5019:. There is no question that were the prayers of all the tribes the same, there would be no need for twelve windows and gates, each gate having a path of its own. Rather, without a doubt it necessarily follows that because their prayers are different, each and every tribe requires its own gate. For in accordance with the source and root of the souls of that tribe, so must be its prayer rite. It is therefore fitting that each and every individual should maintain the customary liturgical rite of his forefathers. For you do not know who is from this tribe and who from that tribe. And since his forefathers practiced a certain custom, perhaps he is from that tribe for whom this custom is appropriate, and if he comes now and changes it, his prayer may not ascend , when it is not offered in accordance with that rite. (
2837:, which presented the same results in the form of a practical abridgement. He consulted most of the authorities available to him, but generally arrived at a practical decision by following the majority among the three great Spanish authorities, Alfasi, Maimonides and Asher ben Yeḥiel, unless most of the other authorities were against them. He did not consciously intend to exclude non-Sephardi authorities, but considered that the Ashkenazi school, so far as it had anything to contribute on general Jewish law as opposed to purely Ashkenazi custom, was adequately represented by Asher. However, since Alfasi and Maimonides generally agree, the overall result was overwhelmingly Sephardi in flavour, though in a number of cases Caro set the result of this consensus aside and ruled in favour of the Catalan school (
2595:
2856:, while acknowledging the merits of the Shulḥan Aruch, felt that it did not do justice to Ashkenazi scholarship and practice. He accordingly composed a series of glosses setting out all respects in which Ashkenazi practice differs, and the composite work is today accepted as the leading work on Ashkenazi halachah. Isserles felt free to differ from Caro on particular points of law, but in principle he accepted Caro's view that the Sephardic practice set out in the Shulḥan Aruch represents standard Jewish law while the Ashkenazi practice is essentially a local custom.
124:
3047:, as understood by the authorities up to and including Asher ben Yehiel. Despite this convergence, there were distinctions between the liturgies of different parts of the Iberian peninsula: for example the Lisbon and Catalan rites were somewhat different from the Castilian rite, which formed the basis of the later Sephardic tradition. The Catalan rite was intermediate in character between the Castilian rite and that of
5015:"There are many differences between the prayer books, between the Sefardi rite, the Catalonian rite, the Ashkenazi rite, and the like. Concerning this matter, my master of blessed memory told me that there are twelve windows in heaven corresponding to the twelve tribes, and that the prayer of each tribe ascends through its own special gate. This is the secret of the twelve gates mentioned at the end of
27:
3035:
particular that of Amram Gaon, appear to have been edited to reflect some
Spanish and other local usages.) The present Sephardic liturgy should therefore be regarded as the product of gradual convergence between the original local rite and the North African branch of the Babylonian-Arabic family, as prevailing in Geonic times in Egypt and Morocco. Following the
2959:, maintain precisely the opposite. To put the matter into perspective it must be emphasized that all Jewish liturgies in use in the world today are in substance Babylonian, with a small number of Palestinian usages surviving the process of standardization: in a list of differences preserved from the time of the
3322:. These rulings and observations form the basis of the Baghdadi rite: both the text of the prayers and the accompanying usages differ in some respects from those of the Livorno editions. The rulings of the Ben Ish Ḥai have been accepted in several other Sephardic and Oriental communities, such as that of
3169:
in the form of comments on the Venice edition of the
Spanish and Portuguese prayer book. The theory then grew up that this composite Sephardic rite was of special spiritual potency and reached a "thirteenth gate" in Heaven for those who did not know their tribe: prayer in this form could therefore be
3841:
Many
Sephardim avoid eating fish with milk, as in Eastern Mediterranean countries this is widely considered to be unhealthy (by non-Jews as well as Jews). Ashkenazim and Western Sephardim argue that this practice originated from a mistake in the Bet Yosef, and that the prohibition really concerned
3303:, as the books were designed for public congregational use. They quickly became standard in almost all Sephardic and Oriental communities, with any local variations being preserved only by oral tradition. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many more Sephardic prayer books were published in
3860:
consumed by
Ashkenazim on Shabbat contain too much egg, sugar, raisin, even chocolate to Sephardi standards and are considered cake (uga, עוגה) rather than bread (lechem, לחם). Therefore the hamotzi lechem (המוציא לחם) blessing cannot be said over it and in turn the kiddush is not valid. Ashkenazi
3091:
In a process lasting from the 16th through the 19th century, the native Jewish communities of most Arab and
Ottoman countries adapted their pre-existing liturgies, many of which already had a family resemblance with the Sephardic, to follow the Spanish rite in as many respects as possible. Some
3663:
every day during
Shaharit and Musaf even outside of Israel, unlike the Ashkenazi practice to say it only on the major Festivals. However, in Spanish and Portuguese communities, it is recited only on festivals like Ashkenazim, and in some communities, it is done on Shabbat but not during the
3034:
ha-Yarḥi (c. 1204), it appears that even at that later time the
Spanish rite preserved certain European peculiarities that have since been eliminated in order to conform to the rulings of the Geonim and the official texts based on them. (Conversely the surviving versions of those texts, in
3165:. Luria himself always maintained that it was the duty of every Jew to abide by his ancestral tradition, so that his prayers should reach the gate in Heaven appropriate to his tribal identity. However he devised a system of usages for his own followers, which were recorded by Vital in his
2805:. For a while, Spain was divided between the schools: in Catalonia the rulings of Nahmanides and ben Adret were accepted, in Castile those of the Asher family and in Valencia those of Maimonides. (Maimonides' rulings were also accepted in most of the Arab world, especially
3129:, further encouraging uniformity. The North Africans in particular were influenced by Greek and Turkish models of Jewish practice and cultural behaviour: for this reason many of them to this day pray according to a rite known as "minhag Ḥida" (the custom of
2589:
Following the expulsion the
Spanish exiles took a leading role in the Jewish communities of Western Asia (the Middle East) and North Africa, who modified their rites to bring them still nearer to the Spanish rite, which by then was regarded as the
3353:, prefer a form shorn of some of the Kabbalistic additions and nearer to what would have been known to R. Joseph Caro, and seek to establish this as the standard "Israeli Sephardi" rite for use by all communities. The liturgy of the
3338:(the custom of the Oriental congregations). Other authorities, especially older rabbis from North Africa, reject these in favour of a more conservative Oriental-Sephardic text as found in the 19th century Livorno editions; and the
2859:
So far, then, it is meaningless to speak of "Sephardic custom": all that is meant is Jewish law without the particular customs of the
Ashkenazim. For this reason, the law accepted by other non-Ashkenazi communities, such as the
3103:
were printed in bulk, usually in Italy, so that a congregation wanting books generally had to opt for a standard "Sephardi" or "Ashkenazi" text: this led to the obsolescence of many historic local rites, such as the Provençal
2571:, as their religious practices are basically similar: whether or not they are "Spaniard Jews" they are all "Jews of the Spanish rite". There are three reasons for this convergence, which are explored in more detail below:
3361:
influence. The differences between all these groups, however, exist at the level of detailed wording, for example the insertion or omission of a few extra passages: structurally, all
Sephardic rites are very similar.
3197:
in Jerusalem: this contains only a few lines of text on each page, the rest being filled with intricate meditations on the letter combinations in the prayers. Other scholars commented on the liturgy from both a
5859:
3251:
of Western countries, who adopted a certain number of Kabbalistic usages piecemeal in the 17th century but later abandoned many of them because it was felt that the Lurianic Kabbalah had contributed to the
4775:
3075:
world, where they soon assumed positions of rabbinic and communal leadership. They formed their own communities, often maintaining differences based on their places of origin in the Iberian peninsula. In
3096:
The Spanish exiles were regarded as an elite and supplied many of the Chief Rabbis to the countries in which they settled, so that the Spanish rite tended to be favoured over any previous native rite;
5055:
Many of the usages attributed to Isaac Luria were not his inventions, but older minority views on Jewish practice, which he revived and justified on Kabbalistic grounds. Some were adopted from the
4451:, En Sto Dgo, D.N. Rep. Dom. -New York City, EE UU - 2012-2019, Según las enseñanzas de: Jhajam Yits’jhak de Souza Britto, Rev. Jhajam David de Aharon de Sola Pool y Rev. Jhajam Dr. Moses Gaster.
4438:
En Sto Dgo, D.N. Rep. Dom. -New York City, EE UU - 2012-2019, Según las enseñanzas de: Jhajam Yits’jhak de Souza Britto, Rev. Jhajam David de Aharon de Sola Pool y Rev. Jhajam Dr. Moses Gaster.
1149:
4711:
2987:
which had historically followed Palestinian usages, had adopted Babylonian rulings in most respects, and Babylonian authority was accepted by Jews throughout the Arabic-speaking world.
2666:
as the supreme authority over the Jews of the Arab world. The Gaonim provided written answers to questions on Jewish law from around the world, which were published in collections of
5338:
3263:
There were also Kabbalistic groups in the Ashkenazic world, which adopted the Lurianic-Sephardic ritual, on the theory of the thirteenth gate mentioned above. This accounts for the "
1727:
1382:
1077:
1269:
3357:
differs from all these (more than the Eastern groups differ from each other), as it represents an older form of the text, has far fewer Kabbalistic additions and reflects some
5793:
3674:
In most communities (except for Spanish and Portuguese) since the times of the Ari, the short Tahanun includes the Vidui, the Thirteen Attributes, and Psalm 25, among others.
