Amiga Original Chip Set - Knowledge (XXG)

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clock, these sizes very nearly fill the width of a standard television with only a thin "underscan" border between the graphics and the screen border when compared to many other contemporary home computers, for an appearance closer to a games console but with finer detail. On top of this, Denise supports reasonably extensive overscan; technically modes with enough data for up to 400 or 800 pixels (+25%) may be specified, although this is only actually useful for scrolling and special effects that involve partial display of large graphics, as a separate hardware limit is met at 368 (or 736) pixels, which is the maximum that will fit between the end of one blanking period and the start of the next - although it is unlikely that even this many pixels will be visible on any display other than a dedicated monitor that allows adjustment of horizontal scan width, as much of the image will, by design, disappear seamlessly behind the screen bezel (or, on LCDs, be cropped off at the edge of the panel). Because of the highly regular structure of the Amiga's timing in relation to scanlines and allocation of DMA resources to various uses besides normal "playfield" graphics, increased horizontal resolution is also a tradeoff between number of pixels and how many hardware sprites are available, as increasing the DMA slots dedicated to playfield video ends up stealing some (from 1 to 7 of the total 8) the sprite engine.

902:). MFM encoding/decoding is usually done with the blitter — one pass for decode, three passes for encode. Normally the entire track is read or written in one shot, rather than sector-by-sector; this made it possible to get rid of most of the inter-sector gaps that most floppy disk formats need to safely prevent the "bleeding" of a written sector into the previously-existing header of the next sector due to speed variations of the drive. If all sectors and their headers are always written in one go, such bleeding is only an issue at the end of the track (which still must not bleed back into its beginning), so that only one gap per track is needed. This way, for the native Amiga disk format, the raw storage capacity of 3.5 inch DD disks was increased from the typical 720 KB to 880 KB, although the less-than-ideal 653: 401: 668:. The number of bitplanes is arbitrary, thus if 32 colors are not needed, 2, 4, 8 or 16 can be used instead. The number of bitplanes (and resolution) can be changed on the fly, usually by the Copper. This allows for very economical use of RAM, and balancing of CPU processing speed vs graphical sophistication when executing from Chip RAM (as modes beyond 4bpp in lores, or 2bpp in hires, use extra DMA channels that can slow or temporarily halt the CPU in addition to the usual non-conflicting channels). There can also be a sixth bitplane, which can be used in three special graphics modes: 438:

the processing of memory by the blitter. Agnus also attempts to order accesses in such a way so as to overlap CPU bus cycles with DMA cycles. As the original 68000 processor in Amigas tended only to access memory on every second available memory cycle, Agnus operates a system where "odd" memory access cycles are allocated first and as needed to time-critical custom chip DMA while any remaining cycles are available to the CPU, thus the CPU does not generally get locked out of memory access and does not appear to slow down. However, non-time-critical custom chip access, such as

767: 693:(HAM) mode, each 6-bit pixel is interpreted as two control bits and four data bits. The four possible permutations of control bits are "set", "modify red", "modify green" and "modify blue". With "set", the four data bits act like a regular 16-color display look up. With one of the "modify"s, the red, green or blue component of the previous pixel is modified to the data value, and the other two components are held from the previous pixel. This allows all 4096 colors on screen at once and is an example of 135: 775: 36: 862:

active when the LED is at normal brightness, and deactivated when dimmed (on early Amiga 500 models the LED went completely off). Models released before Amiga 1200 also have a static "tone knob" type low-pass filter that is enabled regardless of the optional "LED filter". This filter is a 6 dB/oct low-pass filter with cutoff frequency at 4.5 or 5 kHz.

1182: 545:. The Copper runs in sync with the video beam, and it can be used to perform various operations which require video synchronization. Most commonly it is used to control video output, but it can write to most of the chipset registers and thus can be used to initiate blits, set audio registers, or interrupt the CPU. 730:

15-color sprite. The Sprite DMA reads data to form a sprite channel as controlled by its registers, enabling the vertical reuse of sprites. There has to be one empty scanline in between two successive list entries to allow for updating sprite data. Using Copper or CPU register manipulations, each sprite

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A software technique was later developed which can play back 14-bit audio by combining two channels set at different volumes. This results in two 14-bit channels instead of four 8-bit channels. This is achieved by playing the high byte of a 16-bit sample at maximum volume, and the low byte at minimum

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The notion that Denise fetches bit plane and sprite data is a simplification. It is Agnus who is maintaining horizontal and vertical screen position counters and initiating the DRAM read operations. Denise has a number of bit plane registers which hold 16 bits of data each, enough to draw 16 pixels.

