418:, which means that specific populations who do not synthesize it in adequate amounts, such as newborn infants and people with diseased livers who are unable to synthesize cysteine, must obtain one or more of these conditionally essential amino acids from their diet. For example, enough arginine is synthesized by the urea cycle to meet the needs of an adult but perhaps not those of a growing child. Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet are called
3788:
2543:
Protein content in foods is often measured in protein per serving rather than protein per calorie. For instance, the USDA lists 6 grams of protein per large whole egg (a 50-gram serving) rather than 84 mg of protein per calorie (71 calories total). For comparison, there are 2.8 grams of protein
813:
proteins. Once the nitrogen losses stabilize, this baseline is determined to be the minimum required for maintenance. Then the test subjects were fed a measured amount of the food being tested. The difference between the nitrogen in that food and the nitrogen losses above baseline was the amount the
799:
intake and nitrogen excreted in the liquid and solid wastes, because proteins represent the largest nitrogen content in a body. A positive balance occurs when more nitrogen is consumed than is excreted, which indicates that some of the nitrogen is being used by the body to build proteins. A negative
2548:
of 47.67g of protein after eating 1,690g of raw broccoli a day at 574 cal. An egg contains 12.5g of protein per 100g, but 4 mg more protein per calorie, or the protein DV after 381g of egg, which is 545 cal. The ratio of essential amino acids (the quality of protein) is not taken into account,
2680:
If one of the essential amino acids is not available in the required quantities, protein synthesis will be inhibited, irrespective of the availability of the other amino acids. Protein deficiency has been shown to affect all of the body's organs and many of its systems, for example affecting brain
153:
is the essential amino acid which is furthest from meeting nutritional requirements. This concept is important when determining the selection, number, and amount of foods to consume because even when total protein and all other essential amino acids are satisfied if the limiting amino acid is not
804:
were fed an artificial diet so that there was a slightly positive nitrogen balance. Then one amino acid was omitted and the nitrogen balance recorded. If a positive balance continued, then that amino acid was deemed not essential. If a negative balance occurred, then that amino acid was slowly
542:
Estimating the daily requirement for the indispensable amino acids has proven to be difficult; these numbers have undergone considerable revision over the last 20 years. The following table lists the recommended daily amounts currently in use for essential amino acids in
2549:
one would actually need to eat more than 3 kg of broccoli a day to have a healthy protein profile, and almost 6 kg to get enough calories. It is recommended that adult humans obtain between 10β35% of their 2000 calories a day as protein.
2613:, in addition to threonine. Rose's later work showed that eight amino acids are essential for adult human beings, with histidine also being essential for infants. Longer-term studies established histidine as also essential for adult humans.
2637:
in humans. Likewise, cysteine can be made from homocysteine but cannot be synthesized on its own. So, for convenience, sulfur-containing amino acids are sometimes considered a single pool of nutritionally equivalent amino acids as are the
42:
that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet. Of the 21 amino acids common to all life forms, the nine amino acids humans cannot synthesize are
3274:. p. x, Table 1 - Protein and amino acid requirement and amino acid reference pattern proposed for FUF-YC (1β2 year) and for RUTF (target weight gain value of 10 g/kg/d), in infants and children, 6 months to 5 years
808:
A similar method was used to determine the protein content of foods. Test subjects were fed a diet containing no protein and the nitrogen losses recorded. During the first week or more there is a rapid loss of
743:
The recommended daily intakes for children aged three years and older is 10% to 20% higher than adult levels and those for infants can be as much as 150% higher in the first year of life.
2740:. Rose noted that the symptoms of nervousness, exhaustion, and dizziness were encountered to a greater or lesser extent whenever human subjects were deprived of an essential amino acid.
800:
nitrogen balance occurs when more nitrogen is excreted than is consumed, which indicates that there is insufficient intake for the body to maintain its health. Graduate students at the
3744:
146:(considered the 22nd amino acid), which is proteinogenic only in certain microorganisms, is not used by and therefore non-essential for most organisms, including humans.
2512:
86:
in the human diet, meaning their synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe
833:
used this technique in their own labs to determine the content of 7793 foods across 28 categories. The USDA published the final database in 2018 to the public.
836:
The limiting amino acid depends on the human requirements and there are currently two sets of human requirements from authoritative sources: one published by
3737:
444:
Nonessential amino acids are produced in the body. The pathways for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids come from basic metabolic pathways.
2767:("sugar baby syndrome"). However, this theory has been challenged by the finding that there is no difference in the diets of children developing
4037:
2697:
in infants and children, poor musculature, dull skin, and thin and fragile hair. Biochemical changes reflecting protein deficiency include low
3251:
2917:
3719:, an online software tool to analyze the essential amino acid profiles of single and pairs of plant based foods based on human requirements.