3775:
In Middle Eastern communities, the Torah is read on a horizontal box also called the Teva/Teba rather than a slanted table as the Ashkenazic or Western Sephardic tradition.
2849:
is today accepted by Sephardim as the leading authority in Jewish law, subject to minor variants drawn from the rulings of later rabbis accepted in particular communities.
2747:): this had some Talmudic support, but was not nearly so prominent in Arabic countries as it was in Europe. Special books on Ashkenazic custom were written, for example by
2477:
3462:
of the arm and the head, rather than one for each. However they say the second blessing if they are interrupted and have to say something after placing the arm tefillin.
241:
4083:
Sephardim often name their children after living grandparents, which is a great respect. On the other hand, Ashkenazim never name their children after a living person.
2517:, most of whom follow the same traditions of worship as those which are followed by Sephardic Jews. The Sephardi Rite is not a denomination nor is it a movement like
1264:
5283:
1512:
4783:
2868:, is basically similar to that of the Sephardim. There are of course customs peculiar to particular countries or communities within the Sephardic world, such as
5417:
3334:
In the Sephardic world today, particularly in Israel, there are many popular prayer-books containing this Baghdadi rite, and this is what is currently known as
3026:
and Ashkenazi rites, but as no liturgical materials from the Visigothic era survive we cannot know for certain. From references in later treatises such as the
1766:
4066:
If a relative passed away in the month of Adar, in a leap year, most Sephardim commemorate it in Adar II rather than the Ashkenazi practice of Adar I or both.
2782:- an elaborate Talmudic commentary, which became the third of the great Spanish authorities after Alfasi and Maimonides. A more popular résumé, known as the
5693:
5081:
The diagnostic usage of the Yosef group is the saying of the blessing over the Shabbat candles before instead of after lighting them, in accordance with the
3678:
The order of the long Tahanun varies based on the particular rite and includes 3 additional Thirteen Attributes. Most communities stand for the beginning of
2936:, as these were the two main centres of religious authority: there is no complete text of the Palestinian rite, though some fragments have been found in the
4523:. En Pennsylvania 2024, Según las enseñanzas de: Jhajam Yits’jhak de Souza Britto, Rev. Jhajam David de Aharon de Sola Pool y Rev. Jhajam Dr. Moses Gaster.
3469:
strap anti-clockwise (for a right-handed person). The form of the knot and of the wrappings round the hand are also different from that of the Ashkenazim.
751:
714:
3682:(including the Vidui, the Thirteen Attributes) and sit erect (without resting their head on their arm) for Psalm 25, but customs vary between communities.
4569:
A treasury of Sephardic laws and customs : the ritual practices of Syrian, Moroccan, Judeo-Spanish and Spanish and Portuguese Jews of North America.
44:
5148:, when scholars such as Shabbetai Sofer published prayer books with the text deliberately altered to meet the standard of Biblical Hebrew as set by the
3259:
Some Moroccan communities did not accept certain Kabbalistic practices because they said that they had old traditions that they did not need to change.
5473:
3798:
Most Sephardim remain seated when the 10 Commandments are being read. However Western Sephardim (UK and the Netherlands) stand, similar to Ashkenazim.
3542:
Sephardim read/chant most of the prayers end to end out loud, unlike the Ashkenazi practice that the Hazan reads the first line out loud, followed by
3318:, whose work of that name contained both halachic rulings and observations on Kabbalistic custom based on his correspondence with Eliyahu Mani of the
3114:
presupposes a "Castilian rite" at every point, so that that version of the Spanish rite had the prestige of being "according to the opinion of Maran";
1690:
5889:
2586:
The Spanish rite was an offshoot of the Babylonian-Arabic family of Jewish rites and retained a family resemblance to the other rites of that family.
1713:
5565:
5316:
1063:
5612:
5461:
3993:
period, observant Sephardi men avoid cutting their hair and shaving/cutting their beard for 34 days, rather than 33, as the Ashkenazi practice.
3778:
The ark where the Torah scrolls are stored is called Hekhal (also Hekhal kodesh in the Greek and Turkish communities), rather than Aron kodesh.
2470:
1640:
1575:
1457:
5678:
5321:
4868:
4697:
4675:
4659:
4638:
761:
5882:
1199:
3942:, instead of being used to light them (which would be impractical, given that the lights are traditionally oil lamps rather than candles).
3080:, for instance, there were more than twenty synagogues, each using the rite of a different locality in Spain or Portugal (as well as one
5508:
5276:
1467:
1284:
1274:
514:
91:
4587:"Between 'Ashkenazi' and Sepharad: An Early Modern German Rabbinic Response to Religious Pluralism in the Spanish-Portuguese Community"
3795:, the `oleh is congratulated by other congregants with Hazak uvaruch rather than Yasher koach and the ole responds with Hazak ve'ematz.
3496:, each winding loops through the preceding one, and the pattern of windings between the knots is either 10-5-6-5 (in some communities,
5828:
5602:
1863:
1813:
1778:
1472:
1337:
1204:
63:
5575:
5449:
5132:
4732:
4705:
4683:
4667:
4576:
4197:
4183:
4136:
3475:
The script used in Torah scrolls, tefillin and mezuzot is different from the Ashkenazic and nearer to the printed square characters.
2463:
1555:
1517:
1492:
1412:
1397:
1244:
1184:
1139:
110:
5585:
4560:
R. Chouraqui. "The Leadership and Traditions of the Sephardi Sages in the Modern Era." Conversations 1.7 (2010): n. pag. Web. <
5963:
5529:
4511:
En Pennsylvania, EE UU - 2023, Según las enseñanzas de: Rev. Jhajam David de Aharon de Sola Pool y Rev. Jhajam Dr. Moses Gaster.
4499:
En Pennsylvania, EE UU - 2023, Según las enseñanzas de: Rev. Jhajam David de Aharon de Sola Pool y Rev. Jhajam Dr. Moses Gaster.
4487:
En Pennsylvania, EE UU - 2023, Según las enseñanzas de: Rev. Jhajam David de Aharon de Sola Pool y Rev. Jhajam Dr. Moses Gaster.
4475:
En Pennsylvania, EE UU - 2023, Según las enseñanzas de: Rev. Jhajam David de Aharon de Sola Pool y Rev. Jhajam Dr. Moses Gaster.
4463:
En Pennsylvania, EE UU - 2023, Según las enseñanzas de: Rev. Jhajam David de Aharon de Sola Pool y Rev. Jhajam Dr. Moses Gaster.
3819:
While Mizrachi Jews generally eat rice on Passover, many Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Turkish, and North African Sephardim do not.
1848:
1830:
1736:
1630:
1482:
1477:
1402:
1367:
1234:
70:
3307:. These were primarily aimed at the Judaeo-Spanish communities of the Balkans, Greece and Turkey, and therefore had rubrics in
5958:
5948:
5943:
5655:
5595:
5590:
5466:
5422:
5397:
2948:
2632:
2366:
2265:
1820:
1803:
1756:
1655:
1565:
1502:
1452:
1432:
1427:
1347:
1321:
1296:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1134:
1129:
5026:
4643:
Mauroof, Joshua, Rabbi. "Sephardic Tradition - The Judaism of the Future." University of Maryland. 28 Mar. 2013. Lecture. <
2529:
Rite worship traditions. Thus, Sephardim comprise a community with distinct cultural, juridical and philosophical traditions.
5683:
5634:
5551:
5524:
5427:
5412:
5269:
4421:
3890:, the typical new year greeting is "Tizku leshanim rabot" (תזכו לשנים רבות). The answer is "Ne`imot vetovot" (נעימות וטובות).
2873:
2667:
1839:
1825:
1793:
1773:
1741:
1685:
1660:
1635:
1615:
1605:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1522:
1437:
1422:
1342:
1301:
1254:
1249:
1169:
1114:
48:
5570:
4947:
S. Zucker and E. Wust, "The oriental origin of 'Siddur R. Shlomo b. R. Natan' and its erroneous ascription to North Africa"
4951:
64 (1992-3) pp 737-46, argue that this prayer book in fact originated in western Iran. This theory is rejected by S. Reif,
2743:
did their best to explain the Talmud in a way consistent with these customs. A theory grew up that custom trumps law (see
77:
5778:
5503:
5498:
5488:
4561:
3833:
The custom of eating dried legumes on Passover varies between communities, it is independent of the custom of eating rice.
2971:, and instances where the Sephardic usage conforms to the Babylonian while the Ashkenazic usage is Palestinian are marked
2594:
2260:
1798:
1783:
1746:
1708:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1650:
1645:
1625:
1610:
1595:
1570:
1536:
1507:
1407:
1392:
1316:
1306:
1224:
1194:
1119:
1105:
5877:
5256:
4056:
The Sephardi term of commemorating a close relative's death is nahala (נחלה) or meldado. Ashkenazim use the Yiddish term
741:
5844:
5580:
5534:
5444:
5326:
2810:
2537:
1868:
1788:
1751:
1675:
1620:
1487:
1462:
1387:
1362:
1352:
1291:
1214:
1209:
1189:
1179:
1159:
1144:
1037:
505:
500:
4036:
referring to the matriarchs for the naming of the girl. Each community has various additional elements to the ceremony.
