392:(IPA). Americanist phonetic notation does not require a strict harmony among character styles: letters from the Greek and Latin alphabets are used side-by-side. Another contrasting feature is that, to represent some of the same sounds, the Americanist tradition relies heavily on letters modified with diacritics; whereas the IPA, which reserves diacritics for other specific uses, gave Greek and Latin letters new shapes. These differing approaches reflect the traditions' differing philosophies. The Americanist linguists were interested in a phonetic notation that could be easily created from
247:(IPA), which seeks to use as few diacritics as possible for phonemic distinctions, retaining them only for the dental–alveolar distinction. Americanist notation relies on diacritics to distinguish many other distinctions that are phonemic in the languages it transcribes. On the other hand, Americanist notation uses single letters for most coronal affricates, whereas the IPA requires digraphs. Otherwise Americanist notation has grown increasingly similar to IPA, and has abandoned many of the more obscure letters it once employed.
474:, and tend to be considered by some therefore to be not very scholarly. In their publications and periodicals the notation they use, when writing of pronunciation, is that of the IPA. My belief is that the last thing a member of an American Linguistics Department wants is to be mistaken for a member of a Speech Department; but if he were to use IPA notation in his writings he would certainly lay himself open to the suspicion that he was.
462:. Most of the texts he collected were not published during his lifetime. It is ironic that when they were published, posthumously, by the University of California Press, the texts were "reorthographized", as the editor's introduction put it: the IPA symbols Uldall had used were removed and replaced by others.
465:
What is strange is that the IPA symbols seem so obviously preferable to the
Americanist alternatives, the 'long s' to the 's wedge', for example. As Jones often pointed out, in connected texts, for the sake of legibility diacritics should be avoided as far as possible. Many Americanist texts give the
469:
One may wonder why there should be such a hostility in
America to IPA notation. I venture to suggest a reason for this apparently irrational attitude. The hostility derives ultimately from the existence, in most American universities, of Speech Departments, which we do not have in Britain. Speech
1615:
as a uvular trill. Apart from the ambiguity of the rhotics below, and minor graphic variants (ȼ g γ for c ɡ ɣ and the placement of the diacritic in g̑ γ̑), this is compatible with the WIELD recommendations. Only precomposed affricates are shown below; others may be indicated by digraphs (e.g.
362:
used a somewhat different set of symbols (Boas 1911). In 1916, a publication by the
American Anthropological Society greatly expanded upon Boas's alphabet. This same alphabet was discussed and modified in articles by Bloomfield & Bolling (1927) and Herzog
4459:
The vowel chart is based on the classification of H. Sweet. The high central vowels are differentiated by moving the centralizing dot to the left rather than with a cross stroke. IPA equivalents are given in a few cases that may not be clear.
8019:
P. W. Schmidt, P. G. Schmidt and P. J. Hermes, "Die
Sprachlaute und ihre Darstellung in einem allgemeinen linguistischen Alphabet (Schluß) / Les sons du langage et leur représentation dans un alphabet linguistique général (Conclusion)",
422:
during a symposium held in New York in 1952 on the present state of anthropology. He told how, at the beginning of the 1930s, he was being taught phonetics by, as he put it, a "pleasant Dane", who made him use the IPA symbol for
385:. Useful sources explaining the symbols – some with comparisons of the alphabets used at different times – are Campbell (1997:xii-xiii), Goddard (1996:10–16), Langacker (1972:xiii-vi), Mithun (1999:xiii-xv), and Odden (2005).
8121:. International journal of American linguistics (Vol. 24, No. 1, Part 3); Indiana University research center in anthropology, folklore, and linguistics, publ. 7. Baltimore. (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1953).
256:
1371:). This lack of detail, although economical and phonologically sound, requires a more careful reading of a given language's phonological description to determine the precise phonetics. A list of rhotics is given below.
492:(WIELD) has recommended the following conventions since 2016: Note however that WIELD is designed specifically for Native American languages, whereas NAPA, despite its name, is widely used elsewhere, e.g. in Africa.
353:
used an early set of phonetic symbols in his publications (particularly Powell 1880) on
American language families, although he chose symbols which had their origins in work by other phoneticians and American writers
3885:
Bloch & Trager (1942) proposed the following schema, which was never used. They use a single dot for central vowels and a dieresis to reverse backness. The only central vowels with their own letters are
6491:
published the alphabet to be used in their articles in 1907. It is the same basic system that Sapir and Boas introduced to the United States. Transcription is italic, without other delimiters.
523:⟩. Labialization, velarization, aspiration, voicelessness and prenasalization are as in the IPA. Pharyngeals, epiglottals and glottals are as in the IPA, as are implosives and clicks.
8502:
228:
489:
8308:
The principles of the
International Phonetic Association, being a description of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the manner of using it, illustrated by texts in 51 languages
3157:
Voiceless, voiced and syllabic consonants may also be C̥, C̬ and C̩, as in IPA. Aspirated consonants are Cʻ or C̥ʰ / C̬ʱ. Non-audible release is indicated with superscripting, Vꟲ.
1313:
Differences from the IPA fall into a few broad categories: use of diacritics to derive the other coronal and dorsal articulations from the alveolar and velar, respectively; use of
225:
Despite its name, NAPA has always been widely used outside the
Americas. For example, a version of it is the standard for the transcription of Arabic in articles published in the
396:
of existing orthographies. This was seen as more practical and more cost-efficient, as many of the characters chosen already existed in Greek and East
European orthographies.
1599:
According to Pullum & Ladusaw (1996), typical
Americanist usage at the time was more-or-less as follows. There was, however, little standardization of rhotics, and
10072:
7211:
1587:
435:. When Sapir saw the work he "simply blew up", Voegelin said, and demanded that in future Voegelin should use 's wedge' (as š was called), instead of the IPA symbol.
1451:
There are many alternate symbols seen in
Americanist transcription. Below are some equivalent symbols matched with the symbols shown in the consonant chart above.
8495:
8858:
6450:). The symbol on the right side is strongly glottalized (i.e. it is articulated very forcefully). Example: = weakly glottalized, = strongly glottalized. (Cf.
375:
3877:
Nasalization is V̨ or Vⁿ. A long vowel is V꞉ or Vꞏ; half-long is V‧ (raised dot). Positional variants are fronted V˂, backed V˃, raised V˄ and lowered V˅.
8890:
8488:
234:
6684:
3160:
Fortis is C͈ and lenis C᷂. Labialization is C̮ or Cʷ; palatalization is Ꞔ, C⁽ⁱ⁾ or Cʸ; velarization is C⁽ᵘ⁾, and pharyngealization is C̴.
9960:
8462:
8178:
7540:
6454:= followed by glottal stop.) This convention is only shown for the glottalized stops, but may be used for any of the glottalized consonants.
415:, 1935. But since then, a strange hostility has been shown by many American linguists to IPA notation, especially to certain of its symbols.
470:
Departments tend to be well-endowed, large, and powerful. In linguistic and phonetic matters they have a reputation for being predominantly
6824:
6706:
4453:
2269:
Ejectives and implosives follow the same conventions as in the IPA, apart from the ejective apostrophe being placed above the base letter.
187:
31:
6442:
column, the phonetic symbol appearing on the left side (which is a consonant plus an overhead single quotation mark) represents a weakly
338:
Dot over vowel for centering, two dots (diaeresis) over a vowel to change fronting (for front rounded vowels and unrounded back vowels)
7657:
9728:
9684:
9714:
8823:
8435:
8389:
8370:
8342:
8236:
8216:
8197:
6848:
8539:
3171:
WIELD recommends the following conventions. It doesn't provide characters for distinctions that aren't attested in the literature:
9946:
8751:
6925:
6776:
358:, Pickering 1820; Cass 1821a, 1821b; Hale 1846; Lepsius 1855, 1863; Gibbs 1861; and Powell 1877). The influential anthropologist
7835:
7610:
7564:
1368:
389:
244:
133:
115:
9953:
7587:
7064:
3163:
Other airstream mechanisms are pulmonic ingressive C, ejective Cˀ, implosive Cˁ, click C˂, and lingual ejective (spurt) C˃.
8708:
8651:
7750:
6949:
6800:
4282:
Chomsky & Halle (1968) proposed the following schema, which was hardly ever used. In addition to the table, there was
9939:
9918:
8608:
8604:
7681:
6877:
6729:
10067:
9819:
9798:
7704:
7517:
6480:
8063:
8246:
Herzog, George; Newman, Stanley S.; Sapir, Edward; Swadesh, Mary Haas; Swadesh, Morris; Voegelin, Charles F (1934).
9886:
8170:
7754:
7020:
1576:
443:
431:, among others. Some while later he used those symbols in some work on an American Indian language he had done for
519:⟩ (ejectives are not distinguished from other types of glottalization). Palatalization is written ⟨
7840:
6973:
6752:
6564:
207:
7949:
9636:
9622:
8927:
8007:
7923:
7845:
7634:
7163:
7140:
6611:
1538:
Some transcriptions superscript the onset of doubly articulated consonants and the release of fricatives, e.g.