784:
2621:
The distinction between essential and non-essential amino acids is somewhat unclear, as some amino acids can be produced from others. The
3062:
3730:
3205:
3696:
3446:
2681:
development in infants and young children; inhibiting upkeep of the immune system, increasing risk of infection; affecting gut
4094:
764:
3409:
3523:
2957:
4027:
3088:
2802:
565:
3437:
McGilvery, Robert W. Ph.D.; et al. (Gerald
Goldstein M.D.) (1979) . "Chapter 41 Nutrition: The Nitrogen Economy".
2736:(to supply any unknown vitamins), and mixtures of highly purified individual amino acids. The main outcome measure was
2780:
2748:
2675:
2557:
Scientists had known since the early 20th century that rats could not survive on a diet whose only protein source was
2499:
Various attempts have been made to express the "quality" or "value" of various kinds of protein. Measures include the
826:
3236:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
814:
body retained to rebuild proteins. The amount of nitrogen retained divided by the total nitrogen intake is called
3811:
818:. The amount of nitrogen retained divided by the (nitrogen intake minus nitrogen loss above baseline) is called
3753:
3710:
2772:
2508:
429:
3192:
4099:
2816:
2504:
815:
445:
3377:"The amino acid requirements of man. III. The role of isoleucine; additional evidence concerning histidine"
2577:. Through manipulation of rodent diets, Rose was able to show that ten amino acids are essential for rats:
4047:
3716:
2544:
in a serving of raw broccoli (100 grams) or 82 mg of protein per calorie (34 calories total), or the
801:
3194:
Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition: report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation
4042:
4032:
3497:
3227:
2826:
2708:
The amino acids that are essential in the human diet were established in a series of experiments led by
2528:
848:
This table displays the number of Items in each
Category with the same limiting Essential Amino Acid
2712:. The experiments involved elemental diets to healthy male graduate students. These diets consisted of
4089:
4052:
2821:
2792:
2709:
2570:
2535:
of an individual amino acid (methionine, lysine, threonine, or tryptophan) can be added to the feed.
3104:"What are the essential elements needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans?"
2981:"What are the essential elements needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans?"
3856:
772:
4104:
3803:
2532:
795:
Historically, amino acid requirements were determined by calculating the balance between dietary
537:
505:
433:
118:) in humans, meaning they can be synthesized in sufficient quantities in the body. These six are
805:
restored until a slightly positive nitrogen balance stabilized and the minimum amount recorded.
449:
3350:
2531:. Thus, various feedstuffs may be fed in combination to increase net protein utilization, or a
4067:
3889:
3669:
3642:
3593:
3442:
3401:
3310:
3247:
3201:
3166:
3125:
3066:
3043:
3002:
2913:
2869:
2811:
2702:
2694:
3632:
3624:
3583:
3391:
3302:
3239:
3156:
3115:
3033:
2992:
2905:
2859:
2807:
2737:
2686:
2520:
2516:
2500:
819:
783:
are grouped together because one of them can be synthesized from the other using the enzyme
763:
are grouped together because one of them can be synthesized from the other using the enzyme
3482:(Release 21 ed.). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2008.
3328:
2797:
2494:
3613:"Evidence that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man"
2848:"Adult amino acid requirements: the case for a major revision in current recommendations"
2763:
was once attributed to pure protein deficiency in individuals who were consuming enough
3989:
3144:
3103:
2733:
2685:
function and permeability, thereby reducing absorption and increasing vulnerability to
457:
351:
288:
139:
3722:
3637:
3612:
3588:
3571:
3396:
3306:
3267:
154:
satisfied then the meal is considered to be nutritionally limited by that amino acid.
4083:
4062:
3983:
3977:
3879:
3700:
2698:
2643:
2590:
776:
668:
547:(unless specified otherwise), together with their standard one-letter abbreviations.
525:
375:
276:
248:
208:
131:
123:
60:
3706:
3777:
2864:
2847:
2630:
477:
3268:"Publication card | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
2689:; and impacting kidney function. The physical signs of protein deficiency include
17:
4021:
3954:
3376:
2937:
2760:
2756:
2713:
2545:
339:
305:
143:
3787:
432:. Consequently, only a subset of the amino acids used in protein synthesis are
4057:
3898:
3874:
3831:
3820:
3690:
2663:
2659:
2626:
2602:
2598:
2582:
756:
708:
643:
592:
509:
489:
425:
383:
371:
359:
313:
256:
228:
196:
127:
87:
64:
56:
48:
39:
3572:"The amino acid requirements of man. II. The role of threonine and histidine"
3161:
3120:
3038:
3021:
2997:
2980:
2900:
Otten, Jennifer J.; Hellwig, Jennifer Pitzi; Meyers, Linda D., eds. (2006) .
