250:, touching almost every aspect of Jewish jurisprudence. They afford insight into Amram's personality as well as religious practice among Jews of that period. For example, the ruling that interest may not be exacted even from non-Jews, nor even such minor profits as the Talmud designates as "the dust of interest", these being allowed only when customary in non-Jewish business circles. It is characteristic of Amram's method to avoid extreme stringency; thus he decides that a slave who has embraced Judaism but desires to postpone circumcision until he feels strong enough for it, is not to be hurried. He combats superstition and places himself almost in opposition to the Talmud when he protests that there is no sense in fasting on account of bad dreams since the true nature of dreams is not known. Amram's rules concerning the methodology of the Talmud are of considerable value.
49:
322:, contemporaries of Amram (twice each); and Nathan of unknown date. The only authority mentioned of later date than Amram is Saadia. This indicates that the additions to the text of the prayers must have originated in Amram's time. Certainty on this point, however, can only be obtained by a comparison of the printed text with the manuscripts; that of Almanzi, according to the specimens given by Luzzatto, varies considerably from the printed text. Israel ben Todros (1305) mentions some azharot as having been composed by Amram; but no trace of these can now be found.
748:
601:
776:
318:
him in the third person. These explanations of the prayers make no reference to any authorities later than the following: Natronai II, Amram's teacher (17 times); Shalom, Natronai's predecessor in the gaonate (7 times); Judah, Paltoi, Zadok, and Moses, geonim before Amram (once each); Cohen Tzedek (twice); Nahshon and
366:
was originally sent to the communities of Spain, in response to a request for guidance on the laws of prayer. However, it never seems to have been adopted by them as a package deal, though they respected the individual halachic rulings contained in it. On the contrary, they appear to have edited it
317:
for private prayer, are evidently later additions in the manuscripts. But not much weight can be attached even to portions of the book which are specifically given under the name of Amram; many of the explanations are certainly not by him, but by the editors who appended his name to them, speaking of
277:
liturgies, and has exerted great influence upon Jewish religious practice for more than a thousand years, an influence which to some extent is still felt at the present day. For Amram did not content himself with giving the mere text of the prayers, but in a species of running commentary added many
371:. None of these early versions survives, but secondary evidence such as the Sefer ha-Manhig and the Siddur Rav Amram itself indicates that in certain respects these were different from the Sephardic rite in use today and nearer to other old European rites such as the
330:
No early manuscripts of this prayer book survive, and later manuscripts appear to be heavily edited to conform with the rites in use at the time: we therefore cannot be certain of the exact wording preferred by Amram Gaon himself. Evidence for this is:
278:
Talmudic and gaonic regulations relating to the prayers and their associated ceremonies. His siddur, which was made familiar by the many excerpts quoted from it by the medieval liturgical writers, and which served as the model for
313:, is certainly not the work of Amram, but appears to belong to a much later period. Even the first portion, which contains the prayers proper, is full of interpolations, some of which, such as the
391:
codes, which themselves often reflect the opinions of the Geonim, and is therefore of a more purely
Babylonian character: thus, paradoxically, it has moved away from the current wording of the
338:
The text of the prayers often differs from the surviving responsa of
Natronai Gaon and other contemporary authorities, and occasionally even with the halachic commentary of the siddur itself
227:, Gaon of Sura, and was exceptionally honored with the title of Gaon within the lifetime of his teacher. Eventually, he broke away from his teacher and started his own seat of learning.
768:
367:
to suit their own requirements, so that the wording of the manuscripts and the printed version often contains variants likely to be derived from
353:, argues for text A "as prescribed by Amram Gaon" as against text B "found in popular usage", but the current version of Amram Gaon shows text B.
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552:
536:
636:. Translated by Nosson Dovid Rabinowich. Jerusalem: Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press - Ahavath Torah Institute Moznaim. pp. 146–148.
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859:
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269:. Amram was the first to arrange a complete liturgy for use in synagogue and home. His book forms the foundation both of the
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1347:
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into believing that the
Ashkenazi rite was based on the Babylonian while the Sephardic rite was essentially Palestinian.
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influence. The later
Sephardic rite has been revised to bring it into closer conformity with the rulings of the
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270:
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Ashkenazim and
Sephardim: their Relations, Differences, and Problems As Reflected in the Rabbinical Responsa
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406:, which was already akin to the old European family. For this reason, to a modern reader the wording of the
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286:' own prayer texts, was published complete for the first time in Warsaw, in the year 1865 under the title
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The most important work of Amram, marking him as one of the most prominent of the geonim before
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First to arrange a complete liturgy for the synagogue, author of Siddur Rav Amram
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were conferred upon Amram, a title which he held for 18 years, until his death.
