Ampelosaurus - Knowledge (XXG)

585:. The first discoveries of dinosaur bones at Campagne-sur-Aude date back to the beginning of the twentieth century, but they remained isolated and were quickly forgotten. It was not until 1982 that dinosaurs localities of the Upper Aude Valley were rediscovered by local amateurs, Pierre Clottes and Christian Raynaud, following the accidental discovery of a fossil bone in Campagne-sur-Aude by a hunter a year earlier. Clottes and Raynaud mainly discovered caudal vertebrae and limb bones during simple surface collecting carried out at several sites around the villages of Campagne-sur-Aude and 5174: 5185: 5192: 6586: 1153: 144: 1168: 7318: 906: 8553: 8547: 6591: 515: 1073: 977: 123: 6048: 8542: 2061: 6040: 8536: 7310: 5180: 6060: 793: 6054: 7326: 2352:

island during the Campanian-Maastrichtian times. In this island a shift in the dinosaur fauna known as the Maastrichtian Dinosaur Turnover is observed in which a late Campanian-early Maastrichtian pre-turnover dinosaur fauna was replaced by an early-late Maastrichtian post-turnover assemblage. Concerning the titanosaurs the pre-turnover assemblage included small-sized species such as

8725: 862: 880:. In 2023 Vila and colleagues increase this number to 1400 dinosaur bones known at Bellevue, the majority belonging to titanosaurs. An abundant amount of well-preserved elements have been uncovered at Bellevue. In the original description, only a tooth and some vertebrae were examined. In 2005, a complete description was made by Le Loeuff of all known material, allowing 8713: 652:. In 2001 was found a relatively complete skeleton of a young adult about 10 m long, nicknamed "Eva" after the name of Eva Morvan the student who discovered the first elements. Several excavation campaigns were necessary (until 2006) to extract this skeleton. This specimen, which as yet to be described, includes an almost complete disarticulated 693:

European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists, Bernat Vila and colleagues presented preliminary results of a comprehensive study of the abundant titanosaur remains from Bellevue which confirms the presence at this locality of a new titanosaur species whose description is in progress. This study will also lead to an emended diagnosis of

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and are compressed on the sides. The neural spines of the caudal vertebrae are very narrow and very tall and point toward the rear. The middle caudal vertebrae are more compressed on the sides that the others. Also, the centrum of middle caudal vertebrae is longer proportionally. Two sacral vertebrae

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department). However this has never been confirmed by a publication. Previously, Le Loeuff had recognized the presence of two different titanosaurs in the Grès de Labarre formation (Ariège) based on two different types of caudal centra and two very different tibiae. But he then considered that, given

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was considered the only titanosaur present at Bellevue. Observed differences in long bones proportions have been interpreted as examples of individual variations. However, in 2012, a morphometric study of titanosaur femurs from France and Spain suggested the presence of three morphotypes at Bellevue,

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has teeth that are roughly cylindrical in the top with thin expansions at the bottom. They are 21 millimetres (0.83 in) high and about 6 millimetres (0.24 in) wide. Those expansions give its teeth a slight constriction between the root and the crown. The teeth are also quite different from

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Titanosaurians were a flourishing group of sauropod dinosaurs during Cretaceous times. Fossils of titanosaurians have been found on all continents and their remains are abundant in a number of Late Cretaceous sites. Titanosaurian sauropods were among the most common dinosaurs in the ibero-Armorican

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Three different types of osteoderms have been recovered at Bellevue. Two with large spines have been uncovered. At the base of each spine, which is about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) tall, are two large foramina. The internal faces are all concavo-convex and have a ridge opposite the spine. In side

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Barroso-Barcenilla, F.; Cambra-Moo, O.; Escaso, F.; Ortega, F.; Pascual, A.; Pérez-García, A.; Rodríguez-Lázaro, J.; Sanz, J.L.; Segura, M.; Torices, A. (2009). "New and exceptional discovery in the upper Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula: the palaeontological site of "Lo Hueco", Cuenca, Spain".

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and is dominated by slow bone building instead of fast growth. Growth marks are generally rare in sauropods or appearing only late in ontogeny, if at all. The lack of growth marks is suggestive of fast and continuous growth in sauropods, which supports the hypothesis that they achieved large body

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and additional material has been found since, including a partially articulated skeleton with skull, which makes it one of the best known dinosaurs in France. However, recent studies suggest that the type locality is not a monospecific titanosaur bone bed and that part of the bones attributed to

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is thought to have measured 15–16 m (49–52 ft) in length and about 8 metric tons (8.8 short tons) in body mass. In 2022, Vila and colleagues assign a size of 13.9 m (46 ft) long and a weight of 9.98 metric tons (11.00 short tons) for the largest individual based on the femur

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creates a high level of uncertainty in the attribution to one or the other of these species of isolated remains found at this site. Díez Díaz et al. thus underline the need to revise all the titanosaur bones found at Bellevue to clarify their taxonomy. In 2023, at the Annual Conference of the

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About 27 femora are known from Bellevue, making them the most common bone, most of them more-or-less complete. They are very flat craniocaudally but otherwise, lack any unusual features. In a study of its bone physiology, it was found that the maximum known femur length was 1,100 millimetres

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Fondevilla, V.; Dinarès-Turell, J.; Vila, B.; Le Loeuff, J.; Estrada, R.; Oms, O.; Galobart, A. (2016). "Magnetostratigraphy of the Maastrichtian continental record in the Upper Aude Valley (northern Pyrenees, France): Placing age constraints on the succession of dinosaur-bearing sites".

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has also been reported in other parts of southern France, as well as in Spain, but their identification has so far been shown to be erroneous (or has not been demonstrated in the case of the Labarre sandstone formation). In a short note published in 1998, Jean Le Loeuff stated that

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Vila, B.; Galobart, À.; Canudo, J.I.; Le Loeuff, J.; Dinarès-Turell, J.; Riera, V.; Oms, O.; Tortosa, T.; Gaete, R. (2012). "The diversity of sauropod dinosaurs and their first taxonomic succession from the latest Cretaceous of southwestern Europe: Clues to demise and extinction".

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is also known. It lacks the proximal and distal ends, and possesses a very prominent ridge along it. The largest and best-preserved specimens are both ulnas. The right ulna has a total length of 395 millimetres (15.6 in). The right ulna is small and slender, is missing an

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was also reported in other localities in France and Spain (notably Massecaps and Lo Hueco) but these specimens were found to belong to different titanosaurs. The age of the Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation, which is divided in four members, extends from the late

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Le Loeuff, J. (1998). "Les dinosaures du Crétacé supérieur de l'Île Ibéro-Armoricaine" [The dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous of the Ibero-Armorican Island]. In de Carvalho, A.M.G.; Andrade, A.M.; dos Santos, V.F.; Cascalho, J.; Taborda, R. (eds.).

589:. In 1989, the first systematic excavations carried out by professional paleontologists began on the main site, located at the Bellevue farm. Several excavation campaigns brought to light numerous bones of an unknown sauropod. This new dinosaur was named 2864:

Buffetaut, E.; Le Loeuff, J.; Duffaut, S.; Cavin, L.; Garcia, G.; Tong, H.; Ward, D.; Association Culturelle, Archéologique et Paléontologique de Cruzy (1999). "Un nouveau gisement de vertébrés du Crétacé supérieur à Cruzy (Hérault, Sud de la France)".

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studies indicate an age of 71.5 million years (top of chron C32n.1n) for the localities of the basal part of the Marnes de la Maurine Member (including the Bellevue locality), which corresponds to the early Maastrichtian. At that time Europe was an

889:, the observed differences in the proportions of limb bones being at the time interpreted by Le Loeuff as related to individual variation. In 2023 however, examination of the material by Vila et al. revealed that many of the bones assigned to 2101:

has been shown to have had EFS, so it was likely just titanosaurians that did not have them. The outer edge of the bones, were EFS would have been found, was well-preserved, and still lacked any fossilized proof of them being present for

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Díez Díaz, V.; Garcia, G.; Pereda Suberbiola, X.; Jentgen-Ceschino, B.; Stein, K.; Godefroit, P.; Valentin, X. (2021). "A new titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Velaux-La Bastide Neuve (southern France)".

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are referred respectively to nodosaurids and dromaeosaurids. A few invertebrate and plant remains are also known. The macroflora, notably found at Bellevue, is represented by leaves of palm trees and cycads, as well as fragments of

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does not show growth marks on any bone sample. This is unusual to be found with the apparently reduced growth rate and high level of bone growth seen in it, as those features are often associated with the occurrence of growth marks.

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of large titanosaurs that reached the Ibero–Armorican island during the early Maastrichtian, being a member of the post-turnover titanosaurian assemblage of this island. This dispersal event from the southern landmasses, probably

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Fondevilla, V.; Riera, V.; Vila, B.; Sellés, A.G.; Dinarès-Turell, J.; Vicens, E.; Gaete, R.; Oms, O.; Galobart, À. (2019). "Chronostratigraphic synthesis of the latest Cretaceous dinosaur turnover in south-western Europe".

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widening distal extremity of neural spines on the dorsal vertebrae; neural arch of the dorsal vertebrae inclining strongly towards the rear; the lack of a distal expansion on the scapular blade; the presence of a light,

1059:, a neural spine with a characteristic shape: it is very widened distally and narrows downwards. The vertebrae also have an internal structure that is spongy, with very large cells. The caudal vertebrae are all strongly 950:

and a braincase from Dongargaon. Another skull was described from southern France, but showed some differences, meaning there could have been at least two different titanosaurians in France during the Late Cretaceous.

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was found attached to a coracoid. In the longer direction, the bone is 72 centimetres (28 in) long. The blade of the scapula, contrary to titanosaurs, is triangular, larger closer to the base. The blade narrows

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belong to a distinct titanosaur making it uncertain the assignment of isolated bones to either of these two species. This study will lead to the erection of a new titanosaur species and to emended the diagnosis of

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to be much better understood. In 2001 a partially articulated skeleton was found, including a disarticulated skull. This specimen, nicknamed "Eva", has not yet been described. All the material has been assigned to

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Dhiman, H.; Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Goswami, A. (2019). "Parataxonomic and palaeobiogeographic significance of dinosaur eggshells fragments from the Upper Cretaceous strata of the Cauvery Basin, South India".

