Lamprey - Knowledge

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to scrape through surface tissues until they reach body fluids. The teeth on their oral disc are primarily used to help the animal attach itself to its prey. Made of keratin and other proteins, lamprey teeth have a hollow core to give room for replacement teeth growing under the old ones. Some of the original blood-feeding forms have evolved into species that feed on both blood and flesh, and some who have become specialized to eat flesh and may even invade the internal organs of the host. Tissue feeders can also involve the teeth on the oral disc in the excision of tissue. As a result, the flesh-feeders have smaller buccal glands as they do not require the production of anticoagulant continuously and mechanisms for preventing solid material entering the branchial pouches, which could otherwise potentially clog the gills. A study of the stomach content of some lampreys has shown the remains of intestines, fins and vertebrae from their prey.

934: 2982:... one of his slaves had broken a crystal cup. Vedius ordered him to be seized and then put to death, but in an unusual way. He ordered him to be thrown to the huge lampreys which he had in his fish pond. Who would not think he did this for display? Yet it was out of cruelty. The boy slipped from the captor's hands and fled to Augustus's feet asking nothing else other than a different way to die – he did not want to be eaten. Augustus was moved by the novelty of the cruelty and ordered him to be released, all the crystal cups to be broken before his eyes, and the fish pond to be filled in ... 372: 2537: 400: 930:, but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed. This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle the current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point. Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps that will optimize the lamprey's climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest United States and need to travel upstream to reproduce. 389: 911: 1052: 2337: 146: 2954: 1118: 2618: 1026: 2626: 361: 2742: 1141: 2824: 720: 120: 2452: 3057:

him for having shed tears over the death of this fish, attempting thereby to make him appear a fool, Crassus answered, "Thus have I done over the death of my fish as you have over the death of neither your first nor your second wife." I know not how oft this Crassus with his lamprey enters my mind as a mirrored image of my Self, reflected across the abyss of centuries.

2358: 7463: 1129: 952:. Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have a dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides allow them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below. 6399:

Smith, Jeramiah J.; Timoshevskaya, Nataliya; Ye, Chengxi; Holt, Carson; Keinath, Melissa C.; Parker, Hugo J.; Cook, Malcolm E.; Hess, Jon E.; Narum, Shawn R.; Lamanna, Francesco; Kaessmann, Henrik; Timoshevskiy, Vladimir A.; Waterbury, Courtney K. M.; Saraceno, Cody; Wiedemann, Leanne M.; Robb, Sofia

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And in my mind I compare myself from time to time with the orator Crassus, of whom it is reported that he grew so excessively enamoured of a tame lamprey – a dumb, apathetic, red-eyed fish in his ornamental pond – that it became the talk of the town; and when one day in the Senate Domitius reproached

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In folklore, lampreys are called "nine-eyed eels". The name derives from misconstruing the seven gill pores behind each eye as additional eyes, and doing the same with the nostril on the top of the head (even though there is only one of those, not one per side). Likewise, in the German language, the

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In a series of studies by Rovainen and his student James Buchanan, the cells that formed the neural circuits within the spinal cord capable of generating the rhythmic motor patterns that underlie swimming were examined. Note that there are still missing details in the network scheme despite claims by

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The adults spawn in nests of sand, gravel and pebbles in clear streams. After hatching from the eggs, young larvae—called ammocoetes—will drift downstream with the current till they reach soft and fine sediment in silt beds, where they will burrow in silt, mud and detritus, taking up an existence as

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of lampreys appears to have been specialized to feed on the blood and body fluids of other fish after metamorphosis. They attach their mouthparts to the target animal's body, then use three horny plates (laminae) on the tip of their piston-like tongue, one transversely and two longitudinally placed,

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is done by flattening the cornea, which pushes the lens towards the retina. The eye of family Mordaciidae possess just a single type of photoreceptor (rod-like), the family Petromyzontidae possess two photoreceptor types (a cone-like and a rod-like), and the family Geotriidae possesses five types of

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Distribution of lampreys may also be adversely affected by dams and other construction projects due to disruption of migration routes and obstruction of access to spawning grounds. Conversely, the construction of artificial channels has exposed new habitats for colonisation, notably in North America

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stem-lampreys are small relative to modern lampreys, and while they had well developed oral discs with a small number of radially arranged teeth, they lacked the specialised, heavily toothed discs with plate-like laminae present in modern lampreys, and it is possible that they fed by scraping algae

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Recent studies differ regarding the timing of the last common ancestor of all living lampreys, with some suggesting a Middle Jurassic date, around 175 million years ago, while other studies have suggested a younger split, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The older date study posited that the Northern

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The rate of water moving across the ammocoetes' feeding apparatus is the lowest recorded in any suspension feeding animal, and they therefore require water rich in nutrients to fulfill their nutritional needs. While the majority of (invertebrate) suspension feeders thrive in waters containing under

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Research on sea lampreys has revealed that sexually mature males use a specialized heat-producing tissue in the form of a ridge of fat cells near the anterior dorsal fin to stimulate females. After having attracted a female with pheromones, the heat detected by the female through body contact will

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In a study of the lamprey tectum published in 2007, they found electrical stimulation could elicit eye movements, lateral bending movements, or swimming activity, and the type, amplitude, and direction of movement varied as a function of the location within the tectum that was stimulated. These

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Almeida, Pedro R.; Arakawa, Hiroaki; Aronsuu, Kimmo; Baker, Cindy; Blair, Stevie-Rae; Beaulaton, Laurent; Belo, Ana F.; Kitson, Jane; Kucheryavyy, Aleksandr; Kynard, Boyd; Lucas, Martyn C.; Moser, Mary; Potaka, Ben; Romakkaniemi, Atso; Staponkus, Robertas (1 December 2021). "Lamprey fisheries:

2504:, are openings found between the pharynx or throat. Pharyngeal slits are filter feeding organs that help the movement of water through the mouth and out of these slits when feeding. During the lamprey's larval stage they feed by filter feeding. Once lampreys reach their adult phase they become 4776:

Nagawa, Fumikiyo; Kishishita, Natsuko; Shimizu, Kazumichi; Hirose, Satoshi; Miyoshi, Masato; Nezu, Junnya; Nishimura, Toshinobu; Nishizumi, Hirofumi; Takahashi, Yoshimasa; et al. (2007). "Antigen-receptor genes of the agnathan lamprey are assembled by a process involving copy choice".

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Germain, Damien; Sanchez, Sophie; Janvier, Philippe; Tafforeau, Paul (2014). "The presumed hagfish Myxineidus gononorum from the Upper Carboniferous of Montceau-les-Mines (Saône-et-Loire, France): New data obtained by means of Propagation Phase Contrast X-ray Synchrotron Microtomography".

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filter feeders, collecting detritus, algae, and microorganisms. The eyes of the larvae are underdeveloped, but are capable of discriminating changes in illuminance. Ammocoetes can grow from 3–4 inches (8–10 centimetres) to about 8 inches (20 cm). Many species change color during a

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Lampreys are a part of the vertebrate group Cyclostomatous. The above illustration labels chordate synapomorphies found in lampreys. The notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pituitary gland, pharyngeal slits, and post anal tail (not depicted above) are all found in the

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of China, which displays the three stage life cycle with ammocoetes, was found in one study to be more closely related to the family Petromyzonidae than to other living lampreys, though other studies have found it to be outside the group containing all living lampreys.

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in Stockholm followed on from extensive work on the lamprey started by Carl Rovainen in the 1960s that used the lamprey as a model system to work out the fundamental principles of motor control in vertebrates starting in the spinal cord and working toward the brain.

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Sorensen, Peter W.; Fine, Jared M.; Dvornikovs, Vadims; Jeffrey, Christopher S.; Shao, Feng; Wang, Jizhou; Vrieze, Lance A.; Anderson, Kari R.; Hoye, Thomas R. (2005). "Mixture of new sulfated steroids functions as a migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey".

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lineages, about 20% of their DNA, which are vital during development of the embryo, but which in humans can cause problems such as cancer later in life, after they have served their purpose. How the genes destined for deletion are targeted is not yet known.

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Grillner that the network is characterised (Parker 2006, 2010). Spinal cord circuits are controlled by specific locomotor areas in the brainstem and midbrain, and these areas are in turn controlled by higher brain structures, including the basal ganglia and

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is another characteristic of lampreys that defines them as chordates. During development this part of the ectoderm rolls creating a hollow tube. This is often why it is referred to as the dorsal "hollow" nerve cord. The third chordate feature, which are the

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and migrate to the sea, beginning to prey on other animals while still swimming downstream after their metamorphosis provides them with eyes, teeth, and a sucking mouth. Those that are anadromous are carnivorous, feeding on fishes or marine mammals.

638:(some of them also have freshwater populations), and nine live exclusively in freshwater. All non-carnivorous forms are freshwater species. Adults of the non-carnivorous species do not feed; they live on reserves acquired as ammocoetes. 2881:

determined, and their impact on lamprey behaviour studied, in the laboratory and in the wild, and active efforts are underway to chemically source and to address regulatory considerations that might allow this strategy to proceed.

2349:, while the Late Cretaceous study suggested that modern lampreys emerged in the Southern Hemisphere. It is thought that most modern lamprey diversity emerged during the Cenozoic, particularly within the last 10–20 million years. 2412:

off of animals, rather than feeding by predation/parasitism. They also lacked the modern three stage life cycle including ammocoetes found in modern lampreys, with the juvenile stages of these species closely resembling adults.

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Some species, including those that are not carnivorous and do not feed even following metamorphosis, live in freshwater for their entire lifecycle, spawning and dying shortly after metamorphosing. In contrast, many species are

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In season 9, episode 16, of "Bones" (American TV series from 2005-2017), Agent Booth grabs a lamprey that is escaping from a bag holding a dead body which has been found in a pond. Later, two lamprey are seen in Hodgins' lab.

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and lamprey larvae are compared by anatomists due to their similarities. Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of

2921:, the Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. New York's Finger Lakes sea lamprey control program is managed solely by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 1268:

was called upon to fix one name or the other, and after much debate had to resolve the issue by voting. Thus, in 1980, the spelling with a "t" won out, and in 1981, it became official that all higher-level taxa based on

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Silva, S.; Araújo, M. J.; Bao, M.; Mucientes, G.; Cobo, F. (2014). "The haematophagous feeding stage of anadromous populations of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: low host selectivity and wide range of habitats".

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So, when Domitius said to Crassus the orator, Did not you weep for the death of the lamprey you kept in your fish pond? – Did not you, said Crassus to him again, bury three wives without ever shedding a tear? –

3094:", posits a future America so heavily polluted – "Everything had turned to shit and beer cans", in his words – that the Great Lakes have been infested with a species of massive, man-eating ambulatory lampreys. 918:

Studies have shown that lampreys are among the most energy-efficient swimmers. Their swimming movements generate low-pressure zones around the body, which pull rather than push their bodies through the water.

846:, which resemble lampreys, have traditionally been considered the sister taxon of the true vertebrates (lampreys and gnathostomes) but DNA evidence suggests that they are in fact the sister taxon of lampreys. 2734:, both according to Portaria (Government regulation no. 587/2006, from 22 June). "Arroz de lampreia" (lamprey rice) and "Lampreia à Bordalesa" (Bordeaux style lamprey) are someof the most important dishes in 819:

Close to the jaws of juvenile lampreys, a muscular flap-like structure called the velum is present, which serves to generate a water current towards the mouth opening, which enables feeding and respiration.

