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drugs directly to patients increased 145%. However, other experts have asserted that funding for R&D is determined by several other factors. Direct-to-consumer advertising, among other patient education initiatives, can educate consumers and patients about new treatments and therapeutic options that may not have been proactively mentioned by their healthcare professional. Proponents of DTCA claim this provides a vital opportunity for the public to be aware of what is available to them and to engage in an educated discussion with their doctor. A study observed that direct-to-consumer advertising promotes communication between patients and their doctors about medications. Thirty percent of
Americans indicated they talk with their doctor about a medicine they saw on TV. In addition, surveys showed that increased advertising has had a positive impact on the degree to which people adhere to a given course of treatment – but only among those who were already on medication prior to exposure to direct-to-consumer advertising. Among this population, a 10% increase in exposure to drug advertising increases the rate of adherence between 1% and 2%.
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doctor for more information. In 1997, the FDA issued new guidelines that were intended to make DTCM on radio and television less burdensome. In particular, the FDA clarified that informing the audience of where the "brief summary" can be obtained (such as a magazine ad, phone hotline, or website) constituted "adequate provision" of risk information, and thus relieved them from being included in the ad. The FDA also recognized reminder ads (such as the aforementioned
Claritin ad) as not being subject to these rules, since they do not contain claims or statements regarding the indications and benefits of the medication.
452:(PhRMA) instituted new voluntary guidelines for DTCA, including requirements to voluntarily submit ads to the FDA for review and educate health professionals on new medications before an advertising campaign commences, use clear language in advertising, obtain appropriate age targeting for advertisements involving subject matter that may be inappropriate to certain audiences, and to not use "reminder" ads. By 2011, spending on pharmaceutical advertising had grown to approximately US$ 4.5 billion per year, and increased to $ 5.2 billion by 2016.
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When the rule was proposed in
October 2018, PhRMA stated that its members would commit to publishing detailed pricing information online (including possible out-of-pocket costs, and information on financial support options), and directing viewers to this information within their advertising. However, the HHS disputed their arguments, arguing that list prices would help patients calculate how much they would pay, especially if they have not yet met their insurance
194:(Control Agency for Sanitary Vigilance), Resolution 96 from December 17 was released, with focus on medication advertisements. It allows direct-to-consumer advertising of non-prescription medication, with restrictions on the type of drug and words and images that can be used, among other things. Advertisements for prescription medications can only appear in scientific, medical, or health professional journals.
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enforcement besides media coverage of certain prominent cases, and no evidence that Health Canada has ever issued fines for violations. In conclusion, they stated that "since DTCA became prominent in the U.S. in the mid-1990s, successive governments of different political stripes in Canada have shown a remarkably consistent commitment to non-enforcement".
297:
ongoing review of the Act to develop a replacement, the
Therapeutic Products Bill, faced lobbying efforts for and against the continued legality of DTCA. The practice would remain legal under the current iteration of the proposed bill as of 2023, with oversight of product claims moved from New Zealand's
296:
Under the
Medicines Act of 1981, and regulated by the Therapeutic Products Advertising Code and a self-regulatory code by the industry group Medicines New Zealand, New Zealand is one of the only countries beside the United States to allow direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medications. An
176:
Reminder and help-seeking ads are often used by drugmakers to bypass the more onerous restrictions (such as the required listing of side effects), or outright prohibitions on product claims advertising, as neither of them are focused on promoting the drug itself. Sometimes, a campaign may mix both of
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and regulatory concerns regarding DTCA, specifically the extent to which these ads may unduly influence the prescribing of the prescriptions based on consumer demands when, in some cases, they may not be medically necessary, or there are cheaper options available. Critics of DTCA have argued that too
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found a loophole, by intentionally excluding information about the medication itself from its advertising. Claritin's television commercial contained only imagery, slogans such as "Clear days and nights are here" and "It's time for
Claritin", and asked viewers to call a phone number or consult their
518:
Supporters of direct-to-consumer advertising argue that advertisements increase competition which leads to lower prescription drug prices and new development, citing, for instance, that between 1997 and 2001, spending on research and development in the U.S. increased 59% while spending on promoting
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showed reservations for the impact that DTCA would have on the industry and public health, and called for a moratorium in
September 1983 pending further regulations. The moratorium was lifted in 1985. The industry felt that the requirement for a "brief summary" of all side effects was designed with
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PhRMA objected to the rule, arguing that prominent display of list prices would cause confusion because they do not reflect what patients would typically pay under insurance coverage (the rule did require display of a disclaimer stating that those with health insurance may pay a different amount).
