Amphibious vehicle - Knowledge (XXG)

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plastic or fibreglass bodytub, fitted with six (sometimes eight) driven wheels, with low pressure, balloon tires. With no suspension (other than what the tires offer) and no steering wheels, directional control is accomplished through skid-steering – just as on a tracked vehicle – either by braking the wheels on the side in the direction of the desired turn or by applying more throttle to the wheels on the opposite side. Most contemporary designs use garden tractor type engines, that will provide roughly 25 mph (40 km/h) top speed on land.

712: 772: 636: 843: 1367:, also built of aluminium) the river had to be narrow, less than 100 yards (100 m). In all cases, the bilge pumps had to be working properly, and even then by the time the Sheridan or the APC reached the other side, water would often fill the insides up to their armoured roofs, spilling through the hatches' cracks and emptying onto the earth once safely ashore. Often a fold-down trim vane is erected to stop water washing over the bow of the tank and thus reducing the risk of the vehicle being swamped via the driver's hatch. 555:. With almost 4,000 pieces built, the Amphicar is still the most successfully produced civilian amphibious car to date. The Gibbs Aquada stands out due to its capability of high-speed planing on water. Gibbs built fifty Aquadas in the early 2000s after it was developed by a team assembled by founder Alan Gibbs before the company's engine supplier, Rover, was unable to continue providing engines. Gibbs and new partner Neil Jenkins reconstituted the company and are now seeking U.S. regulatory approval for the Aquada. 78: 1385: 1409: 373:

whereas in others they are only an expansion to what has remained primarily a watercraft or a land vehicle. The design that came together with all the features needed for a practical all-terrain amphibious vehicle was by Peter Prell of New Jersey. His design, unlike others, could operate not only on rivers and lakes but the sea and did not require firm ground to enter or exit the water. It combined a boat-like hull with tank-like tracks. In 1931, he tested a scaled down version of his invention.

1425: 1543: 398: 1008: 286: 164: 575:. The WaterCar can do 80 mph (129 km/h) on land, and 44 mph (38 knots; 71 km/h) on sea, and can transition from land to sea in less than 15 seconds. Since its release, WaterCar has been popular in the Middle East, selling to the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, with six additional vehicles being sold to the Crown Prince of Dubai. The WaterCar has also been sold to tech enthusiasts and residents of Silicon Valley. 47: 1023: 989: 1397: 1043: 802: 38: 369:(1885, Carl Benz), it was a three-wheeler. The single front wheel provided direction, both on land and in the water. A three-cylinder petrol combustion-engine powered the oversized rear wheels. In order to get the wheels to provide propulsion in the water, fins or buckets would be attached to the rear wheel spokes. Remarkably the boat-like hull was one of the first integral bodies ever used on a car. 1475: 1173: 332: 440: 1161: 1437:

abilities, and load-carrying capacity. In some cases the design is made amphibious, giving them all-terrain capability in the truest sense. Usually, the front unit houses at least the engine, gearboxes, fuel tank(s) and the driver's compartment, and perhaps there is some space left for cargo or passengers, whereas the rear unit is the primary load carrier.

941:. Although the vehicles' wheels were mounted without suspension or steering action, and land speeds over 20 mph (32 km/h) were ill-advised, its articulated design provided it with good maneuverability and helped it to keep all four wheels firmly in touch with uneven ground. Coupled with its amphibious capability, in the Vietnam War, the 1362:

window, the driver turned on his bilge pumps, shifted his transmission lever to water operations and the Sheridan entered the water. For newly arrived Sheridans, this might work as engineered. For "war-weary" M551s, the driver's window was often "yellowed" or cracked as to obscure his vision, and the

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occupations. The boats are made of aluminium, are relatively flat-bottomed, and have three, four, or six wheels, depending on the size of the boat. When the tide is out the boats can run on the tidal flats using their wheels. When the tide is in, they use a propeller to move through the water. Oyster

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Some amphibious vehicles, rather than being designed for land transport with the ability to cross water, are designed as water-transport vehicles with the ability to travel on land. The distinction is that the vehicles are designed to be high performing on water, with the land transport ability added

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Amongst the smallest non-air-cushioned amphibious vehicles are amphibious ATVs (all-terrain vehicles). These saw significant popularity in North America during the 1960s and early 1970s. Typically an amphibious ATV (AATV) is a small, lightweight, off-highway vehicle, constructed from an integral hard

