Amos 'n' Andy - Knowledge (XXG)

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parts, the female characters, such as Ruby Taylor, Kingfish's wife Sapphire, and Andy's various girlfriends, did not initially appear as voiced characters, but entered plots through discussions among the male characters. Prior to 1931, when Madame Queen (then voiced by Gosden) took the witness stand in her breach-of-promise lawsuit against Andy, a feminine voice was heard only once. Beginning in 1935, actresses began voicing the female characters, and after the program converted to a weekly situation comedy in 1943, other actors were recruited for some of the supporting male roles. However, Correll and Gosden continued to voice the three central characters on radio until the series ended in 1960. Two black actresses continued their radio roles on the television series: Ernestine Wade, who played Sapphire, Kingfish's wife, and Amanda Randolph, who played her mother.

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drawn from their observations of the traits and motivations that drive the actions of all people. While their characters often overlapped popular African-American stereotypes, there was also a universality to their characters which transcended race; beneath the dialect and racial imagery, the series celebrated the virtues of friendship, persistence, hard work, and common sense, and as the years passed and the characterizations were refined,

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multiple characters. The performers pioneered the technique for varying both the distance from, and the angle of their approach to, the microphone to create the illusion of a group of characters. Listeners could easily imagine that they were in the taxicab office, listening to the conversation of close friends. The result was a uniquely absorbing experience for listeners, who, in radio's short history, had never heard anything quite like

353: 1227:, who reflected on the show's impact on their careers. Foxx and Gibbs emphasized the importance of the show featuring black actors in lead roles and expressed disagreement with the NAACP's objections that had contributed to the program's downfall. The film also contained highlights of a select episode of the classic TV series ("Kingfish Buys a Lot") that had not been seen since it was pulled from the air in 1966. 583:

near-death of Amos's fiancée Ruby from pneumonia in the spring of 1931 and Amos's brutal interrogation by police following the murder of cheap hoodlum Jack Dixon that December. Following official protests by the National Association of Chiefs of Police, Correll and Gosden were forced to abandon that storyline, turning the entire sequence into a bad dream, from which Amos gratefully awoke on Christmas Eve.

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salesman; Frederick Montgomery Gwindell, a hard-charging newspaperman; Algonquin J. Calhoun, a somewhat crooked lawyer added to the series in 1949, six years after its conversion to a half-hour situation comedy; William Lewis Taylor, Ruby's well-spoken, college-educated father; and Willie "Lightning" Jefferson, a slow-moving

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months in advance. This complex method of story construction kept the program fresh and enabled Correll and Gosden to keep their audiences in constant suspense. The technique that they developed for radio from that of the narrative comic strip endures as the standard method of storytelling in serial drama.

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Hoping to bring the show to television as early as 1946, Gosden and Correll searched for cast members for four years before filming began. CBS hired the duo as producers of the new television show. According to a 1950 newspaper story, Gosden and Correll had initial aspirations to voice the characters

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and at #25 in 1952–1953 Blatz was targeted as well, finally discontinuing its advertising support in June 1953. It has been suggested that CBS erred in premiering the show at the same time as the 1951 NAACP national convention, perhaps increasing the objections to it. The show was widely repeated in

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TV Show Should Be Taken Off the Air." It stated that the show "tends to strengthen the conclusion among uninformed and prejudiced people that Negroes are inferior, lazy, dumb, and dishonest, ... Every character" is "either a clown or a crook"; "Negro doctors are shown as quacks and thieves"; "Negro

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and continued on the Blue. WMAQ was then an affiliate of CBS and its general manager tried, to no avail, to interest that network in picking up the show. At the same time, the serial's central characters – Amos, Andy and Kingfish – relocated from Chicago to Harlem. The program was so popular by 1930

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There were three central characters: Correll voiced Andy Brown while Gosden voiced both Amos and the Kingfish. The majority of the scenes were dialogues between either Andy and Amos or Andy and Kingfish. Amos and Kingfish rarely appeared together. Since Correll and Gosden voiced virtually all of the

413:. They were also conscious of having made names for themselves with their previous act. By playing the roles of characters using minstrel dialect, they would be able to conceal their identities enough to be able to return to their old pattern of entertaining if the radio show proved to be a failure. 1534:

material created prior to 1948, such as episodes of the old radio show, are in the public domain. The television series has never been officially released in home-video format, but many unlicensed bootleg compilations have been sold. In 1998, CBS initiated copyright infringement suits against three

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While minstrel-styled wordplay humor was common in the formative years of the program, it was used less often as the series developed, giving way to a more sophisticated approach to characterization. Correll and Gosden were fascinated by human nature, and their approach to both comedy and drama was

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When the show was canceled, 65 episodes had been produced. The last 13 of these episodes were intended to be shown on CBS during the 1953–54 season but were released with the syndicated reruns instead. An additional 13 episodes were produced for 1954–55 to be added to the syndicated rerun package.