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in the main body, with a "fair balance" in its coverage of benefits to risks. Unless they are given "adequate provision" via a variety of different outlets, ads must also include a "brief summary" of all risks associated with the medication. In print ads within magazines, this summary is typically
229:
associate professor
Barbara Mintzes, published a study that highlighted 10 DTC cases between 2000 and 2011 with "unsatisfactory" responses from Health Canada. They found that Health Canada's application of these regulations " accountability and transparency"—with no public record of complaints and
522:
Some studies have asserted that direct-to-consumer advertising misleads patients into demanding heavily-advertised drugs, leading to superfluous or sub-optimal treatment. Doctors may feel pressured to prescribe specific brand-name medications because they were mentioned by a patient. In 2016, the
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could display their prices for comparison purposes. In 2000, Health Canada adopted an interpretation of this law allowing for the aforementioned "reminder" and "help-seeking" advertisements, although U.S.-style "full product ads" that mention the purpose of a prescription remain prohibited. Later
171:
for a particular medical condition. They do not specify any specific product or treatment themselves, but their call to action ultimately leads to resources that promote a specific prescription option for the condition. Help-seeking campaigns are sometimes used as preliminary marketing for new
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reported that 47% of all antibiotics prescribed in the United States were unnecessary. Another study of young people living in West Palm Beach, Florida found that a 10% increase in advertising expose increased the total number of prescriptions by 5%; a higher percentage change than in Denver,
447:
The industry quickly took advantage of the new guidelines: by 1998, advertising spending on DTCA had reached $ 1.12 billion. Despite this growth, there were concerns that some ads had an insufficient focus on properly discussing the product, while concerns were also shown for inappropriate
459:'s house of delegates voted in favor of a motion supporting the prohibition of DTCA, arguing that these marketing efforts contribute to the high cost of drugs, and "inflates demand for new and more expensive drugs, even when these drugs may not be appropriate". On March 4, 2016, Senator
361:
program. In ads carried on broadcast media, such as television commercials, only the major side effects are typically listed, and the ad directs viewers to consult a website or current magazine issue for more information (the aforementioned "brief summary"). If the drug is subject to a
287:
Under the
Undesirable Medical Advertisements Ordinance, advertising of medications is only legal for "minor" diseases, such as coughs and colds, headaches, indigestion, and others. Ads may not include depictions of treatment, medical professionals, or dramatizations of symptoms.
552:. A patient's request for a specific medication dramatically increases the rate at which physicians prescribe usually more expensive, branded drugs even when treatment for existing indications does not warrant such use. Pharmaceutical companies have also faced allegations of "
463:
introduced the
Protecting Americans from Drug Marketing Act, which proposed the removal of tax breaks for pharmaceutical companies who engage in DTCA. Franken similarly showed concerns that the industry was spending too much on marketing. In a similar move, representative
266:
argued that the proposal was a "slippery slope" towards U.S.-style advertising practices promoting expensive "wonder drugs", and that "we don't want consumers sitting on their couches bombarded with a hard sell from big drug companies in the advertising break between
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is available to see if adverse effects emerge, which increases the risk of harm. In the early 2000s, the FDA's resources to screen DTC ads were not keeping pace with the number of ads being produced, raising the risk that the inappropriate ads were not removed.
