17:
877:
Vergara, Candelaria; Caraballo, Luis; Mercado, Dilia; Jimenez, Silvia; Rojas, Winston; Rafaels, Nicholas; Hand, Tracey; Campbell, Monica; Tsai, Yuhjung J. (2009-03-17). "African ancestry is associated with risk of asthma and high total serum IgE in a population from the
Caribbean Coast of Colombia".
185:
Different ancestral traits and their affiliation to diseases can help scientists determine appropriate approaches of treatment for a specific population. Medical researchers have revealed the link between ancestry traits and some common diseases; for example, individuals of
African descent have been
201:
ancestry based on subsets of commercially available SNP arrays. These types of arrays can help reduce the cost of identifying risk factors, since they allow researchers to screen for ancestry markers instead of the entire genome. This is due to the fact that these SNP arrays narrow the scope of the
51:
because both of these areas are inherited from one parent, eradicating complexities that come with parental gene recombination. SNP mutations are rare, so sequences with SNPs tend to be passed down through generations rather than altered each generation. However, because any given SNP is relatively
209:, the social implications of the potential racial stigma that may result from such studies is a major concern. However, the study done by Yang et al. (2005) suggests that the technology to conduct deeper research into and identify ancestry-associated variations in human disease does already exist.
825:
Yang, Nan; Li, Hongzhe; Criswell, Lindsey A.; Gregersen, Peter K.; Alarcon-Riquelme, Marta E.; Kittles, Rick; Shigeta, Russell; Silva, Gabriel; Patel, Pragna I. (2005-09-29). "Examination of ancestry and ethnic affiliation using highly informative diallelic DNA markers: application to diverse and
52:
common in a population, analysts must examine groups of SNPs (otherwise known as AIMS) to determine someone's ancestry. Using statistical methods such as apparent error rate and
Improved Bayesian Estimate, the set of SNPs with the highest accuracy for predicting a specific ancestry can be found.
88:
that exhibits substantially different frequencies between different ancient populations. A set of aAIMs can be used to identify the ancestry of ancient populations and eventually quantify the genetic similarity to modern-day individuals.
74:(FY*0) has a frequency of almost 100% of Sub-Saharan Africans, but occurs very infrequently in populations outside of this region. A person having this allele is thus more likely to have Sub-Saharan African ancestors. North and South
165:
by analyzing ancestry informative markers to determine geographic origins. These private companies collect massive quantities of data such as biological samples and self-reported information from consumers, a practice known as
145:
in ancestral mapping when using admixture mapping software. The differential ability of ancestry-informative markers allows scientists and researchers to narrow geographical populations of concern; for example, illegal
543:
Davey, John W.; Hohenlohe, Paul A.; Etter, Paul D.; Boone, Jason Q.; Catchen, Julian M.; Blaxter, Mark L. (July 2011). "Genome-wide genetic marker discovery and genotyping using next-generation sequencing".
709:
Severini, S.; Carnevali, E.; Margiotta, G.; Garcia-González, M.A.; Carracedo, Á. (2015-12-01). "Use of ancestry-informative markers as a scientific tool to combat the illegal traffic in human kidneys".
40:
that exhibits substantially different frequencies between different populations. A set of many AIMs can be used to estimate the proportion of ancestry of an individual derived from each population.
113:, which modifies the DNA sequence. This enzyme can be used with DNA ligase (connecting two different DNA), modifying DNA by inserting DNA from other organism. Another method, cDNA sequencing, or
47:) sites (out of roughly 3 billion base pairs, or about 0.4%) from among which AIMs may potentially be selected. The SNPs that relate to ancestry are often traced to the Y chromosome and
652:
Keene, Keith L.; Mychaleckyj, Josyf C.; Leak, Tennille S.; Smith, Shelly G.; Perlegas, Peter S.; Divers, Jasmin; Langefeld, Carl D.; Freedman, Barry I.; Bowden, Donald W. (2008-07-25).