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in 1920. Both men had some scattered experience in radio, but it was not until 1925 that the two appeared on Chicago's WQJ. Their appearances soon led to a regular schedule on another Chicago radio station, WEBH, where their only compensation was a free meal. The pair hoped that the radio exposure

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film. No further mention was made about Gosden and Correll continuing to voice the key male roles in the television series. Correll and Gosden did record the lines of the main male characters to serve as a guideline for the television show dialogue at one point. In 1951, the men targeted 1953 for

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Above all, Gosden and Correll were gifted dramatists. Their plots flowed gradually from one to the other, with minor subplots building in importance until they overtook the narrative, before receding to give way to the next major sequence; in this manner, seeds for storylines were often planted

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profoundly influenced the development of dramatic radio. Working alone in a small studio, Correll and Gosden created an intimate, understated acting style that differed sharply from the broad manner of stage actors – a technique requiring careful voice modulation, especially in the portrayal of

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title.) The additional episodes first aired on January 4, 1955. Plans were made for a vaudeville act based on the television program in August 1953, with Tim Moore, Alvin Childress and Spencer Williams playing the same roles. It is not known whether there were any performances. Still eager for

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show, which also became a part of the later television series. The later radio program and the TV version were advanced for the time, depicting blacks in a variety of roles, including those of successful business owners and managers, professionals and public officials, in addition to the comic

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leader, George "Kingfish" Stevens, would often lure them into get-rich-quick schemes or trick them into some kind of trouble. Other characters included John Augustus "Brother" Crawford, an industrious but long-suffering family man; Henry Van Porter, a social-climbing real estate and insurance

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In 2012, Rejoice TV, an independent television and Internet network in Houston, started airing the show weeknights on a regular, nationwide basis for the first time since CBS pulled the series from distribution in 1966. Six years later, Rejoice TV folded, and the series was again pulled from

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The story arc of Andy's romance (and subsequent problems) with Harlem beautician Madame Queen entranced some 40 million listeners during 1930 and 1931, becoming a national phenomenon. Many of the program's plotlines in this period leaned far more to straight drama than comedy, including the

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show, playing the program through the theater's sound system or from a radio on the stage before resuming their film. When some theaters began advertising this practice, NBC charged the theaters with copyright infringement, claiming that charging admission for a free broadcast was illegal.

1177:; the network considered it an infringement of their exclusive rights to the show and its characters. Following the threatened legal action that brought the 1956 tour to an end, Moore, Childress, Williams and Lee were able to perform in character for at least one night in 1957 in 579:

that NBC's orders were to only interrupt the broadcast for matters of national importance and SOS calls. Correll and Gosden were earning a combined salary of $ 100,000, which they split three ways to include announcer Bill Hay, who had been with them when they began in radio.

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order to a national mail-order outfit that had offered episodes on videocassettes and advertised them in late-night television ads during the late 1990s. However, the unlicensed sets continue to be sold. No official, licensed DVD or Blu-ray compilations have been released.

1149:, which had been broadcasting it for almost a decade. The series would not be seen on American television regularly for 46 more years. The television show has been available in bootleg VHS and DVD sets, which generally include up to 71 of the 78 known TV episodes. 460:. It offered higher salaries than WGN as well as the right to pursue the syndication idea. The creators later said that they named the characters Amos and Andy after hearing two elderly African-Americans greet each other by those names in a Chicago elevator. 667:

In 1943, after 4,091 episodes, the radio program transformed from a 15-minute CBS weekday dramatic serial to an NBC half-hour weekly comedy. While the five-a-week show often had a quiet, easygoing feeling, the new version was a full-fledged sitcom in the

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expanded Walls' criticism into a full-fledged protest during a six-month period in 1931. As part of Vann's campaign, more than 700,000 African-Americans petitioned the Federal Radio Commission to complain about the racist stereotyping on the show.

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Audiences were curious to see what their radio favorites looked like and were expecting to see African Americans instead of white men in blackface. RKO ruled out any plans for a sequel. Gosden and Correll did lend their voices to a pair of

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reached an ever-expanding radio audience. It was the first radio program to be distributed by syndication in the United States, and by the end of the syndicated run in August 1929, at least 70 other stations carried recorded episodes.

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Naïve but honest Amos was hardworking, and, after his marriage to Ruby Taylor in 1935, also a dedicated family man. Andy was a gullible dreamer with overinflated self-confidence who tended to let Amos do most of the work. Their

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Only a few dozen episodes of the original series have survived in recorded form. However, numerous scripts from the original episodes have been discovered and were used by McLeod when preparing her previously cited 2005 book.

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radio show was broadcast on November 25, 1960. Although by the 1950s the popularity of the show was well below its peak of the 1930s, Gosden and Correll had managed to outlast most of the radio shows that came in their wake.

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continued to air until July 14, 1928. Correll's and Gosden's characters contractually belonged to WGN, so the pair was unable to use the characters' names when performing in personal appearances after leaving the station.