92:
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The work as published is composed of two parts. The second part containing the
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appears far closer to an
Ashkenazi than a Sephardi text, a fact which misled
192:
17:
1447:
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243:
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779: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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He is the author of about 120 responsa, most of which were published in
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Book of Prayer of the
Spanish and Portuguese Jews’ Congregation, London
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Upon
Natronai's death, about 857, the full title and dignities of the
1151:
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196:
169:
1511:
753:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
787:"Amram ben Sheshna or Shushna (known as Amram Gaon or Mar-Amram)"
302:
841:
799:. Vol. 1. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 535–536.
487:
Brody, Y. (1987), "Rav Amram bar
Sheshna – Gaon in Sura?",
341:
There are many instances where a later authority, such as
207:), which took the form of a long responsum to the Jews of
837:
567:
The
Formation of Jewish Liturgy: In the East and the West
191:. He was the first to arrange a complete liturgy for the
609:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Amram ben Sheshna".
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was a major source used in the standardization of the
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and towards what was presumably its original wording.
53:
A street sign at the intersection of Amram Ga’on and
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477:(Warsaw 1865 edition, scanned text, Hebrew only)
335:The manuscripts differ widely among themselves
853:
624:
622:
8:
772:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
721:see Neubauer, in "Jew. Quart. Rev." vi. 703.
860:
846:
838:
802:
464:Seder Rav Amram (Jerusalem 1912 edition):
47:
29:
1063:Mattithiah ha-Kohen b. Ravrevay b. Hanina
383:rites, which reflect varying degrees of
592:
501:Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History
1221:Bebai ha-Levi ben Abba of Nehar Pekod
7:
1348:Israel ha-Kohen ben Samuel ben Hofni
262:, is his prayer book, the so-called
157:
734:vol 1: Oxford (Oxford Univ. Press,
524:(On Jewish Liturgy): Jerusalem 1978
165:
1399:Daniel ben Eleazer ben Hibat Allah
369:early versions of the Spanish rite
123:Siddur Rav Amram (Seder Rav Amram)
25:
1333:Zemah Tzedek ben Paltoi ben Issac
575:: London 1958 (since reprinted).
442:, ed. Goldschmidt: Jerusalem 1971
246:in 1792 in a collection entitled
223:Amram ben Sheshna was a pupil of
1414:Isaac ben Israel Ibn al-Shuwaykh
774:
746:
654:"Sha'arei Tzedek," iv. 2, 20, 40
615:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
599:
634:The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon
454:, ed. Harfenes: Bene Berak 1994
1093:Kohen Tzedek Kahana ben Joseph
1:
418:Published texts of the Siddur
1587:Sar Shalom ben Moses ha-Levi
1567:Masliah ben Solomon ha-Cohen
1557:Abiathar ben Elijah ha-Cohen
1302:Hilai ben Natronai ben Hilai
1257:Mesharsheya Kahana ben Jacob
1216:Mari ha-Levi ben Mesharsheya
1191:Mari ha-Kohen of Nehar Pekod
1058:Menahem ben Joseph ben Hiyya
690:Mueller, "Mafteach", p. 123.
1562:Solomon ben Elijah ha-Cohen
1552:Elijah ben Solomon ha-Cohen
1537:Solomon ben Joseph ha-Cohen
1409:Isaac ben al-Awani ha-Cohen
1394:Eleazer ben Hillel ben Fahd
1369:Isaac ben Moses ben Sukkari
1353:Azariah ha-Kohen ben Israel
1231:Jacob ha-Kohen ben Mordecai
531:: Cambridge 1993. Hardback
1680:
1517:Samuel ben Joseph ha-Cohen
1424:Samuel ben Daniel ha-Cohen
993:Huna ben ha-Levi ben Isaac
988:Haninai Kahana ben Abraham
983:Haninai Kahana ben Abraham
522:Meִhkare Tefillah u-Fiyyut
505:Jewish Publication Society
1664:Rabbis of Academy of Sura
1618:Mar Isaac of Firuz Shabur
1582:Netanel ben Moses ha-Levi
1572:Moses ben Netanel ha-Levi
1507:Joseph ben Ezrun ha-Cohen
1467:Pinhas ben Jacob ha-Cohen
1404:Hibat Allah ben Abil Rabi
1113:Nehemiah ben Kohen Tzedek
1088:Mebasser Kahana ben Kimoi
1018:Abumai Kahana ben Abraham
826:
813:
805:
529:Judaism and Hebrew Prayer
448:, ed. Kronholm: Lund 1974
436:, ed. Hedegard: Lund 1951
358:Relation to current rites
187:, but his chief work was
154:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
46:
40:
39:
27:Babylonian rabbi (d. 875)
1542:Solomon ben Judah (Gaon)
1522:Jose ben Samuel ha-Cohen
1482:Aaron ben Moses ben Meir
1317:Yom-Tob Kahana ben Jacob
1166:(Mesharsheya b. Tahlifa)
911:Huna Mari ben Mar Joseph
901:Rav Rabbah (Rava, Ravah)
785:Ginzberg, Louis (1901).
