191:
skin, they enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs (however, unlike ascarids, hookworms do not usually cause pneumonia). The larvae migrate from the lungs up the windpipe to be swallowed and carried back down to the intestine. If humans come into contact with larvae of the dog hookworm or the cat hookworm, or of certain other hookworms that do not infect humans, the larvae may penetrate the skin. Sometimes, the larvae are unable to complete their migratory cycle in humans. Instead, the larvae migrate just below the skin producing snake-like markings. This is referred to as a creeping eruption or cutaneous larva migrans.
74:
336:
37:
2025:
190:
The infection is usually contracted by people walking barefoot over contaminated soil. In penetrating the skin, the larvae may cause an allergic reaction. It is due to the itchy patch at the site of entry that the early infection gets its nickname "ground itch". Once larvae have broken through the
229:
Control of this parasite should be directed against reducing the level of environmental contamination. Treatment of heavily infected individuals is one way to reduce the source of contamination (one study has estimated that 60% of the total worm burden resides in less than 10% of the population).
355:
Hookworm anaemia was first described by
Wilhelm Griesenger in Egypt, Cairo in 1852. He found thousands of adult ancylostomes in the small bowel of a 20-year old soldier who was suffering from severe diarrhoea and anaemia (labelled at the time as Egyptian chlorosis). The subject was revisited in
250:
which is effective against both species, and in addition, will remove the intestinal worm
Ascaris also, if present. The drug is very efficient, requiring only a single dose and is inexpensive. However, treatment requires more than giving the anthelmintic, the patient should also receive dietary
414:
270:. A blood transfusion may be necessary in severe cases of anemia. Light infections are usually left untreated in areas where reinfection is common. Iron supplements and a diet high in protein will speed the recovery process. In a case study involving 56–60 men with
251:
supplements to improve their general level of health, in particular iron supplementation is very important. Iron is an important constituent of a multitude of enzyme systems involved in energy metabolism, DNA synthesis and drug detoxification.
869:
854:
839:
124:
diseases as well. In the United
Kingdom, if acquired in the context of working in a mine, the condition is eligible for Industrial Injuries Disability Benefit. It is a prescribed disease (B4) under the relevant legislation.§
173:
as the larvae are in an abnormal host, they do not mature to adults but instead migrate through the skin until killed by the host's inflammatory response. This migration causes local intense itching and a red
2045:
418:
327:. Tetrachloroethylene was reported to have a cure rate of 80 percent for Necator infections, but 25 percent in Ancylostoma infections, requiring re-treatment.
385:
Hookworms still account for high proportion of debilitating disease in the tropics and 50–60,000 deaths per year can be attributed to this disease.
947:
63:
695:
720:
2015:
1406:
799:
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1392:
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940:
238:, but also convincing people to maintaining them in a clean, functional state, thereby making them conducive to use.
1983:
1906:
1877:
1989:
1084:
1028:
884:
203:
154:
288:, while mebendazole only had a 21% cure rate. This suggests albendazole is most effective for treating both
1926:
1721:
1710:
1294:
1234:
1220:
1043:
1022:
742:
415:"14. Appendix 1: List of diseases covered by Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit: B4 Ankylostomiasis..."
207:
2050:
1824:
1619:
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1162:
1157:
1148:
1124:
933:
217:
129:
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1129:
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534:
Holzer, B.R.; Frey, F.J. (February 1987). "Differential efficacy of mebendazole and albendazole against
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142:
46:
475:
1957:
1784:
1624:
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1350:
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Europe when there was an outbreak of "miner's anaemia" in Italy. During the construction of the
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97:. The name is derived from Greek ancylos αγκύλος "crooked, bent" and stoma στόμα "mouth".
2029:
1631:
1369:
1319:
1314:
1212:
1197:
1136:
1035:
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348:
382:, by way of research into the aetiology, epidemiology and treatment of ancylostomiasis".