642:
U.S. DTC regulations have led to drug commercials having formulaic elements that have often been parodied in popular culture, such as the juxtaposition of often-lighthearted footage with the mandated reading of side effects. The long-running variety show
83:
Direct-to-consumer advertising is only completely legal in New Zealand and the United States, but are subject to regulations regarding the balanced disclosure of a prescription's benefits in comparison to its risks (including but not limited to
255:
410:
Rufen. The Rufen commercial focused on its price in comparison to the leading brand Motrin, and did not contain any product claims. The FDA briefly demanded that the Rufen ad be pulled, but it was restored after minor amendments.
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reliably found that consumers perceived the side effects of drugs to be less severe when they were presented with ads that listed both "major" and "minor" side effects, and more severe when only major side effects are listed.
540:, including patients bringing up their need for an advertised, name-brand drug as their primary concern during a doctor visit, and becoming interested in newly-introduced medications that may not have undergone sufficient
313:
Advertising materials directed towards the general public are prohibited from containing any references to prescription-only medications, under the basis that they are not to be presented as a consumer's choice. The
625:
Some drug ads have "gendered" diseases in ways that do not reflect actual epidemiology. Women's bodies have also been objectified to mask or distract from unpleasant aspects of diseases. The marketing of drugs for
385:
gave the FDA the authority to regulate prescription drug labeling and advertising, but the FDA did not establish regulations until 1969. These required that ads for prescriptions include information on their major
143:
for a medication. Reminder ads cannot contain any information or imagery that pertain to the medication's approved uses, but may have themes that vaguely allude to them; for example, a reminder commercial for the
397:
Pharmaceutical companies shifted the focus of their marketing efforts to licensed medical doctors in the 1970s, as the FDA mandated that only doctors could prescribe medicine. However, a larger movement towards
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which featured scenes of a patient spokesperson among motorcycles (despite a disclaimer stating that the spokespatient had to stop riding her motorcycle while taking the medication), and a print ad for the
588:
was heavily marketed and was widely-prescribed after its approval in 1999. When the drug was withdrawn for safety reasons in 2004, Merck, its developer, and the FDA were criticized for the campaign.
406:
published the first print DTC ad for a pneumonia vaccine targeting those aged 65 years and older, and Boots Pharmaceuticals aired the first DTC television commercial in 1983 for the prescription
177:
these ads, with one ad discussing the condition, and another, similarly-styled ad, mentioning the product but not the condition, seeking to have the viewer infer the association between the ads.
503:
215:
that year, Health Canada ruled that a pairing of similarly-themed reminder and help-seeking commercials ran afoul of the regulations, as their combination constituted a full product ad.
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when published in a magazine) made television advertising of prescriptions unfeasible. By the 1990s, the pharmaceutical industry pushed the FDA to make its regulations less burdensome.
218:
There are no regulations requiring direct-to-consumer advertising to be removed or substituted from U.S. television channels and publications when they are being distributed in Canada.
601:
Several DTC ads have faced criticism or FDA warnings over containing depictions of activities that are part of a prescription's contraindications, such as an advertisement for the
422:(whose release had been backed by a significant PR campaign) was recalled after only five months on the market, following reports of adverse reactions and deaths. FDA commissioner
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and benefits, and may be more lenient to advertising materials which do not discuss uses. Many countries ban any advertising of prescription drugs directly to consumers.
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to be displayed in advertising for any prescription that costs $ 35 or higher for 30 days of treatment. Ads could also include price comparisons against competitors.
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Critics also argue that resources spent on advertising could otherwise be spent on research and development for new drugs and medical therapies. Danish physician
1045:
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UK general manager Eddie Gray stated that the company did not plan to lobby for DTC in the region, citing prevailing consumer attitudes against the concept.
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544:. It has been demonstrated that direct-to-consumer ads have contributed to the frequency of requests made by patients towards their physicians to prescribe
366:
from the FDA (which indicates a serious risk), the warning must be reproduced in all advertising materials, and reminder ads for the drug are prohibited.