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Gill, Howard S.; Renaud, Claude B.; Chapleau, François; Mayden, Richard L.; Potter, Ian C.; Douglas, M. E. (2003). "Phylogeny of Living Parasitic Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) Based on Morphological Data".

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is claimed to have been so fond of lampreys that he often ate them, late into life and poor health, against the advice of his physician concerning their richness, and is said to have died from eating "a

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Silva, S.; Servia, M. J.; Vieira-Lanero, R.; Nachón, D. J.; Cobo, F. (2013). "Haematophagous feeding of newly metamorphosed European sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus on strictly freshwater species".

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The lamprey has been extensively studied because its relatively simple brain is thought in many respects to reflect the brain structure of early vertebrate ancestors. Beginning in the 1970s,

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Lampreys are now found mostly in the streams that feed the lakes, and controlled with special barriers to prevent the upstream movement of adults, or by the application of toxicants called

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Lamprey coloration can also vary according to the region and specific environment in which the species is found. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example,

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individuals display two bluish stripes running the length of its body as an adult. These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in;

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and not "Petromyzonta" or similar. Throughout most of the 20th century, both names were used indiscriminately, even by the same author in subsequent publications. In the mid-1970s, the

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Silva, S.; Servia, M. J.; Vieira-Lanero, R.; Cobo, F. (2013). "Downstream migration and hematophagous feeding of newly metamorphosed sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758)".

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1 mg suspended organic solids per litre (<1 mg/L), ammocoetes demand minimum 4 mg/L, with concentrations in their habitats having been measured up to 40 mg/L.

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may only spend one to two years as larvae, prior to undergoing a metamorphosis which generally lasts 3–4 months, but can vary between species. While metamorphosing, they do not eat.

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Siefkes, Michael J; Bergstedt, Roger A; Twohey, Michael B; Li, Weiming (2003). "Chemosterilization of male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) does not affect sex pheromone release".

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Different species of lamprey have many shared physical characteristics. The same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether or not it is

1017:) larvae also have a very high tolerance for free iron in their bodies, and have well-developed biochemical systems for detoxification of the large quantities of these metal ions. 4324: 933: 2432:

of China around 163 million years old, which is thought to have had a predatory lifestyle like modern lampreys, and probably had a three stage life cycle including ammocoetes.

7493: 1044:, light sensitive cells, most of them concentrated in the tail, which helps them to stay buried. Lampreys may spend up to eight years as ammocoetes, while species such as the 6954:

Sorensen, P. W.; Hoye, T. R. (2007). "A critical review of the discovery and application of a migratory pheromone in an invasive fish, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L".

1265: 788:). The eyes of juvenile lampreys are poorly developed eyespot-like structures that are covered in non-transparent skin, while the eyes of adult lampreys are well developed. 1222:. Cephalaspidomorpha is sometimes given as a subclass of the Cephalaspidomorphi. Fossil evidence now suggests lampreys and cephalaspids acquired their shared characters by 1051: 6506:

Araujo, Mario; Silva, Sergio; Stratoudakis, Yorgos; Gonçalves, Marta; López, Rodrigo; Carneiro, Miguel; Martins, Rogélia; Cobo, Fernando; Antunes, Carlos (1 March 2016).

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become very important in aiding in the respiration of the organism. The final chordate synapomorphy is the post anal tail, which is muscular and extends behind the anus.

3758: 620:. Adult carnivorous lampreys are the most well-known species, and feed by boring into the flesh of other fish (or in rare cases marine mammals) to consume flesh and/or 5336:

Kluge, B; Renault, N; Rohr, KB (2005). "Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution".

8512: 8363: 7403: 3974: 1101:) by moving rocks, and females release thousands of eggs, sometimes up to 100,000. The male, intertwined with the female, fertilizes the eggs simultaneously. Being 8402: 6563: 2654: 7512: 3806:

Tulenko, Frank J.; McCauley, David W.; MacKenzie, Ethan L.; Mazan, Sylvie; Kuratani, Shigeru; Sugahara, Fumiaki; Kusakabe, Rie; Burke, Ann C. (16 July 2013).

2487:. Lampreys contain these characteristics that define them as chordates. Lamprey anatomy is very different based on what stage of development they are in. The 804:, is responsible for attaching the animal, through suction, to either a stone or its prey. This then allows the tongue to make contact with the stone to rasp 7567: 5776: 5483:

Nichols, O. C.; Tscherter, U. T. (2011). "Feeding of sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus on minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata in the St Lawrence Estuary".

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There are about 38 known extant species of lampreys and around seven known extinct species. They are classified in three families: two small families in the

3110:'s mercenary, Micheletto, kills the King of Naples by pushing him into a pool filled with lampreys that King Ferrante had built during his reign of Naples. 2692:

In southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, and France), Finland and in Latvia (where lamprey is routinely sold in supermarkets), lampreys are a highly prized

4558: 4295:"Relationships between the diets and characteristics of the dentition, buccal glands and velar tentacles of the adults of the parasitic species of lamprey" 3551: 2757:

Lampreys are also consumed in Sweden, Russia, Lithuania, Estonia, Japan, and South Korea. In Finland, they are commonly eaten grilled or smoked, but also

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They are also capable of full functional recovery after complete spinal cord transection. Another trait is the ability to delete several genes from their

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and is one of the defining characteristics of a chordate. The notochord provides signaling and mechanical cues to help the organism when swimming. The

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M. C.; Baker, Carl; Eichler, Evan E.; Hockman, Dorit; Sauka-Spengler, Tatjana; Yandell, Mark; Krumlauf, Robb; Elgar, Greg; Amemiya, Chris T. (2018).

8337: 4097:"The Functional Anatomy of the Cornea and Anterior Chamber in Lampreys: Insights From the Pouched Lamprey, Geotria australis (Geotriidae, Agnatha)" 8376: 7478: 4069: 993:, the study of lampreys provides valuable insight into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Generated from a somatic recombination of 7290: 7206: 6869: 6835: 6795: 6761: 6731: 6703: 6546: 6519: 6490: 6449: 6385: 5613: 5584: 5320: 5222: 5176: 5149: 5061: 5028: 5001: 4277: 4250: 4079: 4009: 3790: 3545: 3432: 3080:, Lord Wyman Manderly is mockingly called "Lord Lamprey" by his enemies in reference to his rumored affinity to lamprey pie and his striking 683:

Lamprey distribution may be adversely affected by river habitat loss, overfishing and pollution. In Britain, at the time of the 11th-century

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Suzuki, Daichi G.; Grillner, Sten (August 2018). "The stepwise development of the lamprey visual system and its evolutionary implications".

2422:, has been found to be a lamprey in some studies. The earliest lamprey with the specialised toothed oral disc typical of modern lampreys is 5044: 4267: 1097:

Anadromous lampreys spend up to four years in the sea before migrating back to freshwater, where they spawn. Adults create nests (called

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Mary L. Moser, Pedro R. Almeida, Paul S. Kemp & P.W. Sorensen, 2014, "Lamprey spawning migration (Ch. 5, §5.6.1, Pheromones)," in

6935: 4890:"Exceptional iron concentrations in larval lampreys (Geotria australis) and the activities of superoxide radical detoxifying enzymes" 6677: 711:. Active control programs to control lampreys are undergoing modifications due to concerns of drinking water quality in some areas. 7497: 6341:

Brodin, L.; Shupliakov, O. (2006). "Giant reticulospinal synapse in lamprey: Molecular links between active and periactive zones".

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are also home to high populations of sea lampreys that warrant control. Lake Champlain's lamprey control program is managed by the

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Lampreys have been described as the only living vertebrates to have four eyes, having a single pair of regular eyes as well as two

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Gabbott, Sarah E.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Sansom, Robert S.; Vinther, Jakob; Dolocan, Andrei; Purnell, Mark A. (17 August 2016).

8464: 7560: 526:. The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. The common name "lamprey" is probably derived from 4388: 8517: 2705: 2704:), the river lamprey is the local symbol, found on their coats of arms. In 2015 the lamprey from Carnikava was included in the 2682: 239: 145: 3737: 8502: 7161: 7020: 7013: 6997: 6643: 2894: 2886: 789: 8381: 7474: 3337:

Huang, Weijia (1 September 2023). "A new species of fossil lamprey (Petromyzontida: Petromyzontiformes) from Hebei, China".

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Modern lampreys spend the majority of their life in the juvenile "ammocoete" stage, where they burrow into the sediment and

4411:"MicroRNAs reveal the interrelationships of hagfish, lampreys, and gnathostomes and the nature of the ancestral vertebrate" 8389: 998: 967:

individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream. Another example is

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The lamprey's light-colored underside and darker back allow it to blend in when viewed from above or below, an example of

842:. Instead of true vertebrae, they have a series of cartilaginous structures called arcualia arranged above the notochord. 7525: 7467: 7247: 4581: 2569:

findings were interpreted as consistent with the idea that the tectum generates goal-directed locomotion in the lamprey.

6023:"Development, metamorphosis, morphology, and diversity: The evolution of chordate muscles and the origin of vertebrates" 3221: 3103: 1950: 8259: 8246: 7772: 7553: 2890: 1102: 812: 371: 7179: 6926:

Peter W. Sorensen, 2015, "Applications of pheromones in invasive fish control and fishery conservation (Ch. 12)," in

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Saitoh, K.; Ménard, A.; Grillner, S. (2007). "Tectal Control of Locomotion, Steering, and Eye Movements in Lamprey".

5916:"The lamprey: A jawless vertebrate model system for examining origin of the neural crest and other vertebrate traits" 1173:

or Amphioxus). Recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies place lampreys and hagfish in the infraphylum

2080: 8316: 2678: 2536: 2460: 680:) have a low tolerance for high water temperatures, which may explain why they are not distributed in the tropics. 5787: 5279: 880:

converting them into intercellular signals of the lamprey is located in the midline of its body, for lamprey, the

8407: 8329: 6402:"The sea lamprey germline genome provides insights into programmed genome rearrangement and vertebrate evolution" 3415:

Renaud, Claude B.; Cochran, Philip A. (2019), Docker, Margaret F. (ed.), "Post-metamorphic Feeding in Lampreys",

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Assessing Food and Nutritional Resources of Native and Invasive Lamprey Larvae Using Natural Abundance Isotopes

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Something's Fishy: an Angler's Look at Our Distressed Gamefish and Their Waters – And How We Can Preserve Both

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Lafferty, Kevin D; Kuris, Armand M (1 November 2002). "Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size".

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Yokoyama, Hiromasa; Yoshimura, Miho; Suzuki, Daichi G.; Higashiyama, Hiroki; Wada, Hiroshi (January 2021).

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Aurangzeb, Zeenat; Daghfous, Gheylen; Innes, Liessell; Dubuc, Réjean; Zielinski, Barbara (December 2021).

3076: 3041: 2746: 2731: 2701: 2301: 2236: 2041: 1898: 1859: 1846: 1833: 990: 669: 128: 7961: 7952: 7916: 7712: 4705:"Epidermal pigmentation and liver coloration in the southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria austral is Gray" 1742: 605:, around 163 million years ago, with the modern families likely splitting from each sometime between the 8497: 8438: 8057: 7988: 7865: 7829: 7745: 7175: 3373:"Vertebrate origins are informed by larval lampreys (ammocoetes): a response to Miyashita et al. , 2021" 3045: 2553: 2314: 2223: 2197: 8048: 7970: 2953: 2609:

Although attacks on humans have been documented, they will generally not attack humans unless starved.