372:
of unknown cause. Medical investigations let to the understanding that it was caused by
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1812:
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1520:
1478:
1357:
1306:
1285:
1254:
1226:
1169:
1096:
772:
737:
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603:"Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the More Common Intestinal Parasites of Man (TB-33)"
500:
324:
316:
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36:
2039:
1836:
1817:
1591:
1586:
1337:
1325:
1076:
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452:
435:
117:
738:"On the epidemic caused by Ankylostomum among the workmen in the St. Gothard Tunnel"
571:
1976:
1932:
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1181:
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67:
913:
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1116:
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361:
267:
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175:
91:
128:
Ancylostomiasis is caused when hookworms, present in large numbers, produce an
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infections, both albendazole and mebendazole were 90% effective in curing
120:
may also refer to ancylostomiasis, but this term also refers to all other
1917:
1798:
1690:
1639:
1454:
968:
312:
213:
94:
763:
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1528:
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378:(favoured by high temperatures and humidity) and to "major advances in
369:
340:
235:
831:
420:
Guidance: Industrial
Injuries Disablement Benefits: technical guidance
858:
843:
323:, given as 3 to 4 cc in the fasting state, followed by 30 to 45 g of
300:
365:
334:
688:
Tapeworms, lice and prions: a compendium of unpleasant infections
929:
246:
The drug of choice for the treatment of hookworm disease is
199:
They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in humans.
607:
299:
During the 1910s, common treatments for hookworm included
140:
Depending on the organism, the signs and symptoms vary.
2046:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
2013:
631:"Ancylostoma duodenale and the Saint Gothard anaemia"
423:. UK Department for Work & Pensions. 20 May 2015.
821:
351:
contributed to the understanding of ancylostomiasis.
1947:
1916:
1867:
1774:
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1180:
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1060:
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967:
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690:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–602.
132:by sucking blood from the host's intestinal walls.
53:
26:
21:
715:. Wallingford: CAB International. pp. 1–848.
284:. However, albendazole had a 95% cure rate for
230:Other obvious methods are to improve access to
941:
796:"Hookworms: Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp"
178:lesion. Treatment with a single dose of oral
8:
319:. By the 1940s, the treatment of choice was
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1281:
992:
977:
948:
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926:
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72:
35:
18:
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662:
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544:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
451:
2020:
629:Peduzzi, R.; Piffaretti, J.-C. (1983).
523:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.
406:
436:"Common skin infections in travelers"
7:
802:from the original on 27 October 2008
434:Hochedez P, Caumes E (July 2008).
258:parasites can be treated by using
182:results in cure rates of 94–100%.
166:are given in corresponding page.
14:
152:can enter the blood stream while
100:Ancylostomiasis is also known as
30:Anchylostomiasis, Ankylostomiasis
2023:
713:A history of human helminthology
453:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00206.x
588:Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
585:Milton, Joseph Rosenau (1913).
347:among workers constructing the
158:cannot. Signs and symptoms of
1:
364:(1871–81), a large number of
1407:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
1744:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1393:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
591:. D. Appleton. p. 119.
501:"Definition: larva migrans"
480:Adoption Health: Parasistes
2067:
440:Journal of Travel Medicine
1984:Capillaria philippinensis
1907:Halicephalobus gingivalis
1878:Strongyloides stercoralis
647:10.1136/bmj.287.6409.1942
90:caused by infection with
43:
34:
1990:Intestinal capillariasis
1085:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
339:An epidemic of "miner's
204:Ancylostoma brasiliensis
171:Ancylostoma braziliensis
155:Ancylostoma braziliensis
1977:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
1927:Enterobius vermicularis
1722:Cutaneous larva migrans
1295:Echinococcus granulosus
1235:Heterophyes heterophyes
1221:Gastrodiscoides hominis
1044:Trichobilharzia regenti
743:British Medical Journal
711:Grove, David I (1990).
686:Grove, David I (2014).
208:cutaneous larva migrans
1825:Visceral larva migrans
1620:Gnathostoma spinigerum
1473:Dracunculus medinensis
1379:Diphyllobothrium latum
1158:Paragonimus westermani
1125:Opisthorchis viverrini
756:10.1136/bmj.1.1054.382
635:Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
352:
218:visceral larva migrans
130:iron deficiency anemia
1706:Ancylostoma duodenale
1249:Metagonimus yokogawai
375:Ancylostoma duodenale
368:suffered from severe
345:Ancylostoma duodenale
338:
160:Ancylostoma duodenale
143:Ancylostoma duodenale
47:Ancylostoma duodenale
1958:Trichinella spiralis
1785:Ascaris lumbricoides
1599:Lymphatic filariasis
1581:Wuchereria bancrofti
736:Bugnion, E. (1881).