477:. Histological studies show characteristics related to an island environment such as a slowed growth rate. However, with a size of about 14 m (46 ft) in length for the largest known individual, 3115:

Díez Díaz, V.; Mocho, P.; Páramo, A.; Escaso, F.; Marcos-Fernández, F.; Sanz, J.L.; Ortega, F. (2016). "A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain)".

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Vila, B.; Sellés, A.G.; Beetschen, J.-C. (2017). "The controversial Les Labadous eggshells: A new and peculiar dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) ootype from the Upper Cretaceous of Europe".

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crest on top of the scapula; the presence of plate, bulb, and spine shaped osteoderms; and, in 2005, Le Loeuff added that the constriction of the neural spine on the dorsal and

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titanosaurs and does not show reduced growth rate or reduced body size, two common traits found in pre-turnover titanosaurs assemblages. It belongs to a distinct immigrant

973:, the scapula does not have the dorsal crest at the base of the scapular blade. The shape of the coracoid is quadrangular, and the coracoid has a thickened cranial margin. 2068:

EFS, a system found on the surface of bones, is thought to show a growth plateau which indicates that maximum body size and skeletal maturity is reached in an individual.

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Fernández, M.S.; Khosla, A. (2015). "Parataxonomic review of the Upper Cretaceous dinosaur eggshells belonging to the oofamily Megaloolithidae from India and Argentina".

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Book of Abstracts of the 20th Annual Conference of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists, 26th June – 1st July 2023. Palaeovertebrata, Special Volume

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Book of Abstracts of the 20th Annual Conference of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists, 26th June – 1st July 2023. Palaeovertebrata, Special Volume

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Fossil femur (MDE-C3-87) belonging to an individual whose size and weight are estimated at around 6.70 m long and 3.5 tons (Vila et al. 2022 Supplementary Information)

762:. However, the detailed description of the titanosaur teeth from Lo Hueco refuted this interpretation. In 2013, Fabien Knoll and colleagues tentatively attributed to 3680:"Island life in the Cretaceous-faunal composition, biostratigraphy, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago" 872:

is one of the most completely known titanosaurian sauropods from Europe. Since 1989, over 500 bones discovered at the Upper Cretaceous Bellevue locality of southern

640:), and the neural spine of another dorsal vertebra were illustrated, whereas the material known at that time also included other dorsal and caudal vertebrae, ribs, 780:, and because none of the very abundant titanosaur postcranial remains of Lo Hueco (represented by more than twenty partially articulated skeletons) belong to 751:, and belong to a new taxon whose description is in progress. In 2009, Fernando Barroso-Barcenilla and colleagues reported in the Spanish site of Lo Hueco, in 8755: 2114:

specimens have been found with secondary osteons placed densely in the inner regions of bones, and lightly in outer regions. The osteon orientation found in

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in several features. In 2021, Díez Díaz and colleagues also agree on the existence at this site of a second titanosaur but find it more similar to the genus

660:. In 2007, the remains of a larger specimen were discovered, including a sternal plate, a scapula, a 1.20 m femur, a pubis, a caudal vertebra and a chevron. 3877:

Tong, H.; Tortosa, T.; Buffetaut, E.; Dutour, Y.; Turini, E.; Claude, J. (2022). "A compsemydid turtle from the Upper Cretaceous of Var, southern France".

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Salgado, L.; Coria, R.A. (2005). "Sauropods of Patagonia: systematic update and notes on global sauropod evolution". In Carpenter, K.; Tidwell, V. (eds.).

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is known from a few, well-preserved teeth and some cranial material, a tooth of which was described in its original description. The teeth differentiate

644:, limb bones, shoulder and pelvis bones, from several individuals. Four osteoderms discovered at Bellevue and described in 1994 were also attributed to 4276: 8657: 1020:

were slightly smaller than itself. 18 humeri are also known, but none of them approach the size of the largest femur. The humeri do not have a free

772:, which was described in 2016 from a postcranial skeleton. Two types of titanosaur braincase are present in Lo Hueco. This attribution to the genus 3564:

Díez Díaz, V.; Garcia, G.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X.; Jentgen-Ceschino, B.; Stein, K.; Godefroit, P.; Valentin, X. (2018). "The titanosaurian dinosaur

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Cavin, L.; Buffetaut, E.; Dutour, Y.; Garcia, G.; Le Loeuff, J.; Méchin, A.; Méchin, P.; Tong, H.; Tortosa, T.; Turini, E.; Valentin, X. (2020).

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Díez Díaz, V.; Tortosa, T.; Le Loeuff, J. (2013). "Sauropod diversity in the Late Cretaceous of southwestern Europe: The lessons of odontology".

8770: 2142: 555: 2419:, took place probably during the called KMa2 regressive event (which occurred about 70.6 million years ago during the Lower Maastrichtian), a 2034:

also show an increase in bone growth and a decrease in growth rate around the presumed onset of sexual maturity, it is much more gradual than

3475: 3339: 3243: 3152:"A New Titanosaurian Braincase from the Cretaceous "Lo Hueco" Locality in Spain Sheds Light on Neuroanatomical Evolution within Titanosauria" 2554: 2396:(early Maastrichtian 71.5 Ma) from southwestern France (Aude department). The post-turnover assemblage is dominated by larger forms such as 1055:

have been preserved on the vertebrae, and they face toward the rear. Two dorsal vertebrae were preserved with a complete, but very crushed

1012:, and has a well-marked ridge. The left ulna is larger, with a length of 725 millimetres (28.5 in). The ulna has a deep radial fossa. 3568:(Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France: New material, phylogenetic affinities, and palaeobiogeographical implications". 1064:

were known from Bellevue. They are poorly preserved, and are thought to belong to a juvenile. A complete sacrum was also found in 2002.

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in 1995. In 2005, Le Loeuff published a more complete description of the bones discovered since 1989 including a braincase and a right

8785: 8775: 2572:"An armoured titanosaurid sauropod from the late Cretaceous of southern France and the occurrence of osteoderms in the Titanosauridae" 2110:

might have had EFS. This is characteristic of titanosaurs, as diplodocoids and basal macronarians seem to have EFS. A majority of all

2471:(nov. gen., nov. sp.), un nouveau Titanosauridae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) du Crétacé supérieur de la Haute Vallée de l'Aude (France)" 544: 400: 5184: 5173: 685: 5191: 3963:"The last known freshwater coelacanths: New Late Cretaceous mawsoniids remains (Osteichthyes: Actinistia) from Southern France" 2963:

Díez Díaz, V.; Ortega, F.; Sanz, J.L. (2014). "Titanosaurian teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of " Lo Hueco " (Cuenca, Spain)".

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the fragmentary nature of the material, the specimens should be considered indeterminate titanosaurs. In the same way, in 1999

3370:"Modified Laminar Bone in Ampelosaurus atacis and Other Titanosaurs (Sauropoda): Implications for Life History and Physiology" 6585: 776:

is based on the fact that the other braincase morphotype was found to be associated with a titanosaur skeleton distinct from

2282:). Dinosaurs eggshells and nests are also present in the Marnes de la Maurine Member. They are represented by the oospecies 1179:

has been put in a clade with other French and Spanish titanosaurs from the late Campanian to Maastrichtian, which was named

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25 to 28 cm long. The four osteoderms found have three different morphologies, they are plate, bulb, and spine-shaped.

8750: 4269: 2571: 1016:(43 in), which is much larger than previously known (802 millimetres (31.6 in)). That means, that the ancestors 439:, named by Le Loeuff in 1995. Its remains were found in a level dating from 71.5 million years ago representing the early 8703: 620:

means "vineyard lizard" after the Blanquette de Limoux vineyard. The vineyard is located on the south side of the region

8780: 3431: 3922:"Review of the Late Cretaceous-early Paleogene crocodylomorphs of Europe: Extinction patterns across the K-PG boundary" 143: 7317: 2265: 3368:

Klein, N.; Sander, P. M.; Stein, K.; Le Loeuff, J.; Carballido, J. L.; Buffetaut, E. (2012). Farke, Andrew A (ed.).

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Third European Workshop on Vertebrate Palaeontology, Maastricht, 6–9 May 1998, Programme and Abstracts Field Guide

837:(2005) because it has a smaller size in comparison with its ancestors. However, according to Klein et al. (2012), 991:, about 75 centimetres (30 in) long. It has a strong distal expansion, that is similar to a titanosaur from 8589: 6590: 4364: 4262: 3493:"Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 5" 1149:

may have an uncertain classification, but it is clearly a titanosaur, with many features found in titanosaurs.

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roamed the vast plains of the Ibero-Armorican Island, an emergent landmass made up of much of the present day

1024:. The humeri are robust, about 63 centimetres (25 in) long, with very expanded distal and proximal ends. 766:

sp. a braincase also from the Lo Hueco site. In 2019, Knoll and colleagues finally referred this braincase to

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Buffetaut, E.; Le Loeuff, J. (1998). "A new giant ground bird from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France".

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Vila, B.; Sellés, A.; Moreno-Azanza, M.; Razzolini, N.L.; Gil-Delgado, A; Canudo, J.I.; Galobart, À. (2022).

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The ornithopod dinosaur Rhabdodon from the Late Cretaceous of France: anatomy, systematics and paleobiology

8610: 6059: 6039: 3211:"Exploring the presence of new titanosaurian taxa in the Campanian-Maastrichtian of the Iberian Peninsula" 2192: 2038:. The process of growing, which in other sauropods started around sexual maturity, was clearly delayed in 1003:, known from a shaft, is unexpanded distally and very well developed. It is also very flat. An incomplete 719: 2824:"Les vertébrés maastrichtiens du Mas d'Azil (Ariège, France): étude préliminaire de la collection Pouech" 1047:. Cervical vertebrae are uncommon from Bellevue and most of them are poorly preserved. The vertebrae are 8683: 8579: 8541: 8270: 4552: 1342: 540: 8535: 7309: 6053: 7325: 5179: 3061:

Knoll, F.; Lautenschlager, S.; Valentin, X.; Díez Díaz, V.; Pereda Suberbiola, X.; Garcia, G. (2019).