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units that would be required without the genlock support. The support of overscan, interlacing and genlocking capabilities, and the fact that the display timing was very close to broadcast standards (NTSC or PAL), made the Amiga the first ideal computer for video purposes, and indeed, it was used in

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Agnus has a complex and priority-based memory access policy that attempts to best coordinate requests for memory access among competing resources. For example, bitplane data fetches are prioritized over blitter transfers as the immediate display of frame buffer data is considered more important than

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with external video hardware. There is also a 1-bit output on this connector that indicates whether the Amiga is outputting background color or not, permitting easy overlaying of Amiga video onto external video. This made the Amiga particularly attractive as a character generator for titling videos

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Blocks are "rectangular"; they have a "width" in multiples of 16 bits, a height measured in "lines", and a "stride" distance to move from the end of one line to the next. This allows the blitter to operate on any video resolution up to 1,024×1,024 pixels. The copy automatically performs a per-pixel

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There are two horizontal graphics resolutions, "lowres" with 140 ns pixels and "hires" with 70 ns pixels, with a default of 320 or 640 horizontal pixels wide without using overscan. As the pixel output is regulated by the main system clock, which is based directly on the NTSC colorburst

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Audio may be output using two methods. Most often, DMA-driven audio is used. As explained in the discussion of Agnus, memory access is prioritized and one DMA slot per scan line is available for each of the four sound channels. On a regular NTSC or PAL display, DMA audio playback is limited to a

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low-pass filter at approximately 3.3 kHz. The filter can only be applied globally to all four channels. In models after the Amiga 1000 (excluding the very first revision of the Amiga 500), the brightness of the power LED is used to indicate the status of the filter. The filter is

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Alternately, Paula may signal the CPU to load a new sample into any of the four audio output buffers by generating an interrupt when a new sample is needed. This allows for output rates that exceed 57 kHz per channel and increases the number of possible voices (simultaneous sounds) through

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volume (both ranges overlap, so the low byte needs to be shifted right two bits). The bit shift operation requires a small amount of CPU or blitter overhead, whereas conventional 8-bit playback is almost entirely DMA driven. This technique was incorporated into the retargetable audio subsystem

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per scan line (in automatic mode) on top, underneath, or between playfields, and detect collisions between sprites and the playfields or between sprites. These sprites have three visible colors and one transparent color. Optionally, adjacent pairs of sprites can be "attached" to make a single

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display, and, as with horizontal resolution, increased using overscan, to a maximum of 241 (or 483) for NTSC, and 283 (or 567) for PAL (interlaced modes gaining one extra line as the maximum is determined by how many lines are taken from the available total by blanking and sync, and the total

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The blitter's filling mode is used to fill per-line horizontal spans. On each span, it reads each pixel in turn from right to left. Whenever it reads a set pixel, it toggles filling mode on or off. When filling mode is on, it sets every pixel until filling mode is turned off or the line ends.

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The WAIT instruction halts Copper execution until a given beam position is reached, thus making possible to synchronize other instructions with respect to screen drawing. It can also wait for a blitter operation to finish. During a wait state the copper is off the bus and doesn't use DMA

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The length of the Copper list program is limited by execution time. The Copper restarts executing the Copper list at the start of each new video frame. There is no explicit "end" instruction; instead, the WAIT instruction is used to wait for a location which is never reached.

499:. This is most commonly used to do direct copies (D = A), or apply a pixel mask around blitted objects (D = (C AND B) OR A). The copy can also barrel shift each line by 0 to 15 pixels. This allows the blitter to draw at pixel offsets that are not exactly multiples of 16. 702:

In dual-playfield mode, instead of acting as a single screen, two "playfields" of eight colors each (three bitplanes each) are drawn on top of each other. They are independently scrollable and the background color of the top playfield "shines through" to the underlying

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Additionally the hardware allows one channel in a channel pair to modulate the other channel's period or amplitude. It is rarely used on the Amiga due to both frequency and volume being controllable in better ways, but could be used to achieve different kinds of

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graphical user interface allows two or more programs to operate at different resolutions in different buffers, while all are visible on the screen simultaneously. A paint program might use this feature to allow users to draw directly on a low resolution

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When Agnus issues a write to register 1, all registers are then transferred into separate shift registers from which pixels are generated (at the same time new values are loaded from DRAM). Denise is not aware of any memory addresses either.

