:ecosystem services 623:, lawlessness, or 564:threatened species 464: 412: 392:tallgrass prairies 364: 287: 252:Sub-Saharan Africa 153: 124:endangered species 108:nutrient depletion 38: 6789: 6788: 6660:7 Billion Actions 6534:Population ethics 6427:Carrying capacity 6336:Population growth 6273: 6272: 6219:Bird conservation 6110: 6109: 6106: 6105: 5960: 5959: 5787: 5786: 5609:Water degradation 5484:Ecological crisis 5430:biodiversity loss 5229:Industrialisation 5214:Genetic pollution 5060:Impact assessment 4968: 4967: 4920:Extinction symbol 4839: 4838: 4703:Triassic–Jurassic 4673:Extinction events 4549:Extinction vortex 4509:Genetic pollution 4390:(5515): 281–284. 4330:978-1-4615-6786-8 4243:(12): 1079–1082. 4193:(6772): 843–845. 3895:978-1-907643-07-1 3137:10.1890/13-0977.1 3123:(12): 2688–2696. 3019:(1514): 467–473. 2771:10.1111/geb.12839 2722:(12): 1079–1082. 2682:10.1002/ecs2.2488 2615:978-1-009-15794-0 2597:eradicate poverty 2513:10.1890/07-2089.1 2323:(12): 6980–6989. 2217:10.3354/esr002021 2176:978-0-309-32485-4 1535:(12): 1079–1082. 1473:10.1002/ece3.2977 1369:habitat corridors 1202:pollutants), and 1180:nitrogen fixation 1053:spread of disease 1037:natural disasters 1029:Hurricane Katrina 988:species diversity 937:carrying capacity 813:rising sea levels 797:from 1979 to 2022 708:(46%), shifting ( 691:forest conversion 593:industrial growth 585:commercialization 438:, pollution, and 420:rising sea levels 384:deciduous forests 326:old growth forest 61:biodiversity loss 49:habitat reduction 16:(Redirected from 6829: 6779: 6778: 6767: 6766: 6736:Green Revolution 6517:Two-child policy 6512:One-child policy 6435: 6395:Population model 6351:World population 6300: 6293: 6286: 6277: 6027: 6026: 5969: 5853: 5846: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5791: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5750: 5584:Phosphorus cycle 5564:Land consumption 5559:Land degradation 5534:Freshwater cycle 5333:Overexploitation 5306:marine pollution 5113:cocoa production 4995: 4988: 4981: 4972: 4958: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4925:Human extinction 4816:Eocene–Oligocene 4698:Permian–Triassic 4678: 4648:Field of Bullets 4605:Overexploitation 4590:Muller's ratchet 4575:Invasive species 4536: 4524:Pseudoextinction 4519:Local extinction 4458: 4451: 4444: 4435: 4423: 4377: 4367: 4334: 4287: 4285: 4260: 4257:10.1130/G31182.1 4228: 4210: 4208:10.1038/35002708 4160: 4139: 4129: 4112:(2–3): 109–117. 4097: 4095: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4010: 4009: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3944: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3738: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3670: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3626: 3615:10.1002/ecy.1830 3601:(6): 1631–1639. 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3556: 3550: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3488: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3439: 3429: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3371:"Valuing nature" 3367: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3302: 3300: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3250:Resources Report 3241: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3212: 3173:Science Advances 3163: 3157: 3156: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3044: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2976: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2901: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2736:10.1130/G31182.1 2713: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2592: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2555: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2447:(2): 2617–2621. 2432: 2426: 2425: 2407: 2390:(4): 1487–1503. 2375: 2369: 2368: 2350: 2340: 2304: 2298: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2135: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2032: 2016: 2010: 2007: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1901:AZoCleantech.com 1893: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1837: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1779: 1776: 1751: 1748: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1576: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1549:10.1130/G31182.1 1526: 1517: 1504: 1503: 1493: 1475: 1443: 1402:human population 1351:or patch loss), 1260:opportunity cost 1170:dioxide through 1164:greenhouse gases 1077:infectious agent 996:Invasive species 790: 774: 665: 653: 605:land development 440:invasive species 432:marine ecosystem 428:coastal flooding 410:nesting beaches. 374:, which include 104:invasive species 21: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6755: 6719: 6653: 6651: 6644: 6596: 6575: 6524:Overconsumption 6507:Family planning 6464: 6458: 6431: 6415: 6412: 6404: 6366: 6363: 6355: 6309: 6304: 6274: 6269: 6258: 6180: 6102: 6076: 6062:Near Threatened 6018: 6004:Near Threatened 5956: 5935: 5923:Lower Risk (LR) 5900: 5896:Vulnerable (VU) 5891:Endangered (EN) 5872: 5832: 5823: 5818: 5788: 5783: 5738: 5697:Organic farming 5623: 5614:Water pollution 5594:Ozone depletion 5574:Loss and damage 5474:Desertification 5411: 5323:Overconsumption 5244:cleaning agents 5145:Energy industry 5108:meat production 5074: 5004: 4999: 4969: 4964: 4936: 4893: 4862: 4845:Extinct species 4835: 4791:Carnian Pluvial 4736:Great Oxidation 4724: 4667: 4633:Extinction debt 4625: 4619: 4570:Genetic erosion 4553: 4537: 4528: 4467: 4462: 4432: 4380: 4337: 4331: 4310: 4299:Wayback Machine 4276:(10): 891–904. 4263: 4234: 4180: 4172:Wayback Machine 4142: 4127:10.1.1.501.3004 4103: 4073: 4061: 4059: 4052: 4033: 4019: 4014: 4013: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3839:10.1890/03-0607 3820: 3819: 3812: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3672: 3671: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3547:Wayback Machine 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3311:Pontine marshes 3298: 3296: 3289: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3231:Tibbetts, 2006. 3230: 3226: 3179:(2): e1500052. 