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Beamish, F. W. H. (1980). "Biology of the North American anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus".

4325:"What we know about lampreys – the arctic bloodsuckers that swarm Alaska rivers by the millions" 8417: 8285: 8233: 7399:"A synthesized pheromone induces upstream movement in female sea lamprey and summons them into traps" 7088: 6963: 6939: 5880: 5828: 5700: 5527: 5422: 4836: 4716: 4205: 4170: 3886: 3819: 3634: 3285: 1223: 8469: 7754: 7342: 4820:

Pancer, Z.; Amemiya, C. T.; Ehrhardt, G. T. R. A.; Ceitlin, J.; Gartland, G.; Cooper, M. D. (2004).

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Khidir, K. Teresa (2003). "Oral fimbriae and papillae in parasitic lampreys (Petromyzontiformes)".

3071: 2709: 2667: 2210: 2184: 1989: 1228: 994: 571: 559: 258: 6459: 1001:(VLRs). This convergently evolved characteristic allows them to have lymphocytes that work as the 973:, which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle. 7943: 7856: 7380: 7332: 7155: 7109: 7092: 6606: 6588: 6366: 6190: 6096: 6088: 5734: 5660: 5361: 5260: 5079: 4870: 4802: 4509:

Barany, A.; Shaughnessy, C. A.; Fuentes, J.; Mancera, J. M.; McCormick, S. D. (1 February 2020).

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may have been based on a lamprey, since it is described as an eel-like creature with nine eyes.

2851:, have no natural predators in the lakes, and prey on many species of commercial value, such as 2414: 910: 388: 8443: 5384: 4959: 2336: 646:

Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh waters and are found in most temperate regions. Some

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Johnson, Nicholas S.; Yun, Sang-Seon; Thompson, Henry T.; Brant, Cory O.; Li, Weiming (2009).

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Lampreys of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lamprey species known to date

7202: 6993: 6931: 6909: 6865: 6831: 6827: 6791: 6757: 6727: 6721: 6699: 6610: 6542: 6515: 6486: 6431: 6358: 6323: 6288: 6239: 6182: 6147: 6071: 6052: 6044: 5953: 5935: 5896: 5852: 5844: 5726: 5718: 5652: 5609: 5580: 5500: 5438: 5353: 5316: 5218: 5212: 5172: 5166: 5145: 5139: 5067: 5057: 5024: 4997: 4991: 4919: 4862: 4794: 4734: 4682: 4664: 4540: 4532: 4491: 4483: 4442: 4369: 4361: 4273: 4246: 4240: 4128: 4075: 4050: 4042: 4005: 3956: 3938: 3855: 3837: 3786: 3780: 3742: 3686: 3660: 3541: 3464: 3428: 3394: 3350: 3319: 3301: 2974:

who incurred his displeasure would be thrown as food. On one occasion, Vedius was punished by

2666:

of lampreys". Whether or not his lamprey indulgence actually caused his death is unclear, but

2496: 2463:

are certain characteristics that are shared over evolutionary history. Organisms possessing a

926:. The mouth and suction capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a 862: 772: 700: 692: 652: 586: 8430: 6859: 6785: 6751: 5018: 8368: 8108: 7925: 7838: 7422: 7412: 7364: 7316: 6971: 6901: 6421: 6413: 6350: 6315: 6278: 6270: 6229: 6221: 6174: 6137: 6127: 6063: 6034: 5943: 5927: 5888: 5836: 5708: 5642: 5600:

Forey, Peter; Janvier, Philippe (2000). "Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates". In

5535: 5492: 5465: 5430: 5345: 5291: 5252: 5118: 4909: 4901: 4852: 4844: 4786: 4724: 4672: 4656: 4625: 4522: 4473: 4432: 4422: 4351: 4306: 4213: 4178: 4118: 4108: 4034: 3946: 3930: 3894: 3845: 3827: 3650: 3642: 3596: 3588: 3533: 3492: 3456: 3420: 3384: 3342: 3309: 3293: 2848: 2646: 2106: 1820: 1213: 461: 412: 8238: 6992:(Margaret F. Docker, Ed., Vol. 37, Fish & Fisheries Series), Berlin, BE, DEU:Springer, 6607:"Lamprey eel from Latvian Carnikava included on EU's Protected Designations of Origin list" 6114:

Derjean, D; Moussaddy, A; Atallah, E; St-Pierre, M; Auclair, F; Chang, S; Dubuc, R (2010).

5815:

Miyashita, Tetsuto; Gess, Robert W.; Tietjen, Kristen; Coates, Michael I. (18 March 2021).

4974: 4340:"Development of the lamprey velum and implications for the evolution of the vertebrate jaw" 1117: 8251: 8099: 7805: 7796: 7721: 7634: 7614: 7519: 7079: 6454: 5091: 4462:"A Median Third Eye: Pineal Gland Retraces Evolution of Vertebrate Photoreceptive Organs†" 4409:

Heimberg, A. M.; Cowper-Sal-Lari, R.; Sémon, M.; Donoghue, P. C.; Peterson, K. J. (2010).

3001: 2773: 2681:

in 1953. Sixty years later, the city of Gloucester had to use fish from North America for

2501: 2476: 2472: 2015: 1937: 1885: 1755: 1729: 1357: 1307: 1244: 1216: 1166: 1144: 1098: 1010: 982: 962: 956: 854: 737: 684: 606: 575: 453: 334: 7137: 6165:

Grillner, S. (2003). "The motor infrastructure: From ion channels to neuronal networks".

3934: 6967: 5884: 5832: 5704: 5531: 5426: 4840: 4720: 4645:"Pigmented anatomy in Carboniferous cyclostomes and the evolution of the vertebrate eye" 4209: 4174: 3890: 3823: 3711: 3638: 3521:

Potter, Ian C.; Gill, Howard S.; Renaud, Claude B.; Haoucher, Dalal (25 November 2014),

3314: 3289: 3273: 3198: 2847:

during the early 20th century, but this theory is controversial. They are considered an

2792:), are known to be toxic, and require thorough cleaning before cooking and consumption. 2617: 403:

Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species

8324: 8311: 8147: 8030: 7874: 7427: 7398: 7195: 6426: 6401: 6283: 6258: 6234: 6209: 6142: 6116:"A novel neural substrate for the transformation of olfactory inputs into motor output" 6115: 5948: 5915: 5295: 4914: 4889: 4677: 4644: 4437: 4410: 4123: 4096: 3951: 3918: 3850: 3807: 2902: 2898: 2812: 2804: 2585: 2573: 2541: 2540:

Stimulation of the olfactory sensory neurons in the periphery activates neurons in the

2054: 1872: 1512: 1212:

Some researchers have classified lampreys as the sole surviving representatives of the

1186: 1178: 1045: 1025: 945: 938: 896: 858: 7343:

Mixture of new sulfated steroids functions as a migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey

4822:"Somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors in the agnathan sea lamprey" 4182: 3460: 8486: 7979: 7643: 7222: 6975: 6820: 6673: 6507: 5816: 5752: 5738: 5496: 4752: 4613: 4310: 4294: 3672: 3131: 3107: 3087: 3063: 2967: 2836: 2808: 2800: 2769: 2549: 2404: 2378: 1911: 1182: 1074: 1037: 756: 617: 235: 77: 7384: 7336: 7113: 6370: 5365: 5264: 4806: 4225: 3610: 3504: 2625: 2483:, and a post anal tail during the process of their development are considered to be 899:

by intaking water from its environment and desalinating the water they intake to an

601:, around 360 million years ago, with modern looking forms only appearing during the 7820: 7736: 7694: 6194: 5664: 3222:"Bill Beamish's Contributions to Lamprey Research and Recent Advances in the Field" 2935: 2914: 2686: 2638: 2592: 2525: 2424: 2399: 2363: 1976: 1807: 1603: 1438: 1190: 881: 869: 835: 779: 760: 688: 392: 318: 268: 221: 7448: 7024: 6651: 5608:. USA: University of Chicago Press; Nature/Macmillan Magazines. pp. 251–266. 4874: 4729: 4704: 4515:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

3346: 3062:

Philip, Lord Chandos, (fictional) younger son of the Earl of Bath, in a letter to

360: 8277: 7001: 6942: 6536: 6132: 5892: 3389: 1243:

The debate about their systematics notwithstanding, lampreys constitute a single

8394: 8350: 8218: 8132: 8123: 8003: 7667: 7625: 7602: 7063: 3537: 3424: 2866: 2840: 2811:

all can be caught on lampreys. Frozen lampreys can be bought from most bait and

2715: 2674: 2642: 2373: 1794: 1576: 1492: 1421: 1386: 1324: 1140: 1070: 923: 741: 708: 668:) travel significant distances in the open ocean, as evidenced by their lack of 626: 621: 567: 538: 376: 329: 308: 212: 52: 5931: 5840: 4527: 4510: 4415:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3899: 3874: 3646: 3297: 2823: 914:

The cartilaginous skeleton of a lamprey washed up on a beach in North Carolina.

7529: 7513:

Long-accepted theory of vertebrate origin upended by fossilized lamprey larvae

6417: 6354: 5713: 5688: 5349: 5256: 4937: 4511:"Osmoregulatory role of the intestine in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)" 4478: 4461: 4217: 4113: 3592: 2874: 2859: 2852: 2828: 2741: 2505: 2451: 2439: 2382: 1413: 1300: 1260: 1255: 1151: 1090: 986: 949: 927: 888: 839: 831: 768: 719: 696: 635: 610: 594: 590: 563: 324: 119: 97: 62: 8209: 7368: 6913: 6481:

Liem, Karel F.; William E. Bemis; Warren F. Walker Jr.; Lance Grande (2001).

6048: 5939: 5900: 5848: 5722: 5106: 5071: 4738: 4668: 4536: 4487: 4365: 4046: 3942: 3841: 3782:

Freshwater Fishes of North America: Volume 1: Petromyzontidae to Catostomidae

3664: 3468: 3398: 3354: 3305: 3233: 8298: 7417: 6564:"Older than the dinosaurs: Lamprey fish return to UK rivers after 200 years" 5601: 4427: 3832: 3037: 2509: 2488: 2480: 2464: 2434: 2408: 2393: 2387: 1078: 904: 900: 892: 873: 824: 546: 298: 288: 278: 157: 102: 7542:

A Tree of Life diagram showing the relation of Lampreys to other organisms.

7436: 7376: 7328: 6435: 6362: 6327: 6292: 6274: 6243: 6225: 6186: 6151: 6075: 6056: 5957: 5856: 5730: 5656: 5504: 5442: 5357: 4866: 4798: 4686: 4660: 4544: 4495: 4446: 4373: 4132: 4054: 3960: 3859: 3323: 624:; but only 18 species of lampreys engage in this predatory lifestyle (with 7462: 7046: 6319: 6085:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 4923: 4161:

Potter, Ian C.; Gill, Howard S. (2003). "Adaptive Radiation of Lampreys".

2663: 2357: 17: 8203: 8081: 7889: 7596: 7545: 7444: 7133: 6686: 5761: 5123: 5107:"The Photoreceptors of Lampreys: II. The Functions of the Pineal Complex" 4857: 4761: 3140: 3025: 2975: 2934:, which means "nine-eye". In British folklore, the monster known as the 2722:

and one of only two that can legally bear the commercial name "lamprey" (

2719: 2693: 2630: 2516: 2492: 2484: 2429: 2340:

Phylogeny including extinct taxa, with a younger divergence date estimate

1714: 1623: 1551: 1331: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1170: 1162: 1158: 827: 784: 764: 745: 744:

having a maximum body length of around 1.2 metres (3.9 ft). Lacking

672:

between populations. Other species are found in land-locked lakes. Their

602: 598: 177: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 7320: 5647: 5630: 4848: 6067: 6039: 6022: 5518:

Beamish, F W H; Medland, T E (1988). "Age Determination for Lampreys".