460:
reaction takes place in the synthesis of most amino acids. At this step, the
342:, sometimes considered the "22nd amino acid", is not used by the human body.
3948:
3913:
3903:
3864:
3548:
3468:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. April 2019.
3231:
2721:
2655:
2586:
2574:
691:
575:
481:
469:
461:
453:
399:
379:
355:
296:
222:
176:
103:
72:
68:
3713:. Features detailed information and crystal photographs of each amino acid.
3673:
3597:
3405:
3170:
3129:
3063:"Newsletter 2009, Biochemical Nomenclature Committee of IUPAC and NC-IUBMB"
3047:
3006:
2523:, because the relative lack of one or more of the essential amino acids in
3646:
3314:
2873:
4001:
3995:
3942:
3869:
2768:
2752:
2725:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2610:
810:
796:
780:
760:
752:
748:
744:
674:
649:
521:
517:
497:
473:
411:
395:
391:
282:
202:
182:
111:
95:
91:
3293:
Imura K, Okada A (1998). "Amino acid metabolism in pediatric patients".
3846:
3841:
3836:
3825:
3772:
3767:
2902:
Dietary
Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements
2764:
2729:
2717:
2682:
2594:
609:
513:
493:
465:
407:
403:
363:
262:
242:
216:
188:
119:
107:
99:
52:
3628:
27:
Amino acids required in diet since they can not be synthesized in body
3936:
3908:
3815:
2953:
2622:
2606:
2578:
2566:
2524:
725:
626:
501:
387:
367:
325:
268:
236:
135:
76:
44:
3353:. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubChem. 18 May 2022
3331:. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubChem. 18 May 2022
3243:
2909:
2779:, lack of one or more of the essential amino acids is described as
2690:
2633:, can be converted into each other but neither can be synthesized
2562:
3660:
Ahmed T, Rahman S, Cravioto A (2009). "Oedematous malnutrition".
350:
Of the twenty amino acids common to all life forms (not counting
2776:
2744:
2558:
841:
830:
3726:
837:
440:
From intermediates of the citric acid cycle and other pathways
3524:"Egg, poached, cooked, whole: nutritional value and analysis"
3238:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 680.
3465:
2732:, a large brown "candy" made of liver extract flavored with
3441:(2nd ed.). W. B. Saunders Company. pp. 785β796.
791:
Amino acid requirements and the amino acid content of food
2936:
Lopez, Michael J.; Mohluddin, Shamim S. (18 March 2022).
829:
to determine the actual amino acid content of foods. The
3089:"PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION"
3466:"FoodData Central Standard Reference (SR) Legacy Foods"
3145:"Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans"
3022:"Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans"
3480:
SDA National
Nutrient Database for Standard Reference
755:
are always required by infants and growing children.
3963:
3922:
3888:
3855:
3802:
3795:
3760:
2527:would have a limiting effect on growth and thus on
3570:Rose WC, Haines WJ, Warner DT, Johnson JE (1951).
2771:as opposed to kwashiorkor. Still, for instance in
428:can synthesize some of the amino acids from other
3370:
3368:
3707:Molecular Expressions: The Amino Acid Collection
3432:
3430:
2931:
2929:
2513:protein digestibility corrected amino acid score
3498:"Broccoli, raw: nutritional value and analysis"
3460:
3458:
3738:
2573:to the discovery of the essential amino acid
2519:concept. These concepts are important in the
8:
3691:Amino acid content of some vegetarian foods
3491:
3489:
3799:
3745:
3731:
3723:
3222:
3220:
3218:
570:FAO (2018) young children catch-up growth
3636:
3587:
3549:"Web MD Protein: Are You Getting Enough?"
3395:
3375:Rose, WC; Haines, WJ; Warner, DT (1951).
3160:
3119:
3037:
2996:
2863:
472:are synthesized by the transamination of
3697:Amino Acid Profiles of Some Common Feeds
2747:deficiency should be distinguished from
846:
553:Essential (+ conditional) amino acid(s)
549:
161:
3351:"Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism"
2838:
2565:(corn), but recovered if they were fed
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
524:is synthesized by the hydroxylation of
3662:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
2553:Complete proteins in non-human animals
822:and is usually given as a percentage.
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
448:catalyzes the reductive amination of
114:. Six amino acids are non-essential (
82:Six other amino acids are considered
7:
3611:Kopple JD, Swendseid ME (May 1975).
3329:"Methionine and Cysteine metabolism"
2662:, which are interconvertible by the
962:American Indian/Alaska Native Foods
785:phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase
747:(or sulfur-containing amino acids),
556:Daily intake in mg per kg body mass
528:, which is an essential amino acid.