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There are many similarities – both in overall functionality and in the division of functionality into the three component chips – between the OCS chipset and the much earlier and simpler chipset of the

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maximum output rate of 28,867 values per channel (PAL: 28837) per second totaling 57674 (PAL: 57734) values per second on each stereo output. This rate can be increased with the ECS and AGA chipsets by using a video mode with higher

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The Copper can also be used to program and operate the blitter. This allows blitter operation and control to proceed independently of, and concurrently with, the CPU. With copper and blitter programming each other a text mode can be

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The blitter allows rapid copying of video memory, meaning that the CPU can be freed for other tasks. The blitter was primarily used for drawing and redrawing graphics images on the screen, called "bobs", short for "blitter objects".

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on the data sources and writes the result to a destination area, D. Any of these four areas can overlap. The blitter runs either from the start of the block to the end, known as "ascending" mode, or in reverse, "descending" mode.

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These functions allow the Amiga to move GUI windows around the screen rapidly as each is represented in graphical memory space as a rectangular block of memory which may be shifted to any required screen memory location at will.

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The Copper allows "re-use" of sprites; after a sprite has been drawn at its programmed location, the Copper can then immediately move it to a new location and it will be drawn again, even on the same scanline.

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sound channels, each of which supports 65 volume levels (no sound to maximum volume) and waveform output rates from roughly 20 samples per second to almost 29,000 samples per second. Paula also handles

818:. Each sound channel has an independent frequency and a 6-bit volume control (64 levels). Internally, the audio hardware is implemented by four state machines, each having eight different states. 600:" effect seen commonly in Amiga games. The Copper can go further than this and change the background color often enough to make a blocky graphics display without using any bitmap graphics at all. 479:. The blitter is a highly parallel memory transfer and logic operation unit. It has three modes of operation: copying blocks of memory, filling blocks (e.g. polygon filling) and line drawing. 514:

repeating pattern to the line. The line mode can also be used to draw rotated bobs: each line of bob data is used as line pattern while the line mode draws the tilted bob line by line.

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When it is turned on, the Copper has three states; either reading an instruction, executing it, or waiting for a specific video beam position. The Copper runs a program called the

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The Agnus chip is in overall control of the entire chipset's operation. All operations are synchronised to the position of the video beam. This includes access to the built-in

457:. This is equivalent to two low resolution (140 ns) pixels or four high resolution (70 ns) pixels. Like Denise, these timings were designed for display on household 518:

Together, these modes allow the blitter to draw individual flat-shaded polygons. Later Amigas tended to use a combination of a faster CPU and blitter for many operations.

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The MOVE instruction writes a 16-bit value into one of the chipset's hardware registers and is also used to strobe a new address into the Copper's instruction pointer.

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introduced a special, dual-speed floppy drive that also allowed use of high density disks with double capacity without any change to Paula's floppy controller.

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The SKIP instruction will skip the following Copper instruction if a given beam position has already been reached. This can be used to create Copper list loops.

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Under normal circumstances, the Amiga generates its own video timings, but Agnus also supports synchronising the system to an external signal so as to achieve

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The Copper can trigger an interrupt when the video beam reaches a precise location on the display. This is useful for synchronizing the CPU to the video beam.

1808: 584:. This allows the Amiga to display different horizontal resolutions, different color depths, and entirely different frame buffers on the same screen. The 878:

The floppy controller is unusually flexible. It can read and write raw bit sequences directly from and to the disk via DMA or programmed I/O at 500 (

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Vertical resolution, without overscan, is 200 pixels for a 60 Hz NTSC Amiga or 256 for a 50 Hz PAL Amiga. This can be doubled using an

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transfers, can use up any spare odd or even cycles and, if the "BLITHOG" (blitter hog) flag is set, Agnus can lock out the even cycles from the

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The name Agnus is derived from 'Address GeNerator UnitS' since it houses all address registers and controls memory access of the custom chips.