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and experienced some rough times before launching their own business, the Fresh Air Taxi Company. (The first car they acquired had no windshield; the pair turned it into a selling point.) By 1930, the noted toy maker

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In 1955, the format of the radio show was changed from a weekly to a daily early evening half-hour to include playing recorded music between sketches (with occasional guests appearing), and the series was renamed

306:, who played Amos Jones (Gosden) and Andrew Hogg Brown (Correll), as well as incidental characters. On television, 1951–1953, black actors took over the majority of the roles; white characters were infrequent. 1647:", the sixteenth episode of the fourth season, which premiered on February 18, 1993. While Homer is on a tour at the Duff brewery, an old ad for the brand is played, showing that Duff was a "proud sponsor" of 483:

For the program's entire run as a nightly series in its first decade, Gosden and Correll provided over 170 male voice characterizations. With the episodic drama and suspense heightened by cliffhanger endings,

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and on the Internet). It told a brief history of the franchise from its radio days to the CBS series, and featured interviews with surviving cast members as well as popular black television stars such as

957:. The television series used black actors in the main roles, although the actors were instructed to keep their voices and speech patterns close to those of Gosden and Correll, and was produced at the 1120:

mounted a formal protest almost as soon as the television version began, describing the show as "a gross libel of the Negro and distortion of the truth". In 1951 it released a bulletin on "Why the

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and his orchestra) with Gosden and Correll playing Amos 'n' Andy in blackface. The film pleased neither critics nor Gosden and Correll, but briefly became RKO's biggest box-office hit before

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lawyers are shown as slippery cowards"; "Negro women are shown as cackling, screaming shrews"; "All Negroes are shown as dodging work of any kind"; and "Millions of white Americans see this

430:. It became so popular that in 1927 Gosden and Correll requested that it be distributed to other stations on phonograph records in a "chainless chain" concept that would have been the first 1522:, 870 F.2d 40), the television series itself is protected by copyright. CBS bought out Gosden & Correll's ownership of the program and characters in 1948 and the courts decided in the 405:, which had successfully introduced the concept of daily continuity, WGN executive Ben McCanna thought a serialized version would work on radio. He suggested that Gosden and Correll adapt 1518:

Although the characters of Amos and Andy themselves are in the public domain, as well as the show's trademarks, title, format, basic premise and all materials created prior to 1948 (

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was offering a tin wind-up version of the auto, with Amos and Andy inside. The toy company produced a special autographed version of the toy as gifts for American leaders, including

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for radio. The idea seemed to involve more risk than either Gosden or Correll was willing to take; neither was adept at imitating female voices, which would have been necessary for

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section of New York City. While the show had a brief life on 1950s television with black actors, the 1928 to 1960 radio show was created, written and voiced by two white actors,

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sense, with a regular studio audience (for the first time in the show's history) and an orchestra. More outside actors, including many black comedy professionals, such as

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in 1935, although the vast majority of stations carrying the show remained the same. Several months later, Gosden and Correll moved production of the show from NBC's

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syndicated reruns until 1966 when, in an unprecedented action for network television at that time, CBS finally gave in to pressure from the NAACP and the growing

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the story lines. A year later, both spoke about how they realized they were visually unsuited to play the television roles, citing difficulties with making the

340:(1928–43), as a weekly situation comedy (1943–55) and as a nightly disc-jockey program (1954–60). A television adaptation ran on CBS (1951–53) and continued in 4248: 856:

lauded the show's wholesome themes and good-natured humor," going "so far as to feature Gosden and Correll at its annual community parade and picnic in 1931."

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took his nickname, "Kingfish", from the show. At the peak of its popularity, many movie theaters stopped their featured films for the 15 minutes of the

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characters at the show's core. It anticipated and informed many later comedies featuring working-class characters (both black and white), including

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Historian James N. Gregory writes that the program "became the subject of heated conflict within African American communities" and that, while the

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radio scripts). This effort at reviving the series in a way that was intended to be less racially offensive ended after one season on

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The innovations introduced by Gosden and Correll made their creation a turning point for radio drama, as noted by broadcast historian

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their retirement from broadcasting; there was speculation that their radio roles might be turned over to black actors at that time.

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television success, Gosden, Correll and CBS made initial efforts to give the series another try. The plan was to begin televising

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African American Viewers and the Black Situation Comedy: Situating Racial Humor (Studies in African American History and Culture)

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These episodes were focused on Kingfish, with little participation from Amos or Andy, because these episodes were to be titled

47: 4104: 920:"just about the worst movie ever." Gosden and Correll also posed for publicity pictures in blackface. They were also stars of 4015: 3241: 3044: 2954: 2854: 2737: 2569: 2532: 2197: 2115: 2006: 1864: 1619: 954: 385: 1566:

In 1961, Gosden and Correll attempted one last televised effort, albeit in a "disguised" version. They were the voices in a

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That pressure was considered a primary factor in the show's cancellation, even though it finished at #13 in the 1951–1952

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to television for one night in an effort to reintroduce the series to 21st century audiences. Its festival featured the

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in the fall of 1956, with both of its creators appearing on television in a split screen with the proposed black cast.