219:
9241:
7882:
3410:
No distinction is made between front and central for the lowest unrounded vowels. Diphthongs are e.g. ⟨
263:⟩. Over the years, NAPA has drawn closer to the IPA. This can be seen, for example, in a comparison of
3454:
According to Pullum & Ladusaw (1996), typical Americanist usage at the time was more-or-less as follows:
255:
Certain symbols in NAPA were once identical to those of the International Phonetic Alphabet, but have become
9925:
8953:
8511:
8125:
American Anthropological Society; Boas, Franz; Goddard, Pliny E.; Sapir, Edward; Kroeber, Alfred L. (1916).
7800:
7728:
7043:
6901:
471:
369:
8739:
8729:
8594:
8003:
7898:
7894:
7830:
6997:
6588:
6451:
5768:
5612:
4686:
4116:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
2321:
1666:
1367:
character. This usage is common practice in Americanist and also other notational traditions (such as the
571:
564:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
260:
129:
125:
111:
72:
8129:(Report). Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Vol. 66. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
10027:
9932:
9721:
9670:
9130:
9052:
8816:
7363:
7185:
6634:
2304:
2297:
1644:
1637:
1193:
540:
8401:
Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds
8127:
Phonetic transcription of Indian languages: Report of committee of American Anthropological Association
7966:
Phonetic Transcription of Indian Languages: Report of Committee of American Anthropological Association
7969:
9791:
9542:
9219:
6458:
2343:
1688:
593:
8315:
Kemp, J. Alan (1994). "Phonetic transcription: History". In Asher, R. E.; Simpson, J. M. Y. (eds.).
8734:
8126:
7333:
7304:
7236:
7117:
6487:
6443:
5530:
4792:
4774:
4756:
4728:
4710:
4692:
2618:
2444:
2316:
1969:
1793:
1661:
881:
695:
613:
557:
419:
215:
191:
9777:
9754:
9388:
9277:
9267:
9159:
9102:
9088:
9045:
8746:
8713:
8678:
8673:
8468:
8419:
Introduction to the Study of Indian languages, with words, phrases, and sentences to be collected
8294:
8151:
7094:
6447:
5451:
5220:
2311:
2292:
1656:
1632:
552:
535:
404:
380:
350:
211:
9010:
8449:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 1. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
8356:. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
388:
It is often useful to compare the Americanist tradition with another widespread tradition, the
9900:
9893:
9865:
9629:
9615:
9527:
9416:
9326:
9305:
9284:
9212:
9144:
9003:
8961:
8913:
8718:
8656:
8612:
8458:
8431:
8385:
8366:
8338:
8232:
8212:
8193:
8174:
7814:
7778:
6425:
6255:
4787:
4782:
4769:
4764:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4723:
4718:
4705:
4700:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4659:
4654:
2938:
2743:
2664:
2577:
2528:
2490:
2404:
2350:
2328:
2191:
2020:
1926:
1875:
1838:
1751:
1695:
1673:
988:
795:
701:
607:
600:
578:
307:
Advancing diacritic (inverted breve) for dentals and palatals (apart from non-sibilant dental
203:
167:
10034:
9972:
9872:
9826:
9812:
9770:
9645:
9591:
9572:
9506:
9498:
9484:
9477:
9402:
9198:
9173:
9109:
9081:
9067:
8996:
8982:
8899:
8872:
8809:
8685:
8450:
8286:
8259:
8143:
7927:
6433:
5371:
5215:
5142:
5137:
4115:
Kurath (1939) is as follows. Enclosed in parentheses are rounded vowels. Apart from ⟨
2338:
2277:
2151:
1683:
1651:
1360:
1335:
655:
588:
547:
459:
267:'s earlier and later works. However, there remain significant differences. Among these are:
199:
195:
8333:
MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). "Phonetic notation". In Daniels, P. T.; Bright, W. (eds.).
9858:
9550:
9491:
9437:
9430:
9409:
9395:
9379:
9357:
9312:
9205:
9180:
9152:
9137:
9060:
9038:
9031:
8989:
8949:
8920:
8703:
8661:
8599:
6105:
5899:
4664:
3088:
2333:
2229:
1678:
1115:
583:
451:
7980:
There is no small-capital delta in Unicode. A full capital would normally be substituted.
17:
9995:
9879:
9763:
9743:
9652:
9520:
9451:
9350:
9298:
9291:
9123:
9116:
9095:
9074:
8975:
8968:
8616:
8544:
4634:
3016:
2357:
1702:
455:
171:
95:
91:
399:
Abercrombie (1991:44–45) recounts the following concerning the Americanist tradition:
10061:
10002:
9851:
9784:
9707:
9677:
9535:
9513:
9444:
9340:
9319:
9166:
9024:
8942:
8935:
8906:
8865:
8756:
8472:
7393:
4913:
4807:
3188:
2781:
2708:
2624:
2535:
2450:
2363:
2068:
1975:
1882:
1799:
1708:
1347:
1154:
175:
8134:
Bloomfield, Leonard; Bolling, George Melville (1927). "What symbols shall we use?".
8101:
Abercrombie, David. (1991). "Daniel Jones's teaching". In Abercrombie, David (ed.).
9458:
9423:
9364:
8851:
8668:
8578:
7447:
7420:
6657:
447:
439:
432:
264:
8480:
8264:
8247:
454:. Uldall did a great deal of research into Californian languages, especially into
8164:
1560:
The fronting diacritic may be a caret rather than an inverted breve, e.g. dental
311:), and retracting diacritic (a dot) for retroflex and uvulars (apart from uvular
10041:
9805:
9736:
9017:
8772:
8560:
7945:
7850:
5062:
4987:
3262:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3183:
8531:
7971:
Chart is a fold-out behind the back cover that is not reproduced at this link.
6462:
4649:
4644:
3369:
3193:
2862:
2111:
1076:
359:
3446:⟩, as in the IPA. Creak, murmur, rhoticity et al. are as in the IPA.
10009:
9988:
9981:
8695:
8570:
7897:⟩ is often rendered by removing the dot from a question mark ⟨
7860:
7855:
6417:
5293:
3714:
3509:
3418:⟩, depending on phonological analysis. Nasal vowels are e.g. ⟨
3314:
3239:
393:
240:
179:
8231:. Vol. 17. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1–16.
446:'s most brilliant students, who was later to become one of the founders of
4444:
Syllable division is CV.CV, as in IPA, and morpheme boundaries are CV-CV.
8782:
8638:
7989:
Not supported by Unicode. It can be kept distinct in a database as Greek
4908:
4802:
4639:
2702:
1583:
121:
50:
8454:
6499:
Following are symbols that differ among well-known Americanist sources.
4441:
Short or intermediate and long or final 'pauses' are |, ||, as in IPA.
8832:
8190:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
6030:
5366:
4119:⟩ and some differences in alignment, it is essentially the IPA.
183:
8298:
8155:
9833:
6180:
332:
1363:. As a result, rhotic consonants are generally transcribed with the
8290:
8147:
8119:
The International Phonetic Alphabet: Its background and development
194:. It is still commonly used by linguists working on, among others,
8646:
8088:
1572:
8777:
8723:
7990:
8805:
8484:
8163:
Boas, Franz (August 29, 2013) . "Introduction by Franz Boas".
367:(1934). The Americanist notation may be seen in the journals
8477:(part of a 20-volume series published between 1978–present).
1535:ʸ may be used for fronted velars (e.g., kʸ = k̯, gʸ = g̑).
1603:
may be either retroflex or uvular, though as noted above
243:
are more widely used in Americanist notation than in the
8410:
Phonemics: A Technique for Reducing Languages to Writing
8227:
Goddard (1996). "Introduction". In Goddard, Ives (ed.).
8111:
Phonetic linguistics: Essays in honor of Peter Ladefoged
8105:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 37–47.
3434:⟩. Primary and secondary stress are e.g. ⟨
3426:⟩. A three-way length distinction may be ⟨
403:
In America phonetic notation has had a curious history.
218:; however, Uralists commonly use a variant known as the
8421:(2nd ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office.
8337:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 821–846.
1624:
Typical NAPA consonant values (1996, not prescriptive)
490:
Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation
229:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
174:
and language scientists (many of whom were students of
8310:. London: University College, Department of Phonetics.
8002:
Small-capital engma is rendered various ways. ⟨
418:
An interesting and significant story was once told by
411:, 1914, and in the English edition of his more famous
4452:
The following charts were agreed by committee of the
4438:
Stress is primary ˈCV or V́ and secondary ˌCV or V̀.
1549:
There may be a distinction between laminal retroflex
8319:. Vol. 6. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 3040–3051.
7883:
WIELD's Recommended Americanist Transcription System
3894:, which would not be distinct if formed with a dot.
120:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
10019:
9970:
9910:
9843:
9753:
9699:
9662:
9602:
9583:
9564:
9469:
9375:
9336:
9263:
9190:
8889:
8882:
8843:
8765:
8694:
8637:
8630:
8587:
8569:
8553:
8530:
8523:
7951:
Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England
7818:
3458:Typical NAPA vowel values (1996, not prescriptive)
3175:WIELD (2016) recommendations for NAPA (semi)vowels
84:
79:
67:
57:
45:
39:
8426:Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Laduslaw, William A. (1986).
8089:Recommendations of WIELD for Americanist notation
527:WIELD (2016) recommendations for NAPA consonants
466:impression of being overloaded with diacritics.
134:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4421:Pike (1947) provides the following tone marks:
401:
2280:(1947) provides the following set of symbols:
1359:About 90% of languages only have one phonemic
341:Acute and grave accents over vowels for stress
170:originally developed by European and American
8817:
8496:
8229:Handbook of North American Indians: Languages
7993:, but that is not visually distinct in print.
7968:. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 66.6.
438:I have no doubt that the "pleasant Dane" was
376:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
8317:The encyclopedia of language and linguistics
7934:. Linguistic Society of America. p. 22.
226:
8306:International Phonetic Association (1949).
9187:
8886:
8824:
8810:
8802:
8634:
8527:
8520:
8503:
8489:
8481:
8412:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
8403:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
8209:An introduction to phonetics and phonology
8024:, Bd. 2, H. 5. (1907), insert at page 1098
7964:Boas, Goddard, Sapir & Kroeber (1916)
7454:
7243:
6501:
4627:
4462:
4288:
4121:
3896:
3661:
3456:
3173:
2282:
1622:
1373:
525:
8365:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8263:
8103:Fifty years in phonetics: Selected papers
4290:Chomsky & Halle (1968) vowel symbols
1342:are slit fricatives (non-sibilant) while
511:⟩. Glottalization is e.g. ⟨
8430:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3898:Bloch & Trager (1942) vowel symbols
3442:⟩. Voicelessness is e.g. ⟨
409:An Introduction to the Study of Language
27:Phonetic alphabet developed in the 1880s
10073:Writing systems introduced in the 1880s
8719:Dakelh Syllabics (Dʌlk'ʷahke or ᑐᑊᘁᗕᑋᗸ)
7878:
7876:
7872:
7821:as a subtag for text in this notation.
3422:⟩. Long vowels are e.g. ⟨
8609:Abaj Takalik & Kaminaljuyú scripts
8328:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
251:Summary contrast with the IPA alphabet
36:
9961:American Printing House for the Blind
9737:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
9389:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
8363:The languages of Native North America
8192:. New York: Oxford University Press.
8166:Handbook of American Indian Languages
8010:and is the form supported by Unicode.
8006:⟩ is the form it takes in the
4294:
3667:
3462:
3179:
1192:
606:
7:
8445:Sturtevant, William C., ed. (2022).
8273:Hill, Kenneth C. (1988). "Review of
6355:(any vowel with laryngeal resonance)
4454:American Anthropological Association
3659:Pike (1947) presents the following:
407:used IPA notation in his early book
188:indigenous languages of the Americas
124:. For the distinction between ,
32:pronunciation respelling for English
8326:Fundamentals of linguistic analysis
8277:by G. K. Pullum & W. Ladusaw".
8248:"Some orthographic recommendations"
8211:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
8207:Clark, John; Yallop, Colin (1995).
488:There is no central authority. The
8048:Handbook of North American Indians
499:⟩ and retracted is ⟨
25:
8107:(Original work published 1985 in
8035:Languages of Native North America
4286:for an unstressed reduced vowel.
7954:. Brown University. p. 123.
1590:is becoming increasingly common.
148:North American Phonetic Alphabet
8113:. Orlando: Academic Press, Inc.
7836:International Phonetic Alphabet
3890:, which already has a dot, and
1325:for a tap rather than a trill.
1321:for its consonantal value, and
390:International Phonetic Alphabet
245:International Phonetic Alphabet
116:International Phonetic Alphabet
8384:. Cambridge University Press.
7932:Outline of Linguistic Analysis
503:⟩. Geminate is ⟨
34:used in American dictionaries.
1:
9729:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
9685:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
8324:Langacker, Ronald W. (1972).
8265:10.1525/aa.1934.36.4.02a00300
6457:"Laryngeal" refers to either
2284:Pike (1947) consonant values
156:Americanist Phonetic Alphabet
144:Americanist phonetic notation
100:Americanist phonetic notation
40:Americanist phonetic notation
9940:National Braille Association
9919:Braille Institute of America
9637:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
8605:Mesoamerican writing systems
8117:Albright, Robert W. (1958).
4123:Kurath (1939) vowel symbols
3711:
3506:
3260:
3236:
2287:
1627:
1582:The use of the standard IPA
109: This article contains
9820:Refreshable braille display
9799:Optical braille recognition
9396:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
8928:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
8335:The world's writing systems
6481:Anthropos phonetic alphabet
1611:may be a retroflex flap vs
1588:voiceless lateral fricative
1571:Many researchers use the x-
301:and sometimes alveopalatal
10089:
9887:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
8171:Cambridge University Press
8064:"Language Subtag Registry"
7494:
6854:
6478:
1577:voiceless uvular fricative
1375:Common rhotic conventions
160:American Phonetic Alphabet
29:
9623:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
8801:
8519:
8408:Pike, Kenneth L. (1947).
8399:Pike, Kenneth L. (1943).
8361:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
7841:English Phonetic Alphabet
7070:
6663:
6541:
6495:Variation between authors
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4470:
4467:
4448:Historical charts of 1916
4380:
4346:
4312:
4298:
4296:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3786:
3735:
3712:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3663:Pike (1947) vowel values
3644:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3597:
3583:
3530:
3507:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3368:
3357:
3313:
3283:
3261:
3250:
3237:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3087:
3015:
2937:
2861:
2776:
2701:
2617:
2527:
2443:
2356:
2288:
2228:
2190:
2150:
2110:
1968:
1874:
1792:
1701:
1628:
1422:
1411:
1400:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1153:
1114:
1075:
986:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
946:
943:
938:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
898:
895:
890:
885:
880:
793:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
759:
756:
751:
742:
740:
737:
734:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
714:
711:
706:
699:
694:
531:
208:languages of the Caucasus
107:
18:Americanist transcription
9610:Chinese semi-syllabaries
8873:Unicode braille patterns
8859:International uniformity
8417:Powell, John W. (1880).
8008:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
7846:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
1566:⟨k̭⟩
1562:⟨ṱ⟩
1551:⟨č̣ ṣ̌ ẓ̌⟩
1447:Common alternate symbols
220:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
30:Not to be confused with
9947:Blindness organizations
9926:Braille Without Borders
9715:Canadian currency marks
9337:Egyptian lineage family
8352:Maddieson, Ian (1984).
8252:American Anthropologist
8188:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1557:in some transcriptions.
370:American Anthropologist
303:⟨ć ś ź ń⟩
299:⟨č ǰ š ž⟩
235:German Oriental Society
112:phonetic transcriptions
9264:Russian lineage family
8752:Great Lakes Algonquian
8740:Western Cree syllabics
8730:Eastern Cree syllabics
8109:Fromkin, V. A. (ed.).
8050:, vol. 17, 1978, p. 12
7831:Phonetic transcription
1555:⟨c̣ ṣ ẓ⟩
476:
257:obsolete in the latter
227:
206:languages and for the
73:phonetic transcription
10028:Accessible publishing
9954:Schools for the blind
9933:Japan Braille Library
9722:Computer Braille Code
9376:Indian lineage family
8428:Phonetic symbol guide
8382:Introducing phonology
8380:Odden, David (2005).