2955:
are descendants of those who originally followed the Judaean or Galilaean Jewish religious traditions. Others, such as
2560:
backgrounds, whether or not they have any historic link to Spain, but some prefer to distinguish Sephardim proper from
5607:
5559:
3964:
3518:
3391:
3354:
3248:
2900:
1858:
1853:
1808:
1761:
1447:
1417:
1377:
1372:
1229:
535:
59:
5894:
5849:
5810:
3585:, the Sephardi Hazan doesn't sing Shoken ad. Instead, Shavat aniyim is sung. It has many melodies that vary by the
2720:(code of Jewish law), which took the form of an edited and abridged Talmud. This in turn formed the basis for the
2332:
2177:
1885:
1279:
475:
465:
201:
822:
37:
5483:
5456:
3207:
3130:
2446:
2139:
1990:
1931:
5098:
This script is called "Velsh" or "Veilish", and comes from Italy. The name is the Yiddish equivalent of German
3071:
After the expulsion from Spain, the Sephardim took their liturgy with them to countries throughout the Arab and
2990:
Early attempts at standardizing the liturgy which have been preserved include, in chronological order, those of
2770:
The learning of the Tosafists, but not the literature on Ashkenazic customs as such, was imported into Spain by
5854:
5208:
3536:
3532:
2891:, and many of these have spread to communities throughout the Sephardi world: this is discussed further in the
2149:
2129:
1239:
719:
260:
3386:
Sephardic usage derived from Lurianic Kabbalah (some of these are accepted by Greek and Turkish Sephardim and
4725:
Ashkenazim and Sephardim: their Relations, Differences, and Problems As Reflected in the Rabbinical Responsa
3299:. These included notes on practice and the Kabbalistic additions to the prayers, but not the meditations of
5818:
5617:
5518:
4025:
3314:
An important influence on Sephardic prayer and custom was the late 19th century Baghdadi rabbi known as the
3162:
2290:
2280:
2245:
2124:
2114:
1897:
1068:
1010:
844:
523:
480:
195:
5721:
4744:
4070:
4057:
3755:
They lift the Torah scroll and display it to the congregation before the Torah reading rather than after.
2409:
2144:
2058:
1124:
676:
295:
265:
2505:"Jews of Spain"); the descendants of the historic Jewish community of the Iberian Peninsula, what is now
671:
5711:
5688:
5644:
4860:חכמי אשכנז הראשונים: קורותיהם, דרכם בהנהגת הציבור, יצירתם הרוחנית מראשית יישובם ועד לגזירות תתנ״ו (1096)
3226:
2701:
2300:
2295:
2240:
2028:
943:
658:
553:
270:
5251:
4320:
Otzar Ḥilluf Minhagim: Thesaurus of Halachic Differences between the Palestinian and Babylonian Schools
84:
3956:
Sephardim only say blessings over the first and third cups of Passover wine, instead of over all four.
5910:
5236:
3990:
3980:
3960:
2371:
2323:
2063:
1921:
734:
599:
588:
546:
5922:
4028:. In some communities (e.g., Hamburg) it happens on the 30th day after birth. The core elements are
3218:
5432:
2735:
Developments in France and Germany were somewhat different. They too respected the rulings of the
2424:
797:
664:
567:
560:
490:
378:
253:
123:
4063:
The common Sephardi greeting to express a condolence is Min hashamayim tenuhamu (מן השמים תנוחמו).
3173:
Further Kabbalistic embellishments were recorded in later rabbinic works such as the 18th century
5191:
4598:
4202:
4141:
3849:
are in some respects stricter and in other respects less strict than those of Ashkenazim (modern
3434:
3405:
3237:
3031:
2933:
2275:
2225:
2172:
2167:
2081:
1951:
1219:
1048:
807:
727:
581:
147:
3472:
The letter shin on the head tefillin has a different calligraphy than on the Ashkenazi tefillin.
3014:
Spain is likely to have belonged to a Palestinian-influenced European family, together with the
5953:
5800:
5726:
5406:
5128:
4864:
4728:
4701:
4693:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4634:
4572:
4193:
4179:
4132:
3660:
3646:
3319:
3194:
2964:
2904:
2842:
2798:
2728:. A feature of these early Tunisian and Spanish schools was a willingness to make use of the
2533:
2419:
2361:
2341:
2158:
1718:
1357:
817:
688:
618:
495:
408:
275:
5753:
4826:(Hebrew), Jerusalem 1988. There is an attempted reconstruction of the Eretz Yisrael rite by
5968:
5703:
4326:
4021:
3048:
3019:
2980:
2783:
2771:
2752:
2729:
2705:
2680:
2518:
2389:
2270:
2230:
2194:
1892:
1442:
953:
709:
613:
528:
418:
210:
4805:
3546:, and finishing up by reading the last few lines out loud before moving to the next prayer.
3010:
but show a recognisable evolution towards the current Sephardi text. The liturgy in use in
5783:
5716:
5437:
5331:
5016:
4827:
4103:
3685:
When taking out the Torah on shabbat, most Sephardic communities recite Ata horeta ladaat.
3650:
3632:
3582:
3575:
3272:
3153:
The most important theological, as opposed to practical, motive for harmonization was the
3040:
2929:
2787:
2628:
2351:
2310:
2305:
2285:
2207:
2201:
2134:
2086:
1926:
1907:
1058:
787:
699:
682:
226:
133:
3861:
hosts are encouraged to be sensitive to this difference when having Sephardi guests over.
3856:
The Sephardi definition of bread is significantly stricter than the Ashkenazi one. Many
173:
5770:
5741:
5731:
5650:
5301:
5292:
5183:
5107:
5082:
4973:
4917:
4609:
4562:
http://www.jewishideas.org/articles/leadership-and-traditions-sephardi-sages-modern-era
4258:
4117:
3872:
3792:
3691:
Close to the end of the Musaf service, Sephardim read Kol Yisrael before Ein Keloheinu.
3558:
3550:
3543:
3535:
patterns of vocalization and have mostly not altered them to conform with the rules of
3501:
3300:
3190:
3178:
3126:
3111:
3085:
3072:
2952:
2944:
2853:
2834:
2814:
2751:. Further instances of Ashkenazic custom were contributed by the penitential manual of
2685:
2600:
2567:
For the purposes of this article, there is no need to distinguish Iberian Sephardi and
2549:
2526:
2522:
2498:
2451:
2250:
2119:
2105:
1985:
1964:
1941:
1936:
1914:
1902:
1497:
978:
912:
877:
855:
792:
630:
608:
470:
449:
425:
191:
5937:
5915:
5622:
5539:
5386:
5379:
5110:
sets out the traditional Ashkenazic script instead. A third script, associated with
5102:
meaning "foreign" (or more specifically "Romance" or "Italian", cf. ancient Germanic
4582:
4550:
4429:
Sidurim en hebreo, espanol y fonetica, segun la tradicion sefaradi hispano portuguesa
4241:
4029:
3887:
3772:, is traditionally not in the front of the sanctuary but in the center or back of it.
3565:
3339:
3308:
3264:
3253:
3233:
3211:
3186:
2932:. At an early stage, a distinction was established between the Babylonian ritual and
2865:
2806:
2775:
2748:
2721:
2544:, fleeing in the following few centuries. In religious parlance as well as in modern
2399:
2394:
1600:
1527:
1053:
902:
897:
892:
882:
860:
812:
574:
413:
318:
280:
231:
128:
4710:
Tabori, Yosef, "The influence of the expulsion from Spain on prayer rites" (Hebrew)
3836:
Some Greek and Turkish Sephardim have the custom to also avoid potatoes on Passover.
5748:
5629:
5034:
4883:
4626:
4246:
4220:
4150:
4124:
3745:
3697:
After Aleinu, some Sephardim say Uvtorateha Hashem Elokeinu katuv leimor Shema` ...
3586:
3564:
Friday evening, most Sephardi groups (but not the Spanish and Portuguese) sing the
3387:
3358:
3350:
3315:
3222:
3118:
3077:
3052:
3023:
3015:
2976:
2956:
2937:
2896:
2895:
section below. In some cases they are accepted by Greek and Turkish Sephardim and
2861:
2713:
2675:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2514:
2429:
2255:
2096:
2091:
2049:
2002:
1096:
963:
948:
907:
872:
485:
327:
5161:
Except in those communities where (for Kabbalistic reasons) it is not used at all.
4858:
2975:.) By the 12th century, as a result of the efforts of Babylonian leaders such as
5493:
5358:
5145:
5111:
4955:
p. 348. See also U. Ehrlich, "The Contribution of Genizah Texts to the Study of
4069:
The Sephardi memorial prayers (Hashkabot) serve a similar role to the Ashkenazi
3906:
3561:
is sometimes omitted, the other prayers are standard practice by most Sephardim.
3346:
3275:, which is based on the Lurianic-Sephardic text with some Ashkenazi variations.
3158:
3137:
3036:
2995:
2884:
2869:
2644:
2541:
2414:
2356:
2021:
927:
922:
917:
887:
26:
5086:
4930:
4631:
Wrapped in the Flag of Israel: Mizrahi Single Mothers and Bureaucratic Torture.
3539:: examples are "Naqdishakh" (not "Naqdishkha") and "ha-Gefen" (not "ha-Gafen").
