358:, enhance cell proliferation and promote cell adhesion. The unique role of ACP during the formation of mineralized tissues makes it a promising candidate material for tissue repair and regeneration. ACP may also be a potential remineralizing agent in dental applications. Recently developed ACP-filled bioactive composites are believed to be effective anti-demineralizing/remineralizing agents for the preservation and repair of tooth structures.
266:. Precipitated ACP is believed to be made up of particles containing a number of Posner's clusters with water in the intervening spaces. While plasma spray coated ACP may contain Posner's clusters, there cannot be any water present. New studies propose the idea of posner clusters acting as neural qbits because their entangled P have a long relaxation time and are in a S
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237:, preventing deposition of insoluble calcium phosphates and calcification of soft tissue. In the laboratory, stored samples of formulations of artificial blood, serum, urine and milk (which approximate the pH of the naturally occurring fluid) deposit insoluble phosphates. The addition of suitable phosphopeptides prevents precipitation.
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Amorphous calcium phosphate in combination with casein phosphopeptide has been used as a dental treatment to treat incipient dental decay. ACP sees its main use as an occluding agent, which aids in reducing sensitivity. Studies have shown that it does form a remineralized phase of hydroxyapatite
228:
of radius 100 nm contains around 10,000 casein molecules and 800 nanoclusters of ACP, each about 4.8 nm in diameter. The concentration of calcium phosphate is higher in milk than in serum, but it rarely forms deposits of insoluble phosphates. Unfolded phosphopeptides are believed to
331:, and no other different features compared with well-crystallized hydroxyapatite. Under electron microscopy, its morphological form is shown as small spheroidal particles in the scale of tenths nanometer. In aqueous media, ACP is easily transformed into crystalline phases such as
217:. However, whilst its unequivocal presence in bones and teeth is debated, there is evidence that transient amorphous precursors are involved in the development of bone and teeth. The ACP in bovine milk (CPP-ACP) is believed to involve calcium phosphate nanoclusters in a shell of
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consistent with the natural enamel. In addition, clinical studies have shown that patients who whiten their teeth have reduced sensitivity after treatment. It is believed that ACP hydrolyzes under physiological temperatures and pH to form
245:
Following investigations into the composition of amorphous calcium phosphates precipitated under different conditions, Posner and Betts suggested in the mid-1970s that the structural unit of ACP was a neutral cluster
187:(OH). Precipitation from a moderately supersaturated and basic solution of a magnesium salt produces amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate (AMCP), in which magnesium incorporated into the ACP structure.
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anions, which in turn are surrounded by eight further calcium ions. The resulting cluster is estimated to have a diameter of around 950 pm (0.95 nm). These are now generally referred to as
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40:
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Destainville, A.; Champion, E.; Bernache-Assollant, D.; Laborde, E. (April 2003). "Synthesis, characterization and thermal behavior of apatitic tricalcium phosphate".
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198:. It is sold under various brand names including Recaldent and Tooth Mousse, intended to be applied directly to teeth. Its clinical usefulness is unproven.
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645:
Holt, Carl (June 2013). "Unfolded phosphopolypeptides enable soft and hard tissues to coexist in the same organism with relative ease".
562:"Influence of ethanol content in the precipitation medium on the composition, structure and reactivity of magnesium–calcium phosphate"
58:
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Mahamid, J.; Aichmayer, B.; Shimoni, E.; Ziblat, R.; Li, C.; Siegel, S.; Paris, O.; Fratzl, P.; Weiner, S.; Addadi, L. (2010).
925:"Mapping amorphous calcium phosphate transformation into crystalline mineral from the cell to the bone in zebrafish fin rays"
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Kanzaki, Noriko; Treboux, Gabin; Onuma, Kazuo; Tsutsumi, Sadao; Ito, Atsuo (November 2001). "Calcium phosphate clusters".
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Swift, Michael; Fischer, Mathew; van de Walle, Chris (2018). "Posner molecules: From atomic structure to nuclear spins".
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symmetry. The idea behind it is that the posner molecules meld and release calcium-ions which stimulises the neurons.
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258:. Calculations support the description of a cluster with central Ca ion surrounded by six phosphate PO
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mixture consists mostly of calcium and phosphate, but also contains varying amounts of water and
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Rey, C.; Combes, C.; Drouet, C.; Grossin, D. (2011). "Bioactive
Ceramics: Physical Chemistry".
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ACP lacks the long-range, periodic atomic-scale order of crystalline calcium phosphates. The
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due to the growing of microcrystallites. It has been demonstrated that ACP has better
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603:"Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate products in caries prevention"
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sequester ACP nanoclusters and form stable complexes in other biofluids such as
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Dorozhkin, Sergey V. (December 2010). "Amorphous calcium (ortho)phosphates".
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ions, depending on the synthesis conditions. Such mixtures are also known as
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calcium triphosphate." The composition of amorphous calcium phosphate is Ca
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1023:"ACP Technology. Amorphous Calcium Phosphate forming Fluoride Varnishes"
682:"Role of calcium phosphate nanoclusters in the control of calcification"
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Babaie, Elham; Zhou, Huan; Lin, Boren; Bhaduri, Sarit B. (August 2015).
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Hani, Thikrayat Bani; O'Connell, Anne C.; Duane, Brett (24 June 2016).
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ACP has been found in the inner ear of embryonic sharks, mammalian
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of a mixture of dissolved phosphate and calcium salts (e.g. (NH
978:"Amorphous calcium phosphate and its application in dentistry"
871:"Amorphous calcium phosphate and its application in dentistry"
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Zhao, Jie; Liu, Yu; Sun, Wei-bin; Zhang, Hai (December 2011).
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434:"Application of calcium phosphate materials in dentistry"
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Holt, Carl; Sørensen, Esben S.; Clegg, Roger A. (2009).
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than tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite in vivo.
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is between 3 and 4.5. CDHA has a general formula of Ca
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Al-Sanabani, JS; Madfa, AA; Al-Sanabani, FA (2013).
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
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129:tricalcium phosphate" (ATCP) or calcium-deficient
976:Zhao, J.; Liu, Y.; Sun, W. B.; Zhang, H. (2011).
192:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate
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295:pattern is broad and diffuse with a maximum at
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438:International Journal of Biomaterials
41:make it understandable to non-experts
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566:Materials Science and Engineering: C
324:{\displaystyle 2\theta =25^{\circ }}
190:A commercial preparation of ACP is
844:10.1002/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00937.x
493:10.1016/B978-0-08-055294-1.00178-1
133:(CDHA). CDHA is sometimes termed "
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407:Materials Chemistry and Physics
82:solid that is formed from the
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419:10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00466-2
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831:International Dental Journal
539:10.1016/j.actbio.2010.06.031
1030:American Dental Association
72:Amorphous calcium phosphate
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579:10.1016/j.msec.2015.04.011
485:Comprehensive Biomaterials
350:Moreover, it can increase
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384:Remineralisation of teeth
607:Evidence-Based Dentistry
287:Method of mineralization
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194:(CPP-ACP), derived from
120:calcium phosphate cement
950:10.1073/pnas.0914218107
825:Van Haywood, B (2002).
274:Use in dental treatment
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84:chemical decomposition
333:octacalcium phosphate
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224:. A typical casein
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317:∘
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167:O, where
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49:July 2017
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362:See also
207:Biogenic
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