8275:Phonetic symbol guide
7913:, 2nd ed., p. 301–302
7911:Phonetic Symbol Guide
3438:⟩ and ⟨
1553:and apical retroflex
1344:⟨s̯ z̯⟩
233:, the journal of the
9792:Mountbatten Brailler
9147:(largely reassigned)
8930:(largely reassigned)
7417:V꞉ (a꞉ a꞉꞉ or aꞏ a꞉)
6049:k̯̓ , k̯ǃ
5552:τ̣̓ , τ̣ǃ
5391:τ̯̓ , τ̯ǃ
5159:t̯̓ , t̯ǃ
3450:Pullum & Ladusaw
3430:⟩ or ⟨
3414:⟩ or ⟨
1595:Pullum & Ladusaw
515:⟩ or ⟨
507:⟩ or ⟨
495:Advanced is ⟨
146:, also known as the
63:1880s to the present
9744:Nemeth braille code
9530:(reassigned vowels)
9055:(extended to 8-dot)
8735:Inuktitut syllabics
8714:Blackfoot Syllabics
8455:10.5479/si.21262173
4291:
4278:Chomsky & Halle
4124:
3899:
3664:
3459:
3176:
2285:
1625:
1544:⟨t̓ᶿ⟩
1441:⟨l͏̌⟩
1376:
1340:⟨θ ð⟩
528:
309:⟨θ ð⟩
192:languages of Europe
10068:Phonetic alphabets
9778:Braille translator
9755:Braille technology
9731:(science; GS8/GS6)
9700:Symbols in braille
9630:Taiwanese Mandarin
9145:Taiwanese Mandarin
8766:Somacheirographies
8709:Canadian Syllabics
8674:Duployan shorthand
8354:Patterns of sounds
8066:. IETF. 2024-05-16
7815:IETF language tags
6446:stop (i.e. weakly
6199:ḳ̓ , ḳǃ
6124:k̓ , kǃ
5470:τ̓ , τǃ
5337:ƚ̣ , ʟ̣
5310:ṭ̓ , ṭǃ
5237:t̓ , tǃ
5186:ƚ̯ , ʟ̯
4931:p̓ , pǃ
4660:Lateral Affricates
4289:
4122:
3897:
3881:Bloch & Trager
3662:
3457:
3174:
2283:
1623:
1618:⟨dz⟩
1613:⟨ṛ̃⟩
1609:⟨ṛ̌⟩
1540:⟨ᵍɓ⟩
1530:⟨x̣⟩
1470:⟨c̣⟩
1466:⟨č̣⟩
1374:
526:
351:John Wesley Powell
327:⟨r̃⟩
259:, such as ⟨
166:), is a system of
10055:
10054:
10051:
10050:
9973:tactile alphabets
9901:William Bell Wait
9894:Sabriye Tenberken
9695:
9694:
9560:
9559:
9545:(Japanese vowels)
9343:-mediated scripts
9270:-mediated scripts
8797:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8662:SENĆOŦEN alphabet
8626:
8625:
8554:Semi-logographies
8464:978-1-944466-54-1
8180:978-1-108-06342-5
8173:. pp. 5–83.
7928:Trager, George L.
7806:
7805:
7453:
7452:
7242:
7241:
6405:
6404:
5934:(ṭ̓ , ṭ
5803:(t̓ , t
5650:(τ̓ , τ
5636:
5545:
5464:
5384:
4665:Rolled Consonants
4626:
4625:
4414:
4413:
4284:⟨ə⟩
4275:
4274:
4108:
4107:
3892:⟨ᵻ⟩
3888:⟨ɨ⟩
3875:
3874:
3842:
3652:
3651:
3408:
3407:
3155:
3154:
2777:Lateral fricative
2267:
2266:
2064:Lateral fricative
1605:⟨ṛ⟩
1601:⟨ṛ⟩
1526:⟨X⟩
1520:⟨ġ⟩
1516:⟨G⟩
1510:⟨φ⟩
1506:⟨ɸ⟩
1500:⟨ł⟩
1496:⟨ƚ⟩
1490:⟨ǯ⟩
1486:⟨ǰ⟩
1480:⟨ʒ⟩
1476:⟨j⟩
1460:⟨c⟩
1456:⟨¢⟩
1437:⟨ň⟩
1433:
1432:
1385:Retroflex/Uvular
1365:⟨r⟩
1336:dental fricatives
1311:
1310:
323:⟨ř⟩
319:⟨r⟩
313:⟨q⟩
292:⟨ł⟩
288:⟨ƛ⟩
284:⟨¢⟩
280:⟨c⟩
276:⟨ñ⟩
272:⟨y⟩
186:transcription of
168:phonetic notation
141:
140:
16:(Redirected from
10080:
10044:
10037:
10035:Braille literacy
10030:
10012:
10005:
9998:
9991:
9984:
9963:
9956:
9949:
9942:
9935:
9928:
9921:
9903:
9896:
9889:
9882:
9875:
9868:
9861:
9854:
9836:
9829:
9827:Slate and stylus
9822:
9815:
9813:Perkins Brailler
9808:
9801:
9794:
9787:
9780:
9773:
9771:Braille embosser
9766:
9746:
9739:
9732:
9724:
9717:
9710:
9688:
9680:
9673:
9655:
9648:
9639:
9632:
9625:
9618:
9611:
9595:
9592:American Braille
9576:
9573:Algerian Braille
9553:
9546:
9538:
9531:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9502:
9494:
9487:
9480:
9462:
9454:
9447:
9440:
9433:
9426:
9419:
9412:
9405:
9398:
9391:
9368:
9360:
9353:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9308:
9301:
9294:
9287:
9280:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9215:
9208:
9201:
9188:
9183:
9176:
9169:
9162:
9155:
9148:
9140:
9133:
9126:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9098:
9091:
9084:
9077:
9070:
9063:
9056:
9048:
9041:
9034:
9027:
9020:
9013:
9006:
8999:
8992:
8985:
8978:
8971:
8964:
8957:
8945:
8938:
8931:
8923:
8916:
8909:
8902:
8887:
8875:
8868:
8861:
8854:
8837:
8826:
8819:
8812:
8803:
8686:Deseret alphabet
8635:
8528:
8521:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8482:
8476:
8441:
8422:
8413:
8404:
8395:
8376:
8357:
8348:
8329:
8320:
8311:
8302:
8269:
8267:
8242:
8222:
8203:
8184:
8169:. Vol. 40.
8159:
8130:
8114:
8106:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8060:
8054:
8044:
8038:
8037:, 1999, p. viii.
8031:
8025:
8017:
8011:
8005:
8000:
7994:
7987:
7981:
7978:
7972:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7891:
7885:
7880:
7820:
7455:
7244:
6502:
6453:
6440:glottalized stop
6434:partially voiced
6356:
6283:
6275:ʽ , h
5634:
5543:
5462:
5419:
5414:
5382:
5264:ƚ , ʟ
4697:
4628:
4513:ɩ᷸ (= ˙ɩ)
4504:ı᷸ (= ˙ı)
4463:
4417:Tone and prosody
4292:
4285:
4125:
4118:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3840:
3816:
3792:
3766:
3741:
3717:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3665:
3611:
3589:
3561:
3536:
3512:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3460:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3398:
3376:
3346:
3321:
3294:
3269:
3242:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3177:
3126:
3095:
3059:
3023:
2981:
2945:
2904:
2869:
2824:
2784:
2746:
2711:
2667:
2627:
2580:
2538:
2493:
2453:
2407:
2366:
2286:
2071:
2023:
1978:
1929:
1885:
1841:
1802:
1754:
1711:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1528:may be used for
1527:
1521:
1518:may be used for
1517:
1511:
1508:may be used for
1507:
1501:
1498:may be used for
1497:
1491:
1488:may be used for
1487:
1481:
1478:may be used for
1477:
1471:
1468:may be used for
1467:
1461:
1458:may be used for
1457:
1442:
1438:
1435:Other flaps are
1377:
1366:
1361:rhotic consonant
1345:
1341:
1317:for affricates;
1276:
1241:
1200:
1037:
996:
991:
941:
893:
888:
843:
803:
798:
754:
709:
704:
658:
616:
529:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
335:for nasalization
328:
324:
320:
314:
310:
304:
300:
297:Palato-alveolar
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
262:
232:
137:
131:
127:
37:
21:
10088:
10087:
10083:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10077:
10058:
10057:
10056:
10047:
10040:
10033:
10026:
10015:
10008:
10001:
9994:
9987:
9980:
9966:
9959:
9952:
9945:
9938:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9906:
9899:
9892:
9885:
9878:
9871:
9864:
9859:Charles Barbier
9857:
9850:
9839:
9832:
9825:
9818:
9811:
9804:
9797:
9790:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9762:
9749:
9742:
9735:
9727:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9691:
9683:
9676:
9669:
9658:
9651:
9644:
9635:
9628:
9621:
9614:
9609:
9598:
9590:
9584:Frequency-based
9579:
9571:
9556:
9549:
9541:
9534:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9497:
9490:
9483:
9476:
9465:
9457:
9450:
9443:
9436:
9429:
9422:
9415:
9408:
9401:
9394:
9387:
9380:Bharati Braille
9377:
9371:
9363:
9356:
9349:
9338:
9332:
9325:
9318:
9311:
9304:
9297:
9290:
9283:
9276:
9265:
9259:
9252:
9247:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9218:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9186:
9179:
9172:
9165:
9158:
9151:
9143:
9136:
9129:
9122:
9115:
9108:
9101:
9094:
9087:
9080:
9073:
9066:
9059:
9051:
9044:
9037:
9030:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8995:
8988:
8981:
8974:
8967:
8960:
8954:Unified English
8948:
8941:
8934:
8926:
8919:
8912:
8905:
8898:
8883:Braille scripts
8878:
8871:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8839:
8835:
8830:
8789:
8761:
8690:
8679:Chinook writing
8622:
8600:Isthmian script
8583:
8565:
8549:
8515:
8514:of the Americas
8512:Writing systems
8509:
8465:
8444:
8438:
8425:
8416:
8407:
8398:
8392:
8379:
8373:
8360:
8351:
8345:
8332:
8323:
8314:
8305:
8272:
8245:
8239:
8226:
8219:
8206:
8200:
8187:
8181:
8162:
8133:
8124:
8108:
8100:
8097:
8085:
8080:
8079:
8069:
8067:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8045:
8041:
8032:
8028:
8018:
8014:
8001:
7997:
7988:
7984:
7979:
7975:
7963:
7959:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7909:
7905:
7892:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7869:
7827:
7811:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7381:
7351:
7340:palatalization
7311:glottalization
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6497:
6483:
6475:
6354:
6281:
6279:
6182:
6107:
6032:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5977: , ʟ̣
5976:
5969:
5962:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5770:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5708:
5701:
5698:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5629:
5622:
5614:
5580:
5575:
5532:
5498:
5493:
5417:
5412:
5370:
5219:
5141:
5064:
4989:
4911:
4876:
4870:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4805:
4794:
4776:
4758:
4730:
4712:
4694:
4691:
4450:
4419:
4283:
4280:
4142:
4134:
4113:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3814:
3790:
3764:
3739:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3657:
3609:
3587:
3559:
3534:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3452:
3396:
3374:
3344:
3319:
3292:
3267:
3238:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3169:
3124:
3093:
3057:
3021:
2979:
2943:
2902:
2867:
2822:
2780:
2742:
2707:
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172:anthropologists
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94:, augmented by
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80:Related scripts
75:of any language
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41:
35:
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9996:New York Point
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8285:(1): 143–144.