5544:
5478:
5372:
5241:
4644:
4112:
3968:
3430:
3409:
3268:
3241:
3107:
3081:
3003:
2991:
2838:
2826:
2794:
2760:
2725:
2580:
2072:
1086:
1015:
973:
802:
782:
341:
248:
168:
137:
3578:
differs from the Ashkenazi practice and has some additional prayers included.
2924:
For the outline and early history of the Jewish liturgy, see the articles on
5351:
5149:
4824:
Eretz-Yisrael Prayer and Prayer Rituals as Portrayed in the Geniza Documents
4571:
Revised ed. Hoboken, N.J.: KTAV; New York, N.Y.: Yeshiva Univ. Press, 1988.
3769:
3714:
3426:
3413:
3011:
2999:
2670:
and enjoyed high authority. The Gaonim also produced handbooks such as the
2648:
2235:
2220:
1310:
1258:
1020:
968:
958:
639:
635:
625:
540:
300:
4961:
From a Sacred Source: Genizah Studies in Honour of Professor Stefan C. Reif
3221:
extended even to countries outside the Ottoman sphere of influence such as
2825:
Following the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, Jewish law was codified by
988:
4934:
vol. 2 pp. 383-405; Mann, R.E.J. vol. 20 pp. 113-148. It is reprinted in
3883:
are said throughout the month of Elul in the morning rather than at night.
2793:
The Tosafot were also used by the scholars of the Catalan school, such as
5344:
5310:
5261:
4236:
3948:
3935:
3924:
3915:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3880:
3846:
3823:
3813:
3466:
3459:
3449:
3203:
3154:
3141:
3122:
2984:
2880:
2802:
2756:
2697:
2656:
2510:
2404:
2014:
1946:
777:
285:
236:
5174:
is held open while scroll is carried to and from the Hekhal (or 'Aron').
4602:
5758:
5736:
5365:
4991:
Book of Prayer of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation, London
4888:
Book of Prayer of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation, London
4754:
4749:
3857:
3850:
3827:
3724:
3708:
3701:
3688:
Some of the haftara readings are different than the Ashkenazi practice.
3679:
3636:
3514:
3493:
3486:
3284:
3199:
3044:
2740:
2660:
2614:
2576:
2494:
2380:
2346:
2215:
2009:
998:
993:
865:
756:
651:
647:
643:
392:
387:
364:
346:
221:
216:
206:
184:
159:
4521:
Sidur Kol Gael haShalem, 2024: En hebreo, con instrucciones en espanol
4497:
Majhazor Kol Gael Jhol Hamo'nged, 2023: En hebreo, espanol y fonetica,
4449:
Sidur Kol Gael para rezos diarios, 2019: En hebreo, espanol y fonetica
3853:
authorities try to ensure that all meat complies with both standards).
3768:
Typically, the Torah reading platform, which Sephardim generally call
3642:
There are separate summer and winter forms for the "Birkat ha-Shanim".
3602:
Many Sephardim don't take 3 steps back and 3 steps forward before the
3043:(c. 1340), who was concerned to ensure conformity with the rulings of
2604:, a universal code of Jewish law, reflects Sephardic laws and customs.
5103:
3731:
3668:
3614:
3603:
3323:
3304:
3182:
3100:
3007:
2960:
2925:
2744:
2736:
2663:
2652:
2651:, survived well into the Islamic period. Their presidents, known as
2624:
2545:
2040:
2035:
1995:
1980:
1091:
983:
403:
369:
355:
290:
4586:
4509:
Majhazor Kol Gael Rosh HaShana, 2023: En hebreo, espanol y fonetica,
4473:
Majhazor Kol Gael leShabu'ngot, 2023: En hebreo, espanol y fonetica,
3830:
and seeds such as green beans and fresh peas or maize) on Passover.
3788:
The blessing after the `Aliya may include Torato before Torat emet.
2963:, most of the usages recorded as Palestinian are now obsolete. (In
2696:
The learning of the Gaonim was transmitted through the scholars of
2536:. They may be divided into the families that left Spain during the
5660:
3717:
has an extra stanza (and is longer still in Oriental communities).
3627:
of the morning service begins "Naqdishakh ve-Na`ariṣakh", and the
3596:
3060:
2888:
2709:
2620:
2593:
2506:
1003:
432:
336:
305:
122:
4171:: London 1989, Jerusalem 2009 (edited and expanded to 4 volumes).
2983:, the communities of Palestine, and Diaspora communities such as
5823:
4845:
Die gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der Juden, historisch entwickelt
4485:
Majhazor Kol Gael leSukkot, 2023: En hebreo, espanol y fonetica,
4461:
Majhazor Kol Gael lePesajh, 2023: En hebreo, espanol y fonetica,
3809:
3599:
begins "Ahavat `Olam" (and not "Ahavah Rabbah") in all services.
3244:(and therefore do not regard themselves as Sephardi at all), and
3056:
2833:, which took the form of a commentary on the Arba'ah Turim, and
2553:
155:
5890:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
5265:
4376:
4372:
4360:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4310:
5209:"Wrapped in the Flag of Israel - University of Nebraska Press"
4392:
4383:
4319:
3909:
school. Spanish and Portuguese Jews still do not observe them.
20:
4436:
Sidur Kol Gael leShabat, 2019: En hebreo, espanol y fonetica,
3711:
is longer and the congregation responds Amen after Berich hu.
2548:, the term is broadly used in reference to all Jews who have
4863:(in Hebrew). הוצאת ספרים ע"ש י"ל מאגנס, האוניברסיטה העברית.
3283:
From the 1840s on a series of prayer-books was published in
3181:). The most elaborate version of these is contained in the
3748:
rather than Sephardi proper) the Torah scroll is kept in a
3557:
Korban HaTamid, and Parashat HaKtoret before Ashrei. While
2532:
Sephardim are, primarily, the descendants of Jews from the
5246:
5144:
This was also the case in Ashkenazi communities until the
4555:
Voices in Exile: A Study in Sephardic Intellectual History
4528:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4311:Ḥilluf Minhagim she-bein Benei Bavel u-Venei Eretz Yisrael
4719:
The Formation of Jewish Liturgy: In the East and the West
4169:
Fountain of Blessings, a Code of Jewish Law, mekor bracha
3517:
are placed vertically rather than slanting, except among
2790:, though he did not agree with his father on all points.
2627:. The Babylonian Talmud in its final form dates from the
3236:, where a conservative group called "Baladi" maintained
2947:
are inheritors of the religious traditions of the great
5170:
Some Mizraḥi communities do not lift it at all, as the
3734:
concludes with לגמור את ההלל, rather than לקרא את ההלל.
3671:
is "Sim Shalom" (and not "Shalom Rav") in all services.
3349:
rites belong to this group. Others again, following R.
3039:, the specifically Spanish liturgy was commented on by
2967:, Sephardic usages inherited from Palestine are marked
2739:, but also had strong local customs of their own. The
4268:, another codification of Rabbi Ovadia Yosef's rulings
3963:
are arranged in a fixed hexagonal order (except among
3006:. All of these were based on the legal rulings of the
2845:), some of whose opinions had Ashkenazi origins. The
5106:
and the use of Hebrew "lo'ez"). For some reason the
3822:
Most Sephardim regard it as permissible to eat fresh
4333:, 7 vols. (Spanish and Portuguese and comparative):
3452:
during Ḥol ha-Mo`ed (the middle days of festivals).
2019:
2000:
423:
5903:
5870:
5837:
5809:
5769:
5702:
5671:
5396:
5300:
3125:was the constitutional head of all the Jews of the
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5025:Navon, Chaim (Rav); Strauss, translated by David.
4890:, 1901: reprinted in 1965 and subsequent editions.
4046:The bride does not traditionally circle the groom.
3752:(wooden or metal case) instead of a velvet mantle.
2774:, a German-born scholar who became chief rabbi of
3229:.) The main exceptions to this tendency were:
3225:. (The previous Iranian rite was based on the
2513:. Many definitions of "Sephardic" also include
3592:Before the `Amida they don't say Tzur Yisrael.
5277:
5021:Sha'ar ha-Kavvanot, 'Inyan Nusach ha-Tefillah
4633:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018.
2540:and those families that remained in Spain as
2471:
8:
5694:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
4282:(vol. 8 of the 15 volume collected writings)
4032:2:14 (and for a first-born girl, 6:9) and a
3170:offered in complete confidence by everyone.
2879:An important body of customs grew up in the
2801:, who were also noted for their interest in
5257:A Modern Reconstruction of the Ari's Siddur
5004:Usos y costumbres de los judíos de Salonica
4645:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG10ZhFN4tM
3967:: this usage is increasingly popular among
3694:The Hazan calls Barechu before the `Aleinu.
3639:and festivals) begins "Keter Yitenu L'kha".
3531:In many of the prayers, Sephardim preserve
3390:but not by Western communities such as the
2903:. These are customs in the true sense: in
2899:but not by Western communities such as the
2502:
715:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
132:, a code of Jewish law by the Spanish-born
5284:
5270:
5262:
5031:The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash
4513:En Amazon (en tapa dura y version kindle).
4501:En Amazon (en tapa dura y version kindle).
4489:En Amazon (en tapa dura y version kindle).
4477:En Amazon (en tapa dura y version kindle).
4465:En Amazon (en tapa dura y version kindle).
