1744:
239:
146:
550:
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24:
1002:), the hygroscopicity is greatly reduced, but so is its performance as an explosive. ADN was mixed with amine nitrates in order to lower its melting point for use as a liquid monopropellant. The onset temperature for ADN was essentially unchanged, but some cross-reaction with the amine nitrates was observed. Kim et al. have also examined mixtures of ADN with
714:
1722:
862:
fumes. This property is also of military interest because halogen-free smoke is harder to detect. It decomposes into low-molecular-mass gases, which contributes to higher performance without creating excessive temperatures if used in gun or
558:
515:
1811:
Subbiah
Venkatachalam; Gopalakrishnan Santhosh; Kovoor Ninan Ninan (2004). "An Overview on the Synthetic Routes and Properties of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) and other Dinitramide Salts".
1717:, Stern, Alfred G.; Koppes, William M. & Sitzmann, Michael E. et al., "Process for preparing ammonium dinitramide", published 1998-02-03, assigned to
727:
1832:
Chen, Fu-yao; Xuan, Chun-lei; Lu, Qiang-qiang; Xiao, Lei; Yang, Jun-qing; Hu, Yu-bing; Zhang, Guang-Pu; Wang, Ying-lei; Zhao, Feng-qi; Hao, Ga-zi; Jiang, Wei (January 2023).
103:
929:
288:
1014:
There are at least 20 different synthesis routes that produce ammonium dinitramide. In the laboratory ammonium dinitramide can be prepared by nitration of
1834:"A review on the high energy oxidizer ammonium dinitramide: Its synthesis, thermal decomposition, hygroscopicity, and application in energetic materials"
909:, while LMP-103S is only moderately toxic. LMP-103S is UN Class 1.4S, allowing for transport on commercial aircraft, and was demonstrated on the
1101:
604:
1551:
437:
1765:
1718:
1524:
948:
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253:
1298:
Finally, treatment with ammonia again splits off the desired ammonium dinitramide and regenerates the urethane starting material:
916:
The ADN-based monopropellant FLP-106 is reported to have improved properties relative to LMP-103S, including higher performance (
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636:
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1876:
598:
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in 2010. Special handling is not required. LMP-103S could replace hydrazine as the most commonly used monopropellant.
217:
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867:. However, the dinitramide salt is more prone to detonation under high temperatures and shock compared with the
983:. Hu et al. have investigated the possibility of reducing the hygroscopicity of ADN by co-crystallization with
955:. SRI obtained US and international patents for ADN in the mid-1990s, at which time scientists from the former
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539:
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141:
937:
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572:
527:
36:
793:
1833:
1714:
1693:"Room-temperature catalytically reactive ammonium dinitramide–H2O2 monopropellant for microsatellites"
1531:
1486:"Flight Heritage of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Based High Performance Green Propulsion (HPGP) Systems"
1886:
1418:
1252:
1085:
855:
500:
1599:
Wang, Qiong; Wang, Xiao-Hong; Pan, Qing; Chang, Hai; Yu, Hong-Jian; Pang, Wei-Qiang (3 March 2023).
234:
1622:
Hu, Dongdong; Wang, Yinglei; Xiao, Chuan; Hu, Yifei; Zhou, Zhiyong; Ren, Zhongqi (September 2023).
1039:
901:
and ammonia. LMP-103S has 6% higher specific impulse and 30% higher impulse density than hydrazine
632:
69:
1691:
Kim, Ju Won; Bhosale, Vikas Khandu; Kim, Kyu-Seop; Lee, Seung Ho; Kwon, Sejin (February 2, 2022).
612:
1442:
1218:
754:
1624:"Studies on ammonium dinitramide and 3,4-diaminofurazan cocrystal for tuning the hygroscopicity"
1406:
624:
1668:
Matsunaga, Haroki; Katoh, Katsumi; Habu, Hiroto; Noda, Masaru; Miyake, Atsumi (November 2018).
1407:"The properties of ammonium dinitramide (ADN): Part 1, basic properties and spectroscopic data"
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The process is performed under red light, since the compound is decomposed by higher-energy
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1601:"Thermal Behaviors and Interaction Mechanism of Ammonium Dinitramide with Nitrocellulose"
1422:
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1647:"Decreasing the hygroscopicity of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) through cocrystallization"
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must be added before the acid dinitramide decomposes. The final product is obtained by
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synthesis method requires four synthesis steps and results in a yield of up to 60%.
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of 259 s vs. 252 s) and density (1.362 g/cm vs. 1.240 g/cm).
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1405:Östmark, H.; Bemm, U.; Langlet, A.; Sandén, R.; Wingborg, N. (1 June 2000).