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Dudek, Duane (21 August 1991). "Book recounts story of popular, problematic 'Amos 'n' Andy'". The Milwaukee Sentinel.

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in 1946. Johnny did the voice of Br'er Rabbit and Nick was heard as Br'er Bear. The film also starred black actor

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By the fall of 1948, the show was airing on CBS again. In that same year, Correll and Gosden sold all rights to

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widespread distribution. There are no current official plans to rerelease the series to nationwide television.

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Amos, Andy and Kingfish for television while the actors hired for these roles performed and apparently were to

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was given the nickname "Kingfish" after the sitcom by one of his guitar teachers, Bill "Howl -N- Mad" Perry.

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began on March 19, 1928 on WMAQ, and prior to airing each program, Gosden and Correll recorded their show on

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Instead, they proposed a series about "a couple of colored characters" that borrowed certain elements from

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Historical Dictionary of African-American Television (Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts)

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as "Rolly Forbes." He was also quite prominent in a brief role as a butler in the racially charged film

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With the listening audience increasing in spring and summer 1928, the show's success prompted sponsor

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The first sustained protest against the program found its inspiration in the December 1930 issue of

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often took credit for having created the show as a promotional vehicle. After the associations with

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Comedian Tim Moore made numerous public appearances and was a guest on television on shows such as

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The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America

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from the radio show). The cast included a mix of white and black performers (the latter including

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would lead to stage work; they were able to sell some of their scripts to local bandleader

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The Original Amos 'n' Andy: Freeman Gosden, Charles Correll and the 1928–1943 Radio Serial

1749:(Sapphire's mother, Ramona Smith) had a recurring role as Louise the housekeeper on CBS's 1746: 1724: 1708: 1133: 1076: 1030: 1006: 993: 839: 832:

for its lower-class characterizations and "crude, repetitious, and moronic" dialogue. The

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A Thirty-Year History of Programs Carried on National Radio Networks in the United States

2404:"How Andy's Famous Lawsuit Was Broadcast; Amos 'n' Andy Creators Took All Parts in Trial" 1721:), at the beginning of the episode. Wade played Augusta and Randolph played Mrs. Birdie. 1707:

called "Clifton's Sugar Mama" on October 2, 1974. They were friends of "Mama," played by

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in a segment on racial stereotypes in vintage motion pictures and television programing.

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and appeared in the show's 1967 reunion program, which aired shortly after her death.

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was produced from June 1951 to April 1953 with 52 filmed episodes, sponsored by the

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Gosden and Correll celebrate the tenth anniversary of the show on NBC in March 1938.

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The main roles in the television series were played by the following black actors:

800: 696: 563: 158: 4226: 1672:) visit a '50s-themed diner that offers on its menu an "Amos 'n' Andy" milkshake. 4099: 3329: 2593: 501:, and during the first week's episodes, they made plans to find a better life in 384:

in 1925. This lucrative offer enabled them to become full-time broadcasters. The

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Cat Whiskers and Talking Furniture: Memoir of Radio and Television Broadcasting

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reruns (1954–66). It was not shown to a nationwide audience again until 2012.

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was the second largest African-American newspaper at the time, and publisher

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achieved an emotional depth rivaled by few other radio programs of the 1930s.

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Eddie Green The Rise of an Early 1900s Black American Entertainment Pioneer

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The theme song for both the radio and TV versions is "The Perfect Song" by

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began as one of the first radio comedy series and originated from station

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on August 19, 1929. With the Blue Network not heard on stations in the

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about black characters, initially set in Chicago then later in the

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are named Amos Street and Andy Street in honor of the characters.

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station, hired Gosden and Correll and their former WGN announcer

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at Marsh Laboratories, operated by electrical recording pioneer

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1934 Amos 'n' Andy Cartoon, The Lion Tamer, at Internet Archive

3836:"Inside Adam Resnick's Proudest and Most Embarrassing Projects" 2922:"Fooling Their Friends Big Job for Amos 'n' Andy in the Movies" 644:

was officially transferred by NBC from the Blue Network to the

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First-run syndicated television programs in the United States

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Tom Heathwood interviews broadcast historian Elizabeth McLeod

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Freeman Gosden ('Amos') and Charles Correll ('Andy') in 1929.

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Radio and Television. Later episodes were broadcast from the

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A 1935 advertisement for the entertainment duo Amos 'n' Andy.

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Publicity photo of the pair while at CBS, circa January 1942

3407:"Why the Amos 'n' Andy TV Show Should Be Taken Off the Air" 1129:

picture of Negroes and think the entire race is the same."

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debuted coast-to-coast November 28, 1929, on NBC's Pacific

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movement and withdrew the program. It was pulled from the

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Also on Internet Archive, the second short Rassling Match

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Show. In 1958, he headlined a standup comedy act at the

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aired in television syndication (and in later years, on

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was said to be among the show's most devoted listeners.