2106:. However, in the PLoS ONE study that found the lack of EFS, the larger specimens were not tested, so 960: 8745: 4224: 4165: 4122: 4029: 3974: 3933: 3886: 3832:"Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae" 3805: 3751: 3652: 3577: 3381: 3285: 3163: 3124: 3063:"First palaeoneurological study of a sauropod dinosaur from France and its phylogenetic significance" 3015: 2972: 2937: 2901: 2737: 2661: 1188: 315: 3612: 944:

the peg-like teeth of titanosaurids. The teeth, have a general morphology similar to titanosaurians

594: 338: 5255: 4109:

Sellés, A.G.; Galobart, A. (2016). "Reassessing the endemic European Upper Cretaceous dinosaur egg

2365: 2163: 1157: 910: 657: 562: 519: 2782:"On the taxonomy and diversity of the Upper Cretaceous titanosaurian bonebed of Bellevue (France)" 473:

lived on what was the Ibero-Armorican Island, a landmass including much of present-day France and

8310: 5382: 4240: 4138: 4091: 4055: 3902: 3859: 3767: 3593: 3309: 3000:"Neurocranial osteology and neuroanatomy of a Late Cretaceous titanosaurian sauropod from Spain ( 2753: 2420: 2403: 2379: 1373: 1094: 755: 752: 633: 138: 2383: 8688: 8648: 1152: 688:. The recognition of the presence of a second species of titanosaur at Bellevue in addition to 8670: 8446: 7987: 6734: 6375: 6104: 5292: 4002: 3707: 3471: 3409: 3335: 3301: 3249: 3239: 3191: 3094: 3043: 2550: 2259: 2215: 2180: 1167: 1085: 547: 533: 474: 8675: 1201:

also from France, and the entire clade was placed in between the taxa commonly classified as

8717: 8317: 8162: 8102: 7744: 7636: 7542: 7433: 7235: 7215: 7154: 6273: 6126: 5973: 5690: 5644: 5624: 5568: 4871: 4648: 4628: 4232: 4173: 4130: 4083: 4045: 4037: 3992: 3982: 3941: 3894: 3851: 3843: 3759: 3697: 3687: 3660: 3585: 3507: 3446: 3399: 3389: 3293: 3181: 3171: 3132: 3084: 3074: 3033: 3023: 2980: 2945: 2909: 2874: 2745: 2704: 2669: 2251: 1869: 1060: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1021: 805: 447: 426: 356: 3210: 2781: 2466: 2014:

seems to have grown in a way similar to more basal sauropods. After a certain point in its

939:, both of which are also from Europe. The teeth are different from the two later genera as 905: 747:

department. A later study showed that Cruzy's titanosaur teeth are different from those of

8584: 8454: 8187: 8080: 7776: 7756: 7737: 7695: 7622: 7608: 7491: 7242: 7162: 6809: 6345: 6336: 6197: 6189: 6116: 5876: 5754: 5575: 5431: 5262: 4991: 4984: 4976: 4963: 4880: 4426: 4413: 4376: 4349: 4324: 4285: 2354: 2340: 2227: 2088: 1565: 1527: 1197: 1180: 489: 423: 294: 217: 30: 3679: 4228: 4169: 4126: 4033: 3978: 3937: 3890: 3755: 3656: 3581: 3385: 3289: 3167: 3128: 3019: 2976: 2941: 2905: 2805:"New data on the Late Cretaceous titanosaurid diversity in the Western European islands" 2741: 2665: 902:

below is provisional since some specimens referred to it may belong to another species.

514: 8461: 8376: 8258: 8203: 8153: 7965: 7958: 7904: 7876: 7831: 7804: 7679: 7644: 7586: 7513: 7426: 7190: 7069: 7041: 7020: 7005: 6927: 6900: 6718: 6702: 6668: 6511: 6310: 6182: 6008: 5747: 5726: 5675: 5667: 5519: 5512: 5419: 5318: 5306: 5114: 5086: 4923: 4894: 4887: 4833: 4747: 4733: 4717: 4692: 4522: 3997: 3962: 3702: 3404: 3369: 3274:"A titanosaurian sauropod with Gondwanan affinities in the latest Cretaceous of Europe" 3209:

Mocho, P.; Escaso, F.; Marcos-Fernández, F.; Páramo, A.; Vidal, D.; Ortega, F. (2023).

3186: 3151: 3089: 3062: 3038: 2999: 2304: 2284: 2278: 1315: 1142: 1072: 946: 728: 3678:

Csiki-Sava, Z.; Buffetaut, E.; Ősi, A.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X.; Brusatte, S.L. (2015).

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grew more slowly once the bone microstructure became unique among sauropods. Although

577:

channels. Historically, the dinosaurs of the Upper Aude Valley were first reported by

8739: 8729: 8504: 8489: 8468: 8384: 8344: 8332: 8302: 8251: 8223: 8196: 8117: 8094: 8042: 7973: 7897: 7863: 7852: 7790: 7709: 7672: 7651: 7601: 7579: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7498: 7463: 7440: 7382: 7249: 7228: 7096: 7087: 7076: 7055: 7034: 7012: 6955: 6832: 6769: 6653: 6476: 6452: 6418: 6389: 6382: 6361: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6247: 6238: 6175: 6167: 6160: 6090: 6077: 5994: 5918: 5861: 5840: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5718: 5697: 5616: 5593: 5440: 5397: 5299: 5276: 5248: 5079: 5072: 5020: 4916: 4853: 4844: 4726: 4600: 4568: 4536: 4497: 4479: 4458: 4244: 4192: 3906: 3771: 3597: 3492: 3470:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 259–322, 588–593. 3451: 3313: 2846: 2823: 2757: 2370: 2294: 2247: 2159: 2027: 1852: 1801: 1724: 1710: 1681: 1541: 1432: 1418: 1202: 1138: 1004: 935: 929: 849: 740: 670: 602: 559: 495: 483: 440: 73: 34: 4236: 4142: 4095: 4059: 3863: 976: 674:. In 2013 Veronica Díez Díaz et al., however, noted that these femora differed from 122: 8512: 8482: 8475: 8412: 8353: 8279: 8211: 8169: 8138: 8124: 8109: 8087: 8071: 8005: 7994: 7945: 7926: 7919: 7797: 7783: 7723: 7716: 7687: 7658: 7594: 7535: 7477: 7470: 7419: 7412: 7375: 7357: 7344: 7272: 7256: 7197: 7183: 7147: 7140: 7126: 7104: 6998: 6990: 6983: 6962: 6934: 6882: 6868: 6854: 6839: 6790: 6711: 6683: 6676: 6495: 6484: 6461: 6443: 6368: 6354: 6261: 6218: 6211: 6153: 6146: 5909: 5824: 5632: 5582: 5554: 5547: 5526: 5498: 5484: 5404: 5348: 5327: 5013: 4901: 4805: 4761: 4754: 4706: 4678: 4639: 4465: 3726: 3511: 2398: 2388: 2364:(latest-middle Campanian to early-late Campanian in age) from southeastern France ( 2360: 2318: 2257:(represented by many elements including a complete skull showing similarities with 2232: 2223: 2220: 2207: 2141:

is only known with certainty at the base of the Marnes de la Maurine Member of the

2130:

seems to have had many ontogenetic stages in its life based on its bone histology.

2119: 2097: 1838: 1777: 1763: 1664: 1282: 1234: 1220: 1210: 1206: 1118: 1114: 1109:

Characteristics of the tail vertebrae and the presence of osteoderms indicate that

1052: 1028:

view, they have two sections, a low half that progressively thickens, and a spine.

996: 988: 843: 768: 680: 629: 578: 413: 323: 281: 265: 4177: 4087: 3946: 3921: 3664: 3589: 3136: 2984: 2949: 2749: 2570:

Le Loeuff, J.; Buffetaut, E.; Cavin, L.; Martin, M.; Martin, V.; Tong, H. (1994).

2092:, a very basal titanosaur, were also found to have lacked EFS. However, the basal 2060: 4134: 4041: 3987: 3898: 3394: 3176: 3028: 2913: 2673: 8642: 8497: 8405: 8391: 8287: 8176: 8131: 8028: 8021: 8014: 7980: 7912: 7890: 7811: 7702: 7397: 7204: 7169: 7062: 7027: 6969: 6948: 6941: 6913: 6846: 6818: 6783: 6776: 6762: 6661: 6646: 6547: 6469: 6432: 6303: 6254: 6015: 5891: 5854: 5847: 5816: 5800: 5740: 5704: 5682: 5602: 5561: 5505: 5477: 5463: 5411: 5364: 5284: 5269: 5241: 5107: 5065: 5051: 5031: 5005: 4951: 4944: 4860: 4826: 4812: 4655: 4593: 4529: 4506: 4472: 4444: 2211: 2168: 2082: 1825: 1741: 1473: 1356: 1265: 1129: 1123: 1056: 969: 914: 792: 641: 586: 446:

Like most sauropods, it would have had a long neck and tail but it also carried

48: 3785:

Buffetaut, E. (1998). "Ptérosaures et oiseaux du Crétacé supérieur de l'Aude".