1362:Later Babylonian Geonim
1262:Kohen Tzedek ben Abimai
1211:Haninai Kahana ben Huna
1206:Ahhunai Kahana ben Papa
1013:Kahana ben Haninai Gaon
1003:Isaiah ha-Levi ben Abba
963:Hananya ben Mesharsheya
796:The Jewish Encyclopedia
769:Encyclopædia Britannica
612:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1597:Sar Shalom ben Abraham
1472:Jehoshaphat ben Josiah
1389:Zechariah ben Berakhel
1170:Hanina of Nehar Pekkod
1053:Aha Kahana ben Mar Rav
947:Natroi Kahana b. Emuna
793:; et al. (eds.).
180:in the ninth century.
1502:Aaron ha-Cohen (Gaon)
1448:Chushiel ben Elchanan
927:Natronai ben Nehemiah
701:Siddur Rav Amram Gaon
288:Siddur Rav Amram Gaon
1181:Jacob of Nehar Pekod
1103:Hananiah ben Yehudai
1033:Joseph ben Mar Hiyya
906:Rav Bosai (Bostanai)
830:Nahshon ben R. Zadok
452:Seder Rav Amram Gaon
446:Seder Rav Amram Gaon
440:Seder Rav Amram Gaon
434:Seder Rav Amram Gaon
1267:Sar Shalom ben Boaz
1028:Abraham ben Sherira
998:Manasseh ben Joseph
942:Samuel ben Mar Mari
1659:9th-century rabbis
1577:Abraham ben Mazhir
1547:Daniel ben Azariah
1312:Jacob ben Natronai
1307:Shalom ben Mishael
1272:Natronai ben Hilai
1247:Hilai ben Hananiah
1038:Isaac ben Hananiah
809:Natronai ben Hilai
565:Wieder, Naphtali,
343:Abraham ben Nathan
271:Spanish-Portuguese
225:Natronai ben Hilai
168:; died 875) was a
1636:
1635:
1497:Abraham ben Aaron
1419:Ali ben Zechariah
1322:Saadia ben Joseph
1282:Nahshon ben Zadok
1243:(Issac ben Jesse)
1108:Aaron ibn Sargado
878:Pumbedita Academy
836:
835:
827:Succeeded by
553:978-0-521-48341-4
537:978-0-521-44087-5
301:for the month of
183:He authored many
178:Lower Mesopotamia
146:Amram bar Sheshna
143:
142:
97:Lower Mesopotamia
34:Amram bar Sheshna
16:(Redirected from
1671:
1592:Ezra ben Abraham
1532:Josiah ben Aaron
1477:Semah ben Josiah
1443:Jacob ben Nissim
1435:Kairouan Academy
1338:Samuel ben Hofni
1328:Joseph ben Jacob
1287:Zemah ben Hayyim
1176:Hillai of Naresh
1098:Zemah ben Kafnai
1073:Zemah ben Paltoi
1048:Paltoi ben Abaye
1008:Joseph ben Shila
957:Dodai ben Nahman
891:Mari ben R. Dimi
862:
855:
848:
839:
806:Preceded by
803:
800:
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408:Siddur Rav Amram
400:Siddur Rav Amram
398:Conversely, the
393:Siddur Rav Amram
364:Siddur Rav Amram
254:Siddur Rav Amram
201:Siddur Rav Amram
167:
159:
136:Other names
51:
30:
21:
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1606:
1452:
1428:
1357:
1343:Dosa ben Saadia
1297:Hai ben Nahshon
1132:
1083:Kimoi ben Ahhai
1043:Joseph ben Abba
1023:Joseph ben Abba
973:Rabba ben Dodai
916:Hiyya of Meshan
896:Rav Hana (Huna)
886:Hanan of Iskiya
871:
866:
832:
823:
811:
791:Singer, Isidore
784:
775:
762:, ed. (1911). "
758:
747:
745:
743:
742:
738:), 5725 - 1965.