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Since the 1920s, many diverse amphibious vehicles designs have been created for a broad range of applications, including recreation, expeditions, search & rescue, and military, leading to a myriad of concepts and variants. In some of them, the amphibious capabilities are central to their purpose,

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turned into a speedboat called the "Turboat". In the initial tests, the VW had issues on both water and land, the Jeep worked well on water but not on land (the airboat motor left him stranded on the highway), and the Turboat performed well on land but sank immediately in the water. The Jeep sank as

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can travel over land or water supported by a cushion of air ejected downwards against the surface below it. In principle, a hovercraft can travel over any sufficiently smooth surface: solid, liquid, mixed, or anything in between. Large hovercraft, riding on an air-cushion contained by skirts several

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In October 2013, Gibbs Amphibians introduced the long-awaited Quadski, the first amphibious vehicle capable of traveling 45 mph on land or water. The Quadski was developed using Gibbs' High-Speed Amphibian technology, which Gibbs originally developed for the Aquada, an amphibious car, which the

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set the Guinness World Record for Fastest Amphibious Vehicle, with their prototype, The Python, which reached top land speeds of 204 km/h (127 mph) and water speeds of 96 km/h (60 mph; 52 knots). Since then, the company launched their first commercial vehicle, The Panther, which

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Constructed this way, an AATV will float with ample freeboard and is capable of traversing swamps, ponds, and streams as well as dry land. On land these units have high grip and great off-road ability, that can be further enhanced with an optional set of tracks that can be mounted directly onto the

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capable of operation on both land and water. "Saidullah's Bicycle" uses four rectangular air filled floats for buoyancy, and is propelled using two fan blades which are attached to the spokes. Moraga's "Cyclo Amphibious" uses a simple tricycle frame to support three floaters which provide both the

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magazine, multi-unit, all-terrain transport vehicles were first proposed by the British in 1913, and by the 1950s, over 40 types of articulated tracked vehicles (ATV) were in production. The articulated tracked concept is chosen primarily for its combination of high maneuverability, cross-country

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Recently, Gibbs Amphibians has developed a new type of amphibian, one capable of high speeds on both land and water. The vehicles use a patented hydraulic system to raise the wheels into the wheel wells, allowing the vehicles to plane on water. These vehicles can transition between land and water

1308:(with some tanks having been launched too far out), and to turning in the current to converge on a specific point on the battlefield, which allowed waves to breach over the screens. Those making it ashore, however, provided essential fire support in the first critical hours. 1152:(Studebaker Weasel), whilst originally designed as a snow vehicle, operated successfully in an amphibious role by the addition of front and rear floats. The basic vehicle will float but its bow is square so the additional floats add stability and load carrying capacity. 699: 1459:

A highly specialised development is the ARKTOS Craft, that uses a linkage with two joints to connect the two units and each unit having independent drive systems, giving enhanced mobility and redundancy. They are capable of climbing large ice steps from open water.

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was trialled with two pontoons that could be attached or removed, the tracks driving the tank in the water. The "Medium Tank A/T 1" was a tank with inbuilt buoyancy some 24 ft (7.3 m) long and 11 ft (3.4 m) tall. The Valentine, then the

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since 2005. These craft can travel up to 39 knots on water, but travel at only 7.5 km/h on land, showing the preference for water performance in design. Various versions of this type of amphibious boat design have been produced, including the French

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Gibbs has also developed other types of fast amphibians including the Phibian, a 30-foot (9.1 m) amphibian that is aimed at first responder market, and the Humdinga, a 21-foot (6.4 m) amphibian that is capable of traversing extreme terrain.

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to provide close fire support on the beaches during the initial landings. The Sherman DD could not fire when afloat as the buoyancy screen was higher than the gun. A number swamped and sank in the operation, due to rough weather in the

57: 1209:, sometimes with an added propeller or water jets. As long as the opposite bank has a shallow enough slope for the vehicle to climb out within a few miles, they can cross rivers and water obstacles. An American example is the 891:

during the Walcheren campaign. While offering greater capacity than the DUKW, ease of operation favoured the DUKW. An improved version of the Terrapin never got beyond prototype stage. During the war, Germany produced the

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tank can use a series of rings to create a long tube. This tube is then fitted to the crew commander's hatch and provides air and an escape route for the crew. The height of the tube is limited to around three meters.