4453:En Amazon (en tapa dura y version kindle).
4401:Divre Shalom ve-Emet: Pisqe Ḥachme Marocco
4353:Minhage Yahadut Bavel ba-dorot ha-aḥaronim
3897:(medieval scholars) reject the customs of
3727:are different from the Ashkenazi practice.
2631:period and was the product of a number of
2478:
2464:
2328:
1969:
1042:
849:
454:
323:
142:
4857:Grossman, Avraham; גרוסמן, אברהם (1981).
4525:En Amazon (en tapa dura y version kindle)
4440:En Amazon (en tapa dura y version kindle)
4178:(2 vols.): Lakewood and New York 1988–9.
2759:(the slaughter of animals) formulated in
2623:, as interpreted and supplemented by the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
4008:The naming ceremony of a girl is called
3905:, though they were re-introduced by the
3609:In the summer months they use the words
3485:It's not a Sephardi practice to let the
3458:They say only one blessing to cover the
3177:(anonymous, but sometimes attributed to
2579:, without those customs specific to the
4959:", in B. Outhwaite and S. Bhayro (eds)
4766:
4597:(1). Amsterdam University Press: 7–22.
4192:: New York, Feldheim Publishers 2006.
3723:The verses recited at the beginning of
2379:
2331:
2157:
2104:
2071:
2048:
1972:
1838:
1726:
1700:
1535:
1329:
1104:
1076:
935:
769:
698:
598:
513:
457:
377:
354:
326:
154:
4131:, tr. Hiley (4 vols.): Jerusalem 1993
2892:
5679:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
5127:: New York, Feldheim Publishers 2006
5033:. Yeshivat Har Etzion. Archived from
5027:"The various rites of Jewish liturgy"
4534:Majhazor Kol Gael Yom HaKipurim, 2024
4209:, a comprehensive code of Jewish law
3704:unless they were standing previously.
3659:In most communities, Kohanim say the
3311:, but also had a wider distribution.
3099:The invention of printing meant that
7:
4157:(6 vols., ed. Levi Nahum), Jerusalem
3720:Shalom Aleichem has an extra stanza.
3653:(the afternoon service) on any day.
3568:between Minha and Kabbalat Shabbat.
2755:and some additional stringencies on
2497:which are practiced by Sephardim or
49:adding citations to reliable sources
16:Practice of Judaism by the Sephardim
5878:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
5070:Nosaḥ ha-Tefillah shel Yehude Paras
4623:(On Jewish Liturgy): Jerusalem 1978
4250:, codifying rulings of Ovadia Yosef
3448:Most Sephardi groups do not put on
5829:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
4782:. STL Jewish Light. Archived from
4776:"Celebrating Sephardic traditions"
3425:Sephardic usage conforming to the
14:
4727:: London 1958 (since reprinted).
3934:is generally lit after the other
506:Historical population comparisons
4213:Kitzur Shulḥan Arukh Mekor Ḥayim
3927:lights is lit in each household.
3574:The order of the prayers in the
1150:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1064:Historical population by country
25:
5895:Institute for Sephardic Studies
4957:Siddur Rabbi Solomon ben Nathan
4174:Toledano, E., and Choueka, S.,
3613:in the second blessing of the `
3595:The second blessing before the
3500:) or 7-8-11-13 (in others, per
3404:Sephardic usage inherited from
36:needs additional citations for
5684:Antisemitism in the Arab world
4422:List of Sephardic prayer books
3489:of the tzitzit katan hang out.
3217:The influence of the Lurianic-
3185:published by the 18th century
1:
5123:See Yitzhak, Hertzel Hillel,
3842:the eating of fish with meat.
2907:they are distinguished by an
721:Christianity and Judaism
5845:American Sephardi Federation
5838:Major communal organizations
4215:, a digest of the above code
3744:In many communities (mostly
3635:(the additional service for
3549:Sephardim start Mincha with
3366:Instances of Sephardic usage
2943:Most scholars maintain that
2643:The two principal colleges,
5560:Western Europe and overseas
5087:Azuz, "Kabbala and Halacha"
4692:: Berlin and New York 2006
4654:: Cambridge 1993. Hardback
4367:Ben Shimon, Refael Aharon,
3965:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
3589:in the Eastern communities.
3553:, Leshem Yihud, Ma Yedidot,
3519:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
3392:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
3355:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
3249:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
2949:Babylonian Jewish academies
2901:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
2732:as well as the Babylonian.
2619:Jewish law is based on the
2575:Both groups follow general
2493:are the law and customs of
2020:
2001:
1728:Latin America and Caribbean
424:
60:"Sephardic law and customs"
5985:
5850:Sephardi Community Council
5252:Sephardic Passover Customs
5247:Sephardic Pizmonim Project
4364:: Bene Berak 1990 (Aleppo)
2786:, was written by his son,
2612:
2333:Jewish political movements
2030:Conversion to Judaism
5855:World Sephardi Federation
4750:Yeshiva#Sephardi yeshivas
4652:Judaism and Hebrew Prayer
4621:Meḥqare Tefillah u-Fiyyut
4188:Yitzhak, Hertzel Hillel,
4167:Dayan Toledano, Pinchas,
3938:lights and after singing
3667:The last blessing of the
3238:their ancestral tradition
3131:Chaim Joseph David Azulai
2659:, were recognised by the
2491:Sephardic law and customs
736:Hinduism and Judaism
4914:Iggeret Pirkoi ben Bavoi
4847:, Frankfurt am Main 1892
3581:Close to the end of the
3055:classified the rites of
3022:, and more remotely the
2998:, Shelomoh ben Natan of
2965:the list of usages below
2905:the list of usages below
2765:Sefer Sheḥitot u-Bediqot
562:Temple in Jerusalem
255:Bar and bat mitzvah
5964:Sephardi Jewish culture
5339:Expulsion from Portugal
4963:(Leiden 2011) pp 134-5.
4567:Dobrinsky, Herbert C.,
4529:https://a.co/d/03gTwiXb
4516:https://a.co/d/06rDlef0
4504:https://a.co/d/0axqxsTV
4492:https://a.co/d/0cPeRrMy
4480:https://a.co/d/098dTvDH
4468:https://a.co/d/0aNQRed3
4456:https://a.co/d/09SYdKVY
4444:https://a.co/d/0aTrbbtm
3700:Most Sephardim sit for
3206:perspective, including
3144:, see the next section.
2712:, where it was used by
524:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5959:Mizrahi Jewish culture
5949:Jewish Spanish history
5944:Jewish law and rituals
5059:or the Ashkenazi rite.
4928:, pp. 544-573; Lewin,
4351:Ben Ya'akov, Abraham,
4155:Shulḥan Leḥem ha-Panim
4121:(innumerable editions)
3808:Sephardim distinguish
3240:based on the works of
3092:reasons for this are:
2934:that used in Palestine
2778:and the author of the
2605:
140:
136:rabbi and philosopher
5689:Antisemitism in Islam
5407:Eastern Mediterranean
5125:Tzel HeHarim: Tzitzit
5114:, is used by Hasidim.
4972:For both points, see
4953:Problems with Prayers
4901:Otzar Ḥilluf Minhagim
4812:. My Jewish Learning.
4690:Problems with Prayers
4190:Tzel HeHarim: Tzitzit
3991:Counting of the `Omer
3981:Counting of the `Omer
3606:nor bend their knees.
3521:in western countries.
3336:Minhag Edot ha-Mizraḥ
3227:Siddur of Saadia Gaon
2887:and his followers in
2702:Chananel Ben Chushiel
2597:
1270:São Tomé and Príncipe
1265:Republic of the Congo
659:Second Temple Judaism
530:Kingdom of Judah
501:Modern historiography
126:
5794:Sephardi chief rabbi
5771:Religion and culture
5327:Expulsion from Spain
4810:myjewishlearning.com
4712:in the Rambi catalog
4591:Studia Rosenthaliana
4545:Secondary literature
4207:Mekor Ḥayim haShalem
3730:The blessing before
2655:, together with the
2372:World Agudath Israel
1513:United Arab Emirates
600:Second Temple period
590:Babylonian captivity
45:improve this article
4936:Toratan shel Geonim
4774:Kahn, Margi Lenga.
4399:Toledano, Shelomo,
4203:HaLevi, Ḥayim David
4176:Gateway to Halachah
3465:Sephardim wind the
3271:" in use among the
3193:for the use of the
2821:After the expulsion
665:Hellenistic Judaism
243:Land of Israel
202:Principles of faith
5242:Sephardic Siddurim
5192:David HaLevi Segal
5190:, Yoreh De'ah 87;
4924:pp. 48-53; idem,
4780:stljewishlight.com
4717:Wieder, Naphtali,
4408:Netivot ha-Ma'arav
4280:Sha'ar ha-Kavvanot
3289:Tefillat ha-Ḥodesh
3167:Sha'ar ha-Kavvanot
3032:Abraham ben Nathan
2606:
2226:Jewish Koine Greek
1768:Dominican Republic
1049:Judaism by country
728:Jews and Christmas
583:Assyrian captivity
141:
5931:
5930:
5727:Judaeo-Portuguese
4886:, preface to the
4870:978-965-223-380-6
4698:978-3-11-019091-5
4676:978-0-521-48341-4
4660:978-0-521-44087-5
4639:978-1-4962-0554-4
4583:Ferziger, Adam S.