3297: 8398: 8325: 8294: 8056: 7883: 7730: 7665: 7629: 7615: 7550: 7521: 7484: 7447: 7390: 6976: 6920: 6875: 6825: 6797: 6755: 6691: 6639: 6621: 6608: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6504: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6317: 6229: 6204: 5934: 5884: 5868: 5832: 5733: 5609: 5533: 5447: 5390: 5341: 5093: 4909: 4798: 4662: 4621: 4586: 4315: 2392:(late Campanian-early Maastrichtian) from central Spain (Cuenca province) and 2274: 2155: 2093: 2031: 1456: 809: 744: 723: 718:

was known not only from the upper Aude Valley, but also the Petites Pyrénées (

570: 566: 451: 249: 201: 93: 58: 8633: 3763: 3692: 3253: 2018:, the microscopic material of the bone became very different from more basal 8361: 8243: 8049: 7528: 7506: 7455: 7176: 7133: 7119: 6861: 6554: 6540: 6425: 6139: 5987: 5980: 5711: 5660: 5223: 5210: 5125: 5100: 5058: 4937: 4777: 4544: 4486: 2545:(Titanosauria) from Southern France". In Tidwell, V.; Carpenter, K. (eds.). 2237: 2196: 2188: 2151: 2019: 1633: 1009: 861: 481:

was not an insular dwarf unlike some other Ibero-Armorican titanosaurs like

233: 155: 98: 42: 4006: 3711: 3413: 3305: 3195: 3098: 3047: 2689:"Appendicular skeleton and dermal armour of the Late Cretaceous titanosaur 2072:

has not been known to have EFS, found on most non-titanosaurian sauropods.

735:

teeth and postcranial bones discovered in the Grès à Reptiles formation at

2154:, 75 million years ago (for the Marnes Rouges de Campagne Member dated by 909:

Some of the skull bones of the specimen nicknamed "Eva" on display at the

841:

is not an insular dwarf since its adult size is much greater than that of

8627: 8369: 8035: 7845: 7048: 6889: 6748: 6001: 5491: 5334: 5044: 4819: 4791: 4699: 4614: 4607: 4514: 4451: 4333: 4309: 2407: 2254: 2184: 2015: 1080:

This set of characters was identified by Le Loeuff in his description of

649: 582: 419: 416: 188: 175: 88: 83: 68: 63: 53: 3273: 2246:(known by an incomplete skull and shell elements) and a new yet unnamed 1084:

to distinguish it from all other genera: teeth that weakly spatulate; a

758:, the discovery of spatulate teeth with the same morphology as those of 532:

is known by abundant remains from the Bellevue site near the village of

8662: 7405: 5809: 5653: 5540: 4998: 4050: 3150:

Knoll, F.; Witmer, L.M.; Ridgely, R.C.; Ortega, F.; Sanz, J.L. (2015).

3079: 2998:

Knoll, F.; Ridgely, R.C.; Ortega, F.; Sanz, J.L.; Witmer, L.M. (2013).

2242: 1090: 1000: 995:, and a large foramen. Contrary to the South American titanosaurs, the 955: 551: 502:

Several specimens found elsewhere in France and Spain were referred to

103: 78: 3920:

Puértolas-Pascual, E.; Blanco, A.; Brochu, C.A.; Canudo, J.I. (2016).

2219:(represented by teeth, jaws, and postcranial bones), an indeterminate 2183:. The sediments of the Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation consist of 2171:

made up of islands of varying sizes and changing geography over time.

2042:. The period of growth after sexual maturity seems to be shortened in 7934: 7112: 4930: 4303: 3855: 3233: 2416: 2176: 1161: 992: 873: 830: 569:

Period, ~ 70 million years ago. These sediments represent an ancient

523: 430: 165: 8604: 2145:

in the Upper Aude Valley in southwestern France (Aude department).

4254: 3831: 2804: 2411: 2059: 1166: 1151: 1071: 975: 904: 826: 791: 736: 653: 609: 574: 513: 464: 2709: 2688: 8236: 4740: 2375: 537: 8608: 8568: 7342: 6606: 6075: 5208: 4411: 4296: 4258: 5898: 3432:"Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" 2614:

Souillat, C. (2007). "Bilan de la campagne de fouilles 2007".

2423:

that affected the central Tethyan margin and northern Africa.

2270: 3530:. Lisboa: Museu Nacional de História Natural. pp. 49–64. 3528:

I Encontro Internacional sobre Paleobiologia dos Dinossáurios

2118:

of osteons not only facing across the bone is not typical of

656:

of which only a few elements are currently on display in the

506:

but were later identified as belonging to other titanosaurs.

4022:

Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology

2402:(mid-early Maastrichtian, 70.5 Ma) from northeastern Spain ( 386: 3334:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 430–453. 2780:

Vila, B.; Díez Díaz, V.; Sellés, A.; Le Loeuff, J. (2023).

2596:

Souillat, C.; Le Loeuff, J. (2002). "Numéro Spécial 2002".

2591: 2589: 2549:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 115–137. 389: 377: 2162:, 70 million years ago (for the Poudingue Fleuri Member). 2687:

Díez Díaz, V.; Pereda Suberbiola, X.; Sanz, J.L. (2013).

2250:(one skull and an isolated costal plate), an undescribed 804:

would have had a long neck and tail, but it also carried

371: 362: 3848:

10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:EOTSTT]2.0.CO;2

3637: 3635: 3633: 3613:"Le Crétacé supérieur des plates-formes est-pyrénéennes" 581:

in 1877 from two vertebrae discovered in the commune of

3787:

Bulletin de la Société d'Études Scientifiques de l'Aude

3110: 3108: 2722: 2720: 865:

Life restoration, with hypothetical osteoderm covering

624:

was found in. The specific name is based on the Latin

8701: 2122:. Also, there is no medullary cavity in any bones of 401: 392: 383: 359: 2475:

Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA

374: 368: 8617: 8438: 8343: 8269: 8222: 8186: 8152: 8070: 8004: 7944: 7862: 7829: 7755: 7355: 7271: 7214: 7086: 6899: 6808: 6732: 6701: 6619: 6494: 6451: 6442: 6344: 6335: 6272: 6237: 6228: 6125: 6114: 6088: 5965: 5933: 5917: 5908: 5799: 5643: 5592: 5461: 5430: 5362: 5317: 5221: 5124: 5030: 4962: 4870: 4843: 4775: 4716: 4676: 4638: 4566: 4496: 4424: 4375: 4348: 3466:Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmolska, H. (2004). 833:. It is considered to be a dwarf sauropod by Coria 668:one of which was tentatively assigned to the genus 380: 365: 3836:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3806:"Late Cretaceous pterosaurs from France: a review" 3267: 3265: 3263: 2867:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2658:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 3731:(Ph.D. thesis). Lyon: Université Claude Bernard. 2226:(known only by dermal scutes), an indeterminate 963:instead of showing an expansion. Differing from 597:in a preliminary description published in 1995. 454:. In 2005, over 500 bones have been assigned to 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2230:( represented by teeth), the giant ground bird 722:department), and the Chaînon de Saint-Chinian ( 3830:Gaffney, E.S.; Tong, H.; Meylan, P.A. (2006). 2636:Souillat, C. (2003). "Le vrai visage d'Eva ". 2631: 2629: 2609: 2607: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 4270: 3425: 3423: 3332:Thunder-Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 2547:Thunder-Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 1133:. Many other paleontologists have classified 1051:, with centra that lengthen toward the rear. 829:. It is one of the best-known dinosaurs from 8: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3325: 3323: 2406:province). The latter is closely related to 2322:is recorded in the Poudingue Fleuri Member. 999:does not have an expansion on the side. The 4193:"Les bois fossiles du gisement de Bellevue" 3238:. Princeton University Press. p. 234. 8605: 8565: 8435: 8228: 8183: 7950: 7868: 7837: 7761: 7367: 7363: 7352: 7339: 7220: 6905: 6740: 6631: 6627: 6616: 6603: 6448: 6341: 6234: 6131: 6122: 6096: 6085: 6072: 5962: 5914: 5469: 5374: 5370: 5233: 5229: 5218: 5205: 5036: 4968: 4783: 4713: 4684: 4578: 4574: 4436: 4432: 4421: 4408: 4354: 4345: 4293: 4277: 4263: 4255: 1156:Posterior cervical vertebra (MDE-C3-265), 463:probably belong to a second titanosaurian 121: 20: 4049: 3996: 3986: 3945: 3744:Journal of the Geological Society, London 3701: 3691: 3450: 3439:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3403: 3393: 3185: 3175: 3088: 3078: 3037: 3027: 2708: 821:(Vila et al. Supplementary Information). 2080:, a titanosaur related to saltasaurids, 860: 825:is known from many unattached bones and 8708: 2432: 739:(located in the area called Chaînon de 3541:Le Loeuff, J.; Buffetaut, E. (1996). " 3235:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 1097:was also probably a characteristic of 2374:(latest Campanian in age, 72 to 73.5 2047:size through because of fast growth. 632:". Only one tooth, three articulated 7: 2541:Le Loeuff, J. (2005). "Osteology of 2386:), and moderate-sized forms such as 8756:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe 3491:Wilson, J.A.; Sereno, P.C. (1998). 2693:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from Spain" 2143:Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation 1844: 1817: 1793: 1769: 1716: 1706: 1656: 1649: 1625: 1557: 1533: 1523: 1516: 1448: 1424: 1414: 1407: 1348: 1338: 1331: 1307: 1257: 1250: 1226: 1216: 1121:titanosaurians which also includes 556:Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation 3500:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2330:are titanosaur eggs. The oogenera 2199:, of fluvial and alluvial origin. 1068:Distinguishing anatomical features 14: 8570:Topics in sauropodomorph research 3547:The Dinosaur Society UK Quarterly 3545:, the dinosaur of the wineyard". 2343:wood from trees 10 to 15 m high. 8723: 8711: 8551: 8545: 8540: 8534: 7324: 7316: 7308: 6589: 6584: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6038: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5172: 3452:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x 2076:, a closely related titanosaur, 550:. It was recovered in the lower 355: 142: 4237:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.01.007 3725:Chanthasit, Phornphen (2010). 3512:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115 3278:Nature Ecology & Evolution 1171:Reconstructed forearm and hand 1137:as belonging to Titanosauria, 1040:is a group of three connected 412:; meaning "vine lizard") is a 1: 8771:Fossil taxa described in 1995 4178:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.12.010 4088:10.1080/08912963.2018.1450408 3947:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.08.002 3665:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.08.009 3590:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.015 3137:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.08.001 2985:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.07.003 2950:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.07.010 2879:10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80097-4 2750:10.1080/08912963.2020.1841184 2206:included another yet unnamed 731:and colleagues attributed to 705:remains from other localities 593:by the French paleontologist 536:in the Upper Aude Valley, in 4135:10.1080/08912963.2014.998666 4042:10.1080/08912963.2013.871718 3988:10.1371/journal.pone.0234183 3899:10.1016/j.annpal.2022.102536 3566:Atsinganosaurus velauciensis 3395:10.1371/journal.pone.0036907 3177:10.1371/journal.pone.0138233 3029:10.1371/journal.pone.0054991 2914:10.1016/j.annpal.2012.12.002 2674:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.008 2378:) from north-central Spain ( 2305:Montanoolithus labadousensis 1205:and taxa normally in either 684:from the Upper Campanian of 663:For more than twenty years, 558:, which belong to the early 2285:Cairanoolithus roussetensis 2266:Allodaposuchus subjuniperus 2158:), to the end of the early 658:Dinosaur Museum of Espéraza 8802: 3298:10.1038/s41559-021-01651-5 2697:Palaeontologia Electronica 1195:nested as sister taxon to 16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs 8786:Monotypic sauropod genera 8776:Late Cretaceous sauropods 8575: 8564: 8532: 8434: 8231: 7953: 7871: 7840: 7764: 7370: 7366: 7351: 7338: 7305: 7223: 6908: 6743: 6634: 6630: 6615: 6602: 6582: 6134: 6099: 6084: 6071: 6035: 5961: 5472: 5377: 5373: 5236: 5232: 5217: 5204: 5170: 5039: 4971: 4786: 4687: 4581: 4577: 4439: 4435: 4420: 4407: 4357: 4344: 4292: 3232:Paul, Gregory S. (2016). 2279:Axelrodichthys megadromos 1866: 1849: 1842: 1822: 1815: 1798: 1791: 1774: 1767: 1738: 1721: 1714: 1704: 1678: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1630: 1623: 1579: 1562: 1555: 1538: 1531: 1521: 1514: 1470: 1453: 1446: 1429: 1422: 1412: 1405: 1370: 1353: 1346: 1336: 1329: 1312: 1305: 1279: 1262: 1255: 1248: 1231: 1224: 1036:The holotype specimen of 769:Lohuecotitan pandafilandi 329: 322: 139:Scientific classification 137: 129: 120: 23: 8590:List of sauropod species 3879:Annales de Paléontologie 3764:10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0001 3693:10.3897/zookeys.469.8439 2894:Annales de Paléontologie 2847:"European titanosaurids" 796:Size compared to a human 616:, "reptile". Therefore, 130:Skeleton restoration of 4197:La Lettre de Dinosauria 2853:. Spécial (7): 105–117. 2638:La Lettre de Dinosauria 2616:La Lettre de Dinosauria 2598:La Lettre de Dinosauria 499:from the Hateg island. 3804:Buffetaut, E. (2008). 2851:Revue de Paléobiologie 2845:Le Loeuff, J. (1993). 2828:Revue de Paléobiologie 2822:Le Loeuff, J. (1991). 2803:Le Loeuff, J. (1998). 2691:Lirainosaurus astibiae 2319:Fusioolithus baghensis 2295:Megaloolithus siruguei 2233:Gargantuavis philoinos 2202:Fauna associated with 2065: 1172: 1164: 1077: 1076:Osteoderm (MDE-C3-192) 981: 917: 876:have been assigned to 866: 797: 526: 433:. Its type species is 8684:Paleobiology Database 8580:Sauropod neck posture 8271:Opisthocoelicaudiinae 4217:Earth-Science Reviews 4191:Philippe, M. (2003). 3430:Wilson, J.A. (2002). 2465:LeLoeuff, J. (1995). 2086:, a saltasaurid, and 2063: 1343:Opisthocoelicaudiinae 1170: 1155: 1075: 987:is also known from a 980:Mounted skeleton cast 979: 908: 898:. The description of 864: 800:Like most sauropods, 795: 608:, "the vine" and the 518:Assortment of bones, 517: 8751:Maastrichtian genera 3813:Zitteliana, Series B 3611:Bilotte, M. (1985). 2308:in the middle part, 2164:Magnetostratigraphic 1158:Musée des dinosaures 911:Musée des dinosaures 601:is derived from the 520:Musée des dinosaures 510:Discovery and naming 8781:Sauropods of Europe 8439:Dubious titanosaurs 5256:Chinshakiangosaurus 4229:2019ESRv..191..168F 4170:2017CrRes..72..117V 4158:Cretaceous Research 4127:2016HBio...28..583S 4034:2015HBio...27..158F 3979:2020PLoSO..1534183C 3938:2016CrRes..57..565P 3926:Cretaceous Research 3891:2022AnPal.10802536T 3756:1998JGSoc.155....1B 3657:2016CrRes..57..457F 3645:Cretaceous Research 3582:2018CrRes..91..429D 3570:Cretaceous Research 3543:Ampelosaurus atacis 3386:2012PLoSO...736907K 3290:2022NatEE...6..288V 3168:2015PLoSO..1038233K 3129:2016CrRes..68...49D 3117:Cretaceous Research 3020:2013PLoSO...854991K 2977:2014CrRes..51..285D 2965:Cretaceous Research 2942:2009CrRes..30.1268B 2930:Cretaceous Research 2906:2013AnPal..99..119D 2742:2021HBio...33.2998D 2666:2012PPP...350...19V 2543:Ampelosaurus atacis 2469:Ampelosaurus atacis 2316:in the upper part. 2298:in the lower part, 2204:Ampelosaurus atacis 2139:Ampelosaurus atacis 823:Ampelosaurus atacis 733:Ampelosaurus atacis 690:Ampelosaurus atacis 665:Ampelosaurus atacis 591:Ampelosaurus atacis 333:Ampelosaurus atacis 132:Ampelosaurus atacis 8311:Opisthocoelicaudia 5383:Archaeodontosaurus 4115:Historical Biology 4076:Historical Biology 3080:10.7717/peerj.7991 2730:Historical Biology 2660:. 350–352: 19–38. 