3655: 3601: 3496: 3173: 3081: 2906: 2758: 2750: 2697: 2581: 2419: 1174: 1133: 1082: 843: 647: 631: 582: 449: 187: 107: 82: 7064:

Entry in Grimm's German Dictionary, online edition at Trier University

6214:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5434: 4905: 4038: 2945:(八つ目鰻, "eight-eyed eels"), thus excluding the nostril from the count. 8355: 7590: 5579:(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 601 pp. 4356: 4339: 2910: 2844: 2637:

People have long eaten lampreys. They were highly appreciated by the

2562: 2521: 2346: 1155: 1006: 1002: 167: 8180: 7350: 6905: 6178: 5469: 4629: 3629:. Supplement on Sea Lamprey International Symposium III (SLIS III). 2843:. It is generally believed that they gained access to the lakes via 2345:

and Southern Hemisphere lampreys diverged as part of the breakup of

1128: 823:

The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their

707:

where sea lampreys have become a significant introduced pest in the

581:

Genetic evidence suggests that lampreys are more closely related to

8342: 8303: 6386:"Odd vertebrate gets rid of hundreds of genes early in development" 4790: 3975:"Three-eyed lizards are not uncommon. Four-eyed ones are a novelty" 989:(164–174) among vertebrates. Due to certain peculiarities in their 8451: 6787:

Pandora's locks the opening of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway

6485:. The United States of America: Thomson: Brooks/Cole. p. 50. 5555:"Only the hot sea lamprey guys get sex – thermally, that is" 3036:

This story is also found in Aelian (Various Histories VII, 4) and

2952: 2877:

critical to lamprey migratory behaviour have been isolated, their

2865:

New programs are being developed, including the use of chemically

2822: 2765: 2740: 2624: 2616: 2535: 2450: 2356: 2335: 1139: 1127: 1116: 1024: 932: 909: 850: 805: 801: 797: 673: 527: 398: 370: 359: 6259:"Neuronal network analyses: premises, promises and uncertainties" 1181:(both meaning without jaws). The other vertebrate infraphylum is 2650: 2577: 1202: 749: 585:, the only other living group of jawless fish, than they are to 8184: 7549: 3272:

Wu, Feixiang; Janvier, Philippe; Zhang, Chi (31 October 2023).

2999:

This incident was incorporated into the plot of the 2003 novel

2885:

Control of sea lampreys in the Great Lakes is conducted by the

7014:"Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes A remarkable success!" 6631: 4559:"In swimming, jellyfish and lampreys really pull their weight" 4095:

Collin, H. Barry; Ratcliffe, Julian; Collin, Shaun P. (2021).

3009:

in the incident of Ampliatus feeding a slave to his lampreys.

853:

of the lamprey is anterior to the intestines. It contains the

733: 515: 8290: 6210:"Complexities and uncertainties of neuronal network function" 5606:

Shaking the tree: readings from Nature in the history of life

5687:

Brownstein, Chase Doran; Near, Thomas J. (23 January 2023).

3019:(cos. 54 BC) for weeping over the death of his pet lamprey: 2584:. The axons of lamprey are particularly large and allow for 1050: 1040:, becoming dark at day and pale at night. The skin also has 634:

rather than live prey). Of the 18 carnivorous species, nine

509: 2753:, Finland. Lampreys are a traditional delicacy in locality. 2418:

from the Carboniferous of France, often considered to be a

1226:. As such, many newer works, such as the fourth edition of 838:). They are usually considered the most basal group of the 782:: a pineal and parapineal one (the exception is members of 479: 470: 433: 7443:

Richard Black, 2009, "Sex smell lures 'vampire' to doom,"

2649:

by the upper classes throughout Europe, especially during

903:

state with respect to blood, and are also responsible for

887:

One of the key physical components to the lamprey are the

748:, adult lampreys have one nostril atop the head and seven 494: 7351:"News and Views: Chemical cues for sea lamprey migration" 7285:

FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 5. Rome.

5540:

10.1577/1548-8659(1988)117<0063:ADFL>2.3.CO;2

3917:

XU, Yang; ZHU, Si-Wei; LI, Qing-Wei (18 September 2016).

2576:

in biomedical research, where their large reticulospinal

2381:

of South Africa around 360 million years ago, with other

503: 485: 421: 6930:(P.W. Sorensen & B.D. Wisenden, Eds.), pp. 255–268, 6790:. East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press. 5914:

Green, Stephen A.; Bronner, Marianne E. (January 2014).

4582:"A Leap in Lampreys: Unlovely Fish Make Welcome Comback" 1150:

Taxonomists place lampreys and hagfish in the subphylum

7248:"The Borgias season 3 episode 5: The Wolf and the Lamb" 7051:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

4649:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3919:"Lamprey: a model for vertebrate evolutionary research" 3875:"Current understanding of lamprey chemosensory systems" 3779:

Warren, Melvin L. Jr.; Burr, Brooks M. (10 July 2014).

3523:"The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Lampreys" 2919:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

687:

of England, lampreys were found as far upstream in the

6750:

Gunn, J.M.; Steedman, R.J.; Ryder, R.A., eds. (2003).

5689:"Phylogenetics and the Cenozoic radiation of lampreys" 3759:"Chemical concerns may halt Lake Champlain treatments" 7122:] (in Latin). Vol. III. Thelatinlibrary.com. 4709:

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

4148:

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution

3419:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 247–285, 808:, or tear at the flesh of their prey to yield blood. 518: 506: 497: 491: 464: 436: 6753:

Boreal Shield Watersheds Lake Trout Ecosystems in a.

500: 476: 473: 467: 430: 427: 418: 314: 304: 294: 284: 274: 264: 254: 8193: 8145: 8121: 8079: 8001: 7887: 7818: 7794: 7734: 7665: 7623: 6990:

Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control, Vol. 1

1250:. Sometimes still seen is the alternative spelling 512: 488: 482: 424: 415: 7194: 6894:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 6819: 5817:"Non-ammocoete larvae of Palaeozoic stem lampreys" 5631:"Early Jawless Vertebrates and Cyclostome Origins" 5458:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 4293:Renaud, C. B.; Gill, H. S.; Potter, I. C. (2009). 4269:Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates 997:gene segments, lamprey leukocytes express surface 876:production by capturing light signals through the 740:, elongated bodies, with the largest species, the 4990:Orlov, Alexei; Beamish, Richard (26 April 2016). 4888:Macey, D. J.; Cake, M. H.; Potter, I. C. (1988). 3573: 3571: 1105:, both adults die after the eggs are fertilized. 395:section of Lamprey demonstrating internal anatomy 7047:"Sea Lamprey Lake Champlain Sea Lamprey Control" 6508:"Sea Lamprey Fisheries in the Iberian Peninsula" 4960:"Chordate – Internal features | Britannica" 1276:Phylogeny based on Brownstein & Near, 2023. 1161:, which also includes the invertebrate subphyla 1069:During metamorphosis the lamprey loses both the 7404:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6858:O'Sullivan, P.E.; Reynolds, C.S., eds. (2007). 6745: 6743: 3812:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3054: 3021: 2980: 1232:, classify lampreys in a separate group called 695:. The reduction of pollution in the Thames and 6826:. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. p. 5570: 5568: 5520:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 551:"stone"), though the etymology is uncertain. 7561: 7115:L. ANNAEI SENECAE AD NOVATVM DE IRA LIBER III 6864:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. p. 81. 6589:"Gloucester lamprey pie is fit for the Queen" 6538:Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy 6510:. In Orlov, Alexei; Beamish, Richard (eds.). 5379: 5377: 5375: 5280:"Feeding ecology of the earliest vertebrates" 3201:. Connecticut River Conservancy. 10 July 2016 2685:, because few lampreys could be found in the 2657:, due to their meaty taste and texture. King 2588:of substances for experimental manipulation. 1009:present in higher vertebrates immune system. 755:The brain of the lamprey is divided into the 636:migrate from saltwater to freshwater to breed 8: 5238: 5236: 5234: 3274:"The rise of predation in Jurassic lampreys" 7146:. Little, Brown and company. Translated by 5312:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 5214:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 5168:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 4703:Todd, P. R.; Wilson, R. D. (1 March 1983). 3530:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 3417:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 2891:Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans 544: 536: 530: 8181: 7568: 7554: 7546: 7496:. Inland Fisheries Ireland. Archived from 7041: 7039: 7037: 6099:|...|intentional=yes}} 4004:. Berlin New York: Springer. p. 454. 2795:In Britain, lampreys are commonly used as 2772:of several lamprey species, including the 1060:from Nouveau Larousse Illustré (1897-1904) 699:has led to recent sightings in London and 118: 38: 7426: 7416: 7193:Martin, George R. R. (16 November 1998). 6541:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 6425: 6282: 6233: 6141: 6131: 6038: 5947: 5712: 5646: 5284:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5122: 4913: 4856: 4728: 4676: 4526: 4477: 4460:Mano, Hiroaki; Fukada, Yoshitaka (2007). 4436: 4426: 4355: 4122: 4112: 4002:The central nervous system of vertebrates 3950: 3898: 3849: 3831: 3654: 3600: 3388: 3377:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3313: 2978:for attempting to do so in his presence: 865:protected by the pericardial cartilages. 830:, suggest they are the sister taxon (see 6938:, Hoboken, NJ, USA:Wiley-Blackwell, see 6514:. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 115–148. 6021:Diogo, Rui; Ziermann, Janine M. (2015). 5309:Docker, Margaret F. (24 November 2014). 5211:Docker, Margaret F. (24 November 2014). 5165:Docker, Margaret F. (24 November 2014). 3738:"Giant blood sucker found in River Wear" 3532:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 35–73, 1185:(jawed mouths) and includes the classes 884:is accompanied by the parapineal organ. 718: 387: 7391:Chemical cues for sea lamprey migration 7298:Research on pheromones for pest control 5017:McNeill Alexander, R. (6 August 1981). 3123: 555:is sometimes seen for the plural form. 8513:Extant Late Devonian first appearances 7153: 6696:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fishes 5087: 5077: 3912: 3910: 3774: 3772: 2869:male lampreys in a method akin to the 7223:"Kurt Vonnegut: "The Big Space Fuck"" 6512:Jawless Fishes of the World: Volume 2 6483:Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates 5810: 5808: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5138:Kershaw, Diana R. (6 December 2012). 4993:Jawless Fishes of the World: Volume 2 4698: 4696: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4576: 4574: 4572: 3516: 3514: 7: 8457:03856F28-FF91-8147-14D7-FD4AA67DFCC9 8418:fc439b05-812b-4964-8e12-f610152df66c 8330:15212329-be02-44d6-91d1-728cbe68c3ab 5200:, Alaska Department of Fish and Game 5046:Ecology of the New Zealand Lamprey ( 4938:"Ammocoete Definition & Meaning" 4266:Ehrlich, Hermann (1 December 2014). 3935:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.5.263 3410: 3408: 3366: 3364: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 2718:is the most sought-after species in 872:, a photosensitive organ regulating 7449:"Sex smell lures 'vampire' to doom" 6720:Deshpande, S. S. (29 August 2002). 4996:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 204. 4612:Reinhardt, Ulrich (November 2008). 3712:"Prehistoric bloodsucker in Thames" 2970:kept a pool of lampreys into which 2447:Lamprey and chordate synapomorphies 1595: 1568: 1542: 1484: 1476: 1405: 1378: 1370: 1363: 1296: 1289: 1279: 1273:have to start with "Petromyzont-". 1030:Larva of an unknown lamprey species 891:, which are located ventral to the 834:) of all living jawed vertebrates ( 723:Basic external anatomy of a lamprey 5553:Poppick, Laura (2 November 2015). 5392:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 5296:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00643.x 4239:Rohde, Klaus (13 September 2005). 25: 6694:Bristow, Pamela (30 April 1992). 6535:Green, Judith A. (2 March 2006). 3625:History, trends and management". 3449:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3106:", whilst out on a hunting trip, 2835:Sea lampreys have become a major 2367:from the Middle Jurassic of China 2077:Naseka, Tuniyev & Renaud 2009 1951:Northern California brook lamprey 1254:, based on the argument that the 535:, which may mean "stone licker" ( 8049:Western Transcaucasian lamprey ( 7461: 6976:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01681.x 6928:Fish Pheromones and Related Cues 6384:Gitig, Diana (28 January 2018). 5497:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02842.x 4979:(Thesis). Ohio State University. 4387:Haaramo, Mikko (11 March 2008). 4311:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00571.x 3371:Mallatt, Jon (2 February 2023). 2957:Illustration from an edition of 2941:In Japanese, lamprey are called 1717:in 2023. Click "show" to expand. 1165:(sea-squirts) and the fish-like 752:pores on each side of the head. 460: 411: 144: 7447:(online), 20 January 2009, see 7201:(1st ed.). Voyager Books. 6756:London: CRC Press. p. 40. 6450:"CANADA: A Surfeit of Lampreys" 5784:Deeplyfish- fishes of the world 5111:Journal of Experimental Biology 4466:Photochemistry and Photobiology 4198:Environmental Biology of Fishes 4163:Journal of Great Lakes Research 3879:Journal of Great Lakes Research 3627:Journal of Great Lakes Research 3199:"Sea Lamprey: The Ancient Fish" 2706:Protected designation of origin 2655:when eating meat was prohibited 1633:(Eastern American and European 1056:A hagfish egg, illustration by 444:(sometimes inaccurately called 7021:Great Lakes Fishery Commission 4074:. Discovery Publishing House. 3757:Lehman, Don (15 August 2016). 3030:On the Intelligence of Animals 2895:Great Lakes Fishery Commission 2887:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2081:Western Transcaucasian lamprey 1895:(Renaud & Economidis 2010) 732:Adults superficially resemble 570:) and one large family in the 1: 7475:"ITIS report on the lampreys" 4730:10.1080/00288330.1983.9515983 4183:10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70480-8 3461:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02615-0 3347:10.1080/08912963.2023.2252443 3156:"Fossilworks: Petromyzontida" 3044:III.15.3). It is included by 999:variable lymphocyte receptors 985:) have the highest number of 597:lampreys are from the latest 7180:"The Letter of Lord Chandos" 6861:The Lakes Handbook, Volume 2 6698:. London: Chancellor Press. 6458:. 9 May 1955. Archived from 6133:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000567 5972:"Morphology of the Chordata" 5893:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.12.003 2893:, and is coordinated by the 2524:that extend anterior to the 2168:(Oliva & Zanandrea 1959) 1338:(southern topeyed lampreys) 8058:Far Eastern brook lamprey ( 7686:Pit-Klamath brook lamprey ( 6723:Handbook of Food Toxicology 6167:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6001:www.biologicaldiversity.org 4618:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4614:"Lamprey climbing behavior" 4389:"Mikko's Phylogeny Archive" 3538:10.1007/978-94-017-9306-3_2 3425:10.1007/978-94-024-1684-8_3 3220:Docker, Margaret F (2006). 3102:In season 3, episode 5 of " 3090:, in his late short story " 3017:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 2377:, is known from the latest 2371:The oldest fossil lamprey, 2311:Vladykov & Follett 1965 2113:Eudontomyzon stankokaramani 1830:Reighard & Cummins 1916 8534: 7746:Carpathian Brook Lamprey ( 7160:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 6726:. CRC Press. p. 695. 6308:Journal of Neurophysiology 5932:10.1016/j.diff.2014.02.001 5841:10.1038/s41586-021-03305-9 5105:Young, J. Z. (July 1935). 4528:10.1152/ajpregu.00033.2019 4150:. McGraw Hill. p. 88. 3900:10.1016/j.jglr.2021.04.020 3647:10.1016/j.jglr.2021.06.006 3390:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac086 3298:10.1038/s41467-023-42251-0 3226:Guelph Ichthyology Reviews 3136:"Order Petromyzontiformes" 2679:coronation of Elizabeth II 2552:and his colleagues at the 2246:(Vladykov & Kott 1976) 29: 7764:Ukrainian brook lamprey ( 7585: 6690:. September 2012 version. 6418:10.1038/s41588-017-0036-1 6355:10.1007/s00441-006-0216-2 5714:10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.018 5350:10.1007/s00427-004-0450-0 5257:10.1007/s10750-012-1237-3 5171:. Springer. p. 109. 5144:. Springer. p. 229. 4973:Evans, Thomas M. (2012). 4632:– via ResearchGate. 4479:10.1562/2006-02-24-IR-813 4114:10.3389/fnana.2021.786729 4101:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 3593:10.1007/s10750-014-1879-4 2799:, normally as dead bait. 2508:on other fish, and these 2094:Far Eastern brook lamprey 2048:Lethenteron camtschaticum 1964:Pit-Klamath brook lamprey 1869:Hubbs & Trautman 1937 1856:Hubbs & Trautman 1937 1843:Hubbs & Trautman 1937 1620: 1600: 1593: 1573: 1566: 1547: 1540: 1509: 1489: 1482: 1474: 1435: 1410: 1403: 1383: 1376: 1368: 1361: 1328: 1304: 1294: 1287: 589:, forming the superclass 349: 342: 251: 246: 227: 220: 141:Scientific classification 139: 126: 117: 41: 8040:Siberian brook lamprey ( 8022:American brook lamprey ( 7980:European brook lamprey ( 7935:European river lamprey ( 7866:Mountain brook lamprey ( 7857:Southern brook lamprey ( 7848:Northern brook lamprey ( 7451:, accessed 1 July 2015. 7393:, accessed 1 July 2015. 7369:10.1038/nchembio1105-316 7359:(Submitted manuscript). 7349:Dittman, Andrew (2005). 7345:, accessed 1 July 2015. 6784:Alexander, Jeff (2009). 6676:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 6343:Cell and Tissue Research 5873:Annales de Paléontologie 5765:. February 2017 version. 5757:"Family Petromyzontidae" 5755:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4765:. February 2017 version. 