3754:Encoded (proteinogenic) amino acids
3576:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3439:Biochemistry, a Functional Approach
2939:Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids
2426:Vegetables and Vegetable Products
464:of the amino acid is established.
354:), humans cannot synthesize nine:
142:(considered the 21st amino acid).
25:
3415:from the original on 15 June 2016
3102:FΓΌrst P, Stehle P (1 June 2004).
2979:FΓΌrst P, Stehle P (1 June 2004).
2666:, are considered a single group.
500:are both derived from glutamate.
3786:
390:. Additionally, the amino acids
1572:Finfish and Shellfish Products
751:(or aromatic amino acids), and
825:Modern techniques make use of
1:
3589:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)56144-5
3551:. webmd.com. 5 September 2014
3397:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50916-9
3307:10.1016/S0899-9007(97)00230-X
2958:National Agricultural Library
2728:, inorganic salts, the known
2865:10.1093/jn/124.suppl_8.1517S
2803:List of standard amino acids
2121:Sausages and Luncheon Meats
1755:Legumes and Legume Products
2781:protein-energy malnutrition
2749:protein-energy malnutrition
2676:Protein-energy malnutrition
860:Based on USDA Requirements
840:and the other published by
827:ion exchange chromatography
4121:
3812:Branched-chain amino acids
2673:
2569:from cow's milk. This led
2492:
855:Based on WHO Requirements
535:
492:is synthesized similarly.
4015:
3784:
3232:"Protein and Amino Acids"
2773:Dietary Reference Intakes
2625:-containing amino acids,
859:
854:
555:
552:
3711:Florida State University
3143:Reeds PJ (1 July 2000).
3114:(6 Suppl): 1558Sβ1565S.
3020:Reeds PJ (1 July 2000).
2991:(6 Suppl): 1558Sβ1565S.
2858:(8 Suppl): 1517Sβ1523S.
2775:(DRI) maintained by the
2751:, which can manifest as
2509:protein efficiency ratio
1633:Fruits and Fruit Juices
1328:Cereal Grains and Pasta
532:Recommended daily intake
168:Conditionally essential
90:distress. These six are
36:indispensable amino acid
2817:Orthomolecular medicine
2505:net protein utilization
1389:Dairy and Egg Products
816:net protein utilization
446:Glutamate dehydrogenase
416:conditionally essential
84:conditionally essential
3528:www.nutritionvalue.org
3502:www.nutritionvalue.org
3162:10.1093/jn/130.7.1835S
3121:10.1093/jn/134.6.1558S
3039:10.1093/jn/130.7.1835S
2998:10.1093/jn/134.6.1558S
2954:"Limiting Amino Acids"
1877:Nut and Seed Products
946:Phenylalanine+Tyrosine
899:Phenylalanine+Tyrosine
802:University of Illinois
512:, is the precursor of
484:is synthesized from NH
346:Essentiality in humans
4095:Essential amino acids
3228:Institute of Medicine
2827:Glucogenic amino acid
2670:Effects of deficiency
2529:feed conversion ratio
420:essential amino acids
3522:Vanovschi, Vitalii.
3496:Vanovschi, Vitalii.
3191:FAO/WHO/UNU (2007).
3069:on 12 September 2017
2985:Journal of Nutrition
2904:(Technical report).
2822:Ketogenic amino acid
2793:Essential fatty acid
2710:William Cumming Rose
2571:William Cumming Rose
32:essential amino acid
3693:at veganhealth.org.
3091:. 2007. p. 29.
2942:(Technical report).
2561:, which comes from
2539:Protein per calorie
849:
773:methionine synthase
508:, which comes from
488:and glutamate, and
434:essential nutrients
151:limiting amino acid
4068:Dehydroamino acids
4028:Encoded (proteins)
3964:Negative charge (p
3923:Positive charge (p
2960:. 30 November 2012
2617:Interchangeability
2521:livestock industry
1267:Breakfast Cereals
941:Methionine+Cystine
894:Methionine+Cystine
847:
769:-methyltransferase
538:Protein (nutrient)
506:3-phosphoglycerate
18:Amino acid profile
4077:
4076:
4038:Non-proteinogenic
4011:
4010:
3629:10.1172/JCI108016
3253:978-0-309-08525-0
3061:Richard Cammack.
2919:978-0-309-15742-1
2846:Young VR (1994).
2812:High-protein diet
2724:without protein,
2703:serum transferrin
2695:failure to thrive
2642:amino acid pair,
2517:complete proteins
2486:
2485:
2304:Spices and Herbs
2060:Restaurant Foods
1999:Poultry Products
771:and the catalyst
741:
740:
336:
335:
16:(Redirected from
4112:
3800:
3790:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3678:
3677:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3399:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3224:
3213:
3211:
3199:
3188:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3155:(7): 1835Sβ40S.
