3472:
4613::206, acknowledges the Iranian identification of the Andronovo culture, but finds the Andronovo culture too late for an Indo-Iranian identification, giving a later date for the start of the Andronovo culture "in the 16th or 17th century BC, whereas the Aryans appeared in the Near East not later than the 15th to 16th century BC. Klejn (1974, p.58) further argues that "these regions contain nothing reminiscent of Timber-Frame Andronovo materials." Brentjes (1981) also gives a later dating for the Andronovo culture. Bryant further refers to Lyonnet (1993) and Francfort (1989), who point to the absence of archaeological remains of the Andronovans south of the Hindu Kush. Bosch-Gimpera (1973) and Hiebert (1998) argue that there also no Andronovo remains in Iran, but Hiebert "agrees that the expansion of the BMAC people to the Iranian plateau and the Indus Valley borderlands at the beginning of the second millennium BC is 'the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia' (Hiebert 1995:192)". Sarianidi states that the Andronovo tribes "penetrated to a minimum extent".
4992:"How exactly the emergence and expansion of the Corded Ware are linked to the emergence and expansion of the Yamnaya horizon remains unclear. However, the Y chromosome record of both groups indicates that Corded Ware cannot be derived directly from the Yamnaya or late eastern farming groups sampled thus far, and is therefore likely to constitute a parallel development in the forest steppe and temperate forest zones of Eastern Europe. Even in Central Europe, the formation of the earliest regional Corded Ware identities was the result of local and regional social practices that resulted in the typical Corded Ware rite of passage."
31:
5037:. Schmitt, "Aryans" in Encyclopedia Iranica: Excerpt:"The name "Aryan" (OInd. ā́rya-, Ir. *arya- , in Old Pers. ariya-, Av. airiia-, etc.) is the self-designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the "non-Aryan" peoples of those "Aryan" countries (cf. OInd. an-ā́rya-, Av. an-airiia-, etc.), and lives on in ethnic names like Alan (Lat. Alani, NPers. īrān, Oss. Ir and Iron.". Also accessed online:
6560:"the qpAdm modelling shows that at least 90% of the ancestry of current Indo-Iranian ancestry is modelized as inherited from Iron Age individuals from southern Central Asia with an affinity with BMAC. Consequently, Indo-Iranians present a strong genetic continuity in the region since the Iron Age with anecdotic admixture with BHG ancestry related individuals, and, for the Tajiks, with South Asian ancestry related populations possibly after Iron Age."
3483:
114:
3035:
50:
2524:
2156:
4492:, Iranians show low R1a1a levels, while males of eastern parts of Iran carry up to 35% R1a1a. The historical and prehistoric possible reasons for this are the subject of on-going discussion and attention amongst population geneticists and genetic genealogists, and are considered to be of potential interest to linguists and archaeologists also.
4444:
origins are actually about the origins of the dominant R1a1a (R-M17 or R-M198) sub-clade. R1a1a is found in two major variations: Z93 and Z282. R-Z93 appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Asia, being related to Indo-Iranians. On the other hand, R-Z282 is the main
European branch of R1a1a
6387:
Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Ruzibakiev, Ruslan; Underhill, Peter A.; Evseeva, Irina; Blue-Smith, Jason; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Shanmugalakshmi, Sadagopal; Balakrishnan, Karuppiah; Read, Mark; Pearson, Nathaniel M.; Zerjal, Tatiana; Webster, Matthew T.; Zholoshvili,
4673:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels (2015-06-11).
4729:
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Roodenberg, Songül
Alpaslan; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra; Gamba, Cristina; Jones, Eppie R.; Llamas, Bastien; Dryomov, Stanislav (2015-12-24).
4533:
derive significant amounts of ancestry from a 'Baikal hunter-gatherer' source (mean average ~50%), with the remainder being ancestry maximized in Tajik people. Historical Indo-Iranians showed high genetic affinity towards
European hunter-gatherers and Iranian Neolithic farmers.
5437:(..) Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians.
6329:
Fornarino; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009), "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation",
3086:
were also complete in Proto-Indo-Iranian, as well as the loss of the labiovelars (kw, etc.) to k, and the
Eastern Indo-European (Satem) shift from palatized k' to ć, as in Proto–Indo-European *k'ṃto- > Indo-Iran. *ćata- > Sanskrit śata-, Old Iran. sata "100".
6284:
Underhill, P.A.; Myres, Natalie M; Rootsi, Siiri; Metspalu, Mait; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; King, Roy J; Lin, Alice A; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T; et al. (2009), "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of
European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a",
4958:
Pamjav H, Feher T, Nemeth E, Padar Z (2012). "Brief communication: new Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1". American
Journal of Physical Anthropology. 149 (4): 611–615. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22167. PMID 23115110.
3409:, the greatest of the devas from Vedic literature, is often listed in Zoroastrian texts as one of the greatest of the evil forces, sometimes second only to Angra Mainyu himself. In the traditional Zoroastrian confession of faith as recorded in the
3429:, the most powerful of the Asuras, does not directly correspond to Ahura Mazda but shares several traits in common with him, particularly in terms of his role as king among the lesser gods and arbiter of law and morality among mortals. Even as
4514:(part of the Andronovo culture during the Bronze Age), was of west Eurasian maternal lineages (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the 13th–7th century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages.
2116:
5419:(..) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations.
3471:
6388:
Irakli; Jamarjashvili, Elena; Gambarov, Spartak; Nikbin, Behrouz; Dostiev, Ashur; Aknazarov, Ogonazar; Zalloua, Pierre; Tsoy, Igor; Kitaev, Mikhail; Mirrakhimov, Mirsaid; Chariev, Ashir; Bodmer, Walter F. (28 August 2001).
5223:
4961:
However, with the discovery of the Z280 and Z93 substitutions within Phase 1 1000 Genomes
Project data and subsequent genotyping of these SNPs in ∼200 samples, a schism between European and Asian R1a chromosomes has
4597:
The exact relation between the
Shintashta-culture and the Corded Ware culture remains unclear; while they are linguistically and culturally related, the genetic relation is still to be solved.
1978:, collectively known as the Indo-Iranians. Despite this, some scholars use the term Indo-Iranian to refer to this group, though the term "Aryan" remains widely used by most scholars, such as
2641:
until the 6th century BC. Around the first millennium AD, Iranian groups began to settle on the eastern edge of the
Iranian plateau, on the mountainous frontier of northwestern and western
3451:. Both are described as world rivers. Vedic Saraswati is described as "Best of Mothers, Best of Rivers, Best of Goddesses". Similarly, in early portions of the Avesta, Iranian *Harahvati
6252:
Saha; Sharma, Swarkar; Bhat, Audesh; Pandit, Awadesh; Bamezai, Ramesh (2005), "Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow",
2708:, and by that the only surviving Sarmatian language of the once wide-ranging East Iranian dialect continuum that stretched from Eastern Europe to the eastern parts of Central Asia.
5053:. New York: 1996. I.B. Tauris. Recommends the use by scholars of the term Aryan to describe the Eastern, not the Western, branch of the Indo-European peoples (see "Aryan" in index)
4507:
haplogroup (xC3). mtDNA haplogroups of nine individuals assigned to the same
Andronovo horizon and region were as follows: U4 (2 individuals), U2e, U5a1, Z, T1, T4, H, and K2b.
3502:. Both collections are from the period after the proposed date of separation (c. 2nd millennium BC) of the Proto-Indo-Iranians into their respective Indic and Iranian branches.
2388:
The standard model for the entry of the Indo-European languages into the Indian subcontinent is that this first wave went over the Hindu Kush, either into the headwaters of the
4795:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Lazaridis, Iosif; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Kim, Alexander M. (2018-03-31).
6217:
Pamjav, Horolma; Tibor Fehér; Endre Németh; Zsolt Pádár (2012). "Brief communication: new Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1".
5454:(..) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.
3339:. From the various and dispersed Indo-Iranian cultures, a set of common ideas may be reconstructed from which a common, unattested proto-Indo-Iranian source may be deduced.
3413:, the rejection of the daevas is one of the most significant qualifiers for a follower of the tradition, alongside worshipping Ahura Mazda and following the teachings of
1899:
5159:"Problems in the method and interpretations of the computational phylogenetics based on linguistic data – An example of wishful thinking: Bouckaert et al. 2012"
1863:
2431:. The most powerful of these kingdoms were the post-Rigvedic Kuru (in Kurukshetra and the Delhi area) and their allies the Pañcālas further east, as well as
2168:
2070:
1061:
5772:
5019:
Dwyer, Arienne M. "The texture of tongues: Languages and power in China." Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China. Routledge, 2013. 68–85.
2772:
2132:
5120:
Häkkinen, Jaakko (2012). "Early contacts between Uralic and Yukaghir". In Tiina Hyytiäinen; Lotta Jalava; Janne Saarikivi; Erika Sandman (eds.).