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8258:(4): 629–631.
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4431:Norm: V̄ or V³
4429:
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4425:High: V́ or V¹
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4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3882:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3451:
3448:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3168:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2621:
2619:Flat fricative
2615:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1569:
1558:
1547:
1536:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1448:
1445:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
992:
984:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
936:
935:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
889:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
799:
791:
790:
786:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
749:
748:
744:
743:
741:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
705:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
684:
681:
678:
676:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
639:
636:
634:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
610:
604:
603:
598:
591:
586:
581:
576:
569:
562:
555:
550:
545:
538:
533:
485:
482:
480:
477:
347:
344:
343:
342:
339:
336:
330:
316:
305:
295:
252:
249:
216:much of Africa
176:Neogrammarians
139:
138:
132:⟩, see
105:
104:
102:
101:
92:Latin alphabet
90:
88:
86:Parent systems
85:
82:
81:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:
49:
47:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10085:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10063:
10043:
10039:
10036:
10032:
10029:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10018:
10011:
10007:
10004:
10003:Night writing
10000:
9997:
9993:
9990:
9986:
9983:
9979:
9978:
9976:
9974:
9969:
9962:
9958:
9955:
9951:
9948:
9944:
9941:
9937:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9923:
9920:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9911:Organisations
9909:
9902:
9898:
9895:
9891:
9888:
9884:
9881:
9877:
9874:
9873:Valentin Haüy
9870:
9867:
9863:
9860:
9856:
9853:
9852:Louis Braille
9849:
9848:
9846:
9842:
9835:
9831:
9828:
9824:
9821:
9817:
9814:
9810:
9807:
9803:
9800:
9796:
9793:
9789:
9786:
9785:Braille watch
9782:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9768:
9765:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9752:
9745:
9741:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9723:
9719:
9716:
9712:
9709:
9708:Braille music
9705:
9704:
9702:
9698:
9686:
9682:
9679:
9675:
9672:
9671:Luxembourgish
9668:
9667:
9665:
9661:
9654:
9650:
9647:
9643:
9638:
9634:
9631:
9627:
9624:
9620:
9617:
9613:
9612:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9593:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9582:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9563:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9518:
9515:
9511:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9493:
9489:
9486:
9482:
9479:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9470:Other scripts
9468:
9460:
9456:
9453:
9449:
9446:
9442:
9439:
9435:
9432:
9428:
9425:
9421:
9418:
9414:
9411:
9407:
9404:
9400:
9397:
9393:
9390:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9381:
9374:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9355:
9352:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9335:
9328:
9324:
9321:
9317:
9314:
9310:
9307:
9303:
9300:
9296:
9293:
9289:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9262:
9251:
9246:
9243:
9242:Northern Sámi
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9217:
9214:
9210:
9207:
9203:
9200:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:Nordic family
9189:
9182:
9178:
9175:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9161:
9157:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9139:
9135:
9132:
9131:South African
9128:
9125:
9121:
9118:
9114:
9111:
9107:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9093:
9090:
9086:
9083:
9079:
9076:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9053:Luxembourgish
9050:
9047:
9043:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9012:
9008:
9005:
9001:
8998:
8994:
8991:
8987:
8984:
8980:
8977:
8973:
8970:
8966:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8940:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8881:
8874:
8870:
8867:
8866:ASCII braille
8863:
8860:
8856:
8853:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8834:
8827:
8822:
8820:
8815:
8813:
8808:
8807:
8804:
8800:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8687:
8684:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8629:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8568:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8552:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8529:
8526:
8524:pre-Columbian
8522:
8518:
8513:
8506:
8501:
8499:
8494:
8492:
8487:
8486:
8483:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8443:
8439:
8437:0-226-68532-2
8433:
8429:
8424:
8420:
8415:
8411:
8406:
8402:
8397:
8393:
8391:0-521-82669-1
8387:
8383:
8378:
8374:
8372:0-521-23228-7
8368:
8364:
8359:
8355:
8350:
8346:
8344:0-19-507993-0
8340:
8336:
8331:
8327:
8322:
8318:
8313:
8309:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8244:
8240:
8238:0-16-048774-9
8234:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8218:0-631-19452-5
8214:
8210:
8205:
8201:
8199:0-19-509427-1
8195:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8167:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8104:
8099:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8065:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8049:
8043:
8040:
8036:
8030:
8027:
8023:
8016:
8013:
8009:
7999:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7983:
7977:
7974:
7970:
7967:
7961:
7958:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7907:
7904:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7822:
7816:
7808:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7427:nasalization
7426:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6469:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:Back palatal,
6179:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5903:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5704:
5694:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5668:
5662:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4837:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4434:Low: V̀ or V⁴
4433:
4430:
4428:Mid: V̍ or V²
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4293:
4287:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4110:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3901:
3895:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3637:
3630:
3626:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1621:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:(x̌) for the
1574:
1570:
1559:
1548:
1537:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1355:Rhotics table
1354:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
993:
990:
985:
981:
980:
949:
937:
933:
932:
901:
883:
879:
876:
874:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
840:
839:
836:
834:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
800:
797:
792:
788:
787:
761:
750:
746:
745:
717:
703:
697:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
679:
677:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
652:
648:
646:
643:
640:
637:
635:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
611:
609:
605:
602:
599:
597:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
570:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
539:
537:
534:
530:
524:
493:
491:
483:
478:
475:
473:
467:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
421:
420:Carl Voegelin
416:
414:
410:
406:
400:
397:
395:
391:
386:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372:
371:
366:
361:
357:
352:
345:
340:
337:
334:
331:
317:
306:
296:
270:
269:
268:
266:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
236:
231:
230:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
135:
123:
119:
117:
113:
106:
99:
98:
97:
93:
89:
83:
78:
74:
71:Reserved for
70:
66:
62:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
19:
9543:Thai and Lao
9220:Scandinavian
8852:1829 braille
8844:Braille cell
8657:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh
8532:Logographies
8447:Introduction
8446:
8427:
8418:
8409:
8400:
8381:
8362:
8353:
8334:
8325:
8316:
8307:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8255:
8251:
8228:
8208:
8189:
8165:
8139:
8135:
8118:
8110:
8102:
8095:Bibliography
8068:. Retrieved
8058:
8051:
8047:
8046:Sturtevant,
8042:
8034:
8029:
8021:
8015:
7998:
7985:
7976:
7965:
7960:
7950:
7946:Kurath, Hans
7940:
7931:
7918:
7910:
7906:
7889:
7812:
6498:
6486:
6485:The journal
6484:
6476:
6470:
6439:
6429:
6421:
6413:
6407:
6406:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4420:
4281:
4114:
3884:
3876:
3658:
3453:
3409:
3170:
3162:
3159:
3156:
2276:
2268:
1598:
1586:(ɬ) for the
1564:and palatal
1450:
1434:
1390:Approximant
1358:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1312:
494:
487:
472:prescriptive
468:
464:
448:glossematics
440:H. J. Uldall
437:
428:
424:
417:
412:
408:
402:
398:
387:
381:
374:
368:
364:
355:
349:
265:Edward Sapir
254:
239:
224:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:
128:and ⟨
110:
10042:RoboBraille
9866:Róża Czacka
9806:Perforation
9603:Independent
9501:(Bhutanese)
9236:Greenlandic
8907:Azerbaijani
8773:SignWriting
8696:Syllabaries
8595:Anishinaabe
8571:Pictography
7851:Teuthonista
7284:aspiration
6855:fricatives
6664:affricates
6444:glottalized
6187:ḳ (q)
4561:high round
4240:Higher low
4187:Higher mid
4169:Lower high
4063:Higher-low
3994:Higher-mid
3971:Lower-high
2358:Stop (oral)
1703:Stop (oral)
1350:(sibilant).