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725:
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699:N. N. Coronel,
698:
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607:Singer, Isidore
605:
600:
598:
594:
589:
517:: New York 1909
493:56, pp. 327–ff.
484:
482:Further reading
475:Seder Rav Amram
461:
426:, ed. Coronel:
424:Seder Rab Amram
420:
404:nusach Ashkenaz
360:
351:David Abudirham
347:Sefer ha-Manhig
328:
256:
248:Sha'arei Tzedek
240:
221:
205:Seder Rav Amram
174:Academy of Sura
172:or head of the
120:Notable work(s)
99:
90:
75:Academy of Sura
62:
42:
35:
28:
23:
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5:
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1628:Simeon Kayyara
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1492:Aaron ben Meir
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1457:Geonim in the
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1384:Samuel ben Ali
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1379:Solomon (Gaon)
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952:Abraham Kahana
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703:(Warsaw, 1865)
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527:Reif, Stefan,
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511:Louis Ginzberg
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497:Elbogen, Ismar
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459:External links
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38:
31:
19:
1527:Shemaya Gaon
1487:Isaac (Gaon)
1276:
1201:Yehudai Gaon
1147:Mar ben Huna
1139:Sura Academy
1118:Sherira Gaon
820:Sura Academy
814:
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679:Orach Chayim
672:
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610:
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547:; Paperback
528:
521:
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412:Moses Gaster
407:
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158:עמרם בר ששנא
149:
145:
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41:עמרם בר ששנא
1374:Eli ha-Levi
1164:Rav Sheshna
978:Rav Shinwai
959:(Rav Dorai)
937:Joseph Gaon
385:Palestinian
273:and of the
115:9th century
57:streets in
1654:875 deaths
1643:Categories
1623:Achai Gaon
1277:Amram Gaon
1236:Rav Abimai
1196:Achai Gaon
1186:Rav Samuel
932:Judah Gaon
712:p. 4b
587:References
381:Old French
311:Yom Kippur
284:Maimonides
209:al-Andalus
189:liturgical
150:Amram Gaon
139:Amram Gaon
18:Amram Gaon
1433:Deans of
1292:Rav Malka
1172:(Hinenai)
1158:Rav Hunai
1154:(Hinenai)
1137:Deans of
923:(Moronai)
921:Rav Rabya
876:Deans of
730:Preface,
642:923562173
571:Zimmels,
373:Provençal
267:Rav Amram
219:Biography
193:synagogue
166:עמרם גאון
1123:Hai Gaon
824:861-872
681:, § 568.
632:(1988).
470:Volume 2
466:Volume 1
389:halachic
326:The text
315:kedushah
299:pizmonim
295:selichot
244:Salonica
238:Responsa
185:responsa
104:Religion
81:Personal
59:Tel Aviv
818:of the
783::
757::
515:Geonica
377:Italian
320:Tzemach
282:'s and
260:Saadiah
232:geonate
195:. His
107:Judaism
1649:Geonim
1611:Others
1160:(Huna)
1152:Hanina
869:Geonim
751:
640:
604:
579:
559:
551:
543:
535:
490:Tarbiz
428:Warsaw
305:, for
280:Saadia
265:Siddur
197:siddur
162:Hebrew
1602:Sadoq
1512:Ezrun
789:. In
764:Amram
67:Title
816:Gaon
638:OCLC
577:ISBN
557:ISBN
549:ISBN
541:ISBN
533:ISBN
507:1993
430:1865
379:and
362:The
309:and
303:Elul
297:and
170:gaon
93:Sura
86:Died
71:Gaon
766:".
349:or
345:'s
203:or
176:in
160:or
148:or
112:Era
89:875
73:of
1645::
677:,
621:^
555:,
539:,
513:,
503::
499:,
468:;
375:,
290:.
215:.
164::
156::
95:,
861:e
854:t
847:v
644:.
199:(
152:(
61:.
20:)
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