4527:(Sidur Completo).
4406:Bitton, Eliyahu,
4381:Hacohen, Mosheh,
4327:Gaguine, Shem Tob
4291:Algazi, Yisrael,
4257:(rules about the
4160:Jacobson, B. S.,
3985:
3959:The items on the
3952:
3919:
3876:
3661:Birkat ha-Kohanim
3647:Birkat ha-Kohanim
3440:
3439:
3297:Zechor le-Abraham
3149:Lurianic Kabbalah
3136:The influence of
3002:(in Morocco) and
2852:The Polish rabbi
2843:Solomon ben Adret
2799:Solomon ben Adret
2718:Sefer ha-Halachot
2639:The Gaonic period
2538:Expulsion of 1492
2534:Iberian Peninsula
2488:
2487:
2437:
2436:
2185:
2184:
1932:Reconstructionist
1876:
1875:
1028:
1027:
835:
834:
672:Jewish–Roman wars
620:Hasmonean dynasty
536:Kingdom of Israel
440:
439:
121:
120:
113:
95:
5976:
5919:
5886:
5863:
5789:Rite and customs
5762:
5645:Crypto-Sephardim
5286:
5279:
5272:
5263:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5205:
5199:
5198:on same passage.
5181:
5175:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5153:
5142:
5136:
5121:
5115:
5096:
5090:
5079:
5073:
5066:
5060:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5037:on 2 August 2014
5013:
5007:
5000:
4994:
4987:
4981:
4970:
4964:
4945:
4939:
4910:
4904:
4897:
4891:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4854:
4848:
4841:
4835:
4822:Ezra Fleischer,
4820:
4814:
4813:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4771:
4606:
4323:: Jerusalem 1942
4266:Halachah Berurah
4255:Torat Ha-Mo'adim
4104:Abudirham, David
4003:Birth and naming
3978:
3946:
3940:Hannerot hallalu
3923:Only one set of
3913:
3870:
3370:
3369:
2981:Pirqoi ben Baboi
2772:Asher ben Yeḥiel
2753:Eleazar of Worms
2730:Jerusalem Talmud
2681:Halachot Gedolot
2672:Halachot Pesuqot
2519:Orthodox Judaism
2504:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2329:
2210:
2031:
2025:
2006:
1970:
1917:
1864:New Zealand
1816:
1779:El Salvador
1769:
1701:Northern America
1693:
1287:
1043:
954:Crimean Karaites
850:
828:
826:
747:
745:
737:
731:
722:
710:Rabbinic Judaism
691:
685:
679:
667:
655:
621:
614:Maccabean Revolt
591:
584:
578:
570:
563:
557:
549:
531:
455:
429:
324:
256:
244:
143:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5913:
5911:Philosephardism
5899:
5880:
5866:
5857:
5833:
5805:
5765:
5756:
5717:Sephardi Hebrew
5698:
5667:
5392:
5332:Alhambra Decree
5296:
5293:Sephardi Jewish
5290:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5182:
5178:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5143:
5139:
5122:
5118:
5097:
5093:
5080:
5076:
5067:
5063:
5057:Ḥaside Ashkenaz
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5024:
5014:
5010:
5002:Michael Molho,
5001:
4997:
4989:Preface to the
4988:
4984:
4971:
4967:
4946:
4942:
4926:Ginze Schechter
4911:
4907:
4898:
4894:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4828:David Bar-Hayim
4821:
4817:
4806:"Jewish Custom"
4804:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4786:on 28 July 2020
4773:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4741:
4616:: New York 1909
4610:Ginzberg, Louis
4585:(Spring 2001).
4581:
4557:: New York 1991
4547:
4542:
4537:(en produccion)
4431:
4417:
4390:Messas, Yosef,
4369:Nehar Mitzrayim
4358:Ades, Abraham,
4305:
4275:
4259:Jewish holidays
4164:: Tel Aviv 1968
4108:Sefer Abudirham
4100:
4095:
4090:
4080:
4053:
4043:
4005:
4000:
3868:
3805:
3785:
3765:
3741:
3537:Biblical Hebrew
3528:
3511:
3482:
3445:
3368:
3332:
3320:Bet El yeshivah
3281:
3254:Shabbetai Tzevi
3195:Bet El yeshivah
3151:
3069:
3063:in this group.
3041:David Abudirham
3028:Sefer ha-Manhig
2930:Jewish services
2922:
2917:
2823:
2788:Jacob ben Asher
2780:Hilchot ha-Rosh
2694:
2641:
2617:
2611:
2484:
2439:
2438:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2306:Judeo-Malayalam
2286:Judaeo-Georgian
2206:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2087:Yiddish theatre
2029:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1915:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1814:
1767:
1691:
1285:
1069:Genetic studies
1040:
1030:
1029:
847:
837:
836:
824:
823:
743:
742:
735:
725:
720:
702:and Middle Ages
700:Rabbinic period
687:
681:
674:
662:
633:
619:
589:
582:
573:
565:
561:
552:
547:in Judaism
544:
529:
452:
442:
441:
321:
311:
310:
254:
242:
187:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5982:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5936:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5923:Sephardization
5920:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5819:Black Panthers
5815:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5775:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5742:Tetuani Ladino
5739:
5732:Judaeo-Spanish
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5672:Modern history
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5573:
5568:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5232:
5231:External links
5229:
5226:
5225:
5213:Nebraska Press
5200:
5184:Moses Isserles
5176:
5163:
5154:
5137:
5116:
5108:Shulḥan `Arukh
5091:
5083:Shulchan Aruch
5074:
5061:
5048:
5008:
4995:
4982:
4974:Louis Ginzberg
4965:
4940:
4905:
4899:Lewin, B. M.,
4892:
4876:
4869:
4849:
4843:Leopold Zunz,
4836:
4815:
4797:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4755:Yeshiva#Israel
4752:
4747:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4721:
4715:
4708:
4688:Reif, Stefan,
4686:
4650:Reif, Stefan,
4648:
4641:
4624:
4617:
4607:
4579:
4565:
4558:
4551:Angel, Marc D.
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4531:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4387:, 1941 (Jerba)
4379:
4365:
4356:
4349:
4331:Keter Shem Tob
4324:
4317:Lewin, B. M.,
4315:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4297:Shalme Ḥagigah
4293:Shalme Tsibbur
4289:
4283:
4278:Vital, Ḥayim,
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:Yosef, David,
4262:
4253:Yosef, David,
4251:
4242:Yosef, Yitzḥak
4239:
4233:Yeḥavveh Da'at
4218:
4217:
4216:
4200:
4186:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4148:
4139:
4122:
4110:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:Rabbinic works
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4016:in Hebrew and
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3976:
3975:
3957:
3944:
3943:
3928:
3911:
3910:
3891:
3884:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3820:
3804:
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3800:
3799:
3796:
3789:
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3728:
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3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
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3665:
3657:
3643:
3640:
3621:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3579:
3572:
3562:
3559:Patach Eliyahu
3551:Patach Eliyahu
3547:
3544:silent reading
3540:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:Shulḥan `Arukh
3490:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3331:
3328:
3301:Shalom Sharabi
3280:
3277:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3245:
3219:Sephardic rite
3191:Shalom Sharabi
3179:Nathan of Gaza
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3134:
3127:Ottoman Empire
3123:Constantinople
3115:
3108:R. Joseph Caro
3105:
3097:
3068:
3067:Post-expulsion
3065:
2953:Ashkenazi Jews
2945:Sephardic Jews
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2854:Moses Isserles
2822:
2819:
2815:Land of Israel
2693:
2690:
2686:Simeon Kayyara
2640:
2637:
2635:in Babylonia.