1194:Approximant
329:for a trill
59:Time period
46:Script type
10062:Categories
9594:(obsolete)
9575:(obsolete)
9367:(Pakistan)
9278:Belarusian
9160:Vietnamese
9103:Portuguese
9089:Philippine
9046:Lithuanian
7867:References
7480:Sturtevant
7269:Sturtevant
6527:Sturtevant
6463:epiglottal
6459:pharyngeal
6333:Laryngeal
4645:Affricates
4607:low round
4584:mid round
4222:Lower mid
4040:Lower-mid
3639:Lower-Low
1348:sulcalized
1334:Among the
1240:labialized
484:Consonants
405:Bloomfield
360:Franz Boas
241:Diacritics
178:) for the
10010:Vibratese
9989:Moon type
9982:Decapoint
9663:Eight-dot
9616:Cantonese
9565:Reordered
9528:Inuktitut
9417:Malayalam
9327:Ukrainian
9306:Mongolian
9285:Bulgarian
9248:Norwegian
9213:Icelandic
9004:Hungarian
8962:Esperanto
8914:Cantonese
8726:Syllabics
8639:Alphabets
8473:252700488
8022:Anthropos
7901:⟩.
7861:Phonology
7856:Phonetics
7817:register
7192:laterals
6542:plosives
6488:Anthropos
6471:Anthropos
6430:intermed.
6418:voiceless
5900:Posterior
4914:unrounded
4687:Aspirated
4682:Intermed.
4456:in 1916.
4017:Mean-mid
3094:voiceless
3022:voiceless
2944:voiceless
2868:voiceless
2782:voiceless
2714:w̱̟ (W̟)
2709:voiceless
2625:voiceless
2536:voiceless
2531:affricate
2451:voiceless
2445:Affricate
2364:voiceless
2317:Retroflex
2069:voiceless
1976:voiceless
1970:Fricative
1883:voiceless
1878:affricate
1800:voiceless
1794:Affricate
1709:voiceless
1662:Retroflex
1382:Alveolar
995:voiceless
892:voiceless
882:Fricative
802:voiceless
708:voiceless
696:Affricate
614:voiceless
442:, one of
394:typefaces
290:for and
214:, and of
68:Languages
9646:Japanese
9507:Georgian
9499:Dzongkha
9485:Armenian
9403:Gujarati
9268:Cyrillic
9199:Estonian
9174:Yugoslav
9110:Romanian
9082:Nigerian
8997:Hawaiian
8983:Ghanaian
8900:Albanian
8783:ASLwrite
8747:Cherokee
8279:Language
8136:Language
8033:Mithun,
7948:(1939).
7930:(1942).
7893:⟨
7825:See also
7809:Encoding
7421:Vː (Vːː)
6448:ejective
6031:Anterior
5902:c-sounds
5771:c-sounds
5615:c-sounds
5613:Anterior
5294:Cerebral
5221:alveolar
4909:Bilabial
4803:Bilabial
4655:Laterals
4640:Spirants
4138:Central
3740:(higher)
3535:(higher)
3428:a a꞉ a꞉꞉
3068:ř , l͏̌
2703:Sibilant
2322:Alveolo-
2312:Alveolar
2293:Bilabial
1669:alveolar
1657:Alveolar
1633:Bilabial
1584:belted l
567:alveolar
553:Alveolar
536:Bilabial
479:Alphabet
413:Language
382:Language
212:of India
190:and for
184:phonemic
180:phonetic
126:/ /
122:Help:IPA
51:Alphabet
9551:Tibetan
9492:Burmese
9478:Amharic
9461:(India)
9438:Sinhala
9431:Punjabi
9410:Kannada
9358:Persian
9313:Russian
9253:Swedish
9231:Finnish
9206:Faroese
9181:Zambian
9153:Turkish
9138:Spanish
9061:Maltese
9039:Latvian
9032:Italian
9011:Iñupiaq
8990:Guarani
8950:English
8921:Catalan
8838:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
8833:Braille
8617:Zapotec
8588:Unknown
8540:Miꞌkmaq
7819:fonnapa
7495:vowels
7414:Vꞏ (V:)
7411:Vꞏ (V:)
7400:length
7314:Cʼ (bʼ)
7218:trills
7071:nasals
6438:In the
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6359:
6348:
6342:
6339:
6328:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6286:
6278:a
6272:
6266:
6263:
6256:Glottal
6232:
6229:
6226:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6108:palatal
6082:
6079:
6076:
6033:palatal
6025:
6022:
6019:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5533:palatal
5525:
5522:
5519:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4808:rounded
4795:talized
4777:talized
4759:talized
4731:talized
4713:talized
4695:talized
4631:
4098:ɒ̇
4095:ȧ
4075:ω̇
4072:æ̇
4052:ɔ̇
4049:ɛ̇
4029:ꭥ̇
4026:ᴇ̇
4006:ȯ
4003:ė
3983:ᴜ̇
3960:u̇
3937:unround
3927:unround
3917:unround
3908:Central
3702:unround
3692:unround
3682:unround
3673:Central
3497:unround
3487:unround
3477:unround
3468:Central
3432:a aꞏ a꞉
3251:
3225:unround
3213:unround
3201:unround
3189:Central
3180:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3029:
3026:
3011:
3008:
3001:
2987:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2964:
2951:
2948:
2939:Lateral
2931:
2928:
2895:
2892:
2889:ŋ̱ (Ŋ)
2884:ṉ̃ (Ñ)
2872:m̱ (M)
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2759:ẓ , ẓ̌
2724:ṣ , ṣ̌
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:dl (λ)
2589:
2586:
2583:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:tƚ (ƛ)
2547:
2544:
2541:
2529:Lateral
2523:
2520:
2512:
2509:dž (ǰ)
2504:dz (ʒ)
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:tš (č)
2465:ts (ȼ)
2459:
2439:
2436:
2433:g̣ (G)
2413:
2372:
2351:Glottal
2344:Pharyn-
2329:Palatal
2324:palatal
2289:
2263:
2260:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2199:
2196:
2192:Lateral
2186:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2159:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2080:
2077:
2074:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1876:Lateral
1870:
1867:
1860:
1844:
1832:
1829:
1822:
1805:
1788:
1785:
1760:
1742:
1717:
1696:Glottal
1689:Pharyn-
1674:Palatal
1667:Palato-
1629:
1443:, etc.
1315:c j λ ƛ
1301:
1282:
1279:
1275:lateral
1247:
1244:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1199:central
1180:
1177:
1174:
1162:
1159:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
999:
989:lateral
887:central
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
852:
849:
846:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
812:
809:
806:
796:lateral
757:
712:
702:central
664:
622:
608:Plosive
601:Glottal
594:Pharyn-
579:Palatal
574:palatal
565:Palato-
532:
460:Nisenan
450:, with
346:History
204:Semitic
158:or the
154:), the
114:in the
9971:Other
9844:People
9834:Braigo
9653:Korean
9521:Hebrew
9452:Telugu
9351:Arabic
9341:Arabic
9299:Kyrgyz
9292:Kazakh
9226:Danish
9124:Slovak
9117:Samoan
9096:Polish
9075:Navajo
8976:German
8969:French
8836:
8757:Yugtun
8545:Mixtec
8471:
8461:
8434:
8388:
8369:
8341:
8299:414792
8297:
8235:
8215:
8196:
8177:
8156:408965
8154:
8070:22 May
7293:Cʽ, Cʰ
6812:tł, tʟ
6585:ɡ̯, ɡʸ
6561:k̯, kʸ
6473:(1907)
6426:voiced
6422:sonant
6408:Notes:
6282:vowel)
5531:Dorso-
5452:Dorsal
5372:dental
5216:Linguo
5143:dental
5138:Linguo
5065:dental
5063:Inter-
4990:labial
4988:Dento-
4788:Sonant
4770:Sonant
4752:Sonant
4742:Sonant
4724:Sonant
4706:Sonant
4677:Sonant
4650:Nasals
4493:front
4468:narrow
4271:ꭤ (ɒ)
4230:ɜ (ɞ)
4225:ɛ (ʚ)
4190:e (ø)
4180:ɤ (ᴜ)
4177:ᵻ (ᵾ)
4174:ɪ (ʏ)
4164:ɯ (u)
4159:ɨ (ʉ)
4154:i (y)
4135:front
4130:Front
4111:Kurath
3856:lower
3841:higher
3791:higher
3588:higher
3375:higher
3320:higher
3268:higher
3167:Vowels
3125:voiced
3058:voiced
2980:voiced
2956:ƚ (L)
2903:voiced
2879:ṉ (N)
2823:voiced
2744:voiced
2665:voiced
2578:voiced
2491:voiced
2405:voiced
2392:ḳ (q)
2339:Uvular
2307:dental
2305:Inter-
2300:dental
2298:Labio-
2152:Rhotic
2021:voiced
1927:voiced
1839:voiced
1752:voiced
1684:Uvular
1652:Dental
1647:dental
1645:Inter-
1640:dental
1638:Labio-
1423:Trill
1329:Notes:
1036:voiced
940:voiced
842:voiced
753:voiced
656:voiced
589:Uvular
572:Alveo-
558:Retro-
548:Dental
543:dental
541:Labio-
379:, and
365:et al.