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524:
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1007:
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demographic targeting, such as the advertising of erectile dysfunction medications during programming that may be widely watched by children. In 2005,
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prohibits most direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medications: all direct-to-consumer advertising of drugs was forbidden until 1978, when
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treatment Idelvion containing an image of a soccer player (with the FDA warning that soccer was a "moderate to dangerous high-risk activity for
2963:
2803:
1708:
1383:
2070:
Hollon MF (February 1, 2004). "Direct-to-consumer marketing of prescription drugs: a current perspective for neurologists and psychiatrists".
677:", whose side effects include "going straight to hell") or inane purposes (such as "Swiftamine", a medication for people who experience onset
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318:
of a drug manufacturer's website also constitutes advertising material, and thus may not include references to prescription products either.
2383:
104:
much is spent on marketing medications, rather than into research and development; in the United States, ad spending by drugmakers reached
191:
2007:
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If an advertisement does not contain health claims, it does not fall under the FDA's jurisdiction, but can still be regulated by the
3100:
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125:
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92:), among other factors. Regulations regarding DTCA are typically applied to advertising materials that describe a prescription's
537:
394:, and unless they have "adequate provision" via different outlets, a "brief summary" of all side effects and contraindications.
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341:(FDA), direct-to-consumer "product claim" advertisements for a prescription medication must include information on their major
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Direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceuticals had long been suspected of downplaying the risk to consumers. Studies by
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urging viewers to ask their doctor or seek an external resource (such as a website or phone hotline) for more information.
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1907:
567:
indicated that pharmaceutical companies will advertise for their most profitable products, many of which are unnecessary
427:
print media in mind, and that their increasing length and technical language (often taking up an entire separate page of
1734:
1362:"Pharmaceutical Advertising in Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Australia, and the US: Current Conditions and Future Directions"
456:
338:
117:
2634:"Ramy Youssef Touts 'Ozempic for Ramadan' in 'SNL' Parody Ad: 'As Long as I Shoot Up Before the Sun Rises, It's Halal'"
1224:
2973:
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1435:
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822:
2633:
2538:
Fisher JA, Ronald LM (August 2010). "Sex, gender, and pharmaceutical politics: From drug development to marketing".
1971:
3025:
1682:
1649:
716:
Mogull SA, Balzhiser D (September 2015). "Pharmaceutical Companies Are Writing the Script for Health Consumerism".
689:
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was primarily aimed at young women, when sexually transmitted diseases are carried by, and affect, both genders.
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assessed that the pharmaceutical industry could not be trusted to provide impartial and unbiased information. UK
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similarly portrays a stereotypical commercial for the fictitious medication Claridryl, but slowly segues into a
2234:
854:
370:
153:
49:
2830:
2819:
Catch the New Pharmaceutical Marketing Wave: Trends & Strategies for Reaching Today's Healthcare Consumer
2171:"Effects of patient medication requests on physician prescribing behavior: results of a factorial experiment"
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2040:
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voted against a proposal to selectively allow advertising of "disease education information" in relation to
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1850:
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889:
382:
2691:"Creating demand for prescription drugs: a content analysis of television direct-to-consumer advertising"
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patients", and that the ad falsely implied patients could engage in such activity without consequences).
2988:
2937:
2917:
666:
168:
133:
93:
69:
61:
2113:
Iizuka T, Jin GZ (September 1, 2005). "The Effect of Prescription Drug Advertising on Doctor Visits".
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2012:
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Print ads must contain a standard notice that instructs patients to report negative side effects and
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571:. He maintains that "there is no need for marketing, as the products should speak for themselves."
423:
298:
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57:
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in mind, these early campaigns prompted concern from the FDA, especially after the arthritis drug
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in health care decisions prompted the first prominent examples of direct-to-consumer advertising.
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77:
27:
2511:"Pharma watchers on Twitter chat up Johnson & Johnson Xarelto TV ad that seems 'misleading'"
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compared the proposed requirement to similar regulations involving list prices for automobiles.