110:brickmaker's anaemia
1972:Trichuris trichiura
1899:Trichostrongyliasis
1515:Onchocerca volvulus
1071:Clonorchis sinensis
1006:Schistosoma mansoni
987:Trematode infection
540:Trichuris Trichiura
321:tetrachloroethylene
273:Trichuris trichiura
64:infectious diseases
44:Infective larva of
1858:Parascaris equorum
1844:Dioctophyme renale
1750:Angiostrongyliasis
1730:Necator americanus
1700:Hookworm infection
1560:Dirofilaria repens
1385:Diphyllobothriasis
1276:Tapeworm infection
1207:Fasciolopsis buski
900:External resources
556:10.1007/BF02456002
536:Necator americanus
521:"Hookworm Disease"
476:"Hookworm Disease"
353:
164:Necator americanus
149:Necator americanus
136:Signs and symptoms
114:Egyptian chlorosis
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1943:
1942:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1301:E. multilocularis
1265:
1264:
1105:Fasciola hepatica
957:Parasitic disease
923:
922:
697:978-0-19-964102-4
641:(6409): 1942–45.
81:
80:
60:Tropical medicine
16:Medical condition
2058:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2019:
1892:Trichostrongylus
1884:Strongyloidiasis
1764:Metastrongylosis
1496:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1346:Hymenolepis nana
1282:
1182:Intestinal fluke
993:
978:
950:
943:
936:
927:
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254:An infection of
88:hookworm disease
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76:
39:
19:
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2059:
2057:
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2055:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2003:
1939:
1912:
1863:
1770:
1718:Ancylostomiasis
1688:
1672:
1652:
1632:Gnathostomiasis
1605:
1502:
1485:
1436:
1433:
1419:
1370:Pseudophyllidea
1364:
1315:Taenia saginata
1273:
1261:
1213:Fasciolopsiasis
1198:Echinostomiasis
1176:
1143:
1137:Opisthorchiasis
1056:
1036:Schistosomiasis
1030:S. intercalatum
984:
982:Fluke/trematode
973:
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963:
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924:
919:
918:
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579:
542:infestations".
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408:
403:
391:
358:Gotthard Tunnel
349:Gotthard Tunnel
333:
244:
227:
197:
188:
138:
102:miner's anaemia
84:Ancylostomiasis
71:
22:Ancylostomiasis
17:
12:
11:
5:
2064:
2062:
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2053:
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2038:
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2009:
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1854:
1853:
1852:
1850:Dioctophymosis
1840:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1813:Toxocara canis
1809:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
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1766:
1758:Metastrongylus
1754:
1753:
1752:
1740:
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1738:
1726:
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1724:
1712:A. braziliense
1702:
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1615:
1613:
1607:
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1603:
1602:
1601:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1573:Dirofilariasis
1563:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1552:Mansonelliasis
1542:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:Onchocerciasis
1510:
1508:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:Dracunculiasis
1468:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
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1415:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:Hymenolepiasis
1342:
1341:
1340:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:Echinococcosis
1290:
1288:
1286:Cyclophyllidea
1279:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:Metagonimiasis
1245:
1244:
1243:
1241:Heterophyiasis
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:Amphistomiasis
1217:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:Paragonimiasis
1153:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:Dicrocoeliasis
1081:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:Swimmer's itch
1040:
1039:
1038:
1024:S. haematobium
1001:
999:
990:
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826:Classification
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818:External links
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325:sodium sulfate
317:eucalyptus oil
260:benzimidazoles
243:
240:
226:
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211:
196:
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187:
184:
137:
134:
122:parasitic worm
106:tunnel disease
79:
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28:
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2051:Helminthiases
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1587:Brugia malayi
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1371:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Cysticercosis
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1323:
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1317:
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1308:
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1297:
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1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:P. kellicotti
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1138:
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1134:
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1127:
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1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Clonorchiasis
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
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1034:
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1007:
1003:
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991:
988:
983:
979:
976:
972:
971:platyhelminth
966:
962:
961:helminthiases
958:
951:
946:
944:
939:
937:
932:
931:
928:
915:
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880:
876:
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871:
867:
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837:
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833:
828:
824:
817:
801:
797:
791:
788:
783:
779:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:(1054): 382.
749:
745:
744:
739:
732:
729:
724:
722:0-85198-689-7
718:
714:
707:
704:
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625:
623:
621:
617:
613:: 1–14. 1948.
612:
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581:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
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550:(6): 635–37.
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446:(4): 252–62.
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294:N. americanus
291:
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286:N. americanus
283:
279:
278:N. americanus
275:
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256:N. americanus
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161:
157:
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145:
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135:
133:
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126:
123:
119:
118:Helminthiasis
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
93:
89:
85:
75:
69:
65:
61:
58:
56:
52:
49:
48:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1997:
1982:
1970:
1956:
1933:Enterobiasis
1925:
1905:
1891:
1876:
1856:
1842:
1835:
1829:Toxocariasis
1818:
1811:
1797:
1783:
1756:
1742:
1736:Necatoriasis
1728:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1665:
1638:
1625:
1618:
1611:Thelazioidea
1592:
1585:
1579:
1566:
1558:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1513:
1471:
1405:
1391:
1378:
1351:
1344:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1300:
1293:
1247:
1233:
1219:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1163:
1156:
1130:
1123:
1111:F. gigantica
1110:
1103:
1090:
1083:
1069:
1042:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1012:S. japonicum
1011:
1004:
907:
883:
868:
853:
838:
804:. Retrieved
790:
747:
741:
731:
712:
706:
687:
681:
638:
634:
610:
606:
597:
587:
580:
547:
543:
539:
538:but not for
535:
529:
515:
504:. Retrieved
495:
484:. Retrieved
479:
470:
443:
439:
429:
419:
409:
395:Necatoriasis
384:
380:parasitology
373:
354:
344:
343:" caused by
331:Epidemiology
298:
293:
290:T. trichiura
289:
285:
282:T. trichiura
281:
277:
271:
255:
253:
245:
228:
198:
189:
170:
168:
163:
159:
153:
147:
141:
139:
127:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
83:
82:
68:parasitology
45:
1998:C. hepatica
1964:Trichinosis
1949:Adenophorea
1805:Anisakiasis
1686:Strongylida
1667:Gongylonema
1658:Spiruroidea
1646:Thelaziasis
1626:G. hispidum
1500:Filarioidea
1464:Camallanida
1446:Secernentea
1413:Sparganosis
1399:Sparganosis
1352:H. diminuta
1321:T. asiatica
1191:Echinostoma
1131:O. felineus
1117:Fasciolosis
1062:Liver fluke
997:Blood fluke
482:. ComeUnity
362:Switzerland
268:mebendazole
264:albendazole
248:mebendazole
176:serpiginous
92:Ancylostoma
27:Other names
2040:Categories
1869:Rhabditida
1791:Ascariasis
1776:Ascaridida
1567:D. immitis
1546:Mansonella
1538:filariasis
1505:Filariasis
1432:Roundworm/
1149:Lung fluke
1018:S. mekongi
959:caused by
806:2008-10-30
506:2008-10-30
486:2008-10-30
401:References
309:chloroform
305:2-naphthol
232:sanitation
225:Prevention
180:ivermectin
1593:B. timori
1491:Spirurida
1437:infection
1334:Taeniasis
1327:T. solium
1091:D. hospes
974:infection
969:Flatworm/
909:eMedicine
242:Treatment
195:Diagnosis
95:hookworms
55:Specialty
2030:Medicine
1918:Oxyurida
1799:Anisakis
1691:hookworm
1640:Thelazia
1455:Spiruria
1435:Nematode
800:Archived
782:20749811
764:25256433
655:29513508
572:19551476
462:18666926
389:See also
313:gasoline
214:Toxocara
1819:T. cati
1536:Loa loa
1529:Loa loa
1271:Cestoda
890:D000724
773:2263460
673:6418279
664:1550193
564:3653234
370:anaemia
341:anaemia
276:and/or
236:toilets
234:, e.g.
216:causes
206:causes
2016:Portal
1329:(pork)
914:ped/96
849:1F68.0
780:
770:
762:
719:
694:
671:
661:
653:
570:
562:
460:
366:miners
315:, and
301:thymol
266:, and
186:Causes
70:
879:126.9
864:B76.0
760:JSTOR
651:JSTOR
568:S2CID
86:is a
1894:spp.
885:MeSH
874:9-CM
778:PMID
717:ISBN
692:ISBN
669:PMID
560:PMID
458:PMID
292:and
162:and
146:and
112:and
870:ICD
855:ICD
840:ICD
768:PMC
752:doi
659:PMC
643:doi
639:287
552:doi
448:doi
360:in
169:In
2042::
1827:/
1816:/
1720:/
1709:/
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1349:/
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1324:/
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1298:/
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1128:/
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1088:/
1027:/
1021:/
1015:/
1009:/
912::
888::
877::
862::
859:10
847::
844:11
798:.
776:.
766:.
758:.
746:.
740:.
667:.
657:.
649:.
637:.
633:.
619:^
611:10
609:.
605:.
566:.
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548:32
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1975:(
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754::
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645::
574:.
554::
509:.
489:.
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450::
220:.
210:.
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