2613:Main article:
2610:
2607:
2601:Shulchan Aruch
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2523:Reform Judaism
2499:Sephardic Jews
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2367:Territorialism
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:Judaeo-Spanish
2248:
2246:Judaeo-Iranian
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
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1828:
1823:
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1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
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1702:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:United Kingdom
1688:
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1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
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1653:
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1628:
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1192:
1187:
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1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:Bilad-el-Sudan
1122:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1078:Land of Israel
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1036:
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1032:
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1001:
996:
991:
986:
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946:
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937:
936:Related groups
933:
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931:
930:
925:
920:
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910:
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890:
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880:
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842:
839:
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833:
832:
831:
830:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:Jewish atheism
790:
785:
780:
772:
771:
767:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:Islamic–Jewish
739:
732:
717:
712:
704:
703:
696:
695:
694:
693:
669:
656:
628:
623:
616:
611:
609:Yehud Medinata
603:
602:
596:
595:
594:
593:
586:
579:
571:
558:
550:
538:
533:
526:
518:
517:
515:Ancient Israel
511:
510:
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508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
471:Land of Israel
468:
460:
459:
453:
448:
447:
444:
443:
438:
437:
436:
435:
430:
426:Shulchan Aruch
421:
416:
411:
406:
398:
397:
396:
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390:
382:
381:
375:
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372:
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192:God in Judaism
188:
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163:
162:
152:
151:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5981:
5970:
5967:
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5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
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5941:
5939:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5760:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:Belmonte Jews
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5623:Paradesi Jews
5621:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5596:New Amsterdam
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5387:New Christian
5384:
5382:
5381:
5380:Maghrebi Jews
5377:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5188:Darkhe Mosheh
5185:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5133:1-58330-292-1
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:Shelomo Tal,
5065:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4767:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4733:0-88125-491-6
4730:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:3-11-019091-5
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:0-521-48341-7
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4668:0-521-44087-4
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4627:Lavie, Smadar
4625:
4622:
4619:Goldschmidt,
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4577:0-88125-031-7
4574:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:Berit Kehunah
4380:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:Derech Ere"ts
4357:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4308:Mueller, J.,
4307:
4306:
4303:Local customs
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4225:Ḥazon Obadiah
4222:
4221:Yosef, Ovadia
4219:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:1-58330-292-1
4195:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:0-935063-56-0
4181:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4151:Rakaḥ, Yaakob
4149:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:1-58330-160-7
4134:
4130:
4126:
4125:Ḥayim, Joseph
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:Shulḥan Aruch
4114:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4034:Mi shebberakh
4031:
4030:Shir hashirim
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:Rosh Hashanah
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:Torah service
3782:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:Shir hashirim
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:Nusach Sefard
3258:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:Iran (Persia)
3220:
3215:
3213:
3212:Ḥayim Palaggi
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:teachings of
3156:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:Shulḥan Aruch
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2938:Cairo Genizah
2935:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:Yemenite Jews
2863:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2835:Shulḥan Aruch
2832:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:Arba'ah Turim
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:Yaakov Moelin
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:Mishneh Torah
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:North African
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Judeo-Aramaic
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Judeo-Italian
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Ghardaïa Sign
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:Denominations
1882:
1881:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:United States
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:Guinea-Bissau
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:Lists of Jews
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
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858:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
840:
829:
821:
819:
816:
814:
813:The Holocaust
811:
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461:
456:
451:
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445:
434:
431:
428:
427:
422:
420:
417:
415:
414:Mishneh Torah
412:
410:
407:
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401:
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394:
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389:
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215:
212:
208:
205:
203:
200:
197:
193:
190:
189:
186:
181:
180:
175:
174:Who is a Jew?
172:
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
131:
130:
129:Mishneh Torah
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
5788:
5749:Judeo-Gascon
5722:Judeo-Arabic
5712:Judeo-Berber
5643:
5558:
5530:Gibraltarian
5519:North Africa
5517:
5509:Thessalonian
5405:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5317:Roman Empire
5309:
5216:. Retrieved
5212:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5166:
5157:
5140:
5124:
5119:
5099:
5094:
5077:
5069:
5064:
5056:
5051:
5039:. Retrieved
5035:the original
5030:
5020:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4949:Kiryat Sefer
4948:
4943:
4935:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4908:
4900:
4895:
4887:
4884:Moses Gaster
4879:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4832:Machon Shilo
4831:
4823:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4788:. Retrieved
4784:the original
4779:
4769:
4724:
4718:
4689:
4670:; Paperback
4651:
4630:
4620:
4613:
4594:
4590:
4568:
4554:
4536:
4533:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4439:
4435:
4419:
4418:
4415:Prayer books
4407:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4368:
4359:
4352:
4330:
4318:
4309:
4296:
4292:
4287:Ḥemdat Yamim
4286:
4279:
4265:
4254:
4247:Yalkut Yosef
4245:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4212:
4206:
4189:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4146:Kaf ha-Ḥayim
4145:
4142:Sofer, Ḥayim
4128:
4116:
4113:Caro, Joseph
4107:
4088:Bibliography
4033:
4026:Judeospanyol
4017:
4014:Zeved habbat
4013:
4010:Zebed habbat
4009:
3979:
3977:
3972:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3931:
3914:
3912:
3873:Yamim Noraim
3871:
3869:
3845:The laws of
3756:
3749:
3739:Torah scroll
3675:
3654:
3645:There is no
3628:
3624:
3618:
3611:Morid ha-Ṭal
3610:
3587:Weekly Maqam
3569:
3554:
3497:
3453:
3420:
3399:
3388:Mizrahi Jews
3381:
3376:Description
3351:Ovadia Yosef
3340:
3335:
3333:
3313:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:, including
3282:
3279:19th century
3262:
3216:
3208:Ḥayim Azulai
3175:Ḥemdat Yamim
3174:
3172:
3166:
3152:
3119:Hakham Bashi
3090:
3088:synagogue).
3070:
3027:
2989:
2977:Yehudai Gaon
2972:
2968:
2957:Moses Gaster
2942:
2923:
2908:
2897:Mizrahi Jews
2878:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2830:
2824:
2792:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2734:
2717:
2714:Isaac Alfasi
2695:
2679:
2676:Yehudai Gaon
2671:
2642:
2618:
2599:
2569:Mizrahi Jews
2566:
2531:
2525:, and other
2515:Mizrahi Jews
2490:
2489:
2430:Post-Zionism
2301:Judeo-Berber
2296:Judeo-Arabic
2256:Judeo-Gascon
2003:Pidyon haben
1922:Conservative
1468:Saudi Arabia
1286:South Africa
1275:Sierra Leone
1097:Israeli Jews
1011:Mosaic Arabs
964:Kaifeng Jews
825:Arab–Israeli
798:Emancipation
677:Great Revolt
486:Anti-Judaism
481:Antisemitism
476:Name "Judea"
271:Baal teshuva
127:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
5914: [
5881: [
5858: [
5757: [
5479:Palestinian
5218:18 February
5146:Renaissance
5112:Isaac Luria
4393:Mayim Ḥayim
4229:Yabbia Omer
4162:Netiv Binah
4129:Ben Ish Ḥai
4078:Given names
4051:Bereavement
3989:During the
3961:Seder plate
3435:Palestinian
3330:Present day
3316:Ben Ish Ḥai
3204:kabbalistic
3163:Ḥayim Vital
3159:Isaac Luria
3155:Kabbalistic
3138:Isaac Luria
3037:Reconquista
2996:Saadia Gaon
2951:, and that
2885:Isaac Luria
2881:Kabbalistic
2827:Joseph Caro
2706:Nissim Gaon
2542:crypto-Jews
2425:Revisionist
2415:Neo-Zionism
2022:Zeved habat
1815:Puerto Rico
1641:Netherlands
1473:South Korea
1458:Philippines
1338:Afghanistan
1205:Ivory Coast
979:Crypto-Jews
944:Bnei Anusim
923:Bene Israel
888:Beta Israel
845:Communities
752:Middle Ages
491:Persecution
266:Bereavement
5938:Categories
5462:Macedonian
5450:Alexandria
5398:Dispersion
5373:Megorashim
5352:Degredados
5322:Golden Age
5196:Ture Zahav
3998:Life cycle
3969:Ashkenazim
3893:Sephardic
3431:Ashkenazic
3429:while the
3427:Babylonian
3414:Babylonian
3410:Ashkenazic
3408:while the
3269:Nusach Ari
3242:Maimonides
3189:Kabbalist
3024:Old French
3012:Visigothic
3004:Maimonides
2992:Amram Gaon
2883:circle of
2839:Nahmanides
2795:Nahmanides
2761:Jacob Weil
2726:Maimonides
2700:, notably
2583:tradition.
2581:Ashkenazic
2577:Jewish law
2410:Maximalism
2362:Secularism
2342:Autonomism
2159:Literature
1952:Humanistic
1556:Azerbaijan
1518:Uzbekistan
1493:Tajikistan
1413:Kyrgyzstan
1398:Kazakhstan
1245:Mozambique
1220:Madagascar
1140:Cape Verde
1092:New Yishuv
1087:Old Yishuv
1038:Population
1016:Subbotniks
974:Samaritans
913:Romanyotim
856:Ashkenazim
803:Old Yishuv
783:Sabbateans
770:Modern era
762:Golden Age
689:Bar Kokhba
409:Beit Yosef
276:Philosophy
138:Maimonides
101:March 2024
71:newspapers
5704:Languages
5651:Amazonian
5635:Livornese
5613:Hamburger
5457:Hungarian
5423:Bulgarian
5345:Conversos
5237:Sephardim
5150:Masoretes
5017:Yechezkel
4723:Zimmels,
4410:(Morocco)
4403:(Morocco)
4396:(Morocco)
4371:(Egypt):
4335:vols. 1-2
4018:las Fadas
3814:kitniyyot
3791:After an
3770:Teva/Teba
3763:Synagogue
3715:Adon Olam
3487:tzitziyot
3433:usage is
3412:usage is
3406:Palestine
3256:disaster.
3086:Ashkenazi
3030:by Rabbi
3020:Provençal
3000:Sijilmasa
2847:Bet Yosef
2831:Bet Yosef
2741:Tosafists
2649:Pumbedita
2629:Sassanian
2590:standard.
2552:or other
2527:Ashkenazi
2420:Religious
2276:Zarphatic
2266:Bukharian
2236:Judeo-Tat
2221:Yeshivish
2195:Languages
2150:Sephardic
2140:Israelite
2130:Ethiopian
2120:Ashkenazi
2059:Religious
1849:Australia
1831:Venezuela
1737:Argentina
1719:Greenland
1631:Lithuania
1483:Sri Lanka
1478:Singapore
1403:Kurdistan
1368:Indonesia
1358:Hong Kong
1311:Abayudaya
1235:Mauritius
969:Igbo Jews
959:Krymchaks
878:Sephardim
746:relations
640:Sadducees
636:Pharisees
626:Sanhedrin
541:Jerusalem
301:Synagogue
169:Etymology
134:Sephardic
5954:Minhagim
5811:Politics
5591:Suriname
5566:American
5552:Tunisian
5540:Moroccan
5525:Algerian
5484:Romanian
5467:Monastir
5445:Egyptian
5438:Splicani
5428:Croatian
5413:Albanian
5366:Marranos
5359:Lançados
5311:Sepharad
4993:, above.