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1410:"Doctors in New Zealand—the only non-U.S. country that allows DTC advertising—call for bans"
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for drugs, many of which featuring exaggerated side effects (such as "Annuelle"—a parody of
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100:
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31:
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1541:"A History of Drug Advertising: The Evolving Roles of Consumers and Consumer Protection"
950:"A history of drug advertising: the evolving roles of consumers and consumer protection"
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called for a three-year moratorium on advertising of newly-approved prescription drugs.
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and skin wrinkles in such a way that it encourages the sale of treatments for them.
2993:
2355:"6 Reasons Why Prescription Drug Prices Are Extremely Expensive -- The Motley Fool"
1330:
682:
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On July 8, 2019, shortly before it was to take effect, the rule was struck down by
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35:
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Advertisements generally begin within a year of drugs entering the market, before
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387:
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85:
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European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
254:. Despite insistence otherwise due to its selective and controlled nature, the
916:"Chronology of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising Regulation in the United States"
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415:
65:
53:
2385:
Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Healthcare
2326:
2260:"Cause and Effect: Do Prescription Drug Ads Really Work? - Knowledge@Wharton"
2144:
2049:
1985:
1921:
1880:"Trump issues rule to require drug prices in TV ads, rejecting industry plan"
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1008:"Health Canada fails to properly regulate drug ads: 10-year study (updated)"
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545:
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McKinlay JB, Trachtenberg F, Marceau LD, Katz JN, Fischer MA (April 2014).
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1251:"Should Canada allow direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs?"
983:
778:
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1908:"Trump Rule Would Compel Drug Makers to Disclose Prices in TV Commercials"
1168:"The sneaky way pharmaceutical companies use celebs to market their drugs"
796:"Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medication in New Zealand"
455:
With the increasing spending, DTCA began to face opposition. In 2015, the
210:
began to allow ads containing names, quantities, and prices only, so that
2493:"Updated: CSL's Misleading Promo Materials Result in FDA Untitled Letter"
2436:
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1948:
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It has been argued that direct-to-consumer advertising can influence the
440:
358:
251:
211:
157:
73:
120:(FDA) defines several common types of DTCA for prescription medication:
56:
directly to consumers as patients, as opposed to specifically targeting
2734:"Promotion of prescription drugs to consumers and providers, 2001-2010"
678:
674:
605:
557:
419:
1605:"Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising: Therapeutic or Toxic?"
753:"Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising: Therapeutic or Toxic?"
1436:"New therapeutic products regulatory regime proposed for New Zealand"
549:
247:
149:
2706:
1075:"Advertising Fine Print in Drug Ads Sparks A Debate Among Marketers"
160:
in the lyric "it's great to stay up late". They may still contain a
1361:
823:"Direct-to-consumer drug ads: A bad idea that's about to get worse"
439:
A 1996 marketing campaign for then-prescription allergy medication
2420:"A decade of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs"
915:
585:
152:
featured scenes of a man happily walking to work to the showtune "
630:
have been called out on both counts. Similarly, the marketing of
556:"—the process of promoting awareness of minor conditions such as
2660:"This 10-minute infomercial is why I don't stay up late anymore"
1360:
Praet, Carolus; Cameron, Glen T.; Chien, Monica (January 2011).
243:
2851:
2689:
Frosch DL, Krueger PM, Hornik RC, Cronholm PF, Barg FK (2007).
2831:
Pharmaceutical Social Media Advertising Rules and Restrictions
2814:
40 years of DTC by Matthew Arnold/Medical Marketing and Media
1434:
Trounson, DLA Piper-Suzanne; Moran, Emma (January 11, 2023).
1943:
1879:
1106:"Do drug ads help patients or lead to expensive treatments?"
757:
P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management
60:. The term is synonymous primarily with the advertising of
528:
Colorado – where DTCA expenditures per person are lower.
2732:
Kornfield R, Donohue J, Berndt ER, Alexander GC (2013).