2269:), and fisches (a 2243:Foxemys mechinorum 2236:, an undetermined 2066: 1374:Opisthocoelicaudia 1173: 1165: 1095:cervical vertebrae 1078: 982: 918: 867: 798: 527: 8766:Fossils of France 8761:Cretaceous France 8699: 8698: 8671:Open Tree of Life 8611:Taxon identifiers 8602: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8560: 8559: 8530: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8447:Bruhathkayosaurus 8430: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8148: 8147: 8066: 8065: 7988:Panamericansaurus 7825: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7334: 7333: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7267: 7266: 6735:Titanosauriformes 6728: 6727: 6598: 6597: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6376:Brachytrachelopan 6331: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6105:Haplocanthosaurus 6067: 6066: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6024: 5966:Dubious sauropods 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5457: 5456: 5358: 5357: 5293:Protognathosaurus 5200: 5199: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5143: 4771: 4770: 4672: 4671: 4562: 4561: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4394: 3477:978-0-520-24209-8 3341:978-0-253-34542-4 3245:978-1-78684-190-2 2556:978-0-253-34542-4 2260:Musturzabalsuchus 2216:Rhabdodon priscus 2181:Iberian Peninsula 1998: 1997: 1989: 1988: 1980: 1979: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1943: 1935: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1880: 1753: 1752: 1693: 1692: 1612: 1611: 1603: 1602: 1594: 1593: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1394: 1393: 1385: 1384: 1294: 1293: 534:Campagne-sur-Aude 475:Iberian Peninsula 346: 345: 318: 8793: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8707: 8692: 8691: 8679: 8678: 8666: 8665: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8606: 8566: 8555: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8436: 8318:Pellegrinisaurus 8229: 8184: 8163:Bustingorrytitan 8103:Futalognkosaurus 7951: 7869: 7838: 7762: 7745:Diamantinasauria 7637:Pellegrinisaurus 7543:Jiangshanosaurus 7434:Baotianmansaurus 7368: 7364: 7353: 7340: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7312: 7236:Diamantinasaurus 7221: 7216:Diamantinasauria 7155:Jiangshanosaurus 6906: 6741: 6632: 6628: 6617: 6604: 6593: 6588: 6449: 6342: 6274:Rebbachisaurinae 6235: 6132: 6127:Rebbachisauridae 6123: 6097: 6086: 6073: 6062: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6042: 5974:Bothriospondylus 5963: 5915: 5691:Eomamenchisaurus 5645:Mamenchisauridae 5625:Lapparentosaurus 5569:Spinophorosaurus 5470: 5375: 5371: 5234: 5230: 5219: 5206: 5195: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5037: 4969: 4872:Massospondylidae 4784: 4714: 4685: 4649:Jaklapallisaurus 4629:Thecodontosaurus 4579: 4575: 4437: 4433: 4422: 4409: 4355: 4346: 4339: 4338: 4294: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4256: 4249: 4248: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3990: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3810: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3705: 3695: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3639: 3628: 3627: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3497: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3397: 3365: 3346: 3345: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3269: 3258: 3257: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3179: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3082: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3041: 3031: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2936:(5): 1268–1278. 2924: 2918: 2917: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2777: 2762: 2761: 2724: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2538: 2483: 2482: 2462: 2368:department) and 2366:Bouches-du-Rhône 1870:Futalognkosaurus 1845: 1818: 1794: 1770: 1717: 1707: 1657: 1650: 1626: 1558: 1534: 1524: 1517: 1449: 1425: 1415: 1408: 1349: 1339: 1332: 1308: 1258: 1251: 1227: 1217: 1022:medullary cavity 709:The presence of 634:dorsal vertebrae 408: 404: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 313: 306: 293: 280: 264: 248: 232: 216: 147: 146: 125: 115: 45: 29:Temporal range: 21: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8724: 8722: 8712: 8710: 8702: 8700: 8695: 8687: 8682: 8674: 8669: 8661: 8656: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8613: 8603: 8594: 8585:Sauropod hiatus 8571: 8556: 8518: 8455:Campylodoniscus 8418: 8339: 8265: 8218: 8188:Nemegtosauridae 8182: 8144: 8081:Argentinosaurus 8062: 8000: 7940: 7858: 7834: 7817: 7777:Atsinganosaurus 7757:Lirainosaurinae 7751: 7738:Xianshanosaurus 7623:Normanniasaurus 7609:Narambuenatitan 7492:Dongyangosaurus 7360: 7347: 7330: 7323: 7315: 7307: 7287: 7263: 7243:Sarmientosaurus 7210: 7163:Phuwiangosaurus 7082: 6895: 6810:Brachiosauridae 6804: 6737: 6724: 6697: 6624: 6611: 6594: 6560: 6490: 6438: 6346:Dicraeosauridae 6337:Flagellicaudata 6323: 6268: 6224: 6198:Nopcsaspondylus 6190:Maraapunisaurus 6119: 6117:Diplodocimorpha 6110: 6093: 6080: 6063: 6045: 6037: 6021: 5945: 5929: 5904: 5877:Tehuelchesaurus 5795: 5755:Tienshanosaurus 5639: 5588: 5576:Tehuelchesaurus 5466: 5453: 5432:Vulcanodontidae 5426: 5367: 5354: 5313: 5263:Gongxianosaurus 5226: 5213: 5196: 5189: 5140: 5120: 5026: 4985:Jingshanosaurus 4977:Chuxiongosaurus 4964:Sauropodiformes 4958: 4881:Adeopapposaurus 4866: 4839: 4780: 4767: 4712: 4681: 4668: 4634: 4571: 4558: 4492: 4429: 4427:Sauropodomorpha 4416: 4414:Sauropodomorpha 4391: 4377:Sauropodomorpha 4371: 4365:Avemetatarsalia 4350:Avemetatarsalia 4340: 4325:Avemetatarsalia 4299: 4298: 4288: 4286:Sauropodomorpha 4283: 4253: 4252: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3973:(6): e0234183. 3960: 3959: 3955: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3641: 3640: 3631: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3367: 3366: 3349: 3342: 3329: 3328: 3321: 3271: 3270: 3261: 3246: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3162:(10): e138233. 3149: 3148: 3144: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3060: 3059: 3055: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2779: 2778: 2765: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2540: 2539: 2486: 2464: 2463: 2434: 2429: 2384:Treviño enclave 2355:Atsinganosaurus 2349: 2332:Cairanoolithus 2228:Dromaeosauridae 2136: 2089:Phuwiangosaurus 2058: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1754: 1694: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1566:Atsinganosaurus 1528:Lirainosaurinae 1504: 1495: 1486: 1395: 1386: 1295: 1198:Atsinganosaurus 1181:Lirainosaurinae 1175:More recently, 1107: 1070: 1034: 859: 808:in the form of 790: 707: 512: 493:, or the genus 490:Atsinganosaurus 450:in the form of 429:of what is now 424:Late Cretaceous 406: 402: 358: 354: 342: 336: 312: 304: 295:Lirainosaurinae 291: 278: 262: 246: 230: 218:Sauropodomorpha 214: 141: 116: 114: 113: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 40: 39: 38: 31:Late Cretaceous 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8799: 8797: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8720: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8680: 8667: 8654: 8639: 8623: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8509: 8501: 8494: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8462:Clasmodosaurus 8458: 8451: 8442: 8440: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8377:Maxakalisaurus 8373: 8366: 8358: 8349: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8329: 8322: 8314: 8307: 8299: 8291: 8284: 8275: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8259:Quaesitosaurus 8255: 8248: 8240: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8208: 8204:Quaesitosaurus 8200: 8192: 8190: 8181: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8158: 8156: 8154:Saltasauroidea 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8099: 8091: 8084: 8076: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8010: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7966:Maxakalisaurus 7962: 7959:Adamantisaurus 7954: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7931: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7905:Epachthosaurus 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7877:Antarctosaurus 7872: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7841: 7835: 7832:Eutitanosauria 7830: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7808: 7805:Mansourasaurus 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7684: 7680:Tastavinsaurus 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7645:Petrobrasaurus 7641: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7587:Malarguesaurus 7583: 7576: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7514:Epachthosaurus 7510: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7452: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7427:Austroposeidon 7423: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7394: 7387: 7379: 7371: 7361: 7356: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7191:Tangvayosaurus 7187: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7101: 7092: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7070:Tastavinsaurus 7066: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7042:Pukyongosaurus 7038: 7031: 7024: 7021:Liubangosaurus 7017: 7009: 7006:Liaoningotitan 7002: 6995: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6928:Astrophocaudia 6924: 6917: 6909: 6903: 6901:Somphospondyli 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6814: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6738: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6719:Lourinhasaurus 6715: 6707: 6705: 6703:Camarasauridae 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6688: 6680: 6673: 6669:Dashanpusaurus 6665: 6658: 6650: 6643: 6635: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6512:Dinheirosaurus 6508: 6500: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6466: 6457: 6455: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6350: 6348: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6311:Rebbachisaurus 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6241: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6183:Lavocatisaurus 6179: 6172: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6129: 6120: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6100: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6012: 6009:Qinlingosaurus 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5969: 5967: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942:(see below ↓ ) 5939: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5926:(see below ↓ ) 5923: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5821: 5813: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5748:Rhomaleopakhus 5744: 5737: 5730: 5727:Mamenchisaurus 5723: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5676:Chuanjiesaurus 5672: 5668:Cetiosauriscus 5664: 5657: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5621: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5520:Dashanpusaurus 5516: 5513:Cetiosauriscus 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5420:Zizhongosaurus 5416: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5321: 5319:Lessemsauridae 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5307:Tuebingosaurus 5303: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5115:Sefapanosaurus 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5087:Melanorosaurus 5083: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4924:Massospondylus 4920: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4895:Glacialisaurus 4891: 4888:Coloradisaurus 4884: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4834:Tuebingosaurus 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4748:Pachysauriscus 4744: 4737: 4734:Gresslyosaurus 4730: 4722: 4720: 4718:Plateosauridae 4711: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4693:Plateosauravus 4688: 4682: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4644: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4572: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4533: 4526: 4523:Chromogisaurus 4519: 4511: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4352: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4297: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4206: 4183: 4148: 4121:(5): 583–596. 4111:Cairanoolithus 4101: 4065: 4028:(2): 158–180. 4012: 3953: 3912: 3869: 3822: 3796: 3777: 3734: 3717: 3686:(469): 1–161. 3670: 3629: 3603: 3556: 3533: 3517: 3483: 3476: 3468:The Dinosauria 3458: 3445:(2): 217–276. 3419: 3347: 3340: 3319: 3284:(3): 288–296. 3259: 3244: 3224: 3201: 3142: 3104: 3053: 2990: 2955: 2919: 2900:(2): 119–129. 2884: 2873:(3): 203–208. 