1667:. Hammond's vessel sank shortly after departing, and May's couldn't depart due to bad winds, and as such all three presenters ended up making the trip aboard Clarkson's vehicle. Along the way, they attempted to beat 364:

to float by blending a boat-like hull with the car's frame. One of the first reasonably well-documented cases was the 1905 amphibious petrol-powered carriage of T. Richmond (Jessup, Iowa, USA). Just like the world's

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but did not adopt it for service use. An order was placed with Vickers by the USSR for a small number of tanks. After negotiations to purchase the Vickers tank by Poland failed, they developed their own design the

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Gibbs Sports Amphibians Inc. introduced a motorized version of the amphibious cycle that resembles a jet ski on water and motorcycle on land. The model can reach up to 80 mph by land and 45 mph by water.

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as stabilizers. Hammond built a near-identical Dampervan, which had many of the same problems as its predecessor. May used the same actual vehicle as before, with only minor improvements (including a retractable

1358:. The Sheridan needed no modifications for river crossings: crewmen simply raised the cloth sides that were tucked inside rubber tubes along the hull's upper edges, raised the driver's front shield which had an 619: 417:

The SBK Engineering Shuttle-Bike consists of two inflatable floats with straps that allow the carrying of a bicycle with a passenger. The ensemble, when deflated, fits in a backpack for carrying by the cyclist.

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states developed a number of amphibious APCs, fighting vehicles and tanks, both wheeled and tracked. Most of the vehicles the Soviets designed were amphibious or could ford deep water. Wheeled examples are the

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wheels. Although the spinning action of the tires is enough to propel the vehicle through the water – albeit slowly – outboard motors can be added for extended water use.

588: 282:, a type of a heavy covered wagon, was popular during the 18th and 19th century in the United States and Canada. The wagon was designed in such a way as to be able to cross rivers and streams. 224:, in the form of inflatable floatation devices, much like the sides of a rubber dinghy, or a waterproof fabric skirt raised from the top perimeter of the vehicle, to increase its displacement. 2180: 1724:

in the VW. Foust abandoned the trip halfway through, being picked up by a friend's yacht. Wood and Ferrara made it to the Canadian border, but were turned away because they did not bring

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tank) from ship to shore and can access more than 70% of the world's coastline, as opposed to conventional landing craft, which are only capable of landing along 17% of that coastline.

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The show returned to the concept in S10E02, when the presenters built updated versions of their designs with lessons learned from the first time. Clarkson built his "Nissank" out of a

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10 storm off the North Sea coast (Pohl, 1998). Only about 100 were built – those who own one have found it capable of crossing the English Channel almost effortlessly.

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By the early 1930s, Vickers had developed an amphibious tank. By using very thin armour, flotation could be achieved without external buoyancy aids. The British Army trialled the

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rubber tubes that contained the rolled up side sleeves were often cracked or frozen into place. The Sheridan could still cross a body of water, but like its swimming cousin, the

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tank is also able to perform deep fording operations. The Russian snorkel is only a few inches around and does not provide a crew escape path, but it can be stored on the tank.

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were given waterproofed hulls and trunking was fixed to the engine intakes and exhausts to allow them to come ashore from landing craft in shallow water. The Germans gave their

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nevertheless also have amphibious ability, tactically useful inland, reducing dependence on destroyable and easily targeted bridges. To provide motive power, they use their

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significantly stimulated their development. Two of the most significant amphibious cars to date were developed during World War II. The most proliferous was the German

1581:. The hovercraft's ability to distribute its laden weight evenly across the surface below it makes it well suited to the role of amphibious landing craft. The US Navy 1888: 255: 610: 1883: 1803: 1835: 3459: 1267: 1396: 178:) and those that do not. Among the latter, many extend the off-road capabilities of land vehicles to all kinds of terrain, including ice, snow, mud, 3480: 3314: 937:. The latter was based on a 1950s civil construction vehicle and became the US Army's standard heavy tactical truck before its replacement by the 86:

Some examples of amphibious vehicles: a hovercraft, an amphibious automobile, an amphibious boat, an amphibious tank, a specialized cargo vehicle

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had this setup. When in water the waterproof float screen was raised and propellers deployed. The M2 and M3 Bradleys also need such a skirt.