2603:"#TBT: Five Hilarious Drug Commercial Spoofs From 'SNL'"
2577:"This Year's Scariest Show Aired on the Cartoon Network"
1851:"Lawmaker seeks to end tax breaks for consumer drug ads"
1046:"Drug makers said to skirt Canadian restrictions on ads"
2008:"Judge rules against Trump on drug pricing disclosures"
1944:"Trump finalizes rule to require drug prices in TV ads"
1822:"American Medical Association urges ban on TV drug ads"
1683:"Ten Years Later: Direct to Consumer Drug Advertising"
1299:"Prescription drug ad law notable for 'lack of teeth'"
301:
laws to a new Therapeutic Product Regulator under the
132:
of the medication, and contains at least one approved
2793:
Educating the Consumer about Advertising: Some Issues
1650:"The untold story of TV's first prescription drug ad"
1512:"Drug companies say no to consumer advertising in UK"
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
19:
For direct-to-consumer selling by manufacturers, see
2036:"Trump Rule Requiring Drug Prices in TV Ads Blocked"
699:
short film involving the woman portrayed in the ad.
510:, who ruled that it overstepped the HHS' authority.
450:
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
3039:
3008:
2956:
2885:
2806:Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills,
2418:Donohue JM, Cevasco M, Rosenthal MB (August 2007).
16:
Promotion of medical products directly to consumers
2327:"Pharmaceutical industry gets high on fat profits"
2286:"Direct marketing of pharmaceuticals to consumers"
2220:Metzl, Jonathan. "Selling Sanity Through Gender."
1735:"PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY ISSUES DTC AD GUIDELINES"
665:only once per-year, at the cost of having extreme
167:A "help-seeking" advertisement is presented as an
1225:"Advertising Regulation for Medication in Brazil"
492:, or the drug is not covered by their insurance.
1794:"Drug ads: $ 5.2 billion annually -- and rising"
1709:"Drug Industry DTC Ad Guidelines Draw Criticism"
1193:"RESOLUÇÃO-RDC Nº 96, DE 17 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2008"
139:A "reminder" advertisement is designed to build
124:A "product claim" advertisement identifies the
2466:Sivanathan, Niro; Kakkar, Hemant (June 2019).
2115:Journal of Economics & Management Strategy
1464:"A basic guide to prescription-only medicines"
1384:"Kiwi doctors lobby for crackdown on drug ads"
225:professor and physician Dr. Joel Lexchin, and
2863:
1972:"Drug Prices Will Soon Appear in Many TV Ads"
1132:"Ask Your Doctor if This Ad Is Right for You"
798:. New Zealand Medical Journal. Archived from
8:
1970:Thrush, Glenn; Thomas, Katie (May 8, 2019).
2413:
2411:
2409:
2303:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140537
1761:"Direct-to-consumer advertising under fire"
2870:
2856:
2848:
1130:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (February 27, 2016).
525:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2767:
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2714:
2533:
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2435:
2301:
2194:
2126:
1620:
1572:
1274:
973:
768:
1878:Karlin-Smith, Sarah (October 15, 2018).
855:"A Guide To Television Drug Advertising"
414:As its guidelines were not written with
894:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
708:
478:Department of Health and Human Services
2964:Caesarean delivery on maternal request
2804:Education Resources Information Center
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859:American Council on Science and Health
494:Secretary of Health and Human Services
136:, and claims surrounding its benefits.
2468:"How Drug Company Ads Downplay Risks"
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7:
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821:Lazarus, David (February 15, 2017).
3040:Works about unnecessary health care
2658:Frank, Allegra (October 21, 2016).
2609:. November 19, 2015. Archived from
2424:The New England Journal of Medicine
1942:Karlin-Smith, Sarah (May 8, 2019).
1324:Cozens, Claire (October 23, 2002).
1104:Russell, John (September 4, 2015).
2632:Shanfeld, Ethan (March 31, 2024).