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Starting with ECS, Denise was upgraded to support "Productivity" mode which allowed for 640x400 non-interlaced albeit with only 4 colors.

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code could be used. It also provides a number of convenient features, such as sync-on-word (in MFM coding, $ 4489 is usually used as the

617:", or S-HAM, this consists of building a Copper list that switches the palette on every scanline, improving the choice of base colors in 1642: 1136: 1255: 810:

sound channels. Two sound channels are mixed into the left audio output, and the other two are mixed into the right output, producing

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It can be used to change video settings mid-frame. This allows the Amiga to change video configuration, including resolution, between

314:. In normal operation, Denise allows between one and five bitplanes, giving two to 32 unique colors. These colors are selected from a 100: 1223: 794:

and mouse/joystick buttons two and three signals. The logic remained functionally identical across all Amiga models from Commodore.

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registers may also be changed during a scanline, increasing the total number of sprites on a single scanline. However, the sprite

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pseudo-fast RAM, which for ECS was changed to 1 MB (sometimes called 'Fatter Agnus') and subsequently to 2 MB chip RAM.

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scanlines in non-interlaced modes are half the original, broadcast-spec odd-numbered interlaced counts, rounded down).

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The blitter's block copying mode takes zero to three data sources in memory, called A, B and C, performs a programmable

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processor and the other custom chips, using a complicated priority system. Agnus includes sub-components known as the

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In addition to the native 880 KB 3.5-inch disk format, the controller can handle many foreign formats, such as:

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many studios for digitizing video data (sometimes called frame-grabbing), subtitling and interactive video news.

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The Copper is most commonly used to set and reset the video hardware registers at the beginning of each frame.

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computers and defined the Amiga's graphics and sound capabilities. It was succeeded by the slightly improved

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The Copper list has three kinds of instructions, each one being a pair of two bytes, four bytes in total:

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Lisa was implemented in 1.5 μm process. All three custom chips were originally packaged in 48-pin

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is another sub-component of Agnus; The name is short for "co-processor". The Copper is a programmable

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The chipset which gave the Amiga its unique graphics features consists of three main "custom" chips:

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of the earlier Amiga models reduced this again to approximately 830 KB of actual payload data.

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Denise is a contrived contraction of Display ENabler, intended to continue the naming convention.

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can be reused multiple times in a single frame to increase the total sprites per frame. Sprite

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Finally, Denise next to the CIAs is responsible for handling mouse/joystick X/Y inputs.

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processor and other members of the chipset have to arbitrate for access to chip RAM via

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buffer. However, virtually any bit rate can be selected, including all standard rates,

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that executes a programmed instruction stream, synchronized with the video hardware.

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audio output. The only supported hardware sample format is signed linear 8-bit

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is a sub-component of Agnus. "Blit" is shorthand for "block image transfer" or

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The original chipset appeared in Amiga models built between 1985 and 1990: the

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208:. Both the original chipset and the enhanced chipset were manufactured using 1439: 1429: 1207: 1095: 1087: 1051: 899: 389: 311: 225: 185: 1369: 236:; later versions of Agnus, known as Fat Agnus, were packaged in an 84-pin 228:, the OCS chipset was fabricated in 5 μm manufacturing process while 1580: 1575: 1570: 1515: 1510: 1305: 918: 831: 581: 496: 476: 280: 265: 1560: 1539: 1141:

Canceled by Commodore in 1993 for its high cost and replaced by Hombre

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component). A 6th bitplane is available for two special video modes:

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The Copper can also change color registers mid-frame, creating the "

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logical operation. These operations are described generically using

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is primarily the audio chip, with four independent hardware-mixed

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video data from one to five bitplanes and translate that into a

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Canceled by Commodore and replaced by ECS due to its high cost

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INTERVIEW | Glenn Keller - Commodore Amiga Paula Chip Designer

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Planned on paper for low-end Amigas but it was never designed

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and Logic, and coincidentally the chip designer's girlfriend.

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were the two most commonly used formats though in theory any

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The blitter's line mode draws single-pixel thick lines using

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is the central chip in the design. It controls all access to

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Paula is a similarly contrived contraction of Ports, Audio,

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Paula chip (MOS Technology 8364 R4) used in Amiga 1000

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Agnus's timings are measured in "color clocks" of 280

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and broadcast work, as it avoided the use and expense of

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The Denise chip does not support a dedicated text mode.

