Toilet - Knowledge (XXG)

2089: 1447: 78: 1459: 2503: 2471: 2069: 1749: 1838:. Water closets only started to be moved from outside to inside of the home around 1850. The integral water closet started to be built into middle-class homes in the 1860s and 1870s, firstly on the principal bedroom floor and in larger houses in the maids' accommodation, and by 1900 a further one in the hallway. A toilet would also be placed outside the back door of the kitchen for use by gardeners and other outside staff such as those working with the horses. The speed of introduction was varied, so that in 1906 the predominantly working-class town of 1704: 2408: 4917: 1918: 1037: 1865:, British housemaids collected all of the household's chamber pots and carried them to a room known as the housemaids' cupboard. This room contained a "slop sink", made of wood with a lead lining to prevent chipping china chamber pots, for washing the "bedroom ware" or "chamber utensils". Once running water and flush toilets were plumbed into British houses, servants were sometimes given their own lavatory downstairs, separate from the family lavatory. The practice of emptying one's own chamber pot, known as 2423: 526: 60: 1741: 1688: 1322:, inmates may utilize toilets and the associated plumbing to communicate messages and pass products. The acoustic properties of communicating through the toilet bowl, known as toilet talk, potty talk, toilet telephone is influenced by flush patterns and bowl water volumes. Prisoners may also send binary signals by ringing the sewage or water pipes. Toilet talk enables communication for those in solitary confinement. Toilets have been subject to wiretaps. 2905: 1416: 1021: 1049: 2268:). Euphemisms for the toilet that bear no direct reference to the activities of urination and defecation are ubiquitous in modern Western languages, reflecting a general attitude of unspeakability about such bodily function. These euphemistic practices appear to have become pronounced following the emergence of European colonial practices, which frequently denigrated colonial subjects in Africa, Asia and South America as 'unclean'. 554: 2455: 69: 1061: 2487: 6342: 1730: 1676: 1077: 4933: 1664: 1002:. This means that the posture for defecation and for female urination is to place one foot on each side of the toilet drain or hole and to squat over it. There are several types of squat toilets, but they all consist essentially of a toilet pan or bowl at floor level. Such a toilet pan is also called a "squatting pan". A squat toilet may use a water seal and therefore be a 439: 1432: 4945: 2439: 1130: 1107: 1337: 599:, bus toilets, and ships with plumbing often use vacuum toilets. The lower water usage saves weight, and avoids water slopping out of the toilet bowl in motion. Aboard vehicles, a portable collection chamber is used; if it is filled by positive pressure from an intermediate vacuum chamber, it need not be kept under vacuum. 1721:, a receptacle, usually of ceramic or metal, into which one would excrete waste. This method was used for hundreds of years; shapes, sizes, and decorative variations changed throughout the centuries. Chamber pots were in common use in Europe from ancient times, even being taken to the Middle East by medieval pilgrims. 1853:

of 1918 that recommended that semi-skilled workers should be housed in suburban cottages with kitchens and internal WC. As recommended floor standards waxed and waned in the building standards and codes, the bathroom with a water closet and later the low-level suite became more prominent in the home.

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In the early 19th century, public officials and public hygiene experts studied and debated sanitation for several decades. The construction of an underground network of pipes to carry away solid and liquid waste was only begun in the mid 19th-century, gradually replacing the cesspool system, although

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and cesspools were increasingly dug into the ground near houses in Europe as a means of collecting waste, as urban populations grew and street gutters became blocked with the larger volume of human waste. Rain was no longer sufficient to wash away waste from the gutters. A pipe connected the latrine

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The water in the toilet bowl is connected to a pipe shaped like an upside-down U. One side of the U channel is arranged as a siphon tube longer than the water in the bowl is high. The siphon tube connects to the drain. The bottom of the drain pipe limits the height of the water in the bowl before it

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A vault toilet is a non-flush toilet with a sealed container (or vault) buried in the ground to receive the excreta, all of which is contained underground until it is removed by pumping. A vault toilet is distinguished from a pit latrine because the waste accumulates in the vault instead of seeping