5655:
The Kalash (which means 'black' because of the black garments they wear) are an animist tribe who live in a region sometimes called Kafiristan.
6836:
6781:
6634:
6584:
6117:
6083:
5988:
5930:
5823:
5648:
5564:
5537:
5477:
5235:
5207:
5134:
4985:
4943:
4910:
3433:
rules by and upholds asha, the cosmic moral order, in the Avesta, so too do Varuna and the Asuras uphold the analogous concept of rta in the
2164:
1870:
1842:
5713:
2076:
Historical linguists broadly estimate that a continuum of Indo-Iranian languages probably began to diverge by 2000 BC, preceding both the
2053:
and Vedic India, its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India, and its 19th–20th century BC attestation at the Andronovo site of
4432:
1827:
6953:
3405:,' referring to one of the principal classes of gods, as well as other related words throughout the Indo-European traditions. Indeed,
1892:
1849:
780:
6858:
6723:
6715:
113:
6948:
1856:
620:
5813:
5683:
5010:
Motti, Victor Vahidi. "Richard Slaughter: The master interpreter of alternative planetary futures." Futures 132 (2021): 102796.
131:
891:
6958:
6911:
Vasil'ev, I. B., P. F. Kuznetsov, and A. P. Semenova. "Potapovo Burial Ground of the Indo-Iranic Tribes on the Volga" (1994).
5581:
2789:
1712:
1487:
4440:(R-M17 or R-M198) is the sub-clade most commonly associated with Indo-European populations. Most discussions purportedly of
5978:
5953:
3455:
the world-river that flows down from the mythical central Mount Hara. She is blocked by an obstacle (Avestan for obstacle:
6943:
5920:
5745:
1885:
1457:
726:
663:
464:
350:
4210:
3246:
3051:
2207:
1145:
721:
648:
459:
454:
449:
344:
6107:
6073:
6738:
5001:
Chen, Sanping. "SOME REMARKS ON THE CHINESE" BULGAR"." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (1998): 69–83.
4543:
3350:
is significantly influenced by the original religion of the Indo-Iranians, infused with accretions developed locally.
3242:
3025:
2096:
1462:
957:
658:
537:
523:
504:
3197:
respectively. Furthermore, there are large diaspora communities of Indo-Iranian speakers in northwestern Europe (the
2563:(Alans), followed the Scythians westwards into Europe in the late centuries BC and the 1st and 2nd centuries AD (The
800:
6455:
Lalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T.; Castri, L.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (2004).
5199:
758:
358:
43:
5066:. New York: 1954. Simon and Schuster. According to Will Durant on Page 286: "the name Aryan first appears in the
4905:. Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. Leiden, The Netherlands ; Boston: Brill. p. 302.
5187:
4504:
3238:
2821:
2807:
2539:
in the 8th century BC, although their linguistic affiliation to Iranians is uncertain. They were followed by the
2471:
2176:
1990:
1502:
1467:
1140:
444:
786:
6023:
5123:
Per Urales ad Orientem (Festschrift for Juha Janhunen on the occasion of his 60th birthday on 12 February 2012)
4548:
3362:, which according to him may contain some Indo-Iranian influence owing to contact presumably in the steppes of
3234:
2189:
1652:
1472:
1003:
835:
682:
484:
439:
434:
354:
6141:
6048:
3062:. The main phonological change separating Proto-Indo-Iranian from Proto–Indo-European is the collapse of the
5504:
4510:
A 2004 study also established that during the Bronze Age/Iron Age period, the majority of the population of
4495:
Out of 10 human male remains assigned to the Andronovo horizon from the Krasnoyarsk region, 9 possessed the
4118:
3126:
1657:
1384:
494:
489:
479:
123:
5074:. In general it was the self-given appellation of the tribes living near or coming from the shores of the
6747:
6730:
6577:
The Horse, The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World
6050:
The Life and Work of the Rev. G. Theophilus Dodds: Missionary in Connection with the McAll Mission, France
3336:
3106:
3043:
3029:
2716:
2423:
in these areas established several powerful kingdoms and principalities in the region, from south eastern
2172:
2160:
1967:
1929:
1647:
1619:
1403:
1305:
1071:
917:
541:
379:
271:
210:
165:
105:
97:
6811:(1999), "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European", in Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.),
6504:
Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Heyer, Evelyne; Bon, Céline (2022-01-14).
6025:
Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India, Their Religion and Institutions
6622:
5195:
4578:
2234:
1987:
1925:
1794:
1623:
531:
527:
512:
508:
5467:
2575:
Period. At their greatest reported extent, around 1st century AD, the Sarmatian tribes ranged from the
2057:, Kuzmina (1994) argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo-Iranian.
1018:
5611:
6867:
6517:
6401:
6339:
4743:
4687:
4622:
3218:
3194:
3091:
3083:
3063:
2467:
2405:
2369:
2199:
2073:
burial that also contains a foal has recently been found, indicating further links with the steppes.
1936:
in waves from the first part of the 2nd millennium BC onwards. They eventually branched out into the
1740:
1705:
886:
701:
653:
590:
560:
518:
498:
362:
216:
4458:
3768:
3448:
3397:
Some beliefs developed in different ways as cultures separated and evolved. For example, the word '
2642:
2475:
2448:
2227:
2141:
2100:
1013:
1008:
904:
828:
793:
716:
706:
565:
266:
261:
230:
39:
6846:
6695:
6668:
6660:
6610:
6419:
5728:
3186:
2795:
2259:
2077:
1975:
1941:
1719:
1670:
1604:
1588:
1213:
866:
605:
291:
196:
191:
54:
5706:
3259:
scriptures, Indo-Iranians shared a common inheritance of concepts including the universal force
3079:
2599:
to the south. In the east, the Saka occupied several areas in Xinjiang, from Khotan to Tumshuq.
30:
6886:
Chopra, R. M., "Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through The Ages", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2005.
6457:"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians"
4031:"destructive/evil spirit, spirit, temper, ardour, passion, anger, teacher of divine knowledge"
6854:
6832:
6719:
6711:
6682:; Kuz'mina, E. E.; Ivantchik, Askold I. (1995), "Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins",
6630:
6602:
6580:
6551:
6533:
6486:
6437:
6367:
6312:
6267:
6234:
6196:
6113:
6079:
5984:
5926:
5819:
5644:
5560:
5533:
5499:
5473:
5231:
5203:
5158:
5130:
5028:
The "Aryan" Language, Gherardo Gnoli, Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, Roma, 2002.
4981:
4939:
4916:
4906:
4869:
4851:
4777:
4759:
4711:
4703:
4644:
4568:
3170:
3162:
3138:
3122:
3099:
3075:
2749:
2693:
2669:
2634:
2564:
2373:
2283:
2127:
2035:
2019:
2015:
1733:
1699:
1691:
1635:
1629:
1611:
1582:
1561:
1547:
1539:
1309:
1170:
1110:
1092:
1033:
1028:
1023:
990:
985:
814:
677:
326:
319:
312:
298:
284:
244:
223:
160:
152:
74:
70:
62:
35:
4975:
6871:
6687:
6652:
6541:
6525:
6476:
6468:
6427:
6409:
6357:
6347:
6302:
6294:
6257:
6226:
6186:
6178:
4859:
4841:
4808:
4800:
4767:
4751:
4695:
4470:
3482:
3386:
3371:
3343:
3178:
3154:
2854:
2732:
2726:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
1979:
1727:
1677:
1494:
1300:
1188:
1128:
1105:
1048:
1043:
980:
967:
962:
952:
625:
238:
186:
178:
171:
3552:
3401:,' which appears in the Avesta, also bears a linguistic relationship to the Sanskrit word '
3142:
2897:" Indo-Aryans establishing themselves in the existing BMAC settlements, defeated by "Proto-
5401:(..) Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations.
4830:"The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene"
3757:
3684:
3664:
3402:
3130:
3114:
2638:
2633:
rule over the region from 559 BC, although the Iranic peoples were largely subject to the
2615:
2419:, over the northern and central parts of the subcontinent, sparing the extreme south. The
2223:
2081:
2023:
1971:
1937:
1808:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1748:
1684:
1663:
1641:
1226:
1115:
1038:
947:
880:
821:
687:
419:
404:
394:
389:
305:
277:
6921:
6901:
Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia.
6506:"Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia"
5224:"Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Wagon Terminology and the Date of the Indo-Iranian Split"
4563:
6521:
6405:
6343:
4747:
4691:
17:
6795:
6546:
6505:
6481:
6456:
6362:
6307:
6191:
6166:
5702:
5121:
4864:
4772:
4731:
4530:
4474:
4454:
4428:
4356:
4135:
3807:
3508:
3366:
at around 2000 BC. In Shinto, traces of these can be seen in the myth of the storm god
3351:
3198:
3055:
3047:
2738:
2653:
2397:
2271:
2254:
from about 1500 BC, were of possibly of mixed origins: An indigenous non Indo-European
2137:
2085:
2062:
2011:
1553:
1420:
1295:
853:
807:
775:
711:
202:
5228:
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
4977:
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
2474:. Most Indo-Aryan languages, however, were and still are prominent in the rest of the
6937:
6800:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest People from the West
6791:
6776:
6751:
6679:
6672:
6432:
6389:
4813:
4168:
4094:
4037:
4018:
3701:
3347:
3202:
2701:
2697:
2657:
2576:
2452:
1813:
1277:
910:
768:
384:
5529:
Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet
2155:
2144:), red the area which may have been settled by Indo-European-speaking peoples up to
6808:
6763:
4573:
4553:
4529:
Indo-Iranians, and were only marginally affected by outside geneflow, while modern
4025:
3781:
3460:
3375:
3363:
3287:
3222:
3214:
3034:
2924:
2801:
2219:
2066:
1762:
1432:
1270:
744:
615:
414:
409:
399:
5589:
4517:
A 2022 study found that modern individuals from Southern Central Asia, especially
2194:
Two-wave models of Indo-Iranian expansion have been proposed by Burrow (1973) and
6927:
6826:
5638:
5554:
5527:
2571:, dwelling near the Caspian Sea, were known to the early rulers of Persia in the
5383:
5095:
5075:
4627:
4466:
4410:
3872:
3592:
3430:
3414:
3256:
3134:
2778:
2661:
2646:
2592:
2515:
2459:
2424:
2420:
2263:
2211:
2104:
2039:
2034:
on the east (where the Indo-Iranians took over the area occupied by the earlier
1983:
1408:
1394:
1358:
1066:
49:
6529:
6394:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5038:
4796:
6656:
6262:
4675:
4511:
4500:
4462:
3546:
3524:
3190:
2626:
2572:
2568:
2536:
2523:
2487:
2436:
2171:
and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The
2084:
cultures which emerged later. The earliest recorded forms of these languages,
2043:
2027:
1371:
1285:
1163:
928:
6606:
6537:
6390:"The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity"
4920:
4855:
4763:
4707:
2022:
within the broader Andronovo horizon, and their homeland with an area of the
6352:
4522:
3928:
3745:
3444:
3382:
3210:
3174:
2755:
2588:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2527:
Eurasia around 1000 BC, showing location of the Iranians and their neighbors
2495:
2365:
2054:
2031:
2010:
The Proto-Indo-Iranians are commonly identified with the descendants of the
1574:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1315:
1183:
630:
600:
6627:
The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate
6555:
6490:
6472:
6441:
6414:
6371:
6316:
6271:
6238:
6200:
4900:
4873:
4829:
4781:
4715:
3774:
a controversial (generally considered mythological) river, a river goddess
6708:
Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC
6686:, vol. 115, no. 3, American Oriental Society, pp. 473–477,
6593:
Anthony, David W.; Vinogradov, Nikolai B. (1995). "Birth of the Chariot".
6298:
6167:"The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a"
4457:. Data so far collected indicates high frequency of R-Z93 in the northern
2179:
cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryan movements.
2115:
6182:
5091:
5083:
4526:
3967:
3903:
3846:
3623:
3577:
3570:
3264:
3252:
3182:
3158:
3146:
3118:
2898:
2630:
2607:
2596:
2552:
2503:
2499:
2483:
2463:
2432:
2279:
2251:
2215:
2198:. The Indo-Iranians and their expansion are strongly associated with the
1517:
1508:
1399:
1200:
1175:
1079:
570:
146:
6664:
6614:
4846:
4755:
4699:
3189:), with branches stretching as far out as Oceania and the Caribbean for
6423:
6230:
6078:. Vol. I: Prehistory to the Fall of the Mauryas. Vij Books India.
5079:
5071:
4828:
Chintalapati, Manjusha; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya (2022-05-30).
4640:
4318:"lord, patron, wealth, prosperity, sharer/distributor of good fortune"
3984:
3945:
3891:
3563:
3513:
3495:
3491:
3441:
3367:
3273:
3059:
2986:
2960:
2611:
2603:
2556:
2447:. The latter lasted until the 4th century BC, when it was conquered by
2444:
2401:
2361:
2345:
2275:
2255:
2245:
2203:
2092:
2050:
1933:
1567:
1531:
1524:
1322:
942:
595:
575:
82:
6699:
5685:
Vala and Iwato: The Myth of the Hidden Sun in India, Japan, and beyond
4974:
Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (11 May 2023).
3494:
terms that may be gleaned from comparative linguistic analysis of the
3046:
spoken by the Proto-Indo-Iranians in the late 3rd millennium BC was a
6710:, 2 vols, JIES Monograph Series Nos. 45, 46, Washington D.C. (2002),
5107:
4636:
4558:
4518:
4485:
4481:
4111:
4013:
3916:
3842:
3830:
3816:
3708:
3650:
3499:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3355:
3313:
3206:
3110:
2949:"Proto–Sauma-Dasa", assimilation of Proto-Dasa and Proto–Sauma-Aryan
2681:
2580:
2440:
2428:
2393:
2353:
2089:
1290:
1244:
763:
580:
6758:, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Leiden: Brill
5226:. In Willerslev, Eske; Kroonen, Guus; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.).
6691:
5582:"Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan"
4804:
3956:"twin Vedic gods associated with the dawn, medicine, and sciences"
34:
Map displaying the origins of the Proto-Indo-Iranian (Ā́rya/Aryan)
6828:
The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
5087:
4606:
4478:
4450:
4446:
4437:
4339:
4307:
4261:
4244:
4077:
4068:
4064:
4001:
3910:
3861:
3800:
3788:
3728:
3721:
3671:
3481:
3470:
3434:
3406:
3398:
3359:
3327:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3166:
3033:
2705:
2584:
2560:
2491:
2479:
2389:
2357:
2349:
2154:
1954:
1921:
1389:
1263:
1257:
1239:
610:
585:
48:
29:
6645:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
5452:. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36.
5317:; Kuzmina (1994), Klejn (1974), and Brentjes (1981), as cited in
6768:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth
4489:
4227:
3884:
3633:
3611:
3531:
3277:
3150:
3011:
2894:
2544:
2258:-speaking majority was supposedly dominated by a non-Anatolian,
1781:
4496:
4441:
4363:
3604:
3354:
theorises that these religions might share some elements with
3268:
2676:
of the early centuries AD. Extant major Iranian languages are
4732:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"
2656:, the Iranians were eventually decisively assimilated (e.g.
5230:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–262.
2543:, who are considered a western branch of the Central Asian
6146:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Imprensa Portugueza. p. 36
2340:"turn around", in the context of a horse race (Indo-Aryan
1997:, also uses the term Aryan to describe the Indo-Iranians.
6075:
From Indus to Independence: A Trek Through Indian History
3617:"active truth", extending to "order" and "righteousness"
3335:). Proto-Indo-Iranian religion is an archaic offshoot of
2923:
Indo-Aryan, including "Proto–Sauma-Aryan" practicing the
2344:). In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the
6908:, 733 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4
5286:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5267:
5265:
3447:
is linguistically and functionally cognate with Avestan
3417:. Similarly, the parallels between the malevolent Vedic
1966:
was the self-designation of the ancient speakers of the
6879:
Anusantatyai. Fs. für Johanna Narten zum 70. Geburtstag
5740:
5738:
38:
as a migration of peoples from the Bronze Age European
6897:
Guarino-Vignon, P., Marchi, N., Bendezu-Sarmiento, J.
6779:; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997), "Indo-Iranian Languages",
6212:
6210:
4938:. London ; Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 2.
2404:, is assigned to roughly 1500 BC. From the Indus, the
2292:
the names of gods invoked by these rulers in treaties.
6735:Откуда пришли индоарии? (Whence came the Indo-Aryans)
2664:
population of the region, while in Central Asia, the
2296:
In particular, Kikkuli's text includes words such as
81:) in the south; it includes the area of the earliest
5955:
The Sacred Books of the East: The Zend-Avesta, pt. I
5078:. The term is properly applied today chiefly to the
2520:
The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave.
2206:. It is assumed that this expansion spread from the
2095:, are remarkably similar, descended from the common
3090:Among the sound changes from Proto-Indo-Iranian to
3054:, and in turn only removed by a few centuries from
2099:. The origin and earliest relationship between the
6853:, Ancient People and Places, Thames & Hudson,
5919:Griswold, H. D.; Griswold, Hervey De Witt (1971).
3102:is the de-aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates.
5925:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 1–21.
5395:Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002).
5314:
2058:
6930:Elena E. Kuz'mina. Edited by J.P. Mallory (2007)
4934:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997).
2971:late Swat culture and Punjab, Painted Grey Ware
2719:associated with Indo-Iranian expansion include:
4797:The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia
2262:elite. There is linguistic evidence for such a
4980:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71.
3761:(Ārdrāvī śūrā anāhitā, आर्द्रावी शूरा अनाहिता)
2996:Gurgan Buff Ware, Late West Iranian Buff Ware
6922:The Origin of the Pre-Imperial Iranian People
6382:
6380:
5384:Rigveda – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
3897:son of the solar deity Vivasvant/Vīuuahuuant
1924:from their self-designation, were a group of
1893:
8:
6256:, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 49–51,
5815:The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction
5640:Fielding's The World's Most Dangerous Places
4525:, display strong genetic continuity towards
2478:. Today, Indo-Aryan languages are spoken in
2376:– i.e. the early Iranian word for "one" was
6643:Burrow, T. (1973), "The Proto-Indoaryans",
5612:"The Kalash: Pakistan's last animist tribe"
5372:
5102:branch of the Indo-European peoples, whose
4676:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
3850:
2818:Early West Iranian Grey Ware (1500–1000 BC)
2368:tend to connect the Mitanni superstrate to
6881:, Dettelbach: J.H. Roell, pp. 283–338
5190:; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994),
5166:Jaakko Häkkisen puolikuiva alkuperäsivusto
3504:
1900:
1886:
1864:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
92:
6706:Jones-Bley, K.; Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.),
6545:
6480:
6431:
6413:
6361:
6351:
6306:
6261:
6219:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
6190:
5466:Chatoev, Vladimir; Kʻosyan, Aram (1999).
4863:
4845:
4812:
4771:
27:Historical group of Indo-European peoples
6684:Journal of the American Oriental Society
5493:
5491:
5489:
5435:. Stanford University Press. p. 3.
5192:The History and Geography of Human Genes
4899:Kuzʹmina, E. E.; Mallory, J. P. (2007).
3070:into a single vowel, Proto–Indo-Iranian
2963:-Aryan (offshoot of "Proto–Sauma-Dasa")
2835:
2833:suggests the following identifications:
2522:
2300:"one" (i.e. a cognate of the Indo-Aryan
2159:Archaeological cultures associated with
2114:
1995:The History and Geography of Human Genes
6165:Underhill, Peter A. (January 1, 2015).
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5637:Pelton, Robert Young (1 January 1997).
5580:Strand, Richard F. (31 December 2005).
5431:Atkinson, Dorothy; et al. (1977).
5333:
5302:
5256:
4886:
4665:
4590:
2830:
2773:Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex
2629:replaced the language isolate speaking
2567:). The populous Sarmatian tribe of the
2551:tribes, of whom the best known are the
2250:The Mitanni, a people known in eastern
2195:
104:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5958:. Clarendon Press. 1880. p. LVIII
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5472:. YEGEA Publishing House. p. 61.
5357:
5329:
5327:
5318:
5290:
5271:
5157:Häkkinen, Jaakko (23 September 2012).
4610:
3425:are particularly obvious and striking.
2286:who spoke a non Indo-Iranian language;
2274:manual written by a Mitanni man named
6782:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
5746:"THE DAEVAS IN ZOROASTRIAN SCRIPTURE"
5719:from the original on 17 February 2022
5669:The Origin of the World's Mythologies
5417:. Taylor & Francis. p. 523.
5415:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
5368:
5366:
4936:Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture
1871:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1843:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
7:
6737:, Moscow: Российская академия наук (
5983:. Northern Book Centre. p. 10.
3374:and in the myth of the dawn goddess
3050:still not removed very far from the
2845:Identification suggested by Parpola
6877:, in Hintze, A.; Tichy, E. (eds.),
6028:. Vol. 2. Trübner. p. 224
4433:List of R1a frequency by population
3598:"The Supreme Lord, Lord of Wisdom"
3358:, one of the national religions of
3297:) and gods of social order such as
3094:is the loss of the voiced sibilant
2443:and the quickly expanding realm of
2384:Indian subcontinent – Vedic culture
2049:Based on its use by Indo-Aryans in
1828:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
6287:European Journal of Human Genetics
6171:European Journal of Human Genetics
5818:. Fortress Press. pp. 30–38.
5498:Gnoli, Gherardo (March 29, 2012).
4488:up to 68%. In the western part of
3251:Despite the introduction of later
1850:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
5399:. Osprey Publishing. p. 39.
5129:. Helsinki: Finno-Ugric Society.
3841:Possible fire/solar goddess; see
2151:, and orange the area to 1000 BC.
1958:has long been used to denote the
6819:, London and New York: Routledge
6461:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
5344:Christopher I. Beckwith (2009),
5202:, p. See "Aryan" in index,
3449:*Haraxvaitī Ārəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā
3381:Most Indo-Iranians today follow
3342:The pre-Islamic religion of the
2531:The first Iranians to reach the
2435:and later on, about the time of
2289:the names of Mitanni rulers and;
2130:. Magenta indicates the assumed
2107:groups is not completely clear.
1857:Journal of Indo-European Studies
621:Bible translations into Armenian
112:
6928:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
6756:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
5348:, Oxford University Press, p.30
5315:Anthony & Vinogradov (1995)
4902:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
3922:"worship, sacrifice, oblation"
3814:the Sun, also cognate to Greek
3217:, and the Persian Gulf Region (
2860:late PIE to Proto–Indo-Iranian
2752:-Petrovka-Arkaim (2050–1750 BC)
2692:besides numerous smaller ones.
2175:, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard and
2059:Anthony & Vinogradov (1995)
132:List of Indo-European languages
6817:Artefacts, languages and texts
6579:, Princeton University Press,
5980:A Journey Through India's Past
5526:Searle, Mike (28 March 2013).
3281:), the sacred plant and drink
3007:Iron Age cultures of Xinjiang
2790:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
2587:, bordering the shores of the
2284:Indo-European Anatolian people
1926:Indo-European speaking peoples
1:
6802:, London: Thames & Hudson
6770:, London: Thames & Hudson
5753:University of Missouri System
5397:The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450
4174:"holy nectar of immortality"
3849:theonym). Cognate with Latin
2957:Early West Iranian Grey Ware
2868:Srubna and Abashevo cultures
2619:
2451:and formed the center of the
2409:
2145:
2120:
1458:Proto-Indo-European mythology
727:Paleolithic continuity theory
6849:(1970), Daniel, Glyn (ed.),
5977:Mani, Chandra Mauli (2005).
5222:Lubotsky, Alexander (2023).
3580:"member of Arya community")
3247:Proto-Indo-European religion
3052:Proto-Indo-European language
2999:Proto-Persian, Proto-Median
2704:, is a direct descendant of
2470:were eventually replaced by
2462:and some western regions of
2208:Proto-Indo-European homeland
2126:to 1000 BC according to the
2103:and that of the Iranian and
1146:Northern Black Polished Ware
345:Proto-Indo-European language
6831:. Oxford University Press.
6739:Russian Academy of Sciences
6629:, Oxford University Press,
6143:Formação do Amadis de Gaula
5922:The Religion of the Ṛigveda
5070:, one of the tribes of the
4544:Proto-Indo-Iranian language
3751:"intactness", "perfection"
3657:"dragon, snake", "serpent"
3490:The following is a list of
3486:Yasna 28.1 (Bodleian MS J2)
3421:and benevolent Zoroastrian
3346:and extant religion of the
3243:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
3026:Proto-Indo-Iranian language
2822:Late West Iranian Buff Ware
2097:Proto-Indo-Iranian language
1463:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
6975:
6575:Anthony, David W. (2007),
6530:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4
5773:"Saraswati Palaeochannels"
5556:Spectrum Guide to Pakistan
5413:Adams, Douglas Q. (1997).
5200:Princeton University Press
5188:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca
4635:as the bitter foe of King
4426:
3331:, Avestan and Old Persian
3311:, Avestan and Old Persian
3232:
3147:Kurmanji Dialect continuum
3023:
2901:" Indo-Aryans around 1700
2767:Alekseyevka (1200–1000 BC)
2513:
2396:. The earliest stratum of
2243:
2232:
2187:
759:Domestication of the horse
44:Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture
6954:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
6657:10.1017/S0035869X00130837
6263:10.1007/s10038-004-0219-3
6254:Journal of Human Genetics
4814:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0
4445:predominantly related to
4384:"lighting up, matutinal"
3855:and several other terms.
3734:another class of spirits
3478:manuscript page (1.1.1–9)
3239:Historical Vedic religion
2808:Painted Gray Ware culture
2645:, displacing the earlier
2472:Eastern Iranian languages
2119:Indo-European migrations
1991:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
1468:Historical Vedic religion
745:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
6872:"The Home of the Aryans"
6813:Archaeology and Language
6748:Kuz'mina, Elena Efimovna
6731:Kuz'mina, Elena Efimovna
6332:BMC Evolutionary Biology
6072:Kainiraka, Sanu (2016).
6053:. R. Carter. p. 425
6047:Bonar, Horatius (1884).
5812:Muesse, Mark W. (2011).
5682:Witzel, Michael (2005).
5667:Witzel, Michael (2012).
5469:Nationalities of Armenia
5346:Empires of the Silk Road
4549:Proto-Dravidian language
4156:"nectar of immortality"
3557:the "water's offspring"
3235:Ancient Iranian religion
2400:, preserved only in the
2278:, which was used by the
2190:Indo-European migrations
2184:First wave – Indo-Aryans
2069:to about 2000 BC, and a
1473:Ancient Iranian religion
836:Novotitarovskaya culture
683:Indo-European migrations
18:Ancient Persian religion
6949:Ancient peoples of Asia
6353:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154
6140:Braga, Teófilo (2013).
5777:bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in
5500:"Indo-Iranian Religion"
5373:Mallory & Mair 2000
4473:carry up to 72% R1a1a,
3845:(a possibly Hellenised
3109:are spoken extend from
2842:Archaeological culture
2764:Fedorovo (1400–1200 BC)
2758:horizon (2000–1450 BC)
2717:Archaeological cultures
2614:begin to appear on the
2240:The Mitanni of Anatolia
2161:Indo-Iranian migrations
1986:, and Jaakko Häkkinen.
974:Northern/Eastern Steppe
6924:by Oric Basirov (2001)
6825:Parpola, Asko (2015).
6752:Mallory, James Patrick
6473:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698
6415:10.1073/pnas.171305098
5643:. Fielding Worldwide.
4007:"sky, highest heaven"
3864:-/Vr̥tragʰná/Vritraban
3851:
3678:a class of divinities
3487:
3479:
3337:Indo-European religion
3107:Indo-Iranian languages
3044:Indo-European language
3039:
3038:Indo-Iranian languages
3030:Indo-Iranian languages
2857:and Poltavka cultures
2696:, primarily spoken in
2660:) and absorbed by the
2528:
2510:Second wave – Iranians
2180:
2152:
1968:Indo-Iranian languages
1930:Indo-Iranian languages
1445:Religion and mythology
1404:Medieval Scandinavians
695:Alternative and fringe
90:
46:
6959:Indo-European peoples
6299:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194
6109:Alchemist of the East
6106:Kala, Aporva (2015).
5196:Princeton, New Jersey
5064:Our Oriental Heritage
4631:, iii) envisaged the
4579:Indo-Aryan migrations
4067:, Vedic god of wind,
3485:
3474:
3037:
2761:Alakul (2100–1400 BC)
2526:
2235:Indo-Aryan migrations
2158:
2118:
1988:Population geneticist
1795:Indo-European studies
1158:Peoples and societies
52:
33:
6944:Indo-Iranian peoples
6183:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50
5505:Encyclopædia Iranica
5098:, i.e., only to the
5049:Wiesehofer, Joseph:
4799:(Report). Genomics.
4609:(1974), as cited in
3769:Ārəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā
3765:Haraxvati/Haraxvaitī
3219:United Arab Emirates
3195:Caribbean Hindustani
2982:Yaz II-III, Seistan
2786:Indian subcontinent
2595:seas as well as the
2583:and eastward to the
2579:to the mouth of the
2535:'may' have been the
2468:Indo-Aryan languages
2406:Indo-Aryan languages
1914:Indo-Iranian peoples
702:Anatolian hypothesis
654:Proto-Indo-Europeans
561:Hittite inscriptions
106:Indo-European topics
61:) expanded into the
6847:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
6522:2022NatSR..12..733G
6406:2001PNAS...9810244W
6400:(18): 10244–10249.
6344:2009BMCEE...9..154F
6022:Muir, John (1874).
5559:. Interlink Books.
4889:, pp. 380–383.
4847:10.7554/eLife.77625
4756:10.1038/nature16152
4748:2015Natur.528..499M
4700:10.1038/nature14507
4692:2015Natur.522..167A
4459:Indian Subcontinent
3990:"demon of drought"
2935:early Swat culture
2879:Petrovka-Sintashta
2672:as a result of the
2643:Indian subcontinent
2476:Indian subcontinent
2449:Chandragupta Maurya
2427:to the doorstep of
2364:are invoked. These
2228:Indian subcontinent
2200:Proto-Indo-European
2142:Sredny Stog culture
2101:Nuristani languages
2018:and the subsequent
1993:, in his 1994 book
1970:, specifically the
958:Multi-cordoned ware
829:Mikhaylovka culture
717:Indigenous Aryanism
707:Armenian hypothesis
566:Hieroglyphic Luwian
40:Corded Ware culture
6785:, Fitzroy Dearborn
6680:Diakonoff, Igor M.
6510:Scientific Reports
6231:10.1002/ajpa.22167
5553:Camerapix (1998).
4484:up to 69.20%, and
3939:"heavenly beings"
3586:Asura Mahata/Medha
3488:
3480:
3459:) placed there by
3370:slaying a serpent
3201:), North America (
3105:The regions where
3040:
2796:Cemetery H culture
2559:(Jazyges) and the
2529:
2266:, in the form of:
2181:
2167:). The Andronovo,
2153:
1976:Indo-Aryan peoples
1942:Indo-Aryan peoples
1932:to major parts of
538:Proto-Indo-Iranian
524:Proto-Balto-Slavic
505:Proto-Italo-Celtic
91:
73:, overlapping the
55:Sintashta-Petrovka
47:
6838:978-0-19-022692-3
6815:, vol. III:
6636:978-0-19-513777-4
6586:978-0-691-14818-2
6467:(1542): 941–947.
6119:978-93-84439-66-8
6085:978-93-85563-14-0
5990:978-81-7211-194-6
5932:978-81-208-0745-7
5825:978-1-4514-1400-4
5707:"Kalash Religion"
5650:978-1-56952-140-3
5566:978-1-56656-240-9
5539:978-0-19-165249-3
5479:978-99930-808-0-0
5237:978-1-009-26175-3
5209:978-0-691-08750-4
5168:. Jaakko Häkkinen
5136:978-952-5667-34-9
5106:branch populated
4987:978-1-009-26174-6
4945:978-1-884964-98-5
4912:978-90-04-16054-5
4742:(7583): 499–503.
4686:(7555): 167–172.
4569:Dravidian peoples
4477:tribe up to 71%,
4420:
4419:
4416:"biting serpent"
3869:verethra, vərəθra
3794:a plant, deified
3715:"oath, covenant"
3630:āθrauuan, aθaurun
3576:"Arya-hood" (lit:
3139:Kurdish languages
3098:, among those to
3084:Bartholomae's law
3017:
3016:
2882:Proto–Indo-Aryan
2670:Iranian languages
2668:marginalized the
2565:Age of Migrations
2439:, the kingdom of
2374:Iranian languages
2202:invention of the
2128:Kurgan hypothesis
2036:Afanasevo culture
2030:on the west, the
2026:that borders the
2020:Andronovo culture
2016:Sintashta culture
1910:
1909:
1171:Anatolian peoples
1141:Painted Grey Ware
1029:Nordic Bronze Age
678:Kurgan hypothesis
631:Old Irish glosses
596:Gaulish epigraphy
75:Oxus civilization
71:2nd millennium BC
63:Andronovo culture
36:Sintashta culture
16:(Redirected from
6966:
6882:
6876:
6863:
6842:
6820:
6803:
6786:
6771:
6759:
6742:
6702:
6675:
6639:
6618:
6589:
6561:
6559:
6549:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6484:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6417:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6365:
6355:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6310:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6265:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6214:
6205:
6204:
6194:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6019:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5916:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5809:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5750:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5711:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5588:. Archived from
5577:
5571:
5570:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5495:
5484:
5483:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5392:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5370:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5342:
5336:
5331:
5322:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5275:
5269:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5163:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5128:
5117:
5111:
5060:
5054:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4971:
4965:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4849:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4775:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4670:
4648:
4620:
4614:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4471:Bengali Brahmins
3854:
3505:
3372:Yamata-no-Orochi
3344:Nuristani people
3173:), and south to
2920:Alakul-Fedorovo
2836:
2815:Iranian Plateau
2733:Abashevo culture
2727:Poltavka culture
2674:Turkic expansion
2666:Turkic languages
2624:
2621:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2150:
2147:
2125:
2122:
2071:Bactria-Margiana
1980:Josef Wiesehofer
1928:who brought the
1916:, also known as
1902:
1895:
1888:
1743:
1736:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1591:
1577:
1570:
1556:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1301:Germanic peoples
1291:Hellenic peoples
1280:
1273:
1266:
1189:Mycenaean Greeks
1178:
1106:Thraco-Cimmerian
1004:Globular Amphora
981:Abashevo culture
920:
913:
883:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
626:Tocharian script
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
247:
233:
226:
219:
205:
181:
174:
155:
116:
93:
21:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6934:
6933:
6918:
6894:
6889:
6874:
6868:Witzel, Michael
6866:
6861:
6845:
6839:
6824:
6807:
6796:Mair, Victor H.
6790:
6775:
6762:
6746:
6729:
6678:
6642:
6637:
6621:
6592:
6587:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6564:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6386:
6385:
6378:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6216:
6215:
6208:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6147:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6054:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6021:
6020:
6005:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5959:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5918:
5917:
5840:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5811:
5810:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5757:
5755:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5688:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5621:
5619:
5618:. 29 March 2021
5610:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5592:on 1 April 2019
5579:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5510:
5508:
5497:
5496:
5487:
5480:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5450:Slovene Studies
5448:
5447:
5443:
5433:Women in Russia
5430:
5429:
5425:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5278:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5126:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5061:
5057:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4988:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4913:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4621:
4617:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4540:
4435:
4425:
4189:"good thought"
4124:"sacred spell"
4048:"anger, wrath"
3588:(असुर महत/मेधा)
3518:Common meaning
3469:
3395:
3249:
3231:
3157:), eastward to
3080:Grassmann's law
3032:
3024:Main articles:
3022:
2938:Proto-Rigvedic
2714:
2649:from the area.
2639:Assyrian Empire
2622:
2616:Iranian plateau
2518:
2512:
2416:
2412:
2386:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2224:Iranian plateau
2192:
2186:
2148:
2123:
2113:
2024:Eurasian steppe
2008:
2003:
1950:
1938:Iranian peoples
1906:
1877:
1876:
1809:Marija Gimbutas
1797:
1787:
1786:
1778:Winter solstice
1768:Horse sacrifice
1739:
1732:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1615:
1600:
1587:
1573:
1566:
1552:
1543:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1477:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1380:
1367:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1180:
1174:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1124:
1101:
1088:
1076:
1057:
999:
976:
938:
931:
925:
916:
909:
900:
898:Northern Europe
879:
875:
862:
849:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
781:Steppe cultures
754:
747:
740:
732:
731:
722:Baltic homeland
696:
692:
688:Eurasian nomads
672:
668:
644:
636:
635:
606:Runic epigraphy
601:Latin epigraphy
556:
548:
547:
485:Proto-Anatolian
469:
424:
420:Thraco-Illyrian
405:Graeco-Phrygian
395:Graeco-Armenian
390:Graeco-Albanian
369:
347:
334:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
243:
229:
222:
215:
201:
177:
170:
151:
136:
128:
126:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6972:
6970:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6925:
6917:
6916:External links
6914:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6864:
6859:
6851:The Sarmatians
6843:
6837:
6822:
6805:
6792:Mallory, J. P.
6788:
6777:Mallory, J. P.
6773:
6760:
6744:
6727:
6704:
6692:10.2307/606224
6676:
6651:(2): 123–140,
6640:
6635:
6619:
6590:
6585:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6496:
6447:
6376:
6321:
6293:(4): 479–484,
6276:
6244:
6225:(4): 611–615.
6206:
6177:(1): 124–131.
6157:
6132:
6118:
6098:
6084:
6064:
6039:
6003:
5989:
5969:
5945:
5931:
5838:
5824:
5789:
5764:
5734:
5703:Michael Witzel
5694:
5674:
5659:
5649:
5629:
5603:
5572:
5565:
5545:
5538:
5532:. OUP Oxford.
5518:
5485:
5478:
5458:
5441:
5423:
5405:
5387:
5376:
5362:
5350:
5337:
5323:
5307:
5295:
5293:, p. 207.
5276:
5274:, p. 206.
5261:
5249:
5236:
5214:
5208:
5179:
5149:
5135:
5112:
5062:Durant, Will:
5055:
5051:Ancient Persia
5042:
5030:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4986:
4966:
4951:
4944:
4926:
4911:
4891:
4879:
4820:
4805:10.1101/292581
4787:
4721:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4615:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4536:
4531:Turkic peoples
4455:Eastern Europe
4429:Haplogroup R1a
4424:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4399:"Evil spirit"
4397:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4369:"moon, month"
4367:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4221:"praised man"
4219:
4214:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4022:
4009:
4008:
4005:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3973:"immortality"
3971:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3839:
3834:
3826:
3825:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3509:Vedic Sanskrit
3468:
3465:
3394:
3391:
3352:Michael Witzel
3230:
3227:
3199:United Kingdom
3076:Brugmann's law
3056:Vedic Sanskrit
3048:Satem language
3021:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2974:late Rigvedic
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2871:Proto-Iranian
2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2831:Parpola (1999)
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2798:(1900–1300 BC)
2793:
2792:(2000–1500 BC)
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:(1500–1100 BC)
2776:
2775:(2200–1700 BC)
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:(1850–1450 BC)
2739:Srubna culture
2736:
2735:(2300–1850 BC)
2730:
2729:(2500–2100 BC)
2713:
2710:
2654:Eastern Europe
2511:
2508:
2413: 1500 BC
2398:Vedic Sanskrit
2392:and later the
2385:
2382:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2272:horse training
2244:Main article:
2241:
2238:
2233:Main article:
2196:Parpola (1999)
2188:Main article:
2185:
2182:
2149: 2500 BC
2138:Samara culture
2112:
2109:
2086:Vedic Sanskrit
2063:chariot burial
2046:on the south.
2012:Indo-Europeans
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1949:
1946:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1763:Fire sacrifice
1759:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:Zoroastrianism
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1423:
1421:Medieval India
1412:
1411:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1303:
1298:
1296:Italic peoples
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1072:Gandhara grave
1069:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
994:
993:
988:
983:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
933:
932:
924:
923:
922:
921:
918:Middle Dnieper
914:
895:
894:
889:
884:
873:Eastern Europe
870:
869:
857:
856:
844:
843:
842:
841:
840:
839:
832:
818:
811:
804:
801:Dnieper–Donets
797:
790:
778:
776:Kurgan culture
773:
772:
771:
761:
749:
748:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
712:Beech argument
709:
704:
698:
697:
691:
690:
685:
680:
674:
673:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
535:
521:
516:
502:
495:Proto-Germanic
492:
490:Proto-Armenian
487:
482:
480:Proto-Albanian
476:
475:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
431:
430:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
375:
368:
367:
366:
365:
341:
340:
333:
332:
331:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
281:
269:
264:
258:
257:
251:
250:
249:
248:
236:
235:
234:
227:
220:
208:
207:
206:
194:
189:
184:
183:
182:
175:
163:
158:
157:
156:
143:
142:
135:
134:
127:
122:
121:
118:
117:
109:
108:
102:
101:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6971:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6880:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6860:0-500-02071-X
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6823:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6809:Parpola, Asko
6806:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6764:Mallory, J.P.
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6724:0-941694-86-0
6721:
6717:
6716:0-941694-83-6
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6638:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6623:Bryant, Edwin
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6588:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6448:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6245:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6158:
6145:
6144:
6136:
6133:
6121:
6115:
6112:. Musk Deer.
6111:
6110:
6102:
6099:
6087:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6068:
6065:
6052:
6051:
6043:
6040:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5992:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5973:
5970:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5946:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5754:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5715:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5687:
5686:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5633:
5630:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5591:
5587:
5586:nuristan.info
5583:
5576:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5549:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5522:
5519:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5305:, p. 76.
5304:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5259:, p. 49.
5258:
5253:
5250:
5239:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5150:
5138:
5132:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4669:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4499:Y-chromosome
4498:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4169:Amesha Spenta
4166:
4164:(अमृत स्पन्द)
4163:
4162:Amrita Spanda
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:, Vərəθraγna)
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:"the Waters"
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3484:
3477:
3473:
3467:Cognate terms
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3348:Kalash people
3345:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:United States
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:1100–1000 BC
2992:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:1400–1100 BC
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:1500–1000 BC
2953:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:1700–1500 BC
2942:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:1700–1400 BC
2931:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:1800–1000 BC
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:1900–1400 BC
2905:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:1900–1700 BC
2886:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:2000–1800 BC
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:2000–1800 BC
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2850:2800–2000 BC
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:(1200–600 BC)
2809:
2806:
2804:(1400–800 BC)
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:Central Asia
2745:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:South Ossetia
2699:
2698:North Ossetia
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:Slavicisation
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623: 800 BC
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:Vistula River
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:(Rhoxolani),
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2453:Maurya Empire
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417: 500 BC
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:south to the
2213:
2210:north of the
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:known as the
2013:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:Indo-Iranians
1957:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:J. P. Mallory
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:Reconstructed
1449:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1278:Insular Celts
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:Indo-Iranians
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
939:
937:
936:Pontic Steppe
930:
927:
926:
919:
915:
912:
908:
907:
906:
903:
902:
901:
899:
893:
890:
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:
876:
874:
868:
865:
864:
863:
861:
855:
852:
851:
850:
848:
837:
833:
830:
826:
825:
823:
819:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
770:
769:Kurgan stelae
767:
766:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
753:
752:Pontic Steppe
746:
743:
742:
736:
735:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
694:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
670:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
640:
639:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
552:
551:
543:
542:Proto-Iranian
539:
536:
533:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
474:
471:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Daco-Thracian
383:
381:
378:
377:
374:
371:
370:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
348:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:Reconstructed
336:
335:
328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
286:
282:
279:
275:
274:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
252:
246:
242:
241:
240:
237:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
213:
212:
209:
204:
200:
199:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
180:
176:
173:
169:
168:
167:
164:
162:
159:
154:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
137:
133:
130:
129:
125:
120:
119:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6892:Bibliography
6878:
6850:
6827:
6816:
6812:
6799:
6780:
6767:
6755:
6734:
6707:
6683:
6648:
6644:
6626:
6601:(2): 36–41.
6598:
6594:
6576:
6513:
6509:
6499:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6397:
6393:
6335:
6331:
6324:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6253:
6247:
6222:
6218:
6174:
6170:
6160:
6148:. Retrieved
6142:
6135:
6123:. Retrieved
6108:
6101:
6089:. Retrieved
6074:
6067:
6055:. Retrieved
6049:
6042:
6030:. Retrieved
6024:
5994:. Retrieved
5979:
5972:
5960:. Retrieved
5954:
5948:
5936:. Retrieved
5921:
5829:. Retrieved
5814:
5780:. Retrieved
5776:
5767:
5756:. Retrieved
5752:
5727:– via
5721:. Retrieved
5697:
5684:
5677:
5668:
5662:
5654:
5639:
5632:
5620:. Retrieved
5615:
5606:
5594:. Retrieved
5590:the original
5585:
5575:
5555:
5548:
5528:
5521:
5509:. Retrieved
5503:
5468:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5379:
5353:
5345:
5340:
5334:Mallory 1989
5319:Bryant (2001
5310:
5303:Parpola 2015
5298:
5257:Anthony 2007
5252:
5241:. Retrieved
5227:
5217:
5191:
5182:
5170:. Retrieved
5165:
5152:
5140:. Retrieved
5122:
5115:
5103:
5099:
5096:Vedic Hindus
5067:
5063:
5058:
5050:
5045:
5040:in May, 2010
5033:
5024:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4976:
4969:
4960:
4954:
4935:
4929:
4901:
4894:
4887:Anthony 2007
4882:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4790:
4739:
4735:
4724:
4683:
4679:
4668:
4632:
4626:
4618:
4602:
4593:
4574:Aryanization
4554:Satemization
4516:
4509:
4494:
4436:
4409:
4404:
4394:
4389:
4379:
4374:
4362:
4355:
4350:"the third"
4345:
4338:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4306:
4297:
4292:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4260:
4250:
4243:
4233:
4226:
4217:Nairyosangha
4216:
4209:
4204:"good word"
4199:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4167:
4161:
4151:
4146:
4134:
4129:
4117:
4110:
4100:
4093:
4083:
4076:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4036:
4026:Angra Mainyu
4024:
4017:
4012:
4000:
3995:
3983:
3978:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3944:
3934:
3927:
3915:
3909:
3902:
3890:
3883:
3868:
3860:
3836:
3829:
3824:, Engl. Sun
3821:
3815:
3806:
3799:
3787:
3779:
3764:
3756:
3744:
3739:
3727:
3720:
3707:
3700:
3690:
3683:
3670:
3662:
3649:
3644:
3632:
3629:
3622:
3610:
3603:
3591:
3585:
3569:
3562:
3549:, Apām Napāt
3538:
3530:
3523:
3489:
3475:
3461:Angra Mainyu
3456:
3452:
3439:
3396:
3380:
3376:Ame-no-Uzume
3364:Central Asia
3341:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3267:
3260:
3250:
3223:Saudi Arabia
3215:South Africa
3104:
3095:
3089:
3071:
3067:
3041:
3004:1000–400 BC
2968:1400–800 BC
2912:Indian Dasa
2829:
2824:(900–700 BC)
2802:Swat culture
2715:
2662:Proto-Slavic
2651:
2601:
2530:
2519:
2457:
2408:spread from
2387:
2377:
2372:rather than
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2249:
2220:Central Asia
2193:
2131:
2075:
2067:Krivoye Lake
2048:
2009:
1994:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1948:Nomenclature
1917:
1913:
1911:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1835:Publications
1834:
1820:
1801:
1755:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:Paleo-Balkan
1610:
1609:
1597:
1596:
1538:
1537:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1450:
1433:Greater Iran
1426:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1306:Paleo-Balkan
1271:Celtiberians
1250:
1249:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1098:
1097:
1085:
1084:
1054:
1053:
996:
995:
973:
972:
935:
934:
897:
896:
872:
871:
859:
858:
846:
845:
787:Bug–Dniester
751:
750:
616:Gothic Bible
532:Proto-Baltic
528:Proto-Slavic
513:Proto-Italic
509:Proto-Celtic
472:
427:
415:Italo-Celtic
410:Indo-Hittite
400:Graeco-Aryan
373:Hypothetical
372:
337:
272:Paleo-Balkan
254:
211:Indo-Iranian
166:Balto-Slavic
139:
86:
78:
66:
58:
42:through the
6595:Archaeology
5996:15 February
5962:12 February
5782:23 December
5622:31 December
5358:Burrow 1973
5291:Bryant 2001
5272:Bryant 2001
5172:12 November
5142:12 November
5076:Caspian sea
4628:Argonautica
4611:Bryant 2001
4467:Afghanistan
4411:Azhi Dahaka
4287:"offering"
3952:Nanghaithya
3878:"obstacle"
3873:Verethragna
3593:Ahura Mazda
3431:Ahura Mazda
3415:Zarathustra
3393:Development
3389:religions.
3257:Zoroastrian
3143:Zaza–Gorani
3135:Mesopotamia
3133:), down to
2909:Cemetery H
2839:Date range
2779:Yaz culture
2712:Archaeology
2647:Indo-Aryans
2627:Achaemenids
2516:Arya (Iran)
2460:Afghanistan
2458:In eastern
2425:Afghanistan
2421:Indo-Aryans
2264:superstrate
2212:Caspian Sea
2124: 4000
2040:Transoxiana
1984:Will Durant
1713:Continental
1706:Anglo-Saxon
1409:Middle Ages
1359:Middle Ages
1214:Indo-Aryans
1207:Indo-Aryans
1014:Bell Beaker
1009:Corded ware
905:Corded ware
794:Sredny Stog
739:Archaeology
519:Proto-Greek
499:Proto-Norse
6938:Categories
6516:(1): 733.
6338:(1): 154,
6150:6 February
6125:3 February
6091:3 February
6057:3 February
6032:3 February
5938:21 January
5831:21 January
5758:2023-12-24
5596:19 January
5243:2023-11-16
5080:Mitannians
4655:References
4633:Sauromatai
4623:Apollonius
4512:Kazakhstan
4501:haplogroup
4463:Tajikistan
4427:See also:
4405:Ahi Dasaka
4380:Vivanhvant
3914:, object:
3746:Hauruuatāt
3674:, (daēuua)
3553:Apām Napāt
3547:Apam Napat
3325:(Sanskrit
3305:(Sanskrit
3291:, Avestan
3285:(Sanskrit
3233:See also:
3191:Fiji Hindi
3181:) and the
3117:) and the
3092:Indo-Aryan
3068:*e, *o, *a
2946:late BMAC
2625:, and the
2573:Achaemenid
2569:Massagetae
2537:Cimmerians
2514:See also:
2488:Bangladesh
2437:the Buddha
2415: – c.