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of chip RAM. Later revisions, dubbed 'Fat Agnus', added

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because the chipset has access to it. Both the central

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US Patent #4,777,621 Video game and personal computer

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A500 (only 1MB "fatter" Agnus, but still OCS Denise)

1745: 1714: 1661: 1615: 1594: 1553: 1532: 1503: 1415: 1167:Never released due to Commodore bankruptcy in 1994 388:chips; both chipsets were conceptually designed by 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 434:(DMA), where Agnus is the DMA Controller (DMAC). 938:(requires 5¼-inch drive slowed to 280 rpm) 782:The Paula chip, designed by Glenn Keller, from 725:Denise can composite up to eight 16-pixel-wide 1212:Amiga Hardware Reference Manual: Third Edition 986:rate, as well as extremely high custom rates. 1385: 283:, the Amiga's graphics display is 320 or 640 8: 430:. In computing architecture terms, this is 279:is the main video processor. Without using 1392: 1378: 1370: 613:The Copper can be used to produce "sliced 1643:Amiga Advanced Architecture chipset (AAA) 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 1196:List of home computers by video hardware 1013: 773: 765: 133: 1233: 778:Paula chip (MOS Technology 8364 R4) die 330:(HAM) mode. Denise also supports eight 27:Chipset used in Amiga personal computer 1256:"Chronology of Amiga Computers (1989)" 974:The serial port is rudimentary, using 684:did not have the Extra-HalfBrite mode. 310:into separate areas of memory, called 306:are used, which splits the individual 1306:"Display Sizes, Offsets and Clipping" 1281:"OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum" 7: 1638:Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA) 295:) pixels tall. Denise also supports 58:adding citations to reliable sources 1253:Invented in 1989 by Rhett Anderson 1809:MOS Technology integrated circuits 926:800 KB (requires a Mac drive) 25: 392:, which explains the similarity. 1334:"The Amiga Museum » Denise" 1180: 34: 165:(ECS) and the greatly improved 45:needs additional citations for 1010:Amiga graphics chipset roadmap 660:Denise is programmed to fetch 318:of 4096 colors (four bits per 167:Advanced Graphics Architecture 1: 849:The Amiga contains an analog 1835: 541:in parallel with the main 508:Bresenham's line algorithm 407: 1218:Publishing Company, Inc. 69:"Amiga Original Chip Set" 1706:other Amiga custom chips 1358:, at Amiga History Guide 1039:initial version of A2000 990:Origin of the chip names 958:-floppy for C64 and C128 356:functions including the 1623:Original Chip Set (OCS) 1056:later versions of A2000 1048:OCS with PLCC Fat Agnus 976:programmed input/output 830:, and even rudimentary 695:lossy image compression 1633:Enhanced Chipset (ECS) 882:) or 250 kbit/s ( 874:Floppy disk controller 779: 771: 657: 510:. It can also apply a 405: 250:from both the central 139: 18:Amiga Original chipset 1778:Amiga video connector 1648:Commodore AA+ Chipset 1554:Unofficial PPC models 1533:Unofficial 68k models 1150:Commodore AA+ Chipset 855:reconstruction filter 777: 769: 655: 626:External video timing 403: 374:Atari 8-bit computers 154:used in the earliest 137: 1653:Amiga Hombre chipset 1023:Models that used it 840:horizontal scan rate 788:interrupt controller 532:finite-state machine 446:in deference to the 432:Direct Memory Access 410:MOS Technology Agnus 376:, consisting of the 54:improve this article 978:only and lacking a 656:MOS 8362R5 - Denise 1746:3rd Party Hardware 1662:Amiga custom chips 1031:OCS with DIP Agnus 896:run-length limited 780: 772: 748:released in 1988. 658: 572:Uses of the Copper 406: 404:MOS 8367R0 - Agnus 218:chip manufacturing 140: 1786: 1785: 1171: 1170: 930:AMAX Mac emulator 846:software mixing. 