2034:Armour, Stephanie (July 9, 2019).
1249:Mintzes, Barbara (February 2009).
669:symptoms when it does occur, and "
14:
1906:Pear, Robert (October 15, 2018).
1466:. Advertising Standards Authority
1326:"Europe rejects drug advertising"
2451:
2137:10.1111/j.1530-9134.2005.00079.x
2084:10.2165/00023210-200418020-00001
1557:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2006.00464.x
1539:Donohue, Julie (December 2006).
1485:Schofield, Amy (July 10, 2017).
966:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2006.00464.x
2325:Anderson R (November 6, 2014).
472:Proposed display of list prices
2893:Direct-to-consumer advertising
2290:Annual Review of Public Health
227:University of British Columbia
190:In 2008 a new resolution from
42:Direct-to-consumer advertising
1:
2948:Political abuse of psychiatry
2842:Prescription Drug Advertising
2006:Swanson, Ian (July 8, 2019).
1366:Health Communication Research
480:(HHS) approved a mandate for
337:Under the regulations of the
2759:10.1371/journal.pone.0055504
2187:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000096
1849:says, Lori (March 4, 2016).
1487:"Pharma marketing: UK vs US"
751:Ventola, CL (October 2011).
457:American Medical Association
339:Food and Drug Administration
118:Food and Drug Administration
2974:Benzodiazepine use disorder
1603:Ventola CL (October 2011).
538:doctor–patient relationship
68:platforms—most commonly on
3122:
3026:Medication discontinuation
2552:10.1016/j.genm.2010.08.003
1073:Ono, Yumiko (April 1997).
693:Unedited Footage of a Bear
681:after realizing they love
628:inflammatory bowel disease
581:postmarketing surveillance
542:postmarketing surveillance
108:5.2 billion in 2016.
25:
18:
2798:December 2, 2022, at the
2695:Annals of Family Medicine
2353:Orelli B (June 9, 2017).
1255:Canadian Family Physician
50:marketing and advertising
3101:Drug marketing and sales
896:. FDA. February 8, 2019.
371:Federal Trade Commission
350:given on a second page.
26:Not to be confused with
3106:Unnecessary health care
2879:Unnecessary health care
2824:April 21, 2017, at the
2284:Lyles A (May 1, 2002).
2041:The Wall Street Journal
1080:The Wall Street Journal
730:10.1145/2826972.2826976
323:Health Select Committee
54:pharmaceutical products
1516:www.campaignlive.co.uk
383:United States Congress
62:prescription medicines
2989:Proton-pump inhibitor
2938:Quaternary prevention
2918:Unwarranted variation
1545:The Milbank Quarterly
954:The Milbank Quarterly
661:that lets women have
238:In October 2002, the
3009:Tools and situations
2957:Overused health care
2933:Prescription cascade
2808:Bloomington, Indiana
2437:10.1056/NEJMsa070502
2390:Taylor & Francis
2235:"CDC Press Releases"
1771:on September 2, 2013
1166:Meiselman, Jessica.
890:"Basics of Drug Ads"
802:on November 21, 2018
697:psychological horror
476:On May 8, 2019, the
435:Partial deregulation
146:erectile dysfunction
58:health professionals
3031:Withdrawal syndrome
2979:Opioid use disorder
2750:2013PLoSO...855504K
2583:. December 19, 2014
2472:Scientific American
1830:. November 15, 2015
1827:The Washington Post
1715:. September 1, 2005
1656:. December 11, 2015
1305:. December 10, 2014
1229:The Brazil Business
1205:on October 17, 2016
718:Commun. Des. Q. Rev
646:Saturday Night Live
594:Scientific American
299:consumer protection
240:European Commission
3055:The Treatment Trap
2928:Overmedicalization
2913:Defensive medicine
1977:The New York Times
1913:The New York Times
1137:The New York Times
1050:The Globe and Mail
1006:Fayerman, Pamela.
948:Donohue J (2006).
914:Mogull SA (2008).