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Some military vehicles are capable of "wading" using waterproof screens to keep the upper hull dry. In World War II the tanks following the

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to Vietnam. This 17-ton light tank was built with an aluminium hull, steel turret, and the 152 mm "gun-launcher" (which could fire the

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in all cavalry squadrons, leaving only the M48A3 in the U.S. Army's three armored battalions in Vietnam, the 1/77th, 1/69th, and the

2550: 2531: 2516: 2481: 2411: 2365: 1279:, was produced by Vickers in 1939. It was tested but further work was halted during WW2. It was tested again at the end of the war. 345:

In the 1870s, logging companies in eastern Canada and the northern United States developed a steam-powered amphibious tug called an

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One of the benefits of this type of amphibious craft is the possibility of making them large – the British-built

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which could cross between lakes and rivers. The most successful Alligator tugs were produced by the firm of West and Peachey in

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Some of the earliest known amphibious vehicles were amphibious carriages, the invention of which is credited to the Neapolitan

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competed to see who could build the best amphibious car, starting with a used vehicle of their choice. Clarkson used a

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is a French fully amphibious APC, powered in the water by two water jets, mounted one on either side of the rear hull (

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Since 1977, several boat builders in Brittany have built specialized amphibious vehicles for use in the area's

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is usually greater than its weight, and thus it will float. Heavily armoured vehicles however sometimes have a

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well after Foust and Ferrara got into an impromptu sea battle. All three presenters then attempted to cross

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main battle tank carried flotation gear all the time and was, therefore, theoretically, always amphibious.

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Mk.3 ferries could carry dozens of vehicles. ACVs have a high speed over water (an SR.N4 Mk.1 could do 83

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Most land vehicles – even lightly armoured ones – can be made amphibious simply by providing them with a

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in 1849. On testing, it reportedly tipped over 50 feet (15 m) from shore, from an apparent lack of

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in 1805, although it is disputed to have successfully travelled over land or water under its own steam.

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medium tank were made amphibious with the addition of a rubberized canvas screen to provide additional

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Many modern military vehicles, ranging from light wheeled command and reconnaissance vehicles, through

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For some military applications wheeled and tracked amphibious vehicles are slowly being supplanted by

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missile), and could swim across bodies of water. The M551 upon arrival in Vietnam began replacing the

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The first known self-propelled amphibious vehicle, a steam-powered wheeled dredging barge, named the

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For propulsion in or on the water some vehicles simply spin their wheels or tracks, while others use

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which use auger-like barrels which propel a vehicle through muddy terrain with a twisting motion.

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Tracked armored vehicles with amphibious capabilities include those that are intended for use in

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at Renfrew, Scotland, but not adopted. A similar service, using different vehicles, operates in

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floatation and thrust. The wings on the powered wheels propel the vehicle in a similar way to a

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had drums attached to the side and front and was tested as an amphibious vehicle launched into

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all-terrain vehicle that is fully amphibious and can swim at 5.4 km/h (3.4 mph). The

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are an example of this, which are a range of aluminium three-wheeled fabricated boats (mostly

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Several amphibious cycles have been created by engineering students as university projects.

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truck was used to establish and supply beachheads. It was designed as a wartime project by

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A Polish PT-76 amphibious light tank coming out of the water during an amphibious exercise

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mostly came down to simply putting wheels and axles on a boat hull, or getting a rolling

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aluminium alloy. Extensively engineered, this costly vehicle was proven seaworthy at a

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with inflatable floats to create a vehicle that will swim much like an improvised raft

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that works both on land and on or under water. Amphibious vehicles include amphibious

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can be used as a ferry or as a floating bridge for trucks and heavy combat vehicles.

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Some heavier tanks have an amphibious mode in which a fabric skirt is needed to add

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Two main categories of amphibious vehicles are those that travel on an air cushion (

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are not amphibious vehicles as they do not work on land, although they are part of

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Hagglunds Bv206 in US military service as M-973 SUSV (small unit support vehicle)

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For taking vehicles and supplies onto the beaches the US used the 1950s designed

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Some civilian deep wading vehicles achieve their capability by means of legs or

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but dropped the idea of amphibious tanks as obsolete. A pontoon based tank, the

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Many tracked armored vehicles that are primarily intended for land-use, such as

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Splashtour 'Amfibus' amphibious bus, An der Untertrave, Lübeck, 12 August 2020

526: 521:) was developed during World War II as well. A specially modified GPA, called 357: 202: 175: 133: 1639:

and fitted it with a sail. During the challenge, which was to drive across a

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Before World War II, The Soviets produced light amphibious tanks called the

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meters tall, can deal with obstacles 1 to 2 meters in height. The smallest

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1944 Sherman DD (Duplex Drive) amphibious tank with float screens lowered

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developed a reputation of being able to go where other trucks could not.

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and propellers driven by the main engine to give propulsion. These were

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to give additional functionality, rather than being the main function.

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One of the most capable post-war amphibious off-roaders was the German

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Amphibious steam-powered carriage designed by Oliver Evans (1775–1819)

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greater than water (their weight in kilograms exceeds their volume in

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has, on several occasions, used amphibious vehicles as the basis for

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to raise the body of the vehicle from its wheels. One example is the

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In World War II the British further developed amphibious tanks. The

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featured a very similar challenge in S04E06. Their vehicles were a

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modes in about five seconds. The first Gibbs fast amphibian is the

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chassis and carry 43 passengers. The operation started in 2010 in

678: 396: 330: 321: 284: 254: 217: 183: 179: 162: 121: 2058: 1778: 2111:"Attorneys: New Classification Needed for High Speed Amphibians" 1779:"Killer amphibious vehicle - 39 mph on water and 55 mph on land" 1623:, which he nicknamed the "Toybota", and powered it with a large 1510: 1324: 1320: 1055: 995: 857: 721: – on Thames river in London near Lambeth Bridge. 718: 317: 2546: 2084:"Motorcycle Innovations: Introducing the Amphibious Motorcycle" 765:, introduced in October 2012. It went on sale in January 2013. 3278: 2848: 2736: 2573: 2305: 1101: 1070: 884: 865: 484: 27:

Vehicle capable of transport on both land and over/under water

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amphibious buses made by Dutch Amphibious Transport (DAT) in

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company has still not produced because of regulatory issues.

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BTR-80s coming ashore, engine snorkels and waterjet deployed

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water-jet propulsion units drove it along at about 6 knots.

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body configurations or other unconventional designs such as

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in addition to or instead of wheels, and in some cases have

2292:"Britain's first amphibious bus nearly becomes a submarine" 1643:, the Toybota made it almost all the way to the end before 1190:. The United States started developing a long line of LVT ( 1884:"Was This America's First Steamboat, Locomotive, and Car?" 1342:

or by their tracks. In 1969, the U.S. Army rushed the new

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are amphibious, typically being propelled in the water by

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Shourie, D. (17 February 2006). "Grassroots inventions".

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are nimble enough to follow some rolling of the terrain.

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Until the late 1920s, the efforts to unify a boat and an

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and perhaps a propeller. This is possible as a vehicle's

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British Battle Tanks British-made Tanks of World War II

2137:"With Car/Boat Stalled, Gibbs to Launch Amphibious ATV" 1947:"The Alligator or Steam Powered Amphibious Warping Tug" 525:, was driven and sailed around the world by Australian 1869:"Conestoga Wagon Replica (U.S. National Park Service)" 2332:"Gibbs Launches 30-foot Phibian High Speed Amphibian" 2059:"Shuttle-Bike - convert a bike to a pedal-power boat" 1299:(from "Duplex Drive") and the Sherman DD was used on 929:

truck-series to move supplies through the canals and

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Purely recreational amphibian cars include the 1960s