3140:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3065:. Archived from
3058:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3032:(7): 1835Sβ40S.
3017:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2897:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2843:
2808:Low-protein diet
2743:Essential amino
2738:nitrogen balance
2687:systemic disease
2501:biological value
850:
820:biological value
550:
480:, respectively.
162:
21:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4053:Secondary amino
4007:
3970:
3959:
3929:
3918:
3884:
3851:
3791:
3782:
3756:
3751:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3208:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3178:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2899:
2898:
2881:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2798:Essential genes
2789:
2678:
2672:
2619:
2555:
2541:
2497:
2495:Protein quality
2491:
2489:Protein quality
1084:Baked Products
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
793:
672:
656:
647:
540:
534:
487:
450:Ξ±-ketoglutarate
442:
414:are considered
348:
302:
160:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4118:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4100:Nitrogen cycle
4097:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3990:Selenocysteine
3987:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3920:
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3911:
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3895:
3893:
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3823:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3761:General topics
3758:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3686:
3685:External links
3683:
3680:
3679:
3652:
3623:(5): 881β891.
3603:
3562:
3540:
3514:
3485:
3471:
3454:
3447:
3426:
3390:(2): 605β612.
3364:
3342:
3320:
3285:
3259:
3252:
3244:10.17226/10490
3214:
3207:978-9241209359
3206:
3176:
3135:
3094:
3080:
3053:
3012:
2971:
2945:
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2918:
2910:10.17226/11537
2879:
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2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2734:peppermint oil
2674:Main article:
2671:
2668:
2618:
2615:
2554:
2551:
2540:
2537:
2493:Main article:
2490:
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2024:
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2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
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1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1960:
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1948:
1945:
1942:
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1938:Pork Products
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1934:
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1922:
1919:
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1511:Fats and Oils
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1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:Beef Products
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
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987:
984:
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975:
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958:
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950:
948:
945:
943:
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938:
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928:
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923:
920:
918:
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913:
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906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
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891:
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873:
871:
868:
866:
862:
861:
858:
856:
853:
792:
789:
739:
738:
735:
732:
729:
722:
721:
718:
715:
712:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
665:
664:
661:
658:
653:
640:
639:
636:
633:
630:
623:
622:
619:
616:
613:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
572:
571:
568:
562:
558:
557:
554:
536:Main article:
533:
530:
504:, formed from
485:
458:transamination
441:
438:
352:selenocysteine
347:
344:
334:
333:
331:
329:
322:
321:
319:
317:
310:
309:
303:
300:
293:
292:
289:Selenocysteine
286:
280:
273:
272:
266:
260:
253:
252:
246:
240:
233:
232:
226:
220:
213:
212:
206:
200:
193:
192:
186:
180:
173:
172:
171:Non-essential
169:
166:
159:
156:
140:selenocysteine
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4117:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:D-amino acids
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3984:Glutamic acid
3982:
3979:
3978:Aspartic acid
3976:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3880:Phenylalanine
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:By properties
3794:
3789:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3701:Virginia Tech
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:J Clin Invest
3614:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3448:0-7216-5912-8
3444:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3200:. WHO Press.
3196:
3195:
3187:
3185:
3183:
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3105:
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3054:
3049:
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2832:
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2778:
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2770:
2766:
2762:
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2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:serum albumin
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:phenylalanine
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:phenylalanine
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2534:
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2518:
2514:
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2506:
2502:
2496:
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2478:
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2460:
2457:
2455:
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2428:
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2424:
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2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
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2402:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
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1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
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1879:
1876:
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1598:
1595:
1592:
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1577:
1574:
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1570:
1566:
1563:
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1534:
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1502:
1499:
1496:
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1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
912:
864:
863:
857:
852:
851:
845:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
812:
806:
803:
798:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
777:Phenylalanine
774:
770:
768:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
723:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
676:
670:
669:Phenylalanine
667:
666:
662:
659:
657:(14.5 total)
654:
651:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
567:
563:
560:
559:
551:
548:
546:
539:
531:
529:
527:
526:phenylalanine
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:phenylalanine
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
341:
332:
330:
327:
324:
323:
320:
318:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
294:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:Phenylalanine
275:
274:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
250:
249:Glutamic acid
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:Aspartic acid
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
164:
163:
157:
155:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:glutamic acid
129:
125:
124:aspartic acid
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:phenylalanine
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4020:
3965:
3924:
3778:Genetic code
3668:(5): 651β4.
3665:
3661:
3655:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3582:(1): 49β58.