2370:Indo-Aryan
2324:"seven", (
2260:Indo-Aryan
2226:, and the
2105:Indo-Aryan
2044:Hindu Kush
2028:Ural River
1962:, because
1821:Institutes
1741:Lithuanian
1495:Indo-Aryan
1481:Historical
1415:Indo-Aryan
1372:Tocharians
1286:Cimmerians
1164:Bronze Age
1055:South Asia
929:Bronze Age
867:Afanasievo
671:Mainstream
435:Vocabulary
355:Sound laws
217:Indo-Aryan
6673:162454265
6607:0003-8113
6538:2045-2322
4921:154946049
4856:2050-084X
4764:0028-0836
4708:0028-0836
4660:Citations
4564:Āryāvarta
4523:Yaghnobis
4375:Vivasvant
4333:"priest"
4211:Narasamsa
3962:Amarattya
3935:Gandarewa
3929:Gandharva
3758:Sarasvatī
3639:"priest"
3612:asha/arta
3537:"water,"
3445:Sarasvati
3442:Rig-Vedic
3383:Abrahamic
3211:Australia
3187:Maldivian
3175:Sri Lanka
3074:(but see
3064:ablauting
2756:Andronovo
2750:Sintashta
2637:speaking
2612:Parthians
2549:Sarmatian
2541:Scythians
2533:Black Sea
2496:Sri Lanka
2366:loanwords
2308:"three" (
2111:Expansion
2055:Sintashta
2032:Tian Shan
1952:The term
1756:Practices
1575:Yarsanism
1385:Albanians
1365:East Asia
1352:Scythians
1344:Phrygians
1337:Paeonians
1330:Illyrians
1316:Thracians
1233:East Asia
1184:Armenians
1111:Hallstatt
1093:Chernoles
1034:Terramare
1024:Trzciniec
991:Sintashta
986:Andronovo
887:Cernavodă
860:East Asia
815:Khvalynsk
555:Philology
465:Particles
351:Phonology
292:Liburnian
267:Tocharian
262:Anatolian
231:Nuristani
124:Languages
69:) in the
57:culture (
6870:(2000),
6798:(2000),
6766:(1989),
6750:(2007),
6733:(1994),
6665:25203451
6625:(2001),
6615:41771098
6556:35031610
6491:15255049
6442:11526236
6372:19573232
6317:19888303
6272:15611834
6239:23115110
6201:24667786
5723:14 March
5714:Archived
5616:Atalayar
5511:July 10,
5092:Persians
5084:Hittites
4874:35635751
4782:26595274
4716:26062507
4643:(modern
4538:See also
4527:Iron Age
4503:and one
4423:Genetics
4293:púraṁdhi
4141:"piety"
4105:"ghost"
4088:"honey"
3968:Ameretat
3847:Scythian
3820:, Latin
3740:sarvatat
3624:atharvan
3571:airyaman
3283:*sawHma-
3265:Sanskrit
3229:Religion
3183:Maldives
3171:Assamese
3163:Sarikoli
3159:Xinjiang
3123:Ossetian
3119:Caucasus
3020:Language
2899:Rigvedic
2855:Catacomb
2694:Ossetian
2631:Elamites
2608:Persians
2597:Caucasus
2553:Roxolani
2504:Maldives
2502:and the
2500:Suriname
2498:, Fiji,
2484:Pakistan
2464:Pakistan
2433:Gandhara
2348:deities
2332:"nine" (
2316:"five" (
2280:Hittites
2252:Anatolia
2216:Caucasus
2133:Urheimat
2061:dated a
2042:and the
1974:and the
1802:Scholars
1700:Germanic
1671:Scottish
1636:Thracian
1630:Illyrian
1624:Albanian
1612:European
1605:Armenian
1589:Ossetian
1583:Scythian
1568:Yazidism
1518:Buddhism
1509:Hinduism
1400:Norsemen
1310:Anatolia
1227:Iranians
1220:Iranians
1201:Iron Age
1176:Hittites
1129:Colchian
1122:Caucasus
1080:Iron Age
1049:Lusatian
1044:Urnfield
968:Srubnaya
963:Poltavka
953:Catacomb
892:Cucuteni
847:Caucasus
664:Religion
649:Homeland
591:Behistun
571:Linear B
460:Numerals
455:Pronouns
380:Balkanic
327:Thracian
320:Phrygian
313:Paeonian
299:Messapic
285:Illyrian
197:Hellenic
192:Germanic
161:Armenian
153:Albanian
147:Albanoid
98:a series
96:Part of
83:chariots
6903:Sci Rep
6754:(ed.),
6568:Sources
6547:8760286
6518:Bibcode
6482:1691686
6424:3056514
6402:Bibcode
6363:2720951
6340:Bibcode
6308:2987245
6192:4266736
5104:western
5100:eastern
5072:Mitanni
4962:emerged
4865:9293011
4773:4918750
4744:Bibcode
4688:Bibcode
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4641:Colchis
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4255:"bolt"
4238:"wind"
4136:Armaiti
4130:Aramati
4119:Manthra
3985:Apaosha
3946:Nasatya
3837:tapaiti
3780:sauma,
3711:, miθra
3663:daiva,
3653:, (aži)
3564:aryaman
3514:Avestan
3496:Rigveda
3492:cognate
3476:Rigveda
3457:vərəθra
3368:Susanoo
3323:*bʰaga-
3274:Avestan
3179:Sinhala
3155:Persian
3100:Iranian
3066:vowels
3060:Rigveda
3058:of the
2987:Avestan
2961:Mitanni
2893:"Proto-
2723:Europe
2690:Balochi
2686:Kurdish
2678:Persian
2635:Semitic
2604:Medians
2593:Caspian
2557:Iazyges
2445:Magadha
2402:Rigveda
2362:Nasatya
2342:vartana
2338:vartana
2336:), and
2276:Kikkuli
2256:Hurrian
2246:Mitanni
2204:chariot
2163:(after
2093:Avestan
2082:Iranian
2051:Mitanni
2038:), and
2001:History
1972:Iranian
1934:Eurasia
1734:Latvian
1692:Cornish
1562:Kurdish
1548:Persian
1540:Iranian
1532:Sikhism
1525:Jainism
1488:Hittite
1427:Iranian
1323:Dacians
1116:Jastorf
1039:Tumulus
1019:Únětice
948:Yamnaya
943:Chariot
881:Usatovo
822:Yamnaya
659:Society
643:Origins
576:Rigveda
428:Grammar
255:Extinct
245:Romance
224:Iranian
6899:et al.
6857:
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4680:Nature
4637:Aietes
4559:Ariana
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4505:C-M130
4486:Tajiks
4482:Hindus
4475:Mohana
4465:, and
4346:thrita
4283:azuiti
4200:Hukhta
4185:Humata
4180:Sumati
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4147:Amrita
4112:Mantra
4044:Maniyu
4014:Angira
3996:Ashman
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3817:helios
3810:, xvar
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3695:"man"
3500:Avesta
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3411:Avesta
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3321:) and
3314:Mithra
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3207:Canada
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3115:Romani
3111:Europe
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2985:Proto-
2706:Alanic
2688:, and
2682:Pashto
2581:Danube
2441:Kosala
2429:Bengal
2394:Ganges
2360:, and
2354:Varuna
2346:Ashvin
2318:pancha
2222:, the
2090:Gathic
2006:Origin
1922:Aryans
1749:Slavic
1728:Baltic
1678:Breton
1658:Celtic
1642:Dacian
1598:Others
1378:Europe
1251:Europe
1245:Yuezhi
1099:Europe
1086:Steppe
997:Europe
854:Maykop
808:Samara
764:Kurgan
581:Avesta
363:Ablaut
359:Accent
306:Mysian
278:Dacian
239:Italic
187:Celtic
179:Slavic
172:Baltic
140:Extant
67:orange
6875:(PDF)
6696:JSTOR
6669:S2CID
6661:JSTOR
6611:JSTOR
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6420:JSTOR
5749:(PDF)
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5088:Medes
5068:Harri
4834:eLife
4607:Klejn
4585:Notes
4479:Nepal
4451:Slavs
4447:Balts
4438:R1a1a
4340:trita
4308:bhaga
4278:Ahuti
4268:Ushah
4262:Ushas
4251:Vazra
4245:Vajra
4234:Vaiiu
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4101:Buiti
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4069:Shiva
4065:Rudra
4059:Sarva
4054:Sarva
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4019:Manyu
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3911:yasna
3904:yajña
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3862:Vrtra
3852:tepeo
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3407:Indra
3399:daeva
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3253:Vedic
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2927:cult
2890:BMAC
2853:late
2618:from
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2561:Alani
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2078:Vedic
1964:Ā́rya
1955:Aryan
1918:Ā́rya
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1664:Irish
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1648:Greek
1503:Vedic
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1264:Gauls
1258:Celts
1240:Wusun
1135:India
911:Baden
611:Ogham
586:Homer
473:Other
450:Nouns
445:Verbs
203:Greek
79:green
6855:ISBN
6833:ISBN
6720:ISBN
6712:ISBN
6631:ISBN
6603:ISSN
6581:ISBN
6552:PMID
6534:ISSN
6487:PMID
6438:PMID
6368:PMID
6313:PMID
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6197:PMID
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6114:ISBN
6093:2021
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5940:2021
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5833:2021
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5784:2023
5729:HUIT
5725:2022
5645:ISBN
5624:2022
5598:2012
5561:ISBN
5534:ISBN
5513:2018
5474:ISBN
5232:ISBN
5204:ISBN
5174:2013
5144:2013
5131:ISBN
4982:ISBN
4940:ISBN
4917:OCLC
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4852:ISSN
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2306:tera
2298:aika
2169:BMAC
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2088:and
2080:and
1940:and
1912:The
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6688:doi
6653:doi
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6542:PMC
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6477:PMC
6469:doi
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6358:PMC
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