2856: 2837: 2814: 2795: 2763: 2716: 2679: 2647: 2625: 2603: 2585: 2562: 2555: 2484: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2421:eustatic event 2348: 2345: 2336:Montanoolithus 2252:allodaposuchid 2240:, the turtles 2135: 2132: 2057: 2054: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1413: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316:Epachthosaurus 1311: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1215: 1143:Titanosauridae 1106: 1105:Classification 1103: 1069: 1066: 1049:opisthocoelous 1033: 1030: 947:Antarctosaurus 858: 855: 789: 786: 729:Eric Buffetaut 706: 699: 636:(the holotype 595:Jean Le Loeuff 573:with numerous 511: 508: 344: 343: 337: 327: 326: 320: 319: 302: 298: 297: 289: 285: 284: 276: 269: 268: 260: 253: 252: 244: 237: 236: 228: 221: 220: 212: 205: 204: 199: 192: 191: 186: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 135: 134: 127: 126: 118: 117: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 46: 28: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8798: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8731: 8721: 8719: 8709: 8705: 8690: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8635: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8607: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8567: 8563: 8554: 8550: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8505:Mongolosaurus 8502: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8490:Macrurosaurus 8487: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8469:Hypselosaurus 8466: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8385:Neuquensaurus 8382: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8345:Saltasaurinae 8342: 8335: 8334: 8333:Zhuchengtitan 8330: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8303:Dreadnoughtus 8300: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8252:Qingxiusaurus 8249: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8224:Saltasauridae 8221: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8197:Nemegtosaurus 8194: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8118:Mendozasaurus 8115: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095:Dzharatitanis 8092: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8059: 8058: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8043:Gondwanatitan 8040: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7974:Muyelensaurus 7971: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7898:Chucarosaurus 7895: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7864:Colossosauria 7861: 7855: 7854: 7853:Menucocelsior 7850: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7828: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7791:Lirainosaurus 7788: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7710:Trigonosaurus 7707: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7673:Ruyangosaurus 7670: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7652:Pitekunsaurus 7649: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7602:Mnyamawamtuka 7599: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7580:Magyarosaurus 7577: 7574: 7573: 7572:Ligabuesaurus 7569: 7567: 7566: 7565:Laplatasaurus 7562: 7560: 7559: 7558:Karongasaurus 7555: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499:Dreadnoughtus 7496: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7464:Borealosaurus 7461: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7441:Barrosasaurus 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7383:Aegyptosaurus 7380: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7322: 7319: 7311: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7250:Savannasaurus 7247: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7229:Australotitan 7226: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7097:Australodocus 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7088:Euhelopodidae 7085: 7079: 7078: 7077:Triunfosaurus 7074: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7056:Sauroposeidon 7053: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7035:Padillasaurus 7032: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7013:Ligabuesaurus 7010: 7008: 7007: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6956:Chubutisaurus 6953: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6833:Brachiosaurus 6830: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6770:Fushanosaurus 6767: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6731: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6654:Bashunosaurus 6651: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6592: 6587: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477:Atlantosaurus 6474: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6453:Apatosaurinae 6450: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6419:Smitanosaurus 6416: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390:Dyslocosaurus 6387: 6385: 6384: 6383:Dicraeosaurus 6380: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6362:Amargatitanis 6359: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6297:Katepensaurus 6294: 6292: 6291: 6290:Itapeuasaurus 6287: 6285: 6284: 6283:Demandasaurus 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6248:Cathartesaura 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6239:Limaysaurinae 6236: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6176:Histriasaurus 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168:Dzharatitanis 6165: 6163: 6162: 6161:Comahuesaurus 6158: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6091:Diplodocoidea 6087: 6083: 6079: 6078:Diplodocoidea 6074: 6070: 6061: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6041: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5995:Gigantosaurus 5992: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5919:Diplodocoidea 5916: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5862:Narindasaurus 5859: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5841:Losillasaurus 5838: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5790:Zigongosaurus 5787: 5785: 5784: 5783:Yuanmousaurus 5780: 5778: 5777: 5776:Xinjiangtitan 5773: 5771: 5770: 5769:Wamweracaudia 5766: 5764: 5763: 5762:Tonganosaurus 5759: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719:Klamelisaurus 5716: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5698:Huangshanlong 5695: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5617:Ferganasaurus 5614: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5594:Cetiosauridae 5591: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5460: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5441:Tazoudasaurus 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5398:Ohmdenosaurus 5395: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5361: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5300:Schleitheimia 5297: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277:Leonerasaurus 5274: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5249:Blikanasaurus 5246: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5080:Leonerasaurus 5077: 5075: 5074: 5073:Lamplughsaura 5070: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5021:Yunnanosaurus 5018: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4917:Lufengosaurus 4914: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4854:Eucnemesaurus 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4845:Riojasauridae 4842: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4774: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4727:Euskelosaurus 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4601:Bagualosaurus 4598: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4569:Bagualosauria 4565: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4537:Pampadromaeus 4534: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4498:Saturnaliidae 4495: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4480:Pampadromaeus 4477: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4459:Gigantoscelus 4456: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3885:(1): 102536. 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3380:(5): e36907. 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3014:(1): e54991. 3013: 3009: 3005: 3003: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2371:Lirainosaurus 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324:Megaloolithus 2321: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2193:conglomerates 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2160:Maastrichtian 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2078:Lirainosaurus 2075: 2074:Magyarosaurus 2071: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028:Diplodocoidea 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2001: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1984: 1976: 1975: 1967: 1966: 1958: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1931: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853:Mendozasaurus 1847: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1802:Muyelensaurus 1796: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725:Gondwanatitan 1719: 1718: 1712: 1711:Aeolosaurinae 1709: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682:Nemegtosaurus 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1598: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542:Lirainosaurus 1536: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1489: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433:Neuquensaurus 1427: 1426: 1420: 1419:Saltasaurinae 1417: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:Saltasauridae 1200: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183:by Díez Díaz 1182: 1178: 1169: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:Saltasauridae 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1117:, a group of 1116: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Neural spines 1050: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 978: 974: 972: 971: 966: 965:Magyarosaurus 962: 957: 952: 949: 948: 942: 938: 937: 936:Lirainosaurus 932: 931: 930:Magyarosaurus 926: 922: 916: 912: 907: 903: 901: 897: 892: 888: 883: 879: 875: 871: 863: 856: 854: 852: 851: 850:Magyarosaurus 846: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 811: 807: 803: 794: 787: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770: 765: 761: 757: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741:Saint-Chinian 738: 734: 730: 725: 721: 717: 712: 704: 700: 698: 696: 691: 687: 683: 682: 677: 673: 672: 671:Lirainosaurus 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 561: 560:Maastrichtian 557: 553: 549: 546: 542: 539: 535: 531: 525: 521: 516: 509: 507: 505: 500: 498: 497: 496:Magyarosaurus 492: 491: 486: 485: 484:Lirainosaurus 480: 476: 472: 468: 466: 462: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 441:Maastrichtian 438: 437: 432: 428: 425: 421: 418: 415: 414:titanosaurian 411: 410: 397: 352: 351: 340: 335: 334: 328: 325: 321: 317: 311: 310: 303: 300: 299: 296: 290: 287: 286: 283: 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 261: 258: 255: 254: 251: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 136: 133: 128: 124: 119: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 44: 36: 35:Maastrichtian 32: 26: 22: 19: 8649:Ampelosaurus 8619:Ampelosaurus 8618: 8539: 8513:Titanosaurus 8511: 8503: 8496: 8488: 8483:Loricosaurus 8481: 8476:Iuticosaurus 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8445: 8413:Yamanasaurus 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8375: 8368: 8360: 8354:Abditosaurus 8352: 8331: 8324: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8293: 8286: 8280:Abditosaurus 8278: 8257: 8250: 8242: 8235: 8212:Tapuiasaurus 8210: 8202: 8195: 8175: 8170:Titanomachya 8168: 8161: 8139:Puertasaurus 8137: 8130: 8125:Notocolossus 8123: 8116: 8110:Jiangxititan 8108: 8101: 8093: 8088:Drusilasaura 8086: 8079: 8072:Lognkosauria 8055: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8006:Aeolosaurini 7995:Rinconsaurus 7993: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7964: 7957: 7946:Rinconsauria 7933: 7927:Tengrisaurus 7925: 7920:Quetecsaurus 7918: 7911: 7903: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7851: 7844: 7810: 7803: 7798:Lohuecotitan 7796: 7789: 7784:Garrigatitan 7782: 7775: 7770:Ampelosaurus 7769: 