3579:
3575:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3527:
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3501:
3479:
3474:
3438:
3417:. Retrieved
3387:
3383:
3357:21 September
3355:. Retrieved
3345:
3335:21 September
3333:. Retrieved
3323:
3301:(1): 143β8.
3298:
3294:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3271:
3262:
3235:
3193:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3067:the original
3056:
3029:
3025:
3015:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2964:19 September
2962:. Retrieved
2948:
2938:
2901:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2742:
2707:
2679:
2634:
2631:homocysteine
2620:
2556:
2542:
2525:animal feeds
2498:
835:
824:
807:
794:
766:
742:
545:adult humans
544:
541:
478:oxaloacetate
443:
424:
419:
415:
349:
337:
150:
148:
115:
83:
81:
35:
31:
29:
4090:Amino acids
4058:Imino acids
4022:Amino acids
3955:Pyrrolysine
3892:, uncharged
3419:15 December
3384:J Biol Chem
3272:www.fao.org
2761:Kwashiorkor
2757:kwashiorkor
2714:corn starch
2650:. Likewise
2546:Daily Value
1450:Fast Foods
1023:Baby Foods
765:methionine
680:25 (total)
340:Pyrrolysine
306:Pyrrolysine
144:Pyrrolysine
116:dispensable
4084:Categories
4048:Glucogenic
3899:Asparagine
3875:Tryptophan
3832:Methionine
3821:Isoleucine
3533:4 November
3507:4 November
3212:, page 150
2833:References
2664:urea cycle
2660:citrulline
2627:methionine
2603:methionine
2599:isoleucine
2583:tryptophan
2533:supplement
1206:Beverages
926:Isoleucine
916:Tryptophan
879:Isoleucine
869:Tryptophan
757:Methionine
709:Tryptophan
655:10.4 + 4.1
644:Methionine
593:Isoleucine
510:glycolysis
490:asparagine
430:substrates
426:Eukaryotes
384:tryptophan
372:methionine
360:isoleucine
314:Tryptophan
257:Methionine
229:Asparagine
197:Isoleucine
165:Essential
128:asparagine
65:tryptophan
57:methionine
49:isoleucine
40:amino acid
4105:Nutrition
4043:Ketogenic
4033:Essential
3949:Histidine
3914:Threonine
3904:Glutamine
3865:Histidine
3804:Aliphatic
3295:Nutrition
2722:butterfat
2656:ornithine
2587:histidine
2575:threonine
956:Histidine
921:Threonine
909:Histidine
874:Threonine
865:Category
692:Threonine
683:33 total
660:19 total
576:Histidine
482:Glutamine
470:aspartate
462:chirality
454:glutamate
400:glutamine
380:threonine
356:histidine
297:Threonine
223:Glutamine
177:Histidine
104:glutamine
88:catabolic
73:histidine
69:threonine
4002:Tyrosine
3996:Cysteine
3943:Arginine
3870:Tyrosine
3857:Aromatic
3717:vProtein
3674:20090122
3598:14814112
3555:31 March
3410:Archived
3406:14907749
3230:(2002).
3171:10867060
3130:15173430
3048:10867060
3007:15173430
2787:See also
2769:marasmus
2765:calories
2753:marasmus
2730:vitamins
2726:corn oil
2701:and low
2652:arginine
2648:tyrosine
2640:aromatic
2611:arginine
2515:and the
797:nitrogen
781:tyrosine
761:cysteine
753:arginine
749:tyrosine
745:Cysteine
675:Tyrosine
650:Cysteine
522:Tyrosine
518:cysteine
498:arginine
474:pyruvate
412:tyrosine
396:cysteine
392:arginine
283:Tyrosine
203:Cysteine
183:Arginine
158:Overview
112:tyrosine
96:cysteine
92:arginine
38:, is an
4004:(β10.1)
3945:(β12.5)
3939:(β10.8)
3847:Glycine
3842:Proline
3837:Alanine
3826:Leucine
3773:Peptide
3768:Protein
3647:1123426
3315:9437700
3278:6 March
3149:J. Nutr
3108:J. Nutr
3073:16 July
3026:J. Nutr
2874:8064412
2852:J. Nutr