3525: 3439: 3411: 3358: 3210: 3132: 2924: 2862: 2821: 2768: 2735: 2707: 2679: 2641: 2590: 2581: 2526:. HEEL Verlag, Gut-Pottscheidt Konigswinter, 1998, 558:In 2010, a Southern California-based company named 1663:). The challenge was to drive the cars across the 1526:Brighton and Rottingdean Seashore Electric Railway 536:, that featured a hull made of seawater-resistant 2212:"Amphibious WaterCar is a pricey, fast boat, too" 1836:"Raimondo di Sangro - Experiments and Inventions" 1062:, are manufactured with amphibious capabilities. 717:Amphibious tour bus – a converted 328:to counteract the force of the wind in the sail. 1997:. Bonnier Corporation. 1 April 1931. p. 70. 1263:successfully swam in a river near Christchurch. 967:as their amphibious cargo carrier. In the water 473:have been conceived from ca. 1900; however, the 2358:The Vickers Tanks: From Landships to Challenger 1585:can take troops and materials (if necessary an 876:design firm who also designed the hull for the 443:Land Tamer amphibious 8x8 remote access vehicle 2356:Foss, Christopher F.; McKenzie, Peter (1988). 2558: 2029:Moraga, Ernesto Octavio (21 September 1971). 1804:"Howe and Howe Tech: Meet The Assault Lander" 1179:'Buffalos' taking Canadian troops across the 275:whose design of 1781 was built in June 1987. 8: 2519:, Guildford Grammar School Foundation, 1989. 2394: 2392: 2390: 1078: 860:was the most successful amphibious truck of 491:engineering firm in 1942 and widely used in 1635:called the "Dampervan". May started with a 887:amphibious cargo carrier which was used by 661:, Netherlands are used to operate tours of 2587: 2565: 2551: 2543: 2210:England-Nelson, Jordan (27 January 2014). 898:. In the 1950s, the Soviets developed the 856:With more than 20,000 units produced, the 827:Constructions Maritimes du Vivier Amphibie 777:Amphibious boat used for water maintenance 757:(covered in the "Tracked" section below). 644:driving at High Speeds on Lake Havasu, AZ. 495:. The amphibious bodywork was designed by 1440:Examples of this concept are the Russian 1268:Vickers-Carden-Loyd Light Amphibious Tank 271:of Sansevero in July 1770 or earlier, or 2969:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe 2360:. Patrick Stephens Limited. p. 28. 2031:"Cyclo Amphibious (US Patent 3,606,856)" 1989:"Strange Craft at Home on Water or Land" 438: 186:etc. This explains why many designs use 3315:Homogeneous charge compression ignition 1769: 1380: 984: 767: 695: 609:"Drozd" amphibious vehicle during the " 584: 401:Amphibious bike 'Cyclomer', Paris, 1932 2476:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 18. 2109:Laviolette, Bryan (14 February 2012). 1974: 1972: 825:make use of similar boats. Currently, 235:. Most amphibians will work only as a 2330:Laviolette, Bryan (9 February 2012). 2278:"Splashtour Lübeck - Splashtours bus" 846:Amphibious vehicle used by coastguard 578:Other amphibious cars include the US 7: 956:which could carry 60 tons of cargo. 2429:"Vityaz Transporters From Ishumbai" 2427:Shangin, Vladimir (February 1999). 1892:. American Heritage. Archived from 1390:Vickers Carden Loyd amphibious tank 1104:armored scout cars, as well as the 1032:5-ton U.S. amphibious cargo vehicle 1454:Bronco All Terrain Tracked Carrier 25: 2979:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville 2135:Laviolette, Bryan (2 July 2010). 1812:. 2 February 2010. Archived from 1777:Hanlon, Mike (28 February 2007). 1550:Mk.3, a large civilian hovercraft 2406:. Osprey Publishing. p. 5. 1699:combined with a Sea Ray boat; a 1554:An air-cushion vehicle (ACV) or 1407: 1395: 1383: 1021: 1006: 987: 921:used the amphibious articulated 782: 770: 710: 698: 634: 618: 602: 587: 76: 65: 56: 45: 36: 1432:According to a 1999 article in 1365:M113 armoured personnel carrier 740:) designed and manufactured in 505:. An amphibious version of the 367:first petrol-powered automobile 243:, skimming over the water like 3616:Template:EC car classification 1916:"Great Citizens - Gail Borden" 1683:, their intended destination. 1211:M113 Armored Personnel Carrier 1069:is a compact, lightly armored 805:Oyster boat in the harbour at 1: 2435:. No. 31. Archived from 2384:. Crowood Press. pp. 178, 185 1882:Lubar, Steven (Spring 2006). 297:, was conceived and built by 2179:Lloyd, Alex (27 June 2013). 2057:Hanlon, Mike (4 June 2004). 1675:, although they ended up in 1482:A4 with turret snorkel, 2010 1319:. A third serial model, the 1251:At the end of World War I a 1194:) designs from around 1940. 