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1670:"Thermal behavior of ammonium dinitramide and amine nitrate mixtures"
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
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408:α = 90.00°, β = 100.40°, γ = 90.00°
999:
951:. In 1989 ammonium dinitramide was independently synthesized at
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690:
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or its salts (here potassium sulfamate) at low temperatures:
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revealed that they had discovered ADN 18 years earlier.
878:
Bofors company produced LMP-103S as a 1-to-1 substitute for
648:
222:
1163:
and then reacted with ammonia to form the ammonium salt of
1801:
Modern rocket fuels> PDF> Hesiserman Online
Library
936:. Initially all information related to this compound was
1484:
Persson, Mathias; Anflo, Kjell; Friedhoff, Pete (2019).
1645:
Qiao, Shen; Li, Hong-zhen; Yang, Zong-wei (June 2022).
1525:"Green Propellants Based on Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)"
722:
372:
decomposes at 127 °C (261 °F; 400 K)
1703:(3): 1631–1644 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
990:There is also interest in using ADN to make liquid
1073:. The details of the synthesis remain classified.
1680:: 2677–2685 – via Academic Search Ultimate.
928:Ammonium dinitramide was invented in 1971 at the
1523:Larsson, Anders; Wingborg, Niklas (2011-02-14).
858:and, more importantly, does not leave corrosive
262:InChI=1S/N3O4.H3N/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7;/h;1H3/q-1;/p+1
184:
1657:(2): 84–89 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
272:InChI=1/N3O4.H3N/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7;/h;1H3/q-1;/p+1
78:
1634:: 157–164 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
905:. Additionally, hydrazine is highly toxic and
1400:
1398:
1076:Other sources report ammonium synthesis from
8:
979:. One of the challenges of using ADN is its
1674:Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
831:. ADN decomposes under heat to leave only
237:
144:
122:
15:
1849:
1788:Learn how and when to remove this message
1611:(5) – via Academic Search Ultimate.
1571:"Dinitramide Salts: ADN Plus Other Salts"
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1751:This article includes a list of general
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882:by dissolving 65% ammonium dinitramide,
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1628:Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering
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930:Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
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1006:as a potential liquid monopropellant.
135:
1813:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
1565:
1563:
1490:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
362:93 °C (199 °F; 366 K)
265:Key: BRUFJXUJQKYQHA-UHFFFAOYSA-O
7:
994:. When ADN is co-crystalized with a
1533:Advances in Spacecraft Technologies
1221:to form ethyl dinitrocarbamate and
967:ADN can be mixed with conventional
949:intercontinental ballistic missiles
275:Key: BRUFJXUJQKYQHA-IKLDFBCSAM
175:
1757:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1742:
850:oxidizer with a slightly higher
712:
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22:
1107:Another synthesis known as the
708:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1411:Journal of Energetic Materials
1:
1807:1999 Prentice Press, New York
1651:Energetic Materials Frontiers
1217:This is nitrated again with
1088:(oleum) containing 20% free
1461:"Green propellant LMP 103S"
897:, in 35% water solution of
1913:
1719:USA, Secretary of the Navy
1697:Advances in Space Research
1102:fractional crystallization
806:. It consists of ammonium
342:124.06 g/mol
1431:10.1080/07370650008216116
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1851:10.1016/j.dt.2022.04.006
1530:. In Hall, Jason (ed.).
1383:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
940:because of its use as a
599:Precautionary statements
1772:more precise citations.
401: = 11.787 Å,
51:Ammonium dinitroazanide
1825:10.1002/prep.200400043
1502:10.1002/prep.201900248
1379:"Ammonium dinitramide"
846:It makes an excellent
697:Guanylurea dinitramide
40:Azanium dinitroazanide
1805:Textbook of Chemistry
17:Ammonium dinitramide
1086:fuming sulfuric acid
856:ammonium perchlorate
747:Ammonium dinitramide
501:Friction sensitivity
405: = 5.614 Å
54:Ammonium dinitramide
1877:Explosive chemicals
1423:2000JEnM...18..123O
963:Propellant mixtures
393: = 6.914
18:
1838:Defence Technology
1219:nitrogen pentoxide
985:3,4-diaminofurazan
944:, particularly in
865:rocket propellants
755:inorganic compound
735:Infobox references
683:Related compounds
16:
1897:Soviet inventions
1892:SRI International
1798:
1797:
1790:
1575:SRI International
1553:978-953-307-551-8
1115:is nitrated with
1004:hydrogen peroxide
953:SRI International
942:rocket propellant
860:hydrogen chloride
794:dinitraminic acid
743:Chemical compound
741:
740:
573:Hazard statements
491:Shock sensitivity
465:Gibbs free energy
218:CompTox Dashboard
104:Interactive image
1904:
1882:Rocket oxidizers
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1577:. Archived from
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1167:-nitrourethane:
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1078:ammonium nitrate
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911:Prisma satellite
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852:specific impulse
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817:and dinitramide
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1090:sulfur trioxide
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1150:−O−C(=O)−NH−NO
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981:hygroscopicity
977:oxygen balance
973:nitrocellulose
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416:Formula units
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368:Boiling point
366:
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136:ECHA InfoCard
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125:
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100:
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53:
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25:
20:
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1654:
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1640:
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1627:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1532:
1518:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1414:
1410:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:
1297:
1216:
1164:
1162:
1106:
1080:, anhydrous
1075:
1068:
1013:
989:
966:
957:Soviet Union
927:
915:
907:carcinogenic
873:
848:solid rocket
845:
785:. It is the
750:
746:
745:
564:
516:
472:
458:−148 kJ/mol
447:
419:
402:
398:
390:
63:Identifiers
46:Other names
1887:Nitroamines
1844:: 163–195.