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Critiquing the Sitcom: A Reader (The Television Series)

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in various roles, a number of times as Henry Van Porter

3791:"The Controversy Over "Calvin and The Colonel" |" 2790:"Amos 'n' Andy Look For Exit As They Plan New TV Show" 2334:

Correll, Charles J.; Gosden, Freeman F., eds. (1929).

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Honey, I'm Home!: Sitcoms: Selling The American Dream

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Say Goodnight Gracie: The Last Years of Network Radio

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N. Y. Writer Battling CBS For 'Amos 'n' Andy' Rights

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Zoot Radio, Free Amos 'n' Andy radio show downloads

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Amos 'n' Andy – OTR – Old Time Radio (108 episodes)

3209:"'Amos 'n' Andy' Characters Use Satire, Not Comedy" 1189:In the summer of 1968, the premiere episode of the 360:Gosden and Correll were white actors familiar with 261: 253: 228: 201: 184: 150: 129: 117: 91: 83: 75: 57: 3879:Tarantino A to Zed: The Films of Quentin Tarantino 2983:. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 152. 2838: 1701:(Madame Queen) appeared together on an episode of 1173:" cross-country tour in 1956, which was halted by 742:Sheet music for "The Perfect Song" from 548:, "Holy mackerel!", entered the American lexicon. 660:; because of Campbell's closer relationship with 4100:Rich Samuels' Broadcasting in Chicago: 1921–1989 3432:Kantor, Michael; Maslon, Lawrence, eds. (2008). 3409:. NAACP Bulletin. 15 August 1951. Archived from 3068:"Radio's Veteran Comics Smash Hit on Television" 2729:The Magic Window: American Television, 1939–1953 2289:. Strong National Museum of Play. Archived from 1890:Palm Springs Legends: creation of a desert oasis 1606:. A pair of parallel, one-block streets in west 497:Amos Jones and Andy Brown worked on a farm near 4125:Amos 'n' Andy discuss the Presidential election 3630:. ABC 13 Eyewitness News, Houston. 20 Nov 2012. 2564:. University of California Press. p. 544. 4197:Amos & Andy Show on Old Time Radio Outlaws 3187:"Amos And Andy Name Subs For Television Roles" 2192:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 384. 2189:Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922–1952 1962:On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio 1939:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2005. 973:Chorus. The program debuted on June 28, 1951. 795:brand of television sets (1954–55). President 4599:Television controversies in the United States 4242: 3583:"Growing up Colored | American Heritage" 3468:New 'Kingfish' Series To Make TV Debut Jan. 4 3435:Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America 1954: 1952: 1169:A group of cast members began a "TV Stars of 595:As a result of its extraordinary popularity, 8: 4464:Radio programs adapted into television shows 2459: 2457: 1210:In 1983, a one-hour documentary film titled 1157:(though they ultimately premiered under the 872:to appear in an Amos 'n' Andy feature film, 40: 3981:. African-American Registry. Archived from 3383:. African-American Registry. Archived from 2221:"Tom Gootee's History of WMAQ – Chapter 12" 1105:(2 episodes); Caroline's mother (1 episode) 4519:American English-language television shows 4249: 4235: 4227: 3712:CBS Files Suit Over 'Amos 'n' Andy' Videos 3348:"Beer Sponsors To Drop Amos 'n' Andy Show" 3236:. Syracuse University Press. p. 320. 3156: 3154: 2337:All About Amos 'n' Andy and Their Creators 2099: 2097: 1535:companies selling the videos and issued a 520:All About Amos 'n' Andy and Their Creators 39: 4514:Black-and-white American television shows 3514:'Amos 'n' Andy' Creators Plan New TV Show 3211:. Baltimore Afro-American. 18 August 1951 2721: 2719: 2717: 2641:. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 19 August 1943 2440:"Amos 'n' Andy To Start New Radio Series" 791:drugstore chain (1950–54); and CBS's own 4594:Race-related controversies in television 4534:Television characters introduced in 1951 3979:"Actress from the Delta, Ernestine Wade" 3493:. Baltimore Afro-American. 4 August 1953 2406:. Spokane Daily Chronicle. 30 March 1931 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 1990: 1988: 1292: 969:'s "Angel's Serenade", performed by The 388:also offered them a recording contract. 4544:Television series based on radio series 4499:1953 American television series endings 4210:Amos 'n' Andy: Anatomy of a Controversy 3269:. Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 1965 2880:Gonzalez, Juan; Torres, Joseph (2011). 2784: 2782: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1794: 1711:, who wanted to see Clifton, played by 1212:Amos 'n' Andy: Anatomy of a Controversy 826:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 4494:1951 American television series debuts 3070:. Eugene Register-Guard. 14 April 1954 2920:Steinhauser, S. H. (19 October 1930). 2398: 2396: 2141:. The Evening Independent. 6 June 1927 2001:. McFarland and Company. p. 224. 1853:Sterling, Christopher H., ed. (2003). 1771:(Calhoun) both provided voices in the 4554:Television shows set in New York City 4130:Amos & Andy Show on Way Back When 3691:from the original on 25 November 2012 3628:'Amos and Andy' on the air in Houston 2841:Voice Over: The Making of Black Radio 2527:. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 291. 2104:Coleman, Robin R. Means, ed. (1998). 1761:(Lightnin') had a memorable cameo in 1676:Later work by television cast members 1623:was intended in part as an homage to 1256:Twenty-first century airing of series 1185:Later commentary on television series 850:campaigned against the program, "the 779:(1937–43), primary sponsors included 730:to CBS for a reported $ 2.5 million. 7: 4045:from the original on 30 October 2010 4010:. The Scarecrow Press. p. 584. 3877:Barnes, Alan; Hearn, Marcus (1996). 3811:. Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from 3608:from the original on 30 October 2010 3381:"Amos & Andy goes to television" 3189:. St. Petersburg Times. 18 June 1951 3089:Steinhauser, Si (13 December 1950). 2977:Lehman, Christopher P., ed. (2009). 2767:. Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs 2702:from the original on 30 October 2010 2497:. Radio Broadcast. 1929. p. 273 2442:. The Pittsburgh Press. 28 July 1929 1931: 1929: 1927: 828:wrote an article sharply denouncing 4589:Race-related controversies in radio 4529:Radio characters introduced in 1928 4004:Fearn-Burns, Kathleen, ed. (2005). 2845:. Temple University Press. p. 2361:"All About Amos 'n' Andy – Forward" 2313:"Marx Amos 'N' Andy Fresh Air Taxi" 2052:. McLeod, Elizabeth. Archived from 1143:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1053:Uncredited cast in various episodes 3734:Elliott, Stuart (19 August 1997). 3679:Gerard, Jeremy (9 February 1989). 3559:Steelman, Ben (17 November 1985). 3350:. The Afro American. 14 March 1953 3012:"Radio's Famous 'Amos' Dead at 83" 1856:Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set 336:. The show ran as a nightly radio 25: 4524:Fictional African-American people 3959:. BlackPast.org. 23 February 2009 3561:"From Star Wars to Amos 'n' Andy" 3135:Handsacker, Gene (29 July 1951). 3036:Filmed Television Drama 1952–1958 3014:. Gadsden Times. 11 December 1982 1272:documentary followed by the 1930 1248:, he wrote: "And everybody loved 1029:Ramona Smith (Sapphire's Mama) – 824:, when Bishop W. J. Walls of the 438:on January 29, 1928. Episodes of 4549:Television series by CBS Studios 3834:Evans, Bradford (May 28, 2014). 3330:"ClassicTVguide.com: TV Ratings" 2726:Von Schilling, Jim, ed. (2002). 688:, later the writing team behind 46: 4459:NBC Blue Network radio programs 3766:""Amos 'n' Andy" Resource Page" 3746:from the original on 5 May 2013 3536:Gardiner, John (25 June 1957). 3491:"'Amos 'n' Andy' Set for Vaude" 1764:It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World 900:cartoon shorts produced by the 493:Early storylines and characters 4434:American comedy radio programs 4144:Old Time Radio – Amos 'n' Andy 3230:Morreale, Joanne, ed. (2002). 2287:"Amos 'n' Andy Fresh Air Taxi" 2186:Hilmes, Michelle, ed. (1997). 2078:. Red Hot Jazz. Archived from 1697:Ernestine Wade (Sapphire) and 1602:program was inducted into the 868:brought Gosden and Correll to 456:to create a series similar to 386:Victor Talking Machine Company 1: 4579:Male characters in television 4489:1950s American radio programs 4484:1940s American radio programs 4474:1930s American radio programs 4469:1920s American radio programs 3266:'Lawyer Calhoun' of Radio, TV 3137:"Hollywood Sights and Sounds" 2943:Lawrence, A. H., ed. (2003). 2837:Barlow, William, ed. (1998). 2792:. Reading Eagle. 17 June 1951 1627:, but with white characters. 1203:, showed brief film clips of 1073:as numerous authority figures 4574:Comedy television characters 4444:1960 radio programme endings 4108:History of the 1950s TV Show 3640:Harrison B. Summers (1958). 