864:. This 31-foot (9.4 m) 239:when in the water – few can 2509:The Other Half of Half-Safe 2382:The British Tanks 1915-1919 1579:air-cushioned landing craft 1225:APCs based on its chassis. 1203:armoured personnel carriers 1052:armoured personnel carriers 563:has been featured on ABC's 220:) and will need additional 3668: 3642:18th-century introductions 3305:Gasoline / petrol 3069:Roadster / Spider / Spyder 2504:, Andre Deutsch Ltd, 1955. 1889:Invention & Technology 1597:The BBC television series 1535: 1467: 1213:. Soviet examples are the 1199:armoured fighting vehicles 849: 463: 432: 390: 167:Pod Water Jet on a French 3601: 3445:(engine / drive) 1217:amphibious tank, and the 1168:emerge from the Aberdeen. 1128:infantry fighting vehicle 405:An amphibious cycle is a 3084:Sedan delivery/Panel van 2524:Mit dem Auto baden gehen 2474:A Dictionary of Aviation 2472:Wragg, David W. (1973). 2380:Fletcher, David (2001). 2162:"Fastest amphibious car" 1809:Discovery Communications 1079:see detail picture above 1060:amphibious warfare ships 880:. Britain developed the 790:Sealegs Amphibious Craft 734:Sealegs Amphibious Craft 677:brand. The buses have a 487:vehicle designed by the 316:, designed and tested a 196:screw-propelled vehicles 3345:Liquified petroleum gas 3157:Driverless (autonomous) 1192:Landing Vehicle Tracked 870:Sparkman & Stephens 829:has a range of models. 159:General technical notes 3250:Compressed natural gas 3177:Personal rapid transit 2166:Guinness World Records 1551: 1483: 1429: 1183: 1169: 1164:Two U.S. Marine Corps 1047: 889:79th Armoured Division 847: 809: 753:featuring all-terrain 471:Amphibious automobiles 444: 402: 342: 290: 260: 171: 149:Ground effect vehicles 3516:Dual motor-four-wheel 3114:Town (Coupé de Ville) 1945:Owen, Bryant (1999). 1743:Amphibious automobile 1545: 1477: 1427: 1175: 1163: 1045: 963:used the 6x6 wheeled 845: 804: 742:Auckland, New Zealand 551:and the contemporary 466:Amphibious automobile 442: 407:human-powered vehicle 400: 334: 288: 258: 166: 3527:Engine configuration 1748:Amphibious excavator 483:, a small jeep-like 3647:History of the tank 3637:Amphibious vehicles 3533:internal combustion 3335:Internal combustion 3142:All-terrain vehicle 3064:Retractable hardtop 2439:on 16 February 2012 2294:. 11 February 2010. 2088:American Industrial 1926:on 13 February 2012 1816:on 1 September 2010 1561:personal hovercraft 895:Landwasserschlepper 312:, better known for 2141:The Detroit Bureau 2090:. 20 November 2015 1842:Cappella Sansevero 1738:Amphibian aircraft 1629:Volkswagen Vanagon 1552: 1484: 1430: 1188:amphibious assault 1184: 1170: 1048: 848: 810: 445: 403: 343: 295:Orukter Amphibolos 291: 269:Raimondo di Sangro 261: 172: 145:amphibious warfare 94:amphibious vehicle 3652:Military vehicles 3624: 3623: 2920: 2919: 2689:Compact executive 2217:The Seattle Times 1713:Plymouth Conquest 1627:. Hammond used a 1452:designs, and the 1348:MGM-51 Shillelagh 976:M3 Amphibious Rig 838:Trucks and barges 642:Water Car Panther 582:and the Spira4u. 569:as well as USA's 259:A conestoga wagon 237:displacement hull 16:(Redirected from 3659: 3536: 3495:Front-four-wheel 3446: 3309:direct injection 3220:Alternative fuel 3034:Multi-stop truck 2588: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2544: 2488: 2487: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2396: 2385: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2187:. Archived from 2176: 2170: 2169: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1953:. Archived from 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1922:. Archived from 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1849:on 14 March 2014 1845:. Archived from 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1774: 1753:Float (nautical) 1701:Jeep Wrangler YJ 1444:, Swedish Volvo 1411: 1399: 1387: 1257:Hendon Reservoir 1025: 1010: 991: 786: 774: 749:, an amphibious 714: 702: 638: 622: 606: 591: 475:Second World War 393:Amphibious cycle 126:railway vehicles 80: 69: 60: 49: 40: 21: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3597: 3568:Single-cylinder 3530: 3529: 3521: 3509:Rear-four-wheel 3460:Front mid-front 3444: 3443: 3435: 3413:Engine position 3407: 3354: 3340:Liquid nitrogen 3206: 3134: 3128: 2916: 2858: 2817: 2764: 2750:Crossover (CUV) 2731: 2703: 2675: 2637: 2577: 2571: 2541: 2497: 2495:Further reading 2492: 2491: 2484: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2433:Military Parade 2426: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2400:Fletcher, David 2398: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2336:Fast Amphibians 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2266:. 