4918:Ginzberg
4739:See also
4603:41482436
4273:Kabbalah
4237:responsa
4098:Halachah
4060:instead.
4058:Yahrzeit
4041:Marriage
3949:Passover
3936:Hanukkah
3932:shammash
3925:Hanukkah
3916:Hanukkah
3907:Lurianic
3903:Kapparot
3899:Tashlikh
3895:Rishonim
3866:Holidays
3847:sheḥitah
3824:Kitniyot
3629:Qedushah
3625:Qedushah
3533:Mishnaic
3467:tefillin
3460:tefillin
3450:tefillin
3443:Tefillin
3343:Yemenite
3293:Bet Obed
3200:halachic
3187:Yemenite
3142:Kabbalah
3101:Siddurim
3084:and one
3082:Romaniot
3078:Salonica
3051:: Haham
3049:Provence
3045:halachah
2985:Kairouan
2813:and the
2803:Kabbalah
2757:sheḥitah
2698:Kairouan
2678:and the
2668:responsa
2657:Exilarch
2633:colleges
2511:Portugal
2447:Category
2405:Kahanism
2352:Feminism
2324:Politics
2208:Biblical
2178:American
2125:Bukharan
2115:American
2015:Shidduch
1991:Clothing
1947:Haymanot
1893:Orthodox
1821:Suriname
1804:Paraguay
1757:Colombia
1656:Portugal
1566:Bulgaria
1503:Thailand
1453:Pakistan
1433:Mongolia
1428:Malaysia
1348:Cambodia
1322:Zimbabwe
1297:Tanzania
1175:Eswatini
1165:Ethiopia
1155:Djibouti
1135:Cameroon
1130:Botswana
1059:Diaspora
1021:Noahides
994:Marranos
918:Cochinim
903:Bukharim
893:Gruzinim
883:Teimanim
873:Mizrahim
861:Galician
827:conflict
788:Hasidism
778:Haskalah
683:Diaspora
554:timeline
466:Timeline
379:Rabbinic
286:Kabbalah
261:Marriage
237:Tzedakah
227:Holidays
185:Religion
148:a series
146:Part of
5969:Nusachs
5871:Studies
5801:Haredim
5779:Cuisine
5754:Bagitto
5737:Haketia
5630:Italian
5603:English
5586:Curaçao
5571:Antwerp
5545:Tetuani
5504:Rhodian
5489:Serbian
5474:Ottoman
5433:Ragusan
5418:Bosnian
5302:Origins
5041:9 March
4978:Geonica
4922:Geonica
4830:of the
4790:27 July
4614:Geonica
4285:anon.,
4022:Spanish
3886:Around
3881:Seliḥot
3858:challot
3851:kashrut
3828:legumes
3803:Kashrut
3746:Mizrahi
3725:Havdala
3709:Kaddish
3702:Kaddish
3680:Tahanun
3669:`Amidah
3637:Shabbat
3583:Zemirot
3576:Zemirot
3526:Liturgy
3515:Mezuzot
3509:Mezuzah
3494:tzitzit
3492:In the
3480:Tzitzit
3359:Italian
3285:Livorno
3273:Hasidim
3267:" and "
3073:Ottoman
3016:Italian
2920:Origins
2915:Liturgy
2893:Liturgy
2874:Morocco
2862:Italian
2829:in his
2716:in his
2664:Caliphs
2661:Abbasid
2615:Halakha
2562:Mizraḥi
2550:Ottoman
2495:Judaism
2390:General
2381:Zionism
2357:Leftism
2347:Bundism
2271:Knaanic
2231:Yevanic
2216:Yiddish
2173:Yiddish
2168:Israeli
2145:Mizrahi
2135:Israeli
2106:Cuisine
2082:Ancient
2064:Secular
2010:Kashrut
1986:Wedding
1973:Customs
1965:Culture
1942:Science
1937:Renewal
1927:Karaite
1908:Hasidic
1840:Oceania
1826:Uruguay
1794:Jamaica
1774:Ecuador
1742:Bolivia
1686:Ukraine
1661:Romania
1636:Moldova
1616:Hungary
1606:Germany
1601:Georgia
1591:Finland
1586:Estonia
1581:Denmark
1576:Czechia
1561:Belarus
1551:Austria
1546:Armenia
1523:Vietnam
1438:Myanmar
1423:Lebanon
1343:Bahrain
1302:Tunisia
1280:Somalia
1255:Nigeria
1250:Namibia
1240:Morocco
1170:Eritrea
1115:Algeria
999:Neofiti
908:Italkim
898:Juhurim
808:Zionism
757:Khazars
652:Sicarii
648:Zealots
644:Essenes
631:Schisms
496:Leaders
458:General
450:History
393:Tosefta
388:Midrash
365:Mishnah
347:Ketuvim
342:Nevi'im
291:Customs
222:Shabbat
217:Halakha
209: (
207:Mitzvot
194: (
160:Judaism
85:scholar
5661:Xuetas
5618:Indian
5608:French
5535:Libyan
5494:Syrian
5295:topics
5131:
5104:Walhaz
5100:wälsch
5085:; see
4931:Tarbiẕ
4867:
4745:Nusach
4731:
4704:
4696:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4637:
4601:
4575:
4377:vol. 2
4373:vol. 1
4355:(Iraq)
4347:vol. 7
4343:vol. 6
4339:vol. 3
4314:: 1878
4196:
4182:
4135:
4071:Yizkor
3983:period
3793:`Aliya
3732:Hallel
3651:minḥah
3615:`Amida
3604:`Amida
3347:Syrian
3309:Ladino
3305:Vienna
3202:and a
3183:Siddur
3053:Gaster
3008:Geonim
2961:Geonim
2926:Siddur
2911:sign.
2776:Toledo
2745:Minhag
2737:Gaonim
2653:Geonim
2625:Talmud
2564:Jews.
2546:Israel
2452:Portal
2311:Domari
2241:Shassi
2202:Hebrew
2097:Humour
2041:Hiloni
2036:Aliyah
1996:Niddah
1981:Minyan
1916:Reform
1903:Haredi
1898:Modern
1799:Mexico
1784:Guyana
1747:Brazil
1709:Canada
1681:Sweden
1671:Serbia
1666:Russia
1651:Poland
1646:Norway
1626:Latvia
1611:Greece
1596:France
1571:Cyprus
1537:Europe
1508:Turkey
1498:Taiwan
1408:Kuwait
1393:Jordan
1383:Israel
1317:Zambia
1307:Uganda
1225:Malawi
1195:Guinea
1185:Gambia
1120:Angola
1106:Africa
989:Dönmeh
984:Anusim
928:Berber
866:Litvak
818:Israel
724:
661:
575:Second
543:
404:Targum
370:Gemara
356:Talmud
328:Tanakh
281:Ethics
232:Prayer
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
5918:]
5904:Other
5885:]
5862:]
5784:Music
5761:]
5581:Aruba
5576:Dutch
5499:Greek
4761:Notes
4647:>.
4599:JSTOR
4564:>.
3812:from
3664:week.
3633:musaf
3597:Shema
3341:Shami
3324:Jerba
3234:Yemen
3104:rite;
3061:Tunis
2889:Safed
2870:Syria
2811:Egypt
2807:Yemen
2710:Spain
2708:, to
2692:Spain
2621:Torah
2554:Asian
2507:Spain
2400:Labor
2395:Green
2092:Dance
2050:Music
1869:Palau
1789:Haiti
1752:Chile
1676:Spain
1621:Italy
1528:Yemen
1488:Syria
1463:Qatar
1443:Nepal
1388:Japan
1363:India
1353:China
1292:Sudan
1215:Libya
1210:Kenya
1190:Ghana
1180:Gabon
1160:Egypt
1145:Benin
1004:Xueta
949:Lemba
568:First
433:Zohar
337:Torah
319:Texts
306:Rabbi
296:Rites
196:names
92:JSTOR
78:books
5824:Shas
5220:2020
5129:ISBN
5043:2015
4912:See
4865:ISBN
4792:2020
4729:ISBN
4702:ISBN
4694:ISBN
4680:ISBN
4672:ISBN
4664:ISBN
4656:ISBN
4635:ISBN
4573:ISBN
4420:See
4295:and
4231:and
4194:ISBN
4180:ISBN
4133:ISBN
4024:and
3930:The
3901:and
3810:rice
3707:The
3623:The
3373:Code
3345:and
3295:and
3247:the
3210:and
3161:and
3117:The
3059:and
3057:Oran
3018:and
2979:and
2928:and
2872:and
2864:and
2841:and
2797:and
2704:and
2647:and
2645:Sura
2598:The
2509:and
2503:lit.
1859:Guam
1854:Fiji
1809:Peru
1762:Cuba
1448:Oman
1418:Laos
1378:Iraq
1373:Iran
1330:Asia
1259:Igbo
1230:Mali
249:Brit
158:and
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