3538:"The Theatre and its People" 3164:The Tragedy of Amos 'n' Andy 3112:Quigg, Jack (10 June 1951). 3033:Hawes, William, ed. (2001). 2946:Duke Ellington and His World 1551:The Amos 'n' Andy Music Hall 1530:material was protected. All 1017:George "Kingfish" Stevens – 544:–type character. Kingfish's 4439:1928 radio programme debuts 3161:Clayton, Edward T. (1961). 2812:"Amos 'n' Andy Illustrated" 2660:Rayburn, John, ed. (2008). 2639:"Amos 'n' Andy Coming Back" 2521:Jones, Gerard, ed. (1993). 2340:. Rand McNally. p. 128 2235:"Amos 'n' Andy Illustrated" 1859:. Routledge. p. 1696. 1803:"Amos 'n' Andy Illustrated" 1637:The show was referenced by 1632:Christone "Kingfish" Ingram 1011:Andrew Hogg Brown (Andy) – 559:Company to bring it to the 373:, which led to jobs at the 27:Television and radio series 4620: 3139:. Prescott Evening Courier 3114:"Declare: 'TV not for us'" 3039:. McFarland. p. 304. 2949:. Routledge. p. 492. 2895:Gregory, James N. (2005). 2814:. Midcoast. Archived from 2732:. Routledge. p. 260. 2666:. McFarland. p. 256. 2464:Brill, A. A., ed. (1930). 2237:. Midcoast. Archived from 2110:. Routledge. p. 384. 1919:here for Table of Contents 1805:. Midcoast. Archived from 1526:ruling that all post-1948 1155:The Adventures of Kingfish 1045:(billed as "Nick O'Demus") 68:Amos 'n' Andy's Music Hall 29: 2050:"Amos 'n' Andy In Person" 1694:Night Club in Hollywood. 1260:In 2004, the now-defunct 923:The Big Broadcast of 1936 787:detergent (1943–50); the 775:toothpaste (1929–37) and 534:Mystic Knights of the Sea 518:. There was also a book, 45: 4564:Columbia Records artists 4454:Male characters in radio 3660:. Jet. 23 September 1985 3540:. The Windsor Daily Star 2868:all about amos 'n' andy. 1740:In the Heat of the Night 1683:Jack Paar's Tonight Show 1270:Anatomy of a Controversy 478:Palm Springs, California 428:Midwestern United States 364:traditions. They met in 334:Palm Springs, California 30:Not to be confused with 4569:Comedy radio characters 3715:. Jet. 13 November 1989 3438:. Twelve. p. 384. 3116:. Youngstown Vindicator 2882:News For All The People 2467:Amos 'n' Andy Explained 2267:. AP. December 18, 1974 2265:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2172:"W-G-N radio program". 2159:"W-G-N radio program". 1048:Ruby Jones – Jane Adams 1035:Algonquin J. Calhoun – 949:Adapted to television, 399:'s popular comic strip 4559:Victor Records artists 4509:American black sitcoms 4504:1950s American sitcoms 4094:Check and Double Check 3937:. Jet. 23 January 1958 3604:. jfredmacdonald.com. 3289:The Amos 'n' Andy Show 3093:. The Pittsburgh Press 2924:. The Pittsburgh Press 2698:. jfredmacdonald.com. 1995:Cox, Jim, ed. (2002). 1959:Dunning, John (1998). 1887:Niemann, Greg (2006). 1715:(later of the TV show 1579:Calvin and the Colonel 1274:Check and Double Check 997: 982:The Amos 'n' Andy Show 942:Check and Double Check 918:Check and Double Check 875:Check and Double Check 746: 652:studios in Chicago to 638: 630: 619: 512:Louis Marx and Company 366:Durham, North Carolina 357: 290:was an American radio 122:The Amos 'n' Andy Show 62:The Amos 'n' Andy Show 4171:OTR Network Library: 4069:The Amos 'n Andy Show 2426:"Amos 'n' Andy - OTR" 2174:Chicago Daily Tribune 2161:Chicago Daily Tribune 1833:The Los Angeles Times 1752:The Danny Thomas Show 1613:The short-lived 1996 1299:Rating (% listeners) 1236:Henry Louis Gates Jr. 979: 955:Blatz Brewing Company 951:The Amos 'n Andy Show 756:The Birth of a Nation 744:The Birth of a Nation 741: 636: 628: 592: 568:Western United States 436:Chicago Daily Tribune 355: 4353:Spencer Williams Jr. 3600:MacDonald, J. Fred. 2818:on December 17, 2004 2694:MacDonald, J. Fred. 2594:"WMAQ-Amos 'n' Andy" 2241:on February 17, 2005 2082:on 24 September 2015 1895:Sunbelt Publications 1809:on December 16, 2004 1733:as "Wildcat" and on 1668:) and Vincent Vega ( 767:Advertising pioneer 266:Pepsodent Toothpaste 113:Radio and Television 4082:: Past as Prologue? 3883:B. T. Batsford Ltd. 3858:The Washington Post 3815:on 16 December 2010 3795:cartoonresearch.com 3306:Film and TV Credits 2980:The Colored Cartoon 2884:. Verso. p. 9. 2293:on 7 September 2012 2163:, January 29, 1928. 2048:McLeod, Elizabeth. 1935:McLeod, Elizabeth. 