358:floppy disk drive 192:Overview of chips 163:Enhanced Chip Set 144:Original Chip Set 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 1826: 1732:Extra Half-Brite 1595:Amiga prototypes 1410: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1371: 1365: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1283:. Archived from 1277: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1258:. Archived from 1251: 1245: 1238: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1014: 957: 956: 952: 949: 816:two's complement 488:Boolean function 366:analog joysticks 272: 268: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1773:Amiga Zorro III 1741: 1727:Hold-And-Modify 1710: 1657: 1611: 1590: 1549: 1528: 1504:AmigaOne models 1499: 1411: 1404: 1398: 1361: 1352: 1347: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1290: 1288: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1265: 1263: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1239: 1235: 1210:et al. (1991). 1204: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1012: 992: 972: 954: 950: 947: 945: 876: 851:low-pass filter 802:Paula has four 800: 764: 691:Hold-And-Modify 678:Amiga 1000 674:Extra-HalfBrite 650: 628: 619:Hold-And-Modify 591:Hold-And-Modify 574: 524: 467: 412: 398: 328:Hold-And-Modify 304:bitmap graphics 270: 263: 224:. According to 194: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1832: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1804:Graphics chips 1801: 1799:Amiga chipsets 1791: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1768:Amiga Zorro II 1765: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1628:Ranger Chipset 1625: 1619: 1617: 1616:Amiga chipsets 1613: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1525:AmigaOne X5000 1523: 1521:AmigaOne X1000 1518: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1351: 1350:External links 1348: 1346: 1345: 1325: 1311: 1297: 1272: 1246: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1216:Addison-Wesley 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 999: 996: 991: 988: 971: 968: 960: 959: 942:Commodore 1581 939: 936:Commodore 1541 933: 927: 921: 916: 884:single density 880:double density 875: 872: 806:-driven 8-bit 799: 796: 784:MOS Technology 763: 760: 705: 704: 699: 698: 686: 685: 649: 646: 627: 624: 623: 622: 621:mode graphics. 611: 607: 604: 601: 594: 578: 573: 570: 565: 564: 560: 559: 554: 553: 523: 520: 466: 463: 408:Main article: 397: 394: 324:Halfbrite mode 308:bits per pixel 222:MOS Technology 212:technology by 193: 190: 138:Amiga Chip Set 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1831: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1763:Amiga Sidecar 1761: 1759: 1758:Action Replay 1756: 1754: 1753:Flicker fixer 1751: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1586:Sam460ex Lite 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1576:Sam440ep-flex 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1287:on 2010-05-28 1286: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1262:on 2006-07-10 1261: 1257: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1224:0-201-56776-8 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1178: 1173: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1004: 1000: 997: 994: 993: 989: 987: 985: 981: 977: 969: 967: 965: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 910: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 873: 871: 869: 863: 860: 856: 852: 847: 843: 841: 835: 833: 829: 825: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 797: 795: 793: 789: 785: 776: 768: 761: 759: 755: 752: 749: 747: 746: 741: 737: 733: 728: 723: 720: 717: 712: 710: 701: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687: 683: 682:United States 679: 675: 671: 670: 669: 667: 663: 654: 647: 645: 642: 638: 633: 625: 620: 616: 612: 608: 605: 602: 599: 595: 592: 587: 583: 579: 576: 575: 571: 569: 562: 561: 556: 555: 551: 550: 549: 546: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 521: 519: 515: 513: 509: 504: 500: 498: 492: 489: 484: 480: 478: 474: 