1770:introducing
1331:−O−C(=O)−NH
1133:−O−C(=O)−NH
1117:nitric acid
1096:other than
1082:nitric acid
1010:Preparation
996:crown ether
969:propellants
869:perchlorate
559:Signal word
305:Properties
296:.((=O))(=O)
142:100.126.585
80:140456-78-6
1871:Categories
1753:references
1715:US 5714714
1585:2012-04-15
1536:. InTech.
1470:2024-04-25
1388:2024-07-18
1358:References
1344:][N(NO
938:classified
528:Pictograms
377:Structure
352:1.81 g/cm
338:Molar mass
322:][N(NO
206:8JCB80Q5K1
115:ChemSpider
91:3D model (
70:CAS Number
37:IUPAC name
1860:2214-9147
1605:Molecules
1510:0721-3115
1439:0737-0652
1335:+ [NH
1191:→ [CH
1045:+ [NH
880:hydrazine
772:][N(N
757:with the
657:P370+P380
653:P370+P378
645:P309+P311
641:P301+P312
519:labelling
440:formation
163:604-184-9
155:EC Number
1465:ecaps.se
1447:94304770
1242:][NH
1203:][NH
1109:urethane
971:such as
899:methanol
833:nitrogen
787:ammonium
753:) is an
510:Hazards
186:10219428
1766:improve
1419:Bibcode
1280:[NH
1230:[CH
1098:ammonia
1071:photons
946:Topol-M
932:in the
924:History
884:[NH
876:Eurenco
811:[NH
808:cations
728:what is
726: (
691:cations
468:(Δ
348:Density
332:
318:[NH
173:PubChem
124:8394920
1858:
1755:, but
1724:
1550:
1508:
1445:
1437:
1319:+ 2 NH
1084:, and
839:, and
837:oxygen
819:anions
723:verify
720:
689:Other
565:Danger
289:SMILES
31:Names
1528:(PDF)
1443:S2CID
1138:+ HNO
1049:]N(NO
888:]N(NO
854:than
841:water
797:HN(NO
762:[
254:InChI
93:JSmol
1856:ISSN
1548:ISBN
1506:ISSN
1435:ISSN
1323:→ CH
1262:→ CH
1253:O(NO
1251:] +
1142:→ CH
1094:base
1092:. A
1040:KHSO
1031:+ 2
1000:18C6
934:USSR
874:The
822:N(NO
790:salt
677:P501
673:P405
669:P401
665:P373
661:P372
649:P330
637:P280
633:P270
629:P264
625:P260
621:P250
617:P241
613:P240
609:P230
605:P210
591:H371
587:H302
583:H228
579:H201
505:Low
495:Low
197:UNII
1846:doi
1821:doi
1678:135
1538:doi
1498:doi
1427:doi
1284:]NO
1154:+ H
1104:.
1033:HNO
1023:KSO
918:ISP
792:of
751:ADN
517:GHS
451:298
223:EPA
176:CID
1873::
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1842:19
1840:.
1836:.
1817:29
1815:.
1701:69
1699:.
1695:.
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1672:.
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1441:.
1433:.
1425:.
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1409:.
1397:^
1381:.
1366:^
1327:CH
1307:CH
1303:CH
1278:+
1266:CH
1234:CH
1225::
1195:CH
1186:NH
1184:+
1176:CH
1172:CH
1146:CH
1129:CH
1125:CH
1119::
1057:+
1038:→
1027:NH
987:.
871:.
843:.
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675:,
671:,
667:,
663:,
659:,
655:,
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647:,
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521::
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1500::
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1421::
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1333:2
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1201:2
1197:2
1193:3
1188:3
1182:2
1178:2
1174:3
1165:N
1158:O
1156:2
1152:2
1148:2
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1140:3
1135:2
1131:2
1127:3
1063:O
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718:N
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473:G
470:f
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420:Z
418:(
403:c
399:b
395:Å
391:a
330:]
328:2
326:)
324:2
320:4
225:)
221:(
95:)
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