333:Ogonek
286:for ,
278:for ,
274:for ,
200:Uralic
196:Slavic
130:
9687:(GS8)
9678:Kanji
9536:Khmer
9514:Greek
9445:Tamil
9378:i.e.
9339:i.e.
9320:Tatar
9266:i.e.
9167:Welsh
9068:Māori
9025:Irish
8943:Dutch
8936:Czech
8704:Afaka
8669:Osage
8647:Latin
8613:Olmec
8579:Aztec
8469:S2CID
8295:JSTOR
8152:JSTOR
7485:WIELD
7475:Sapir
7460:Powel
7378:Cw, C
7348:Cy, C
7274:WIELD
7264:Sapir
7249:Powel
6532:WIELD
6522:Sapir
6507:Powel
6322:(a̓)
6183:velar
6091:k̯ƚǃ
6067:k̯xǃ
5598:τ̣ᴧǃ
5570:τ̣σǃ
5437:τ̯ᴧǃ
5409:τ̯σǃ
5367:Dorso
5201:t̯ƚǃ
5177:t̯sǃ
4793:Glot-
4775:Glot-
4757:Glot-
4729:Glot-
4711:Glot-
4693:Glot-
4635:Stops
4498:high
4490:mixed
4484:front
4481:mixed
4471:wide
4151:High
4146:Back
4143:back
4141:Half-
4133:Half-
3948:High
3942:round
3932:round
3922:round
3911:Back
3905:Front
3815:lower
3765:lower
3715:Glide
3707:round
3697:round
3687:round
3676:Back
3670:Front
3610:lower
3560:lower
3510:Glide
3502:round
3492:round
3482:round
3471:Back
3465:Front
3397:lower
3345:lower
3293:lower
3263:Close
3240:Glide
3231:round
3219:round
3207:round
3184:Front
3089:Trill
2863:Nasal
2334:Velar
2230:Glide
2112:Nasal
1679:Velar
1573:caron
1401:Flap
1116:Trill
1077:Nasal
584:Velar
456:Maidu
444:Jones
433:Sapir
118:(IPA)
96:Greek
9459:Urdu
9424:Odia
9365:Urdu
8778:si5s
8724:Dene
8652:NAPA
8561:Maya
8459:ISBN
8432:ISBN
8386:ISBN
8367:ISBN
8339:ISBN
8233:ISBN
8213:ISBN
8194:ISBN
8175:ISBN
8072:2024
7813:The
7789:ɑ, ȧ
7747:ɨ, ï
7693:ɔ, o
7670:o, ō
7646:υ, u
7623:u, ū
7599:ä, ă
7576:ɛ, e
7553:e, ē
7529:ɩ, i
7506:i, ī
7490:IPA
7487:2020
7482:1978
7477:1934
7472:1916
7467:1911
7465:Boas
7462:1880
7332:Cʼ,
7279:IPA
7276:2020
7271:1978
7266:1934
7261:1916
7256:1911
7254:Boas
7251:1880
7200:ł, ʟ
6600:q, ḳ
6537:IPA
6534:2020
6529:1978
6524:1934
6519:1916
6514:1911
6512:Boas
6509:1880
6414:surd
6362:ʼ̣ḥ
6280:(any
6250:ρ̣ǃ
6241:ḳƚǃ
6238:g̣l
6217:ḳxǃ
6214:g̣γ
6208:x̣ǃ
6166:kƚǃ
6142:kxǃ
6106:Mid-
6100:ρ̯ǃ
6088:g̯l
6085:k̯ƚ
6064:g̯γ
6061:k̯x
6058:x̯ǃ
6046:k̯ʽ
5956:ṭcǃ
5947:c̣ǃ
5825:tcǃ
5595:δ̣ᴧ
5592:τ̣ᴧ
5589:ᴧ̣ǃ
5567:δ̣ζ
5564:τ̣σ
5561:σ̣ǃ
5549:τ̣ʽ
5516:τᴧǃ
5488:τσǃ
5434:δ̯ᴧ
5431:τ̯ᴧ
5428:ᴧ̯ǃ
5406:δ̯ζ
5403:τ̯σ
5400:σ̯ǃ
5388:τ̯ʽ
5361:ʀ̣ǃ
5352:ṭƚǃ
5343:ƚ̣ǃ
5328:ṭsǃ
5279:tƚǃ
5255:tsǃ
5210:ʀ̯ǃ
5198:d̯l
5195:t̯ƚ
5192:ƚ̯ǃ
5174:d̯z
5171:t̯s
5168:s̯ǃ
5156:t̯ʽ
5099:tθǃ
5024:pfǃ
4949:pφǃ
4864:pƕǃ
4783:Surd
4765:Surd
4747:Surd
4737:Surd
4719:Surd
4701:Surd
4672:Surd
4542:low
4521:mid
4487:back
4478:back
4258:Low
4253:(ɔ)
4215:(ɵ)
4205:Mid
4200:(o)
4117:ʚ, ꭤ
4086:Low
3837:Low
3736:High
3655:Pike
3634:a/ɑ
3628:Low
3531:High
3370:Open
3194:Back
3017:Flap
2692:g̶̣
2686:g̶̯
2515:gg̶
2501:d̯ꟈ
2496:bb̶
2462:t̯θ
2346:geal
2278:Pike
2273:Pike
2257:(w)
2234:(w)
1691:geal
1412:Tap
1346:are
789:dz̯
738:qx̣
596:geal
560:flex
429:ship
356:e.g.
294:for
182:and
152:NAPA
9018:IPA
8451:doi
8287:doi
8260:doi
8144:doi
7470:AAA
7405:V̄?
7259:AAA
6849:d͡ɮ
6825:t͡ɬ
6801:d͡ʒ
6777:t͜ʃ
6753:d͜z
6730:t͜s
6707:d͜ð
6685:t͜θ
6517:AAA
6461:or
6345:ʼ̣
6336:ʼ̣
6247:ρ̣
6244:Ρ̣
6235:ḳƚ
6223:ŋ̣
6220:ᴎ̣
6211:ḳx
6205:γ̣
6202:x̣
6196:ḳʽ
6193:ɢ̣
6190:g̣
6175:ρǃ
6163:gl
6160:kƚ
6139:gγ
6136:kx
6133:xǃ
6121:kʽ
6097:ρ̯
6094:Ρ̯
6073:ŋ̯
6070:ᴎ̯
6055:γ̯
6052:x̯
6043:ɢ̯
6040:g̯
6037:k̯
6016:ǃ)
6012:(ṭƚ
6005:(ḍl
5998:(ṭƚ
5995:ǃ)
5991:(ƚ̣
5973:(ƚ̣
5959:(ɴ̣
5953:ḍj
5950:ṭc
5944:j̣
5941:c̣
5938:ǃ)
5931:ʽ)
5920:(ᴅ̣
5885:ǃ)
5881:(tƚ
5874:(dl
5867:(tƚ
5864:ǃ)
5822:dj
5819:tc
5816:cǃ
5807:ǃ)
5800:ʽ)
5769:Mid
5754:ǃ)
5750:(τᴧ
5743:(δᴧ
5736:(τᴧ
5733:ǃ)
5654:ǃ)
5647:ʽ)
5586:λ̣
5583:ᴧ̣
5558:ζ̣
5555:σ̣
5540:δ̣
5537:τ̣
5513:δᴧ
5510:τᴧ
5507:ᴧǃ
5485:δζ
5482:τσ
5479:σǃ
5467:τʽ
5425:λ̯
5422:ᴧ̯
5397:ζ̯
5394:σ̯
5379:δ̯
5376:τ̯
5355:ʀ̣
5349:ḍl
5346:ṭƚ
5331:ɴ̣
5325:ḍz
5322:ṭs
5319:ṣǃ
5307:ṭʽ
5304:ᴅ̣
5288:ʀǃ
5276:dl
5273:tƚ
5270:ƚǃ
5252:dz
5249:ts
5246:sǃ
5234:tʽ
5207:r̯
5204:ʀ̯
5189:l̯
5183:n̯
5180:ɴ̯
5165:z̯
5162:s̯
5153:ᴅ̯
5150:d̯
5147:t̯
5096:dϑ
5093:tθ
5090:θǃ
5021:bv
5018:pf
5015:fǃ
4946:bβ
4943:pφ
4940:φǃ
4928:pʽ
4861:bw
4858:pƕ
4855:ƕǃ
4602:ɔ̈
4394:ɔ̄
3787:Mid
3584:Mid
3385:æ̇
3382:ɒ̈
3358:ɔ̇
3355:ɛ̇
3352:ɔ̈
3315:Mid
3306:ʊ̇
3300:ʊ̈
3147:ṛ̃
3136:r̃
3129:b̃
3105:ṟ̃
3098:p̃
3071:ṛ̌
3034:ṟ̌
2998:lʸ
2961:ƚʸ
2836:l̟
2796:ƚ̟
2749:w̟
2689:g̶
2679:ꟈ̣
2670:b̶
2652:x̣
2646:x̯
2639:θ̣
2476:kx
2456:pᵽ
2427:g̯
2416:d̯
2395:ḳ̣
2386:k̯
2375:t̯
2140:ŋ̇
2053:γ̇
2047:γ̑
2035:z̯
2008:x̣
2002:x̯
1990:s̯
1776:g̑
1765:d̯
1733:k̯
1722:t̯
1620:).