55:
Examining a suite of these markers more or less evenly spaced across the genome is also a cost-effective way to discover novel genes underlying complex diseases in a technique called
150:
can be traced to certain areas by comparing the samples taken from organ recipients and deciphering the foreign marker in their body. An array of private companies, such as
443:
Bauchet, Marc; McEvoy, Brian; Pearson, Laurel N.; Quillen, Ellen E.; Sarkisian, Tamara; Hovhannesyan, Kristine; Deka, Ranjan; Bradley, Daniel G.; Shriver, Mark D. (2007).
133:
Ancestry informative markers have a number of applications in genetic research, forensics, and private industry. AIMs that indicate a predisposition for diseases such as
654:"Exploration of the utility of ancestry informative markers for genetic association studies of African Americans with type 2 diabetes and end stage renal disease"
174:
43:
A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a modification of a single nucleotide base within a DNA sequence. There are an estimated 15 million SNP (
321:
159:
122:
85:
44:
37:
990:
84:
Following the development of ancient DNA databases, ancient ancestry-informative marker (aAIM) were similarly defined as a
394:
Qu, Hui-Qi; Li, Quan; Xu, Shuhua; McCormick, Joseph B.; Fisher-Hoch, Susan P.; Xiong, Momiao; Qian, Ji; Jin, Li (2012).
205:
While some believe that structured populations should be used in studies to better ascertain genetic associations to
595:
Loenen, Wil A. M.; Dryden, David T. F.; Raleigh, Elisabeth A.; Wilson, Geoffrey G.; Murray, Noreen E. (2013-10-18).
81:
Collections of AIMs have been developed that can estimate the geographical origins of ancestors from within Europe.
1022:
931:"Ancestry informative marker panels for African Americans based on subsets of commercially available SNP arrays"
805:
134:
494:"Ancient Ancestry Informative Markers for Identifying Fine-Scale Ancient Population Structure in Eurasians"
138:
60:
202:
necessary screening from hundreds of thousands of SNP markers to a panel of a few thousands of AIMs.
745:
Stoeklé, Henri-Corto; Mamzer-Bruneel, Marie-France; Vogt, Guillaume; Hervé, Christian (2016-03-31).
25:
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Elhaik, Eran; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Syed, Syakir; Das, Ranajit; Esposito, Umberto (2018-12-12).
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177:(GINA) prevents the use of genetic information for insurance and workplace discrimination.
16:
162:
963:
930:
826:
admixed populations and implications for clinical epidemiology and forensic medicine".
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653:
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469:
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420:
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371:
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102:
98:
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806:"Statement of Administration Policy: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (2007)"
97:
The discovery of ancestry-informative markers was made possible by the development of
1016:
354:
118:
67:
915:
863:
581:
1002:
155:
110:
337:
Sampson, Joshua N.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Kidd, Judith R.; Zhao, Hongyu (2011-06-14).
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954:
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772:
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445:"Measuring European Population Stratification with Microarray Genotype Data"
1006:
972:
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855:
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638:
597:"Highlights of the DNA cutters: a short history of the restriction enzymes"
573:
529:
478:
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510:
101:, or NGS. NGS enables the study of genetic markers by isolating specific
946:
218:
206:
167:
151:
114:
316:. Oxford, England ; San Diego, California : Academic Press.
187:
78:
ancestry can be distinguished unambiguously using a set of 140 AIMS.
71:
991:"Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping,"
557:
460:
170:
ing, enabling their researchers to discover more insights on AIMs.
396:"Ancestry Informative Marker Set for Han Chinese Population"
173:
Though AIM panels can be useful for disease screening, the
929:
Tandon, Arti; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (2010-12-22).
712:
Forensic
Science International: Genetics Supplement Series
105:. One such method for sequence extraction is the use
20:
AIMS can be used to identify five
European "clusters"
747:"23andMe: a new two-sided data-banking market model"
117:, can also help to acquire information of the
193:AIM panels can be used for detecting disease
121:in a broad range of organisms and find SNPs (
8:
962:
780:
762:
685:
628:
519:
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419:
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175:Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
141:have been shown to reduce the effects of
15:
235:
449:The American Journal of Human Genetics
820:
818:
339:"Selecting SNPs to Identify Ancestry"
7:
14:
197:. One such panel was created for
190:than those of European ancestry.
355:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00656.x
993:Hum. Genet. 112, 387-399 (2003)
123:single nucleotide polymorphisms
186:found to be at higher risk of
86:single-nucleotide polymorphism
45:Single-nucleotide polymorphism
38:single-nucleotide polymorphism
1:
288:10.1126/science.318.5858.1842
804:Slaughter (April 25, 2007).
724:10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.120
400:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
243:"Polymorphism (genetics)".
30:ancestry-informative marker
1039:
125:), within a DNA sequence.
99:next generation sequencing
989:Shriver, Mark D. et al.,
892:10.1007/s00439-009-0649-2
840:10.1007/s00439-005-0012-1
764:10.1186/s12910-016-0101-9
670:10.1007/s00439-008-0532-6
271:"Human Genetic Variation"
160:direct-to-consumers (DTC)
158:, provide cost-effective
93:Discovery and development
343:Annals of Human Genetics
253:10.1036/1097-8542.535500
59:or mapping by admixture
546:Nature Reviews Genetics
1009:from DNAPrint Genomics
601:Nucleic Acids Research
61:linkage disequilibrium
21:
412:10.1534/g3.112.001941
310:Houck, Max M (2015).
19:
935:Genetic Epidemiology
511:10.3390/genes9120625
66:As one example, the
996:SNP Science Primer
281:(5858): 1842–1843.
107:restriction enzymes
26:population genetics
947:10.1002/gepi.20550
751:BMC Medical Ethics
613:10.1093/nar/gkt990
267:Pennisi, Elizabeth
22:
224:Race and genetics
148:organ trafficking
143:genetic admixture
57:admixture mapping
49:mitochondrial DNA
1030:
1023:Applied genetics
977:
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886:(5–6): 565–579.
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834:(3–4): 382–392.
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181:Medical research
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163:genetic testing
135:type 2 diabetes
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109:, specifically
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5:
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1001:dbSNP Summary
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978:
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880:Human Genetics
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828:Human Genetics
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664:(2): 147–154.
658:Human Genetics
644:
587:
552:(7): 499–510.
535:
484:
461:10.1086/513477
455:(5): 948–956.
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406:(3): 339–341.
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349:(4): 539–553.
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119:transcriptomes
103:gene sequences
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729:
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718:: e302–e304.
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139:renal disease
137:mellitus and
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941:(1): 80–83.
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129:Applications
111:endonuclease
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42:
33:
29:
23:
1007:Explanation
607:(1): 3–19.
504:(12): 625.
156:AncestryDNA
76:Han Chinese
230:References
955:0741-0395
900:0340-6717
848:0340-6717
773:1472-6939
757:(1): 19.
732:1875-1768
678:0340-6717
621:1362-4962
566:1471-0056
363:0003-4800
1017:Category
973:21181899
916:21141741
908:19290544
864:20152083
856:16193326
791:27059184
696:18654799
639:24141096
582:15080731
574:21681211
530:30545160
479:17436249
430:22413087
381:21668909
297:18096770
269:(2007).
213:See also
207:diseases
984:General
964:4386999
782:4826522
687:2786006
630:3874209
521:6316245
470:1852743
421:3291503
372:3141729
275:Science
219:SLC24A5
168:biobank
152:23andMe
115:RNA-seq
36:) is a
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188:asthma
72:allele
912:S2CID
860:S2CID
809:(PDF)
578:S2CID
498:Genes
70:Null
68:Duffy
28:, an
969:PMID
951:ISSN
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896:ISSN
852:PMID
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728:ISSN
692:PMID
674:ISSN
635:PMID
617:ISSN
570:PMID
562:ISSN
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475:PMID
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377:PMID
359:ISSN
318:ISBN
293:PMID
154:and
959:PMC
943:doi
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609:doi
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408:doi
367:PMC
351:doi
283:doi
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