4757:"Family Petromyzontidae" 4755:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4586:Friends of the Eel River 3134:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2871:sterile insect technique 2696:. In Finland (county of 2600:Relationship with humans 2580:are used to investigate 2469:dorsal hollow nerve cord 2407:of North America. These 2146:Carpathian brook lamprey 2025:Vladykov & Kott 1978 1999:Vladykov & Kott 1979 1947:Vladykov & Kott 1976 1931:Tetrapleurodon spadiceus 1882:(Kessler 1870) Berg 1906 1782:Australian brook lamprey 1581:Creaser & Hubbs 1922 1517:Creaser & Hubbs 1922 593:. The oldest fossils of 48:Late Devonian – Holocene 32:Lamprey (disambiguation) 8166:Mexican brook lamprey ( 8109:Non-parasitic lamprey ( 8013:Alaskan brook lamprey ( 7989:Western brook lamprey ( 7971:Pacific brook lamprey ( 7953:Turkish brook lamprey ( 7926:Western river lamprey ( 7713:Klamath River lamprey ( 7418:10.1073/pnas.0808530106 7356:Nature Chemical Biology 7308:Nature Chemical Biology 7003:, accessed 1 July 2015. 6956:Journal of Fish Biology 6944:, accessed 1 July 2015. 6263:Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 5485:Journal of Fish Biology 5415:Journal of Fish Biology 5050:) - A literature review 4428:10.1073/pnas.1010350107 4218:10.1023/A:1023961910547 4000:Nieuwenhuys, R (1998). 3833:10.1073/pnas.1304210110 3178:Oxford University Press 3144:. January 2009 version. 3013:Lucius Licinius Crassus 2827:Lampreys attached to a 2749:in the coat of arms of 2726:): the other one being 2621:Portuguese lamprey rice 2572:Lampreys are used as a 2321:Entosphenus macrostomus 2159:Ukrainian brook lamprey 2009:Entosphenus tridentatus 1970:Entosphenus macrostomus 1957:Entosphenus lethophagus 977:Genetics and immunology 665:Entosphenus tridentatus 352:Hyperoartia Müller 1844 8518:Fish described in 1940 7653:Ionian brook lamprey ( 7176:von Hofmannsthal, Hugo 7148:William Watson Goodwin 6818:Williams, Ted (2007). 6275:10.1098/rstb.2010.0043 6226:10.1098/rstb.2005.1779 6027:Developmental Dynamics 5575:Nelson, J. S. (2006). 4661:10.1098/rspb.2016.1151 4344:Developmental Dynamics 4068:Khanna, D. R. (2004). 3691:British History Online 3077:A Song of Ice and Fire 3068: 3034: 2997: 2964: 2839:in the North American 2832: 2754: 2747:European river lamprey 2732:European river lamprey 2702:Carnikava Municipality 2634: 2622: 2545: 2457: 2368: 2341: 2302:European brook lamprey 2259:Kux & Steiner 1972 2237:European river lamprey 2165:Eudontomyzon vladykovi 2100:Lethenteron zanandreai 2068:Siberian brook lamprey 2042:American brook lamprey 1918:Tetrapleurodon geminis 1908:(Vladykov et al. 1982) 1905:Caspiomyzon hellenicus 1866:Ichthyomyzon unicuspis 1860:Mountain brook lamprey 1847:Southern brook lamprey 1834:Northern brook lamprey 1814:Ichthyomyzon castaneus 1713:List of species, from 1147: 1137: 1125: 1062: 1032: 991:adaptive immune system 944:Many lampreys exhibit 941: 915: 724: 670:reproductive isolation 545: 537: 531: 404: 396: 385: 368: 129:European river lamprey 8503:Parasitic vertebrates 8439:Paleobiology Database 7899:Least Brook lamprey ( 7704:Miller Lake lamprey ( 7677:Modoc brook lamprey ( 7518:10 March 2021 at the 7227:www.pierretristam.com 6648:Nordic Recipe Archive 6320:10.1152/jn.00639.2006 6091:|...}} 6062:(Retracted, see 5278:Mallatt, Jon (1984). 4146:V. Kardong, Kenneth. 3687:"Parishes: Petersham" 3278:Nature Communications 3046:Hugo von Hofmannsthal 2956: 2826: 2744: 2628: 2620: 2582:synaptic transmission 2539: 2454: 2360: 2339: 2328:Cowichan lake lamprey 2324:Dr. Dick Beamish 1980 2315:Western brook lamprey 2289:Pacific brook lamprey 2263:Turkish brook lamprey 2224:Western river lamprey 2191:Lampetra alavariensis 2139:Eudontomyzon danfordi 2087:Lethenteron reissneri 2029:Alaskan brook lamprey 2022:Lethenteron alaskense 2003:Klamath river lamprey 1986:(Bond & Kan 1973) 1925:Mexican brook lamprey 1853:Ichthyomyzon greeleyi 1801:Ichthyomyzon bdellium 1143: 1131: 1123:Lethenteron reissneri 1120: 1054: 1028: 936: 913: 722: 630:suggested to feed on 402: 391: 374: 363: 27:Order of jawless fish 8325:Fauna Europaea (new) 8100:Australian lamprey ( 7944:Kern brook lamprey ( 7908:Portuguese lamprey ( 7782:Vladykov's lamprey ( 7773:Drin brook Lamprey ( 7470:at Wikimedia Commons 7281:Renaud, C.B. (2011) 6680:Lampetra fluviatilis 5793:on 12 September 2017 5629:Janvier, P. (2008). 5124:10.1242/jeb.12.3.254 2930:word for lamprey is 2788:), and sea lamprey ( 2782:Lampetra fluviatilis 2728:Lampetra fluviatilis 2670:in British culture. 2554:Karolinska Institute 2491:is derived from the 2308:Lampetra richardsoni 2230:Lampetra fluviatilis 2061:Lethenteron kessleri 2035:Lethenteron appendix 1944:Entosphenus folletti 1899:Ionian brook lamprey 1224:convergent evolution 1136:of European lampreys 1121:Ammocoetes larva of 1109:encourage spawning. 895:. Intestines aid in 813:last common ancestor 133:Lampetra fluviatilis 30:For other uses, see 7321:10.1038/nchembio739 7144:Ralph Waldo Emerson 6968:2007JFBio..71S.100S 6462:on 15 December 2008 6269:(1551): 2315–2328. 5885:2014AnPal.100..131G 5833:2021Natur.591..408M 5705:2023CBio...33E.397B 5648:10.2108/zsj.25.1045 5577:Fishes of the World 5532:1988TrAFS.117...63B 5427:2013JFBio..82.1739S 4894:Biochemical Journal 4849:10.1038/nature02740 4841:2004Natur.430..174P 4721:1983NZJMF..17...21T 4242:Marine Parasitology 4210:2003EnvBF..66..271T 4175:2003JGLR...29...95P 3923:Zoological Research 3891:2021JGLR...47S.650A 3824:2013PNAS..11011899T 3818:(29): 11899–11904. 3639:2021JGLR...47S.159A 3290:2023NatCo..14.6652W 3072:George R. R. Martin 2879:chemical structures 2780:), river lampreys ( 2778:Caspiomyzon wagneri 2710:European Commission 2683:her Diamond Jubilee 2668:the phrase persists 2269:Lampetra lusitanica 2256:Lampetra lanceolata 2204:Lampetra auremensis 2185:Least brook lamprey 2152:Eudontomyzon mariae 1996:Entosphenus similis 1990:Miller Lake lamprey 1983:Entosphenus minimus 1892:Caspiomyzon graecus 1879:Caspiomyzon wagneri 1827:Ichthyomyzon fossor 1743:Argentinian lamprey 1519:(Mexican lampreys) 1314:(pouched lampreys) 1252:"Petromyzoniformes" 1229:Fishes of the World 995:leucine-rich repeat 981:Northern lampreys ( 609:and the end of the 572:Northern Hemisphere 560:Southern Hemisphere 8252:Petromyzontiformes 8239:Petromyzontiformes 8225:Petromyzontiformes 8195:Petromyzontiformes 8067:Lombardy lamprey ( 7839:Chestnut Lamprey ( 7609:Petromyzontiformes 7532:on 26 January 2016 7526:"The Tree of Life" 7468:Petromyzontiformes 7110:Seneca the Younger 7093:Seneca the Younger 6613:. 23 February 2015 6257:Parker, D (2010). 6208:Parker, D (2006). 6068:10.1002/dvdy.24236 6040:10.1002/dvdy.24245 5635:Zoological Science 5056:. September 2008. 4655:(1836): 20161151. 4299:Journal of Zoology 4027:Biological Reviews 3497:10.1643/IA02-085.1 3339:Historical Biology 3092:The Big Space Fuck 2965: 2960:Tacuinum Sanitatis 2833: 2790:Petromyzon marinus 2755: 2736:Portuguese cuisine 2659:Henry I of England 2635: 2623: 2546: 2458: 2369: 2342: 2272:Mateus et al. 2013 2250:Kern brook lamprey 2207:Mateus et al. 2013 2198:Portuguese lamprey 2194:Mateus et al. 2013 2178:Lampetra aepyptera 2172:Vladykov's lamprey 2126:Eudontomyzon morii 2120:Drin brook lamprey 1840:Ichthyomyzon gagei 1788:Petromyzon marinus 1769:Australian lamprey 1736:Geotria macrostoma 1549:Western American " 1284:Petromyzontiformes 1248:Petromyzontiformes 1220:Cephalaspidomorphi 1148: 1138: 1126: 1063: 1033: 970:Petromyzon marinus 942: 916: 878:photoreceptor cell 800:, anterior to the 736:in that they have 725: 659:Petromyzon marinus 457:Petromyzontiformes 405: 397: 386: 382:Petromyzon marinus 369: 366:Petromyzon marinus 230:Petromyzon marinus 208:Petromyzontiformes 8480: 8479: 8426:Open Tree of Life 8187:Taxon identifiers 8178: 8177: 8157:Mexican lamprey ( 8091:Chilean lamprey ( 7806:Pouched lamprey ( 7775:E. stankokaramani 7722:Pacific lamprey ( 7635:Caspian lamprey ( 7466:Media related to 7291:978-92-5-106928-8 7252:www.denofgeek.com 7208:978-0-00-224585-2 7030:on 27 April 2015. 6871:978-1-4051-4110-9 6837:978-1-62873-197-2 6797:978-1-60917-197-1 6763:978-0-203-49508-7 6733:978-0-8247-0760-6 6705:978-1-85152-136-4 6611:The Baltic Course 6548:978-0-521-59131-7 6521:978-1-4438-8719-9 6492:978-0-03-022369-3 5997:"Natural history" 5976:ucmp.berkeley.edu 5827:(7850): 408–412. 5777:"Petromyzontidae" 5699:(2): 397–404.e3. 5641:(10): 1045–1056. 5615:978-0-226-28497-2 5586:978-0-471-25031-9 5464:(11): 1924–1943. 5435:10.1111/jfb.12100 5322:978-94-017-9306-3 5224:978-94-017-9306-3 5178:978-94-017-9306-3 5151:978-94-011-6035-3 5063:978-0-478-14542-7 5048:Geotria australis 5030:978-0-521-23658-4 5003:978-1-4438-9240-7 4906:10.1042/bj2520167 4835:(6996): 174–180. 4779:Nature Immunology 4563:Los Angeles Times 4279:978-94-007-5730-1 4252:978-0-643-09927-2 4081:978-81-7141-908-1 4071:Biology Of Fishes 4039:10.1111/brv.12403 4011:978-3-540-56013-5 3792:978-1-4214-1201-6 3743:The Northern Echo 3547:978-94-017-9305-6 3434:978-94-024-1682-4 3236:on 27 August 2014 3074:'s novel series, 2913:, and New York's 2761:, or in vinegar. 2677:was made for the 2605:Attacks on humans 2515:Oftentimes adult 2497:dorsal nerve cord 2325: 2312: 2299: 2286: 2282:Lampetra pacifica 2276:lusitanic lamprey 2273: 2260: 2247: 2234: 2221: 2208: 2195: 2182: 2169: 2156: 2143: 2130: 2117: 2104: 2091: 2078: 2074:Lethenteron ninae 2065: 2052: 2039: 2026: 2013: 2012:(Richardson 1836) 2000: 1987: 1974: 1961: 1948: 1935: 1922: 1909: 1896: 1883: 1870: 1857: 1844: 1831: 1818: 1805: 1792: 1779: 1766: 1765:(Richardson 1846) 1753: 1749:Mordacia lapicida 1740: 1739:(Burmeister 1868) 1727: 1723:Geotria australis 1709: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1632: 1609: 1582: 1528: 1527: 1518: 1498: 1462: 1461: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1419: 1392: 1347: 1346: 1337: 1313: 1015:Geotria australis 958:Geotria australis 701:Chester-le-Street 653:Geotria australis 587:jawed vertebrates 448:) are a group of 358: 357: 216: 16:(Redirected from 8525: 8473: 8472: 8460: 8459: 8447: 8446: 8434: 8433: 8421: 8420: 8411: 8410: 8398: 8397: 8395:NBNSYS0000185526 8385: 8384: 8372: 8371: 8359: 8358: 8346: 8345: 8333: 8332: 8320: 8319: 8307: 8306: 8294: 8293: 8281: 8280: 8268: 8267: 8255: 8254: 8242: 8241: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8182: 8031:Arctic lamprey ( 7875:Silver lamprey ( 7755:Korean lamprey ( 7570: 7563: 7556: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7528:. Archived from 7509: 7507: 7505: 7500:on 25 April 2021 7489: 7487: 7485: 7465: 7440: 7430: 7420: 7411:(4): 1021–1026. 7388: 7340: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7200: 7197:A Clash of Kings 7190: 7184: 7183: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7159: 7151: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7106: 7100: 7072: 7066: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7043: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7023:. Archived from 7018: 7010: 7004: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6951: 6945: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6825: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6717: 6711: 6709: 6691: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6654:on 13 March 2016 6650:. Archived from 6640: 6634: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6595:. 20 April 2012. 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6314:(4): 3093–3108. 6303: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6237: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6145: 6135: 6126:(12): e1000567. 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6092: 6081:Retraction Watch 6060: 6042: 6033:(9): 1046–1057. 6018: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5951: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5792: 5786:. Archived from 5781: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5716: 5684: 5669: 5668: 5650: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5421:(5): 1739–1745. 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5389: 5381: 5370: 5369: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5240: 5229: 5228: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5141:Animal Diversity 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5075: 5055: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4940:. Dictionary.com 4934: 4928: 4927: 4917: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4860: 4826: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4732: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4680: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4609: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4578: 4567: 4566: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4530: 4521:(2): R410–R417. 