655:parody commercials
621:Gender stereotypes
303:Ministry of Health
204:Food and Drugs Act
169:awareness campaign
156:", emphasizing an
28:Direct-to-consumer
3078:
3077:
3069:Overdosed America
2984:Psychoactive drug
2969:Antibiotic misuse
2943:Disease mongering
2380:Peter C. Gøtzsche
2264:Knowledge@Wharton
1689:. October 1, 2006
1390:. October 6, 2018
828:Los Angeles Times
565:Peter C. Gøtzsche
554:disease mongering
392:contraindications
347:contraindications
276:Coronation Street
264:Catherine Stihler
141:brand recognition
90:contraindications
3113:
3096:Drug advertising
3062:Selling Sickness
2872:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2728:
2718:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2613:on March 7, 2016
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2499:. March 7, 2018.
2489:
2483:
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2480:
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2457:
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2455:
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2415:
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2209:
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2130:
2110:
2104:
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2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
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1903:
1897:
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1892:
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1863:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1802:. March 11, 2016
1790:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1767:. Archived from
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:. August 2, 2005
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
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1679:
1666:
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1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1460:
1451:
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1422:
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1406:
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1380:
1374:
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1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1295:
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1278:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1198:. Archived from
1197:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1127:
1121:
1120:
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1101:
1092:
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1089:
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1070:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1042:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1003:
988:
987:
977:
945:
928:
927:
911:
898:
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886:
871:
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868:
866:
851:
840:
839:
837:
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818:
812:
811:
809:
807:
792:
783:
782:
772:
748:
742:
741:
713:
48:) refers to the
32:Direct marketing
3121:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3035:
3021:Choosing Wisely
3004:
2952:
2908:Fee-for-service
2881:
2876:
2836:OPDP Complaints
2826:Wayback Machine
2800:Wayback Machine
2789:
2784:
2731:
2707:10.1370/afm.611
2688:
2684:
2682:Further reading
2679:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2540:Gender Medicine
2537:
2536:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2417:
2416:
2407:
2400:
2392:. p. 275.
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2359:The Motley Fool
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
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2168:
2167:
2160:
2128:10.1.1.598.6929
2112:
2111:
2107:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
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1941:
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1936:
1926:
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1792:
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1772:
1759:
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1744:
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1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1713:Cardiology News
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1669:
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1195:
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1174:
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1164:
1160:
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1148:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1110:Chicago Tribune
1103:
1102:
1095:
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1016:
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991:
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888:
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820:
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749:
745:
715:
714:
710:
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640:
623:
577:
546:analgesic drugs
534:
516:
474:
437:
379:
335:
327:GlaxoSmithKline
311:
294:
285:
236:
223:York University
200:
188:
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114:
76:, but also via
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3119:
3117:
3109:
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3103:
3098:
3093:
3083:
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3065:
3058:
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3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Overmedication
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2875:
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2788:
2787:External links
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2158:
2121:(3): 701–727.
2105:
2062:
2026:
1998:
1962:
1934:
1898:
1867:
1841:
1813:
1782:
1752:
1726:
1700:
1667:
1636:
1615:(10): 669–84.
1588:
1551:(4): 659–699.
1528:
1503:
1477:
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1426:
1401:
1375:
1352:
1316:
1290:
1261:(2): 131–133.
1241:
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1093:
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1024:
989:
929:
899:
872:
861:. May 30, 2018
841:
813:
784:
763:(10): 669–84.
743:
707:
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701:
639:
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622:
619:
576:
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569:"me-too" drugs
533:
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355:adverse events
334:
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309:United Kingdom
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3016:Deprescribing
3014:
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3007:
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3000:incidentaloma
2998:treatment of
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2903:Overdiagnosis
2901:
2899:
2898:Overscreening
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2744:(3): e55504.
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2598:
2595:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:(4): 357–70.
2545:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2430:(7): 673–81.
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:9781846198847
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960:(4): 659–99.
959:
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944:
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940:
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