1607:or
1429:ṛ̃
1418:ᴅ̇
1407:ṛ̌
1369:IPA
1298:lʸ
1285:l̯
1215:ɹ̣
1165:r̯
1155:Tap
1129:r̃
1106:ŋ̇
1086:n̯
1020:łʸ
982:z̯
971:ɣ̇
965:ɣ̯
934:s̯
923:x̣
917:x̯
774:dź
768:dẓ
765:dz
762:dð
747:c̯
735:kx
724:c̣
718:tθ
715:pf
686:ɡ̇
680:ɡ̯
667:d̯
638:k̯
625:t̯
458:or
427:in
321:or
282:or
164:APA
10064::
8615:,
8611:,
8467:.
8457:.
8293:.
8283:64
8281:.
8256:36
8254:.
8250:.
8150:.
8138:.
8052:ff
7926:;
7875:^
7797:ʌ?
7753:,
7444:V̨
7436:V̨
7433:Vⁿ
7430:Vⁿ
7408:V̄
7394:Cʷ
7390:Cʷ
7387:Cʷ
7384:Cʷ
7375:Cᵘ
7364:Cʲ
7360:Cʸ
7357:Cʸ
7354:Cʸ
7345:Cꞏ
7334:Cˀ
7329:Cʼ
7326:C̓
7323:Cʼ
7320:Cʼ
7317:C!
7305:Cʰ
7301:Cʰ
7298:Cʰ
7290:Cʽ
7287:Cʽ
7186:ŋ̊
7175:ɴ̃
7172:ñ̥
7164:n̥
7160:n̥
7149:n̥
7141:m̥
7137:m̥
7126:m̥
7114:ŋ̇
7111:ŋ̇
7106:ṇ̃
7103:ṇ̃
7040:ɣ̇
7037:γ̇
7032:γ̣
7029:γ̣
7017:x̣
7014:x̣
7009:x̣
6959:x̣
6836:dl
6833:ʟ̣
6788:dj
6783:dj
6764:tc
6759:tc
6749:dz
6740:dz
6717:ts
6703:dð
6700:ð̂
6695:dϑ
6681:tθ
6678:θ̂
6673:tθ
6631:ɡ̇
6623:g̣
6620:g̣
6582:gʸ
6579:gʸ
6576:gy
6573:gꞏ
6558:kʸ
6555:kʸ
6552:ky
6549:kꞏ
6452:kʼ
6432:=
6428:;
6424:=
6420:;
6416:=
6351:ḥ
6289:ʼ
6269:ʼ
6260:ʼ
6172:ρ
6169:Ρ
6148:ŋ
6145:ᴎ
6130:γ
6127:x
6118:ɢ
6115:g
6112:k
6009:)
6002:)
5988:)
5984:(ḷ
5981:)
5970:)
5966:(ṇ
5963:)
5927:(ṭ
5924:)
5917:)
5913:(ḍ
5910:)
5906:(ṭ
5878:)
5871:)
5860:(ƚ
5857:)
5853:(l
5850:)
5842:(ƚ
5839:)
5835:(n
5832:)
5828:(ɴ
5813:j
5810:c
5796:(t
5793:)
5789:(ᴅ
5786:)
5782:(d
5779:)
5775:(t
5747:)
5740:)
5729:(ᴧ
5726:)
5722:(λ
5719:)
5715:(ᴧ
5712:)
5702:)
5692:ǃ
5688:tc
5682:dj
5676:tc
5673:ǃ
5643:(τ
5640:)
5630:)
5626:(δ
5623:)
5619:(τ
5579:ν̣
5574:ν̣
5546:̣
5504:λ
5501:ᴧ
5476:ζ
5473:σ
5459:δ
5456:τ
5418:ν̯
5413:ν̯
5385:̯
5358:ṛ
5340:ḷ
5334:ṇ
5316:ẓ
5313:ṣ
5301:ḍ
5298:ṭ
5285:r
5282:ʀ
5267:l
5261:n
5258:ɴ
5243:z
5240:s
5231:ᴅ
5228:d
5225:t
5087:ϑ
5084:θ
5012:v
5009:f
4955:m
4952:ᴍ
4937:β
4934:φ
4925:ʙ
4922:b
4919:p
4916:)
4852:w
4849:ƕ
4846:ǃ
4838:p̓
4835:ʽ
4810:)
4797:*
4779:*
4761:*
4733:*
4715:*
4616:ω̈
4613:ω̇
4599:ɔ̇
4579:ϋ
4576:υ̇
4567:u̇
4556:ä
4537:ε
4524:α
4516:ɩ
4510:ɩ̈
4410:ɔ
4388:ꭢ̄
4376:o
4360:ō
4357:ʌ̄
4342:ᴜ
4336:ᴜ̈
4326:u
4323:ᵻ̄
4266:ɑ
4261:a
4248:ɐ
4243:æ
4233:ʌ
4212:ə
4193:ɘ
4104:ɒ
4092:ɒ̈
4081:ω
4078:æ̈
4069:ω̈
4058:ɔ
4055:ɛ̈
4046:ɔ̈
4035:ꭥ
4032:ᴇ̈
4023:ꭥ̈
4012:o
3989:ᴜ
3986:ɪ̈
3977:ᴜ̈
3966:u
3871:ɒ
3832:ɔ
3822:ɔ̈
3809:o
3782:ᴜ
3772:ᴜ̈
3759:u
3731:w
3720:y
3648:ɒ
3623:ɔ
3617:ɔ̈
3604:o
3579:ᴜ
3576:ɪ̈
3567:ᴜ̈
3554:u
3526:w
3515:y
3424:a꞉
3416:ay
3412:ai
3404:a
3401:a
3391:ɒ
3388:ɑ
3379:æ
3364:ɔ
3361:ʌ
3349:ɛ
3339:o
3336:ë
3333:ȯ
3330:ə
3327:ö
3324:e
3309:ʊ
3303:ᵻ
3297:ɪ
3287:u
3284:ï
3281:ʉ
3278:ɨ
3275:ü
3272:i
3257:w
3254:ẉ
3248:ẅ
3245:y
2995:ḷ
2992:l
2925:ŋ
2920:ñ
2917:ṇ
2914:n
2907:m
2762:ž
2756:z
2727:š
2721:s
2697:ɦ
2676:ꟈ
2673:v
2658:h
2655:ḥ
2649:x
2636:θ
2633:f
2630:ᵽ
2430:g
2422:ḍ
2419:d
2410:b
2398:ʔ
2389:k
2381:ṭ
2378:t
2369:p
2254:y
2209:ḷ
2206:l
2181:ṛ
2169:ṛ
2166:r
2137:ŋ
2134:ñ
2129:ṇ
2126:n
2119:ṃ
2116:m
2085:ł
2059:ɦ
2056:ʕ
2050:γ
2044:ž
2041:ẓ
2038:z
2032:ð
2029:v
2026:β
2014:h
2011:ħ
2005:x
1999:š
1996:ṣ
1993:s
1987:θ
1984:f
1981:ɸ
1943:λ
1899:ƛ
1857:ǰ
1819:č
1814:ȼ
1782:ġ
1779:g
1771:ḍ
1768:d
1757:b
1745:ʔ
1739:q
1736:k
1728:ṭ
1725:t
1714:p
1542:,
1439:,
1426:r̃
1396:ṛ
1338:,
1291:ḷ
1288:l
1263:w
1260:ẅ
1227:ẉ
1224:y
1212:ɹ
1206:ʋ
1171:ṛ
1168:r
1145:ʀ
1103:ŋ
1100:ñ
1097:ń
1092:ṇ
1089:n
1081:m
1049:ɮ
1008:ł
977:ɦ
974:ʕ
968:ɣ
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