3165: 3164: 3160: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3070:Ecology Letters 3063: 3062: 3058: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2441:Natural Hazards 2434: 2433: 2429: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2281: 2277: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2177: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2112:Ecology Letters 2105: 2104: 2097: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2034: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2008: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1966:Knowledge (XXG) 1960: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1903:. 8 June 2015. 1895: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1859:Laurance, 1999. 1858: 1851: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1782: 1777: 1754: 1749: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1578: 1577: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1507: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1423: 1410:gender equality 1361:family planning 1355:may be needed. 1302: 1269: 1192:waste treatment 1017: 965:extinction debt 933: 928: 923: 922: 911:land conversion 895:ecosystem decay 876: 868: 802: 801: 800: 799: 798: 791: 783: 782: 775: 764: 754: 706:cattle ranching 687:wood extraction 674: 673: 672: 671: 670: 666: 658: 657: 654: 643: 637: 617:property rights 609:economic growth 528: 500:Desertification 480:land conversion 476: 452: 388:desertification 338:cattle ranching 279: 248:Central America 137: 132: 116:noise pollution 57:species numbers 28: 23: 22: 18:Loss of habitat 15: 12: 11: 5: 6835: 6833: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6773: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6751:Sustainability 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6724:Related topics 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6654: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6615: 6613:Largest cities 6610: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6482: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6433:I = P × A × T 6429: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6271: 6270: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6144: 6139: 6121: 6119: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6072:Data Deficient 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6014:Data Deficient 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5755: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5724:Sustainability 5721: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5619:Water scarcity 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5554:Nitrogen cycle 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5519:Forest dieback 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5447:Climate change 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5421: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5264:nanotechnology 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5048:on marine life 5040: 5039: 5038: 5036:list of issues 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4821:Middle Miocene 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4786:End-Capitanian 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4378: 4350:(1): A40–A43. 4335: 4329: 4308: 4305: 4288: 4261: 4232: 4229: 4178: 4175: 4161: 4140: 4101: 4098: 4086:(2): 143–150. 4071: 4068: 4050: 4031: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4011: 3976:(3): 309–315. 3956: 3927:(5): 815–823. 3907: 3894: 3864: 3833:(2): 466–475. 3810: 3791:(6): 672–676. 3768: 3701: 3695: 3658: 3581: 3551: 3529: 3520: 3508: 3451: 3392: 3362: 3344: 3330:Farrar, Jeremy 3317: 3287: 3267: 3233: 3224: 3158: 3103: 3056: 2996: 2959:(5): 808–817. 2939: 2913: 2872: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2792: 2741: 2696: 2647: 2621: 2614: 2577: 2526: 2482: 2427: 2370: 2299: 2275: 2248:(2): 173–183. 2231: 2190: 2175: 2167:10.17226/19401 2147: 2118:(2): 215–227. 2095: 2074: 2046: 2011: 1991: 1982: 1953: 1927: 1918: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1849: 1812:(2): 354–366. 1792: 1780: 1778:Primack, 2006. 1752: 1738: 1704: 1669:(1): 108–121. 1646: 1591:(4): 869–878. 1566: 1505: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1301: 1298: 1268: 1265: 1224:climate change 1220:carbon dioxide 1172:photosynthesis 1152:climate change 1016: 1013: 932: 929: 927: 924: 877: 869: 867: 864: 863: 862: 836: 816: 805:Climate change 792: 785: 784: 776: 769: 768: 767: 766: 765: 753: 752:Climate change 750: 710:slash and burn 667: 660: 659: 655: 648: 647: 646: 645: 644: 636: 633: 589:timber markets 587:and growth of 527: 524: 475: 472: 451: 450:Natural causes 448: 403:Chelonia mydas 334:clear and burn 332:are easier to 278: 275: 136: 133: 131: 128: 96:climate change 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6834: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6782: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6731:Bennett's law 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6652:organizations 6647: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439:Kaya identity 6437: 6434: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: / 6134: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6113: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6067:Least Concern 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6029:WP categories 6021: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6009:Least Concern 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5756: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5707:Reforestation 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5662:Cultured meat 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642:Birth control 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5464:Deforestation 5462: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5239:Manufacturing 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187:nuclear power 5185: 5183: 5182:fracking (US) 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4961: 4953: 4951: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867:Organizations 4865: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776:Carboniferous 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4741:End-Ediacaran 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693:Late Devonian 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4663:Living fossil 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Lazarus taxon 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489:De-extinction 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4057: 4053: 4051:9781569734582 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4029:9780521564816 4026: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3696:0-412-74050-8 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3412:(5): e63421. 