1193:documentary series 1023:Sapphire Stevens – 812:Opposition and the 324:Radio and later on 42: 4185:2013-07-30 at the 4159:2007-09-28 at the 4135:2013-10-17 at the 4087:Meet Amos 'n' Andy 4041:. Black-face.com. 3907:"The Daily Mirror" 3334:classictvguide.com 2491:The March of Radio 2315:. Live Auctioneers 2056:on August 24, 2004 1604:Radio Hall of Fame 1246:Growing Up Colored 1232:Harvard University 1147:television network 998: 926:as Amos and Andy. 907:The Rasslin' Match 902:Van Beuren Studios 866:RKO Radio Pictures 848:Pittsburgh Courier 835:Pittsburgh Courier 814:Pittsburgh Courier 747: 691:Leave It to Beaver 639: 631: 525:Chicago Daily News 449:Chicago Daily News 420:. Their new show, 358: 257:"The Perfect Song" 4416: 4415: 4312:Barbara Jean Wong 3934:Words Of The Week 3913:. 29 January 2008 3911:Los Angeles Times 3587:American Heritage 2906:978-0-8078-5651-2 2470:. Popular Science 1972:978-0-19-507678-3 1904:978-0-932653-74-1 1893:. San Diego, CA: 1778:Song of the South 1654:In the 1994 film 1651:back in the 50s. 1511: 1510: 1241:American Heritage 959:Hal Roach Studios 751:Joseph Carl Breil 714:All in the Family 432:radio syndication 283: 282: 242:November 25, 1960 76:Country of origin 32:Amos & Andrew 16:(Redirected from 4611: 4368:Dudley Dickerson 4343:Lillian Randolph 4302:Lillian Randolph 4251: 4244: 4237: 4228: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3768:. 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Marsh 330:El Mirador Hotel 249: 247: 239: 237: 229:Original release 50: 43: 21: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4479:1930s in comedy 4419: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4378:Jester Hairston 4358:Alvin Childress 4338:Amanda Randolph 4321:Television cast 4316: 4274:Charles Correll 4262: 4255: 4205: 4187:Wayback Machine 4161:Wayback Machine 4137:Wayback Machine 4121: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3985:on 16 July 2011 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3809:"Amos 'n' Andy" 3807: 3806: 3802: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3301: 3297: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2725: 2724: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2619:. 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Samuels, Rich 2592:Samuels, Rich. 2591: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2561:Raised on Radio 2556:Nachman, Gerald 2554: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2167: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2139:"Sam 'n' Henry" 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2047: 2046: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1934: 1925: 1905: 1897:. p. 286. 1886: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1852: 1851: 1840: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1747:Amanda Randolph 1725:Jester Hairston 1709:Theresa Merritt 1678: 1596: 1564: 1546: 1516: 1491:14.2 (Nielsen) 1483:17.0 (Nielsen) 1475:16.9 (Nielsen) 1467:19.7 (Nielsen) 1291: 1286: 1258: 1187: 1134:Nielsen ratings 1116:This time, the 1114: 1104: 1103:as Madame Queen 1077:Jester Hairston 1031:Amanda Randolph 1007:Alvin Childress 994:Alvin Childress 932: 862: 818: 797:Calvin Coolidge 777:Campbell's Soup 765: 736: 720:Sanford and Son 658:Campbell's Soup 618: 614: 613: 606: 605: 495: 376:Chicago Tribune 350: 304:Charles Correll 276: 272: 270:Campbell's Soup 268: 245: 243: 241: 235: 233: 224: 208:Charles Correll 197: 191:Charles Correll 177: 173: 171: 167: 166:Carleton KaDell 165: 161: 157: 146: 137:Charles Correll 124: 109: 104: 70: 66: 64: 53: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4421: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388:Theresa Harris 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4363:Ruby Dandridge 4360: 4355: 4350: 4348:Ernestine Wade 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4307:Ernestine Wade 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4288:Elinor Harriot 4286: 4281: 4279:Freeman Gosden 4276: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4177: 4175:(219 episodes) 4168: 4163: 4147: 4139: 4127: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4102: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4076: 4063: 4062:External links 4060: 4057: 4056: 4030: 4016: 3996: 3970: 3948: 3924: 3898: 3892:978-0713479904 3891: 3869: 3845: 3826: 3800: 3782: 3757: 3740:New York Times 3726: 3702: 3685:New York Times 3671: 3647: 3632: 3626:Tom Abrahams. 3619: 3592: 3574: 3551: 3528: 3504: 3482: 3458: 3445:978-0446505314 3444: 3424: 3413:on 7 July 2011 3398: 3372: 3361: 3339: 3321: 3310: 3295: 3280: 3256: 3242: 3222: 3200: 3178: 3150: 3127: 3104: 3081: 3059: 3045: 3025: 3003: 2990:978-1558497795 2989: 2969: 2955: 2935: 2912: 2905: 2887: 2872: 2855: 2829: 2803: 2778: 2752: 2738: 2713: 2686: 2673:978-0786436972 2672: 2652: 2630: 2607: 2584: 2570: 2558:, ed. 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