4506: 4500: 4499: 4481: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4440: 4430: 4421:(45): 19379–83. 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4359: 4357:10.1002/dvdy.243 4335: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4116: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4033:(3): 1461–1477. 4022: 4016: 4015: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3835: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3765:. The Post Star. 3754: 3748: 3747: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3658: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3604: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3557:on 3 August 2018 3556: 3550:, archived from 3527: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3392: 3368: 3359: 3358: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3269: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3232:. Archived from 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3128: 3066: 2995: 2849:invasive species 2544:of a sea lamprey 2502:pharyngeal slits 2473:pharyngeal slits 2428:from the Middle 2323: 2310: 2297: 2295:Lampetra planeri 2284: 2271: 2258: 2245: 2232: 2219: 2206: 2193: 2180: 2167: 2154: 2141: 2128: 2115: 2107:Lombardy lamprey 2102: 2089: 2076: 2063: 2050: 2037: 2024: 2011: 1998: 1985: 1972: 1959: 1946: 1933: 1920: 1907: 1894: 1881: 1868: 1855: 1842: 1829: 1821:Chestnut lamprey 1816: 1803: 1790: 1777: 1775:Mordacia praecox 1764: 1751: 1738: 1725: 1630: 1607: 1596: 1580: 1569: 1543: 1516: 1496: 1485: 1477: 1442: 1417: 1406: 1390: 1379: 1374:Petromyzontinae 1371: 1364: 1335: 1311: 1297: 1290: 1280: 793:photoreceptors. 550: 542: 534: 525: 524: 521: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 316: 306: 296: 286: 276: 266: 256: 211: 149: 148: 122: 112: 49: 45:Temporal range: 39: 21: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8468: 8463: 8455: 8450: 8442: 8437: 8429: 8424: 8416: 8414: 8406: 8401: 8393: 8388: 8380: 8375: 8367: 8362: 8354: 8349: 8341: 8336: 8328: 8323: 8315: 8310: 8302: 8297: 8289: 8284: 8276: 8271: 8263: 8258: 8250: 8245: 8237: 8232: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8189: 8179: 8174: 8141: 8117: 8075: 8033:L. camtschatica 7997: 7917:Qurem lamprey ( 7910:L. alavariensis 7883: 7814: 7790: 7730: 7661: 7644:Greek lamprey ( 7619: 7615:Petromyzontidae 7581: 7574: 7535: 7533: 7524: 7520:Wayback Machine 7503: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7481: 7473: 7458: 7396: 7348: 7303: 7300: 7278: 7273: 7271:Further reading 7268: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7152: 7142:. Vol. V. 7132: 7131: 7127: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7085:Natural History 7080:Pliny the Elder 7073: 7069: 7062: 7058: 7045: 7044: 7035: 7027: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6987: 6983: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6925: 6921: 6906:10.1139/f02-169 6891: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6693: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6614: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6406:Nature Genetics 6398: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6220:(1465): 81–99. 6207: 6206: 6202: 6179:10.1038/nrn1137 6164: 6163: 6159: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6094: 6086: 6084: 6061: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6005: 6003: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5920:Differentiation 5913: 5912: 5908: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5814: 5813: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5693:Current Biology 5686: 5685: 5672: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5470:10.1139/f80-233 5455: 5454: 5450: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5373: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5242: 5241: 5232: 5225: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5086: 5076: 5064: 5053: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023:. CUP Archive. 5016: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4702: 4701: 4694: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4630:10.1139/Z08-112 4611: 4610: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4570: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3746:. 25 June 2009. 3736: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3455:(11): 507–513. 3446: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3271: 3270: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3160:fossilworks.org 3154: 3153: 3149: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3100: 3067: 3061: 2996: 2986: 2951: 2927: 2821: 2774:Caspian lamprey 2700:), and Latvia ( 2615: 2607: 2602: 2534: 2532:Use in research 2477:pituitary gland 2449: 2438:from the Early 2403:known from the 2385:lampreys, like 2355: 2334: 2333: 2243:Lampetra hubbsi 2233:(Linnaeus 1758) 2217:Lampetra ayresi 2103:(Vladykov 1955) 2090:(Dybowski 1869) 2051:(Tilesius 1811) 2016:Pacific lamprey 1938:Mexican lamprey 1886:Caspian lamprey 1780:(Non-parasitic/ 1762:Mordacia mordax 1756:Chilean lamprey 1730:Pouched lamprey 1718: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1631:Bonnaterre 1788 1529: 1463: 1454: 1358:Petromyzontidae 1348: 1193:(bony fishes), 1167:Cephalochordata 1145:Pouched lamprey 1115: 1061: 1031: 1023: 1011:Pouched lamprey 983:Petromyzontidae 979: 730: 717: 685:Norman Conquest 644: 607:Middle Jurassic 603:Jurassic Period 599:Devonian Period 576:Petromyzontidae 463: 459: 452:comprising the 414: 410: 335:Petromyzontidae 242: 233: 210: 143: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8531: 8529: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8485: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8461: 8448: 8435: 8422: 8412: 8399: 8386: 8373: 8360: 8347: 8334: 8321: 8312:Fauna Europaea 8308: 8295: 8282: 8269: 8256: 8243: 8230: 8215: 8199: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8163: 8153: 8151: 8148:Tetrapleurodon 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8106: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8064: 8055: 8046: 8037: 8028: 8019: 8009: 8007: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7991:L. richardsoni 7986: 7977: 7968: 7959: 7950: 7941: 7937:L. fluviatilis 7932: 7923: 7914: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7872: 7863: 7854: 7845: 7836: 7830:Ohio lamprey ( 7826: 7824: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7779: 7770: 7761: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7724:E. tridentatus 7719: 7710: 7701: 7697:E. macrostomus 7695:Lake lamprey ( 7692: 7688:E. lethophagus 7683: 7673: 7671: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7650: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7522: 7510: 7490: 7471: 7457: 7456:External links 7454: 7453: 7452: 7441: 7394: 7363:(6): 316–317. 7346: 7315:(6): 324–328. 7299: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7239: 7214: 7207: 7185: 7167: 7125: 7101: 7067: 7056: 7033: 7005: 6981: 6946: 6936:978-0813823867 6919: 6884: 6870: 6850: 6836: 6810: 6796: 6776: 6762: 6739: 6732: 6712: 6704: 6674:Froese, Rainer 6665: 6635: 6632:Home – Nakkila 6624: 6598: 6580: 6562:Smith, Lewis. 6554: 6547: 6527: 6520: 6498: 6491: 6473: 6441: 6412:(2): 270–277. 6391: 6376: 6349:(2): 301–310. 6333: 6298: 6249: 6200: 6173:(7): 573–586. 6157: 6106: 6013: 5988: 5963: 5926:(1–2): 44–51. 5906: 5879:(2): 131–135. 5862: 5804: 5768: 5753:Froese, Rainer 5744: 5670: 5621: 5614: 5592: 5585: 5564: 5545: 5510: 5491:(1): 338–343. 5475: 5448: 5405: 5371: 5338:Dev Genes Evol 5328: 5321: 5301: 5290:(3): 261–272. 5270: 5230: 5223: 5203: 5184: 5177: 5157: 5150: 5130: 5117:(3): 254–270. 5097: 5088:|journal= 5062: 5036: 5029: 5009: 5002: 4982: 4965: 4951: 4929: 4900:(1): 167–172. 4880: 4812: 4791:10.1038/ni1419 4768: 4753:Froese, Rainer 4744: 4692: 4635: 4599: 4568: 4550: 4501: 4452: 4401: 4379: 4330: 4316: 4305:(3): 231–242. 4285: 4278: 4258: 4251: 4231: 4204:(3): 271–278. 4188: 4153: 4138: 4087: 4080: 4060: 4017: 4010: 3992: 3981:. 5 April 2018 3966: 3929:(5): 263–269. 3906: 3865: 3798: 3791: 3768: 3749: 3729: 3703: 3678: 3616: 3587:(1): 187–199. 3567: 3546: 3510: 3491:(4): 687–703. 3474: 3439: 3433: 3404: 3383:(2): 287–321. 3360: 3329: 3247: 3212: 3190: 3165: 3147: 3132:Froese, Rainer 3122: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3099: 3096: 3059: 3050:Chandos Letter 3015:was mocked by 2984: 2963:, 15th century 2950: 2947: 2926: 2923: 2901:, bordered by 2899:Lake Champlain 2820: 2817: 2639:ancient Romans 2614: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2586:microinjection 2574:model organism 2542:olfactory bulb 2533: 2530: 2461:Synapomorphies 2448: 2445: 2354: 2351: 2332: 2331: 2318: 2305: 2292: 2279: 2266: 2253: 2240: 2227: 2220:(Günther 1870) 2214: 2201: 2188: 2175: 2162: 2149: 2136: 2133:Korean lamprey 2123: 2116:(Karaman 1974) 2110: 2097: 2084: 2071: 2058: 2055:Arctic lamprey 2045: 2032: 2019: 2006: 1993: 1980: 1973:(Beamish 1982) 1967: 1954: 1941: 1928: 1915: 1902: 1889: 1876: 1873:Silver lamprey 1863: 1850: 1837: 1824: 1811: 1798: 1785: 1772: 1759: 1746: 1733: 1719: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1513:Tetrapleurodon 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1278: 1238:Petromyzontida 1187:Chondrichthyes 1179:Agnathostomata 1114: 1113:Classification 1111: 1058:Adolphe Millot 1055: 1046:Arctic lamprey 1042:photoreceptors 1029: 1022: 1019: 978: 975: 946:countershading 939:countershading 897:osmoregulation 729: 726: 716: 713: 643: 640: 356: 355: 354: 353: 347: 346: 340: 339: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 312: 302: 292: 282: 272: 262: 249: 248: 244: 243: 234: 225: 224: 218: 217: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 137: 136: 124: 123: 115: 114: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 50: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8530: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8508:Devonian fish 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8235: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8171: 8169: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8138: 8136: 8133:Sea lamprey ( 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8114: 8112: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8070: 8069:L. zanandreai 8065: 8063: 8061: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8015:L. alaskensis 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7994: 7992: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7964:L. lusitanica 7960: 7958: 7956: 7955:L. lanceolata 7951: 7949: 7947: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7919:L. auremensis 7915: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7787: 7785: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7725: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7646:C. hellenicus 7642: 7640: 7638: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7616: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7579: 7571: 7566: 7564: 7559: 7557: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7254:. 16 May 2013 7253: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7189: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7060: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6885: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6854: 6851: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6814: 6811: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6780: 6777: 6765: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6716: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6628: 6625: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6531: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6474: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6107: 6098: 6090: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6014: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5406: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5305: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5245:Hydrobiologia 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5207: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5134: 5131: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5020:The Chordates 5013: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4858:2027.42/62870 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4785:(2): 206–13. 4784: 4780: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4588:. 6 July 2017 4587: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4390: 4383: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3993: 3980: 3979:The Economist 3976: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3885:: S650–S659. 