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3347: 3345:9781845939649 3341: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3294: 3290: 3288:9780855980641 3284: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3268: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2940: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2648: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2589: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:Risk Analysis 1582: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1442: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1411: 1407: 1406:contraception 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1349:fragmentation 1340: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:breaking down 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:carbon cycles 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 981:deforestation 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 930: 925: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 874: 865: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 837: 834: 830: 825: 821: 817: 814: 810: 809: 808: 806: 796: 789: 780: 773: 763: 759: 751: 749: 745: 743: 739: 735: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 664: 652: 642: 641:Deforestation 634: 632: 630: 629:wood industry 626: 625:mismanagement 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 601:deforestation 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 576: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 525: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:deforestation 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 473: 471: 469: 461: 456: 449: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 409: 405: 404: 399: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 362: 358: 353: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 310:Deforestation 307: 303: 300:Other forest 298: 296: 295:deforestation 291: 283: 276: 274: 270: 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 238:Regions of un 236: 234: 230: 229:Caribbean Sea 226: 225:South America 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 165: 161: 157: 150: 146: 141: 134: 129: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 68: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 43:(also termed 42: 34: 30: 19: 6768: 6580:Publications 6539:Antinatalism 6477: 6454:World3 model 6314:Major topics 6265: 6249:Rare species 6238: 6186:Conservation 6164: / 6160: / 6156: / 6152: / 6148: 6131: / 6127: / 6098:Appendix III 5928: 5921: 5863:Extinct (EX) 5543: 5400:urban sprawl 5395:Urbanization 5343:Particulates 5328:Overdrafting 5043:Human impact 5016:Anthropocene 4929: 4905:Anthropocene 4746:End-Botomian 4626:and concepts 4579: 4484:Coextinction 4387: 4383: 4347: 4343: 4312: 4273: 4269: 4240: 4236: 4190: 4186: 4148: 4144: 4109: 4105: 4083: 4079: 4060:. Retrieved 4036: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3899:, retrieved 3877: 3867: 3855:. Retrieved 3830: 3826: 3788: 3784: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3678: 3649:. Retrieved 3598: 3594: 3584: 3572:. Retrieved 3563: 3554: 3537: 3532: 3523: 3471:(1): 64–79. 3468: 3464: 3454: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3383:. Retrieved 3374: 3365: 3356: 3351:30 September 3349:. Retrieved 3334: 3326:Reiter, Paul 3320: 3304: 3297:. Retrieved 3277: 3270: 3258:. Retrieved 3249: 3227: 3176: 3172: 3161: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3076:(1): 72–77. 3073: 3069: 3059: 3016: 3012: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2930:. Retrieved 2916: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2831: 2822: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2757:(1): 33–41. 2754: 2750: 2744: 2719: 2715: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2638:. Retrieved 2635:The Guardian 2634: 2624: 2595: 2580: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2499:(1): 25–58. 2496: 2492: 2485: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2348:10150/634665 2320: 2316: 2302: 2278: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2157: 2150: 2115: 2111: 2090: 2077: 2069: 2049: 2033:● Data from 2024: 2014: 1985: 1974:, retrieved 1965: 1956: 1921: 1909:. Retrieved 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1729:. Retrieved 1725:the original 1716: 1707: 1666: 1662: 1637:. Retrieved 1588: 1584: 1557:. Retrieved 1532: 1528: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1415: 1381: 1373: 1366: 1357: 1345: 1325: 1318: 1303: 1278: 1270: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1216: 1144:algal blooms 1129: 1113:birdwatching 1109:urbanization 1093:salinization 1085: 1049:crop failure 1034: 1004: 985: 953: 934: 803: 794: 778: 746: 730: 675: 613:colonization 603:policies on 577: 568:biodiversity 540: 531: 529: 488:urban sprawl 477: 465: 424:soil erosion 413: 408:green turtle 401: 365: 299: 288: 271: 260: 237: 158:are chiefly 154: 151:cultivation. 130:Observations 106:, ecosystem 100:introduction 80:urban sprawl 76:urbanization 69: 63:and species 48: 45:habitat loss 44: 40: 39: 29: 6463:Society and 6422:Biocapacity 6147:Threatened 6093:Appendix II 5514:Externality 5509:Coral reefs 5469:Defaunation 5338:Overgrazing 5311:overfishing 5291:Marine life 5165:electricity 5088:Agriculture 4751:Dresbachian 4151:: 161–164. 4062:19 February 3541:. 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