2718:sucrose
2683:mucosal
2635:de novo
2595:leucine
2365:Sweets
2182:Snacks
931:Leucine
884:Leucine
610:Leucine
514:glycine
494:Proline
466:Alanine
408:proline
404:glycine
364:leucine
263:Proline
243:Glycine
217:Leucine
189:Alanine
120:alanine
108:proline
100:glycine
53:leucine
3998:(β8.3)
3992:(β5.4)
3986:(β4.1)
3980:(β3.9)
3951:(β6.1)
3937:Lysine
3909:Serine
3816:Valine
3672:
3645:
3638:301830
3635:
3596:
3445:
3404:
3313:
3250:
3204:
3169:
3128:
3046:
3005:
2916:
2872:
2658:, and
2623:sulfur
2609:, and
2607:valine
2579:lysine
2567:casein
2243:Soups
1816:Meals
951:Valine
936:Lysine
904:Valine
889:Lysine
811:labile
726:Valine
627:Lysine
502:Serine
388:valine
368:lysine
326:Valine
308:* (O)
269:Serine
237:Lysine
138:, and
136:serine
110:, and
77:lysine
75:, and
45:valine
4024:types
3890:Polar
3413:(PDF)
3380:(PDF)
3198:(PDF)
2691:edema
2563:maize
1694:Lamb
34:, or
3670:PMID
3643:PMID
3594:PMID
3557:2015
3535:2019
3509:2019
3443:ISBN
3421:2012
3402:PMID
3359:2022
3337:2022
3311:PMID
3280:2023
3248:ISBN
3202:ISBN
3167:PMID
3126:PMID
3075:2012
3044:PMID
3003:PMID
2966:2022
2914:ISBN
2870:PMID
2777:USDA
2745:acid
2646:and
2629:and
2559:zein
2473:246
2470:144
2467:112
2444:199
2441:114
2438:238
2040:167
2023:287
1979:197
1962:249
1921:103
1802:175
1773:154
1741:112
1735:207
1718:155
1706:254
1613:174
1596:228
1436:122
1407:122
1372:148
1343:143
1198:159
1192:300
1186:176
1177:289
1169:649
1148:276
1128:339
1099:338
842:USDA
831:USDA
779:and
759:and
737:130
728:(V)
711:(W)
703:103
694:(T)
686:177
677:(Y)
652:(C)
638:183
629:(K)
621:198
612:(L)
595:(I)
578:(H)
561:WHO
516:and
496:and
476:and
468:and
456:. A
410:and
386:and
338:(*)
328:(V)
316:(W)
299:(T)
291:(U)
285:(Y)
279:(F)
271:(S)
265:(P)
259:(M)
251:(E)
245:(G)
239:(K)
231:(N)
225:(Q)
219:(L)
211:(D)
205:(C)
199:(I)
191:(A)
185:(R)
179:(H)
149:The
3709:at
3699:at
3666:130
3633:PMC
3625:doi
3584:doi
3580:188
3392:doi
3388:193
3303:doi
3240:doi
3157:doi
3153:130
3116:doi
3112:134
3034:doi
3030:130
2993:doi
2989:134
2906:doi
2860:doi
2856:124
2755:or
2482:58
2461:28
2458:13
2453:19
2450:18
2412:47
2409:17
2383:47
2380:17
2348:12
2319:11
2290:31
2287:21
2261:28
2258:10
2226:81
2197:83
2168:11
2162:68
2156:11
2153:14
2145:78
2133:31
2116:15
2107:12
2104:33
2095:25
2084:41
2075:24
2072:14
2055:33
2052:99
2034:22
2031:36
2011:58
2005:12
1994:12
1991:15
1985:73
1970:20
1950:54
1941:11
1924:10
1918:13
1892:96
1889:24
1860:24
1840:14
1831:15
1799:27
1779:22
1770:26
1750:87
1726:10
1697:10
1689:28
1680:35
1677:11
1674:40
1665:15
1660:14
1651:31
1648:12
1645:54
1636:15
1628:67
1584:15
1497:15
1494:82
1491:10
1474:62
1465:39
1445:32
1433:11
1424:19
1421:19
1413:12
1404:16
1401:21
1392:19
1311:40
1282:40
1250:12
1221:11
1070:13
1067:34
1047:11
1038:35
1018:10
986:15
974:10
838:WHO
734:24
731:26
720:29
700:20
697:15
671:(F)
663:88
646:(M)
635:38
632:30
618:42
615:39
604:95
601:19
598:20
587:66
584:14
581:10
566:NAM
564:US
452:to
422:.
30:An
4086::
4026::
3664:.
3641:.
3631:.
3621:55
3619:.
3615:.
3592:.
3578:.
3574:.
3526:.
3500:.
3488:^
3457:^
3429:^
3408:.
3400:.
3386:.
3382:.
3367:^
3309:.
3299:14
3297:.
3270:.
3246:.
3234:.
3217:^
3179:^
3165:.
3151:.
3147:.
3124:.
3110:.
3106:.
3042:.
3028:.
3024:.
3001:.
2987:.
2983:.
2956:.
2928:^
2912:.
2882:^
2868:.
2854:.
2850:.
2810:,
2783:.
2759:.