473: 464: 462: 460: 456: 451: 449: 445: 441: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 411: 402: 395: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 343: 339: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302: 298: 294: 290: 287:wide by 200 ( 286: 282: 278: 274: 267: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 191: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 145: 136: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 1691:Denise (OCS) 1516:AmigaOne 500 1417:Amiga models 1366:, filed 1985 1356:Custom chips 1337:. Retrieved 1328: 1314: 1300: 1289:. Retrieved 1285:the original 1275: 1264:. Retrieved 1260:the original 1249: 1241: 1236: 1227: 1211: 1188:Amiga portal 973: 961: 908: 877: 864: 848: 844: 836: 832:FM synthesis 820: 801: 792:input/output 781: 756: 753: 750: 743: 739: 735: 731: 724: 721: 713: 706: 697:in hardware. 680:sold in the 666:color lookup 659: 629: 566: 547: 538: 536: 527: 525: 516: 505: 501: 493: 485: 481: 470: 468: 452: 447: 439: 436: 427: 413: 370: 352:and various 337: 336: 276: 275: 259: 255: 243: 242: 220:subsidiary, 205: 201: 197: 195: 171: 147: 143: 141: 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 1814:Sound chips 1686:Alice (AGA) 1607:Power A5000 970:Serial port 904:file system 859:Butterworth 598:raster bars 539:Copper list 418:, known as 362:serial port 297:interlacing 1793:Categories 1696:Lisa (AGA) 1339:2021-02-28 1291:2005-05-27 1266:2006-07-10 1208:Miner, Jay 1202:References 964:Amiga 3000 944:formatted 716:interlaced 703:playfield. 641:chroma key 632:genlocking 350:interrupts 291:) or 256 ( 210:NMOS logic 182:Amiga CDTV 178:Amiga 2000 174:Amiga 1000 110:April 2016 80:newspapers 1737:Kickstart 1403:hardware 900:sync word 886:or GCR). 834:effects. 786:, is the 610:emulated. 582:scanlines 390:Jay Miner 312:bitplanes 226:Jay Miner 214:Commodore 186:Amiga 500 156:Commodore 1722:Chip RAM 1715:Hardware 1581:Sam460ex 1571:Sam440ep 1511:AmigaOne 1435:500 Plus 1174:See also 1017:Released 919:Apple II 736:position 637:A/B roll 497:minterms 477:bit blit 420:chip RAM 281:overscan 248:chip RAM 1819:AmigaOS 1674:Blitter 1561:Pegasos 1540:Minimig 1407:history 1242:BLTSIZE 1020:Acronym 953:⁄ 828:vibrato 824:tremolo 732:channel 727:sprites 586:AmigaOS 558:cycles. 472:blitter 465:Blitter 448:blitter 440:blitter 332:sprites 316:palette 256:blitter 169:(AGA). 152:chipset 150:) is a 94:scholar 1679:Copper 1602:Walker 1545:Natami 1475:3000UX 1222: 1163:Hombre 1066:Ranger 914:IBM PC 812:stereo 745:Hybris 662:planar 648:Denise 528:Copper 522:Copper 512:16-bit 364:, and 360:, the 301:Planar 285:pixels 277:Denise 271:512 KB 260:Copper 204:, and 202:Denise 184:, and 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 1701:Paula 1669:Agnus 1566:Efika 1485:4000T 1470:3000T 1401:Amiga 1123:A4000 1119:A1200 1100:A2000 1092:A500+ 1084:A3000 1035:A1000 798:Audio 762:Paula 428:Agnus 424:68000 396:Agnus 386:POKEY 378:ANTIC 342:8-bit 338:Paula 252:68000 244:Agnus 206:Paula 198:Agnus 159:Amiga 101:JSTOR 87:books 1495:CDTV 1490:CD32 1480:4000 1465:3000 1460:2500 1455:2000 1450:1500 1445:1200 1425:1000 1240:The 1220:ISBN 1127:CD32 1110:1992 1104:CDTV 1096:A600 1075:1990 1062:1989 1052:A500 1045:1987 1028:1985 1003:UART 984:MIDI 980:FIFO 962:The 826:and 740:data 639:and 526:The 469:The 384:and 382:GTIA 326:and 289:NTSC 264:512 238:PLCC 234:DIPs 142:The 73:news 1440:600 1430:500 1137:AAA 1114:AGA 1079:ECS 924:Mac 892:GCR 890:or 888:MFM 868:AHI 808:PCM 804:DMA 689:In 672:In 615:HAM 543:CPU 459:TVs 444:CPU 416:RAM 354:I/O 345:PCM 320:RGB 293:PAL 230:AGA 216:'s 148:OCS 56:by 1795:: 1214:. 1125:, 1121:, 1102:, 1098:, 1094:, 1090:, 1086:, 1054:, 1037:, 842:. 711:. 455:ns 450:. 380:, 368:. 266:KB 240:. 200:, 188:. 180:, 176:, 1409:) 1405:( 1393:e 1386:t 1379:v 1342:. 1322:. 1308:. 1294:. 1269:. 1226:. 1159:- 1146:- 1133:- 955:2 951:1 948:+ 946:3 853:( 146:( 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

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