26 June 2018. 2262: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2115:Fast Amphibians 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1994:Popular Science 1987: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1957:on 30 June 2008 1944: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1920:Houston History 1914: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1896:on 22 June 2009 1881: 1880: 1876: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1734: 1707:turned into an 1693:Volkswagen Golf 1669:Richard Branson 1665:English Channel 1652:Nissan Hardbody 1595: 1540: 1534: 1472: 1466: 1434:Military Parade 1422: 1415: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1391: 1388: 1306:English Channel 1249: 1181:Scheldt in 1944 1158: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1017: 1011: 1002: 992: 969:vectored thrust 925:and the larger 878:Ford GPA 'Seep' 854: 840: 835: 799: 792: 787: 778: 775: 729: 722: 715: 706: 703: 652: 645: 639: 630: 623: 614: 607: 598: 595:VW Schwimmwagen 592: 468: 462: 437: 431: 395: 389: 384: 379: 351:Simcoe, Ontario 280:conestoga wagon 253: 229:screw propeller 161: 130:combat vehicles 90: 89: 88: 87: 83: 82: 81: 72: 71: 70: 62: 61: 52: 51: 50: 42: 41: 28: 23: 22: 18:Amphibious tank 15: 12: 11: 5: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3629: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3502:Mid-four-wheel 3498: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3317: 3312: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3272: 3266: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3089:Shooting brake 3086: 3081: 3079:Saloon / Sedan 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2585: 2583:Classification 2579: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2539:External links 2537: 2536: 2535: 2520: 2505: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2482: 2464: 2459:"ARKTOS Craft" 2450: 2419: 2412: 2386: 2373: 2366: 2348: 2322: 2306:"Our projects" 2297: 2283: 2269: 2255: 2230: 2202: 2191:on 1 July 2013 2171: 2153: 2127: 2101: 2075: 2049: 2036:Google Patents 2021: 2000: 1980: 1968: 1937: 1907: 1874: 1860: 1827: 1795: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1730: 1637:Triumph Herald 1625:outboard motor 1594: 1591: 1536:Main article: 1533: 1530: 1468:Main article: 1465: 1462: 1456:of Singapore. 1448:and Hagglunds 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1382: 1376:Stridsvagn 103 1374:, the Swedish 1248: 1245: 1241:D-Day invasion 1157: 1154: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1018: 1015:Alvis Stalwart 1012: 1005: 1003: 993: 986: 965:Alvis Stalwart 935:Southeast Asia 839: 836: 834: 831: 818:oyster farming 798: 795: 794: 793: 788: 781: 779: 776: 769: 728: 725: 724: 723: 716: 709: 707: 704: 697: 651: 648: 647: 646: 640: 633: 631: 624: 617: 615: 608: 601: 599: 593: 586: 529:in the 1950s. 464:Main article: 461: 458: 435:Amphibious ATV 433:Main article: 430: 427: 391:Main article: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 314:condensed milk 273:Samuel Bentham 252: 249: 160: 157: 85: 84: 75: 74: 73: 64: 63: 55: 54: 53: 44: 43: 35: 34: 33: 32: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3664: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3563:Reciprocating 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3481:Rear mid-rear 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 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2518: 2517:0-9598731-1-2 2514: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2483:9780850451634 2479: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2413:9781472820037 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2367:1-85260-141-8 2363: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2128: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2102: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697:Rutledge Wood 1694: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633:cabin cruiser 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1607:. In S08E03, 1606: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1435: 1426: 1419: 1410: 1405: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1360:acrylic glass 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:M551 Sheridan 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1261:Medium Mark D 1259:. 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