7768: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7724:Uberabatitan 7722: 7717:Sonidosaurus 7715: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7688:Tengrisaurus 7686: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7659:Rapetosaurus 7657: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7595:Malawisaurus 7593: 7585: 7578: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7541: 7536:Huabeisaurus 7534: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7505: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7478:Choconsaurus 7476: 7471:Brasilotitan 7469: 7462: 7454: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7420:Atacamatitan 7418: 7413:Argyrosaurus 7411: 7404: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7376:Abdarainurus 7374: 7358:Titanosauria 7345:Titanosauria 7314: 7273:Titanosauria 7257:Wintonotitan 7255: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7203: 7198:Yongjinglong 7196: 7189: 7184:Tambatitanis 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7148:Huanghetitan 7146: 7141:Huabeisaurus 7139: 7132: 7127:Gannansaurus 7125: 7118: 7111: 7105:Chiayusaurus 7103: 7095: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7011: 7004: 6999:Jiutaisaurus 6997: 6991:Jiangxititan 6989: 6984:Garumbatitan 6982: 6975: 6968: 6963:Dongbeititan 6961: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6935:Austrosaurus 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6888: 6883:Venenosaurus 6881: 6874: 6869:Sonorasaurus 6867: 6860: 6855:Giraffatitan 6853: 6845: 6840:Cedarosaurus 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6796: 6791:Pelorosaurus 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6717: 6712:Camarasaurus 6710: 6690: 6684:Haestasaurus 6682: 6677:Europasaurus 6675: 6667: 6660: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496:Diplodocinae 6485:Brontosaurus 6483: 6475: 6468: 6462:Amphicoelias 6460: 6444:Diplodocidae 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6369:Bajadasaurus 6367: 6360: 6355:Amargasaurus 6353: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6262:Rayososaurus 6260: 6253: 6246: 6219:Zapalasaurus 6217: 6212:Xenoposeidon 6210: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6166: 6159: 6154:Campananeyen 6152: 6147:Amazonsaurus 6145: 6138: 6103: 6044: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5910:Neosauropoda 5897: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5825:Haestasaurus 5823: 5815: 5808: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5633:Patagosaurus 5631: 5623: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5583:Volkheimeria 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5555:Perijasaurus 5553: 5548:Nebulasaurus 5546: 5539: 5532: 5527:Dystrophaeus 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5499:Barapasaurus 5497: 5490: 5485:Asiatosaurus 5483: 5476: 5446: 5439: 5418: 5410: 5405:Rhoetosaurus 5403: 5396: 5389: 5381: 5349:Lessemsaurus 5347: 5340: 5333: 5328:Antetonitrus 5326: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5177: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5019: 5014:Yizhousaurus 5012: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4902:Ignavusaurus 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4859: 4852: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4806:Ignavusaurus 4804: 4797: 4790: 4762:Yimenosaurus 4760: 4755:Plateosaurus 4753: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4707:Xixiposaurus 4705: 4698: 4691: 4679:Plateosauria 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640:Unaysauridae 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4505: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4466:Guaibasaurus 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4329: 4320: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4082:(10): 1–13. 4079: 4075: 4068: 4025: 4021: 4015: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3816: 3812: 3799: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3727: 3720: 3683: 3673: 3648: 3644: 3623: 3619: 3606: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3527: 3520: 3503: 3499: 3486: 3467: 3461: 3442: 3438: 3377: 3373: 3331: 3281: 3277: 3234: 3227: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3120: 3116: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3011: 3007: 3002:Ampelosaurus 3001: 2993: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2840: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2808: 2798: 2789: 2785: 2736:(11): 1–20. 2733: 2729: 2710:10.26879/350 2700: 2696: 2690: 2682: 2657: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2619: 2615: 2597: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2546: 2542: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2399:Abditosaurus 2397: 2394:Ampelosaurus 2393: 2389:Lohuecotitan 2387: 2369: 2361:Garrigatitan 2359: 2353: 2350: 2347:Biogeography 2335: 2331: 2328:Fusioolithus 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314:M. mamillare 2313: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2264: 2258: 2241: 2231: 2214: 2203: 2201: 2173:Ampelosaurus 2172: 2147:Ampelosaurus 2146: 2138: 2137: 2134:Paleoecology 2128:Ampelosaurus 2127: 2124:Ampelosaurus 2123: 2120:Neosauropoda 2116:Ampelosaurus 2115: 2112:Ampelosaurus 2111: 2108:Ampelosaurus 2107: 2104:Ampelosaurus 2103: 2098:Europasaurus 2096: 2087: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070:Ampelosaurus 2069: 2067: 2049:Ampelosaurus 2048: 2044:Ampelosaurus 2043: 2040:Ampelosaurus 2039: 2036:Ampelosaurus 2035: 2024:Ampelosaurus 2023: 2012:Ampelosaurus 2011: 2010: 2002:Paleobiology 1868: 1867: 1851: 1850: 1839:Lognkosauria 1824: 1823: 1800: 1799: 1778:Rinconsaurus 1776: 1775: 1764:Rinconsauria 1740: 1739: 1723: 1722: 1680: 1679: 1665:Rapetosaurus 1663: 1662: 1632: 1631: 1583:Ampelosaurus 1582: 1581: 1580: 1564: 1563: 1540: 1539: 1472: 1471: 1455: 1454: 1431: 1430: 1372: 1371: 1355: 1354: 1314: 1313: 1283:Lohuecotitan 1281: 1280: 1264: 1263: 1235:Malawisaurus 1233: 1232: 1221:Lithostrotia 1211:Lognkosauria 1207:Aeolosaurini 1196: 1193:Ampelosaurus 1192: 1184: 1177:Ampelosaurus 1176: 1174: 1147:Ampelosaurus 1146: 1135:Ampelosaurus 1134: 1128: 1122: 1115:Lithostrotia 1111:Ampelosaurus 1110: 1108: 1099:Ampelosaurus 1098: 1082:Ampelosaurus 1081: 1079: 1037: 1035: 1026: 1018:Ampelosaurus 1017: 1014: 985:Ampelosaurus 984: 983: 968: 964: 953: 945: 941:Ampelosaurus 940: 934: 928: 925:Ampelosaurus 924: 920: 919: 900:Ampelosaurus 899: 896:Ampelosaurus 895: 891:Ampelosaurus 890: 886: 882:Ampelosaurus 881: 877: 870:Ampelosaurus 869: 868: 848: 844:Europasaurus 842: 839:Ampelosaurus 838: 834: 822: 818: 814:Ampelosaurus 813: 802:Ampelosaurus 801: 799: 782:Ampelosaurus 781: 778:Lohuecotitan 777: 774:Lohuecotitan 773: 767: 764:Ampelosaurus 763: 760:Ampelosaurus 759: 749:Ampelosaurus 748: 732: 716:Ampelosaurus 715: 711:Ampelosaurus 710: 708: 703:Ampelosaurus 702: 695:Ampelosaurus 694: 689: 681:Garrigatitan 679: 675: 669: 664: 662: 646:Ampelosaurus 645: 637: 625: 622:Ampelosaurus 621: 618:Ampelosaurus 617: 613: 605: 599:Ampelosaurus 598: 590: 579:Paul Gervais 565:of the Late 530:Ampelosaurus 529: 528: 504:Ampelosaurus 503: 501: 494: 488: 482: 479:Ampelosaurus 478: 471:Ampelosaurus 470: 469: 461:Ampelosaurus 460: 456:Ampelosaurus 455: 445: 435: 434: 350:Ampelosaurus 349: 348: 347: 332: 331: 324:Type species 309:Ampelosaurus 308: 307: 282:Lithostrotia 272: 266:Titanosauria 256: 240: 224: 208: 195: 182: 131: 25:Ampelosaurus 24: 18: 8746:Titanosaurs 8643:Wikispecies 8498:Microcoelus 8406:Saltasaurus 8392:Paralititan 8288:Alamosaurus 8177:Udelartitan 8132:Patagotitan 8029:Bravasaurus 8022:Arrudatitan 8015:Aeolosaurus 7981:Overosaurus 7913:Jainosaurus 7891:Bonitasaura 7812:Paludititan 7703:Traukutitan 7398:Angolatitan 7205:Yunmenglong 7170:Qiaowanlong 7063:Sibirotitan 7028:Oceanotitan 6970:Europatitan 6949:Brontomerus 6942:Brohisaurus 6914:Angolatitan 6847:Galvesaurus 6819:Abydosaurus 6784:Ornithopsis 6777:Fusuisaurus 6763:Eucamerotus 6662:Daanosaurus 6647:Aragosaurus 6548:Supersaurus 6470:Apatosaurus 6433:Tharosaurus 6304:Nigersaurus 6255:Limaysaurus 6016:Ultrasaurus 5892:Turiasaurus 5855:Moabosaurus 5848:Mierasaurus 5817:Bellusaurus 5801:Turiasauria 5741:Qijianglong 5705:Hudiesaurus 5683:Datousaurus 5603:Cetiosaurus 5562:Shunosaurus 5506:Bellusaurus 5478:Algoasaurus 5464:Eusauropoda 5412:Sanpasaurus 5365:Gravisauria 5285:Pulanesaura 5270:Isanosaurus 5242:Amygdalodon 5108:Pulanesaura 5066:Irisosaurus 5052:Anchisaurus 5032:Anchisauria 5006:Xingxiulong 4952:Xingxiulong 4945:Sarahsaurus 4861:Riojasaurus 4827:Sarahsaurus 4813:Kholumolumo 4656:Macrocollum 4594:Asylosaurus 4530:Nhandumirim 4507:Buriolestes 4473:Mbiresaurus 4445:Buriolestes 4223:: 168–189. 4164:: 117–123. 4051:11336/11654 3932:: 565–590. 3651:: 457–472. 3622:. Série 2. 3576:: 429–456. 2971:: 285–291. 2834:(1): 61–67. 2310:M. siruguei 2300:M. siruguei 2271:lepisosteid 2248:compsemydid 2169:archipelago 2094:macronarian 2083:Alamosaurus 2016:development 1826:Bonitasaura 1742:Aeolosaurus 1474:Saltasaurus 1357:Alamosaurus 1266:Paludititan 1130:Saltasaurus 1124:Alamosaurus 1113:belongs to 1057:neural arch 970:Saltasaurus 788:Description 676:L. astibiae 314:Le Loeuff, 288:Subfamily: 8740:Categories 8399:Rocasaurus 8326:Qunkasaura 8295:Baurutitan 8057:Shingopana 7884:Baalsaurus 7731:Volgatitan 7666:Rukwatitan 7630:Nullotitan 7616:Ninjatitan 7551:Kaijutitan 7522:Gandititan 7485:Daxiatitan 7448:Baurutitan 7391:Andesaurus 7282:see below↓ 6977:Fukuititan 6921:Arkharavia 6876:Soriatitan 6826:Atlasaurus 6798:Rugocaudia 6756:Duriatitan 6692:Yuzhoulong 6640:Abrosaurus 6622:Macronaria 6609:Macronaria 6533:Kaatedocus 6526:Galeamopus 6519:Diplodocus 6505:Barosaurus 6412:Pilmatueia 6405:Lingwulong 6398:Kaatedocus 6318:Tataouinea 6230:Khebbashia 6205:Sidersaura 5935:Macronaria 5885:Tendaguria 5869:Oplosaurus 5833:Janenschia 5734:Omeisaurus 5610:Chebsaurus 5534:Janenschia 5448:Vulcanodon 5391:Kotasaurus 5342:Ledumahadi 5135:see below↓ 5094:Meroktenos 4910:Leyesaurus 4799:Gyposaurus 4663:Unaysaurus 4622:Pantydraco 4587:Arcusaurus 4553:Saturnalia 4386:see below↓ 4334:Dinosauria 4316:Sauropsida 3819:: 249–255. 3750:(1): 1–4. 2703:(2): 19A. 2582:: 155–159. 2481:: 693–699. 2427:References 2382:province, 2341:angiosperm 2275:coelacanth 2224:ankylosaur 2221:nodosaurid 2212:ornithopod 2208:titanosaur 2197:siltstones 2189:sandstones 2156:palynology 2032:Macronaria 2030:and basal 1457:Rocasaurus 1061:procoelous 819:MDE-C3-174 810:osteoderms 701:Purported 638:MDE-C3-247 630:Aude river 571:floodplain 567:Cretaceous 541:department 452:osteoderms 250:Macronaria 202:Saurischia 189:Dinosauria 41:71.5 8718:Dinosaurs 8362:Bonatitan 8244:Isisaurus 8050:Punatitan 7529:Hamititan 7507:Elaltitan 7456:Bonatitan 7177:Silutitan 7134:Gobititan 7120:Euhelopus 6862:Lusotitan 6555:Tornieria 6541:Leinkupal 6426:Suuwassea 6140:Agustinia 5988:Dinodocus 5981:Cardiodon 5712:Jingiella 5661:Anhuilong 5224:Sauropoda 5211:Sauropoda 5126:Sauropoda 5101:Mussaurus 5059:Camelotia 4938:Pradhania 4778:Massopoda 4545:Panphagia 4487:Panphagia 4302:Kingdom: 4245:135231891 3907:248792130 3856:2246/5824 3842:: 1–698. 3772:128496095 3598:134977876 3553:(4): 1–2. 3314:246650381 3254:985402380 3123:: 49–60. 3073:: e7991. 2758:234404741 2408:Gondwanan 2290:C. dughii 2255:eusuchian 2238:pterosaur 2185:mudstones 2152:Campanian 2056:Histology 2020:Sauropoda 1634:Bonatitan 1086:laterally 1045:vertebrae 1038:A. atacis 1032:Vertebrae 1010:olecranon 921:A. atacis 887:A. atacis 878:A. atacis 610:Latinised 545:Occitania 436:A. atacis 422:from the 339:Le Loeuff 234:Sauropoda 162:Kingdom: 156:Eukaryota 33:, (Early 8628:Wikidata 8370:Ibirania 8036:Caieiria 7846:Inawentu 7049:Ruixinia 6890:Vouivria 6749:Astrodon 6002:Neosodon 5492:Bagualia 5335:Ingentia 5045:Aardonyx 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