2720:,
2716:,
2705:.
2693:,
2654:,
2605:,
2601:,
2597:,
2593:,
2589:,
2585:,
2581:,
2511:,
2507:,
2503:,
2479:2
2476:0
2464:0
2447:0
2435:8
2432:0
2429:7
2421:5
2418:0
2415:0
2406:1
2403:0
2400:1
2397:0
2392:2
2389:1
2386:0
2377:3
2374:0
2371:1
2368:0
2360:1
2357:0
2354:0
2351:4
2345:3
2342:0
2339:2
2336:3
2331:1
2328:1
2325:0
2322:3
2316:6
2313:0
2310:0
2307:3
2299:1
2296:0
2293:0
2284:1
2281:0
2278:0
2275:0
2270:0
2267:7
2264:0
2255:7
2252:2
2249:0
2246:0
2238:3
2235:0
2232:0
2229:9
2223:6
2220:0
2217:1
2214:2
2209:1
2206:4
2203:0
2200:6
2194:6
2191:0
2188:0
2185:2
2177:7
2174:4
2171:0
2165:1
2159:1
2148:0
2142:0
2139:2
2136:0
2130:1
2127:0
2124:5
2113:0
2110:0
2101:9
2098:0
2092:1
2087:1
2081:0
2078:3
2069:3
2066:9
2063:0
2049:0
2046:8
2043:5
2037:0
2026:0
2020:0
2017:0
2014:1
2008:6
2002:6
1988:0
1982:0
1976:0
1973:0
1965:0
1959:0
1956:2
1953:0
1947:1
1944:0
1933:2
1930:0
1927:0
1915:1
1912:0
1909:0
1904:0
1901:0
1898:0
1895:8
1886:1
1883:0
1880:0
1872:0
1869:1
1866:0
1863:0
1857:2
1854:0
1851:2
1848:2
1843:0
1837:0
1834:0
1828:1
1825:0
1822:0
1819:1
1811:0
1808:0
1805:0
1796:1
1793:0
1790:0
1787:0
1782:0
1776:0
1767:1
1764:0
1761:0
1758:0
1747:2
1744:0
1738:9
1732:2
1729:0
1721:0
1715:0
1712:2
1709:3
1703:5
1700:0
1686:1
1683:3
1671:7
1668:1
1657:3
1654:3
1642:9
1639:0
1625:0
1622:0
1619:0
1616:0
1610:0
1607:3
1604:5
1599:0
1593:0
1590:0
1587:0
1581:0
1578:3
1575:3
1567:6
1564:0
1561:0
1558:4
1555:2
1552:0
1549:0
1546:0
1543:0
1538:0
1535:0
1532:0
1529:4
1526:4
1523:4
1520:0
1517:0
1514:0
1506:8
1503:1
1500:0
1488:0
1485:4
1482:6
1477:1
1471:0
1468:8
1462:9
1459:0
1456:3
1453:4
1442:0
1439:0
1430:0
1427:0
1416:3
1410:0
1398:4
1395:6
1384:1
1381:0
1378:0
1375:0
1369:4
1366:0
1363:1
1360:2
1355:1
1352:3
1349:0
1346:0
1340:9
1337:0
1334:0
1331:0
1323:0
1320:0
1317:0
1314:1
1308:1
1305:1
1302:0
1299:0
1294:0
1291:0
1288:0
1285:1
1279:1
1276:1
1273:0
1270:0
1262:2
1259:0
1256:0
1253:5
1247:1
1244:0
1241:0
1238:0
1233:1
1230:1
1227:0
1224:5
1218:2
1215:0
1212:0
1209:0
1201:4
1195:0
1189:6
1183:0
1180:1
1172:2
1166:0
1163:0
1160:0
1157:2
1154:6
1151:0
1140:9
1137:0
1134:0
1131:2
1125:0
1122:0
1119:1
1116:0
1111:1
1108:5
1105:0
1102:1
1096:5
1093:0
1090:1
1087:0
1079:7
1076:0
1073:0
1064:5
1061:0
1058:1
1055:5
1050:1
1044:0
1041:8
1035:7
1032:0
1029:1
1026:2
1015:0
1012:0
1009:5
1006:6
1003:3
1000:0
997:2
994:7
989:0
983:0
980:0
977:4
971:0
968:0
965:4
844:.
787:.
775:.
717:5
714:4
673:+
648:+
520:.
436:.
406:,
402:,
398:,
394:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
106:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
79:.
71:,
67:,
63:,
59:,
55:,
51:,
47:,
3971:)
3969:a
3966:K
3930:)
3928:a
3925:K
3828:)
3814:(
3746:e
3739:t
3732:v
3703:.
3676:.
3649:.
3627::
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