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3785:. JHU Press. 3784: 3783: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3718:. 1 July 2009 3717: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3633:: S159–S185. 3632: 3628: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581:Hydrobiologia 3574: 3572: 3568: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3108:Cesare Borgia 3105: 3098:In television 3097: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3088:Kurt Vonnegut 3085: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3065: 3064:Francis Bacon 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3007:Robert Harris 3004: 3003: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:Vedius Pollio 2962: 2961: 2955: 2949:In literature 2948: 2946: 2944: 2943:yatsume-unagi 2939: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2801:Northern pike 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641:. During the 2640: 2632: 2627: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550:Sten Grillner 2543: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2405:Carboniferous 2402: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2353:Fossil record 2352: 2350: 2348: 2338: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2285:Vladykov 1973 2283: 2280: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211:Qurem lamprey 2205: 2202: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2181:(Abbott 1860) 2179: 2176: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2064:(Anikin 1905) 2062: 2059: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912:Greek lamprey 1906: 1903: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1804:(Jordan 1885) 1802: 1799: 1796: 1791:Linnaeus 1758 1789: 1786: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1629: 1628:sensu stricto 1626: 1625: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1486: 1480:Entosphenini 1479: 1478: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1418:Linnaeus 1758 1416: 1415: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:Gnathostomata 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1142: 1135: 1130: 1124: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1081:turns into a 1080: 1076: 1075:biliary tract 1072: 1067: 1059: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:diurnal cycle 1027: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 976: 974: 972: 971: 966: 965: 960: 959: 953: 951: 947: 940: 935: 931: 929: 925: 920: 912: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 826: 825:cartilaginous 821: 817: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 798:buccal cavity 794: 791: 790:Accommodation 787: 786: 781: 780:parietal eyes 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757:telencephalon 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 727: 721: 714: 712: 710: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666: 661: 660: 655: 654: 649: 641: 639: 637: 633: 629: 628: 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 554: 549: 548: 541: 540: 533: 529: 523: 458: 455: 451: 447: 441: 409: 401: 394: 390: 384: 383: 378: 373: 367: 364:Sea lamprey, 362: 351: 350: 348: 345: 341: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 320: 313: 311: 310: 303: 301: 300: 293: 291: 290: 283: 281: 280: 273: 271: 270: 263: 261: 260: 253: 252: 250: 245: 241: 237: 232: 231: 226: 223: 219: 214: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 184:Infraphylum: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 121: 116: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8498:Hematophages 8194: 8167: 8158: 8146: 8134: 8122: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8080: 8068: 8060:L. reissneri 8059: 8050: 8041: 8032: 8023: 8014: 8002: 7990: 7981: 7972: 7963: 7954: 7945: 7936: 7927: 7918: 7909: 7901:L. aepyptera 7900: 7888: 7877:I. unicuspis 7876: 7867: 7858: 7849: 7841:I. castaneus 7840: 7831: 7821:Ichthyomyzon 7819: 7808:G. australis 7807: 7795: 7784:E. vladykovi 7783: 7774: 7765: 7756: 7747: 7737:Eudontomyzon 7735: 7723: 7714: 7705: 7696: 7687: 7678: 7666: 7654: 7645: 7636: 7624: 7608: 7577: 7536:27 September 7534:. Retrieved 7530:the original 7504:27 September 7502:. Retrieved 7498:the original 7484:27 September 7482:. Retrieved 7408: 7402: 7360: 7354: 7312: 7306: 7282: 7256:. Retrieved 7251: 7242: 7230:. Retrieved 7226: 7217: 7196: 7188: 7170: 7138: 7128: 7119: 7114: 7104: 7096: 7083: 7070: 7059: 7053:. July 2009. 7050: 7025:the original 7008: 6989: 6984: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6927: 6922: 6900:(1): 23–31. 6897: 6893: 6887: 6875:. Retrieved 6860: 6853: 6841:. Retrieved 6821: 6813: 6801:. Retrieved 6786: 6779: 6767:. Retrieved 6752: 6722: 6715: 6695: 6685: 6679: 6668: 6656:. Retrieved 6652:the original 6647: 6638: 6627: 6615:. Retrieved 6601: 6592: 6583: 6571:. Retrieved 6568:The Guardian 6567: 6557: 6537: 6530: 6511: 6501: 6482: 6476: 6464:. Retrieved 6460:the original 6453: 6444: 6409: 6405: 6394: 6379: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6123: 6120:PLOS Biology 6119: 6109: 6095:{{ 6087:{{ 6080: 6078:, 6030: 6026: 6016: 6004:. Retrieved 6000: 5991: 5979:. Retrieved 5975: 5966: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5824: 5820: 5795:. Retrieved 5788:the original 5783: 5771: 5760: 5747: 5696: 5692: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5605: 5595: 5576: 5558: 5548: 5526:(1): 63–71. 5523: 5519: 5513: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5396:. Retrieved 5391: 5344:(1): 32–40. 5341: 5337: 5331: 5315:. Springer. 5311: 5304: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5248: 5244: 5217:. Springer. 5213: 5206: 5193: 5187: 5167: 5160: 5140: 5133: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5019: 5012: 4992: 4985: 4975: 4968: 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4932: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4832: 4828: 4815: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4760: 4747: 4715:(1): 21–26. 4712: 4708: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4621: 4617: 4590:. Retrieved 4585: 4562: 4553: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4472:(1): 11–18. 4469: 4465: 4455: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4392:. Retrieved 4382: 4350:(1): 88–98. 4347: 4343: 4333: 4319: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4272:. Springer. 4268: 4261: 4241: 4234: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4070: 4063: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4001: 3995: 3983:. Retrieved 3978: 3969: 3926: 3922: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3781: 3763:poststar.com 3762: 3752: 3741: 3732: 3722:27 September 3720:. Retrieved 3715: 3706: 3694:. Retrieved 3690: 3681: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3584: 3580: 3559:, retrieved 3552:the original 3529: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3416: 3380: 3376: 3338: 3332: 3281: 3277: 3238:. Retrieved 3234:the original 3229: 3225: 3215: 3203:. Retrieved 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3168: 3159: 3150: 3139: 3126: 3112: 3101: 3086: 3075: 3069: 3055: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3011: 3000: 2998: 2991: 2981: 2966: 2958: 2942: 2940: 2936:Lambton Worm 2931: 2928: 2915:Finger Lakes 2884: 2864: 2857: 2834: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2763: 2756: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2708:list by the 2691: 2687:River Severn 2672: 2647:widely eaten 2636: 2608: 2593:somatic cell 2590: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2547: 2526:otic vesicle 2514: 2459: 2433: 2425:Yanliaomyzon 2423: 2413: 2400:Hardistiella 2398: 2392: 2386: 2372: 2370: 2364:Yanliaomyzon 2362: 2343: 2320: 2307: 2298:(Bloch 1784) 2294: 2281: 2268: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2216: 2203: 2190: 2177: 2164: 2151: 2138: 2125: 2112: 2099: 2086: 2073: 2060: 2047: 2038:(DeKay 1842) 2034: 2021: 2008: 1995: 1982: 1977:Lake lamprey 1969: 1960:(Hubbs 1971) 1956: 1943: 1930: 1921:Álvarez 1964 1917: 1904: 1891: 1878: 1865: 1852: 1839: 1826: 1813: 1808:Ohio lamprey 1800: 1787: 1774: 1761: 1748: 1735: 1722: 1634: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1604:Eudontomyzon 1602: 1601: 1575: 1574: 1550: 1548: 1511: 1510: 1491: 1490: 1472:Lampetrinae 1439:Ichthyomyzon 1437: 1436: 1412: 1411: 1385: 1384: 1330: 1329: 1306: 1305: 1275: 1270: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1211: 1191:Osteichthyes 1149: 1122: 1107: 1096: 1087: 1068: 1064: 1034: 1014: 980: 968: 964:G. australis 963: 957: 954: 948:, a form of 943: 921: 917: 886: 870:pineal gland 867: 848: 836:gnathostomes 822: 818: 810: 795: 783: 777: 761:diencephalon 754: 731: 705: 689:River Thames 682: 677: 663: 657: 651: 645: 642:Distribution 625: 615: 580: 557: 552: 543:"to lick" + 456: 450:jawless fish 446:lamprey eels 445: 407: 406: 380: 365: 319:Yanliaomyzon 317: 307: 297: 287: 277: 269:Hardistiella 267: 257: 228: 222:Type species 207: 197: 132: 36: 8351:iNaturalist 8219:Wikispecies 8159:T. spadicea 8093:M. lapicida 8042:L. kessleri 8024:L. appendix 8004:Lethenteron 7973:L. pacifica 7868:I. greeleyi 7832:I. bdellium 7748:E. danfordi 7679:E. folletti 7668:Entosphenus 7626:Caspiomyzon 7603:Hyperoartia 7097:On Clemency 6962:: 100–114. 6573:16 February 5251:: 277–286. 3656:10174/31871 3602:10261/98126 3284:(1): 6652. 3183:12 February 3104:The Borgias 2925:In folklore 2873:. Finally, 2860:lampricides 2841:Great Lakes 2716:Sea lamprey 2675:lamprey pie 2643:Middle Ages 2374:Priscomyzon 2361:Fossils of 2155:(Berg 1931) 2129:(Berg 1931) 1934:(Bean 1887) 1817:Girard 1858 1795:Sea lamprey 1778:Potter 1968 1752:(Gray 1851) 1577:Lethenteron 1538:Lampetrini 1493:Entosphenus 1443:Girard 1858 1422:Sea lamprey 1387:Caspiomyzon 1325:Mordaciidae 1234:Hyperoartia 1103:semelparous 1071:gallbladder 987:chromosomes 924:carnivorous 901:iso-osmotic 746:paired fins 742:sea lamprey 709:Great Lakes 627:Caspiomyzon 618:filter feed 568:Mordaciidae 377:sea lamprey 375:Mouth of a 330:Mordaciidae 309:Priscomyzon 198:Hyperoartia 8487:Categories 8168:T. geminis 8135:P. marinus 8124:Petromyzon 8111:M. praecox 7982:L. planeri 7928:L. ayresii 7715:E. similis 7706:E. minimus 7655:C. graecus 7637:C. wagneri 7139:The Morals 6998:9401793069 6877:8 November 6803:8 November 6769:8 November 6658:1 December 6617:8 November 5602:Gee, Henry 5385:"Lampreys" 4394:26 January 4169:: 95–112. 4107:: 786729. 3561:21 October 3118:References 3042:Saturnalia 2875:pheromones 2867:sterilized 2853:lake trout 2829:lake trout 2786:L. planeri 2645:they were 2510:gill slits 2440:Cretaceous 2415:Myxineidus 2383:stem-group 2142:Regan 1911 1608:Regan 1911 1414:Petromyzon 1301:Geotriidae 1271:Petromyzon 1261:Petromyzon 1256:type genus 1189:(sharks), 1152:Vertebrata 1091:anadromous 1077:, and the 950:camouflage 889:intestines 882:pineal eye 861:, and one 840:Vertebrata 832:cladistics 769:cerebellum 697:River Wear 678:ammocoetes 611:Cretaceous 595:stem-group 591:Cyclostomi 564:Geotriidae 325:Geotriidae 247:Subgroups 18:Ammocoetes 8102:M. mordax 7946:L. hubbsi 7850:I. fossor 7766:E. mariae 7494:"Lamprey" 7156:cite book 6914:0706-652X 6644:"Lamprey" 6097:retracted 6089:retracted 6049:1097-0177 5940:0301-4681 5901:0753-3969 5849:0028-0836 5739:255278945 5723:0960-9822 5090:ignored ( 5080:cite book 5072:1179-1659 4739:0028-8330 4669:0962-8452 4537:1522-1490 4488:1751-1097 4366:1058-8388 4245:. Csiro. 4047:1464-7931 3943:2095-8137 3842:0027-8424 3673:237752229 3665:0380-1330 3469:0169-5347 3399:0024-4082 3355:0891-2963 3306:2041-1723 3205:23 August 3174:"lamprey" 3038:Macrobius 2994:, III, 40 2517:amphioxus 2506:parasitic 2489:notochord 2485:chordates 2481:endostyle 2465:notochord 2435:Mesomyzon 2409:Paleozoic 2394:Mayomyzon 2388:Pipiscius 1726:Gray 1851 1497:Gill 1863 1391:Berg 1906 1336:Gray 1853 1312:Gray 1851 1171:lancelets 1079:endostyle 1021:Lifecycle 905:digestion 893:notochord 874:melatonin 863:ventricle 738:scaleless 693:Petersham 299:Pipiscius 289:Mesomyzon 279:Mayomyzon 259:Caeruleum 164:Kingdom: 158:Eukaryota 8493:Lampreys 8204:Wikidata 8082:Mordacia 8051:L. ninae 7890:Lampetra 7859:I. gagei 7757:E. morii 7597:Chordata 7591:Animalia 7589:Kingdom 7516:Archived 7445:BBC News 7437:19164592 7385:42664483 7377:16408065 7337:43298112 7329:16408070 7232:22 March 7178:(1902). 7136:(1909). 7134:Plutarch 7120:On Anger 6692:(citing 6687:FishBase 6593:BBC News 6436:29358652 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