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had elaborate decorative motifs carved around the toilets. Several types of toilets were developed; these include lavatories with ring-well pits, underground terracotta pipes that lead to septic pits, urinary pits with large bottomless clay pots of decreasing size placed one above the other. These

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in 1775, and still in use today. This device uses the standing water to seal the outlet of the bowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer. It was only in the mid-19th century, with growing levels of urbanisation and industrial prosperity, that the flush toilet became a widely used and

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in a holding tank and uses chemicals to minimize odors. They do not require a connection to a water supply and are used in a variety of situations. These toilets are usually, but not always, self-contained and movable. A chemical toilet is structured around a relatively small tank, which requires

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or "bottom washers"; blow dryers, or artificial flush sounds to mask noises. Others include medical monitoring features such as urine and stool analysis and the checking of blood pressure, temperature, and blood sugar. Some toilets have automatic lid operation, heated seats, deodorizing fans, or

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Flush toilets were also known as "water closets", as opposed to the earth closets described above. WCs first appeared in Britain in the 1880s, and soon spread to Continental Europe. In America, the chain-pull indoor toilet was introduced in the homes of the wealthy and in hotels in the 1890s.

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without any flush water has many advantages, such as odor-free operation and pathogen reduction by drying. While dried feces and urine harvested from UDDTs can be and routinely are used in agriculture (respectively, as a soil amendment and nutrient-rich fertilizer—this practice being known as

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allow the user to select between a flush for urine or feces, saving a significant amount of water over conventional units. One type of dual flush system allows the flush handle to be pushed up for one kind of flush and down for the other, whereas another design is to have two buttons, one for

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Another variant is the pour-flush toilet. This type of flush toilet has no cistern but is flushed manually with a few liters of a small bucket. The flushing can use as little as 2–3 litres (0.44–0.66 imp gal; 0.53–0.79 US gal). This type of toilet is common in many Asian

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or mobile toilet (colloquial terms: thunderbox, porta-john, porta-potty or portaloo) is any type of toilet that can be moved around, some by one person, some by mechanical equipment such as a truck and crane. Most types do not require any pre-existing services or infrastructure, such as

2104: 1596:. Roman latrines, like the ones pictured here, are commonly thought to have been used in the sitting position. The Roman toilets were probably elevated to raise them above open sewers which were periodically "flushed" with flowing water, rather than elevated for sitting. Romans and 536:

use two pits used alternatively, when one pit gets full over a few months or years. The pits are of an adequate size to accommodate a volume of waste generated over one or two years. This allows the contents of the full pit enough time to transform into a partially sanitized,

2377:("English place", used from around 1770 to refer to English-style toilets installed for travelers). Other proposed etymologies include a supposed tendency to place toilets in room 100 (hence "loo") in English hotels, a sailors' dialectal corruption of the nautical term " 1114:

There are cultural differences in socially accepted and preferred voiding positions for urination around the world: in the Middle East and Asia, the squatting position is more prevalent, while in the Western world the standing and sitting position are more common.

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are well-known types of chemical toilets. As they are usually used for short periods and because of their high prices, they are mostly rented rather than bought, often including servicing and cleaning. A simpler type of chemical toilet may be used in

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in Orkney, Scotland, which was occupied from about 3100 BC until 2500 BC. Some of the houses there have a drain running directly beneath them, and some of these had a cubicle over the drain. Around the 18th century BC, toilets started to appear in

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A floating toilet is essentially a toilet on a platform built above or floating on the water. Instead of excreta going into the ground they are collected in a tank or barrel. To reduce the amount of excreta that needs to hauled to shore, many use

1340: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1650:, most commonly found in upper-class dwellings. Essentially, they were flat pieces of wood or stone spanning from one wall to the other, with one or more holes to sit on. These were above chutes or pipes that discharged outside the castle or 1345: 2149:, including a mirror, hairbrushes, and containers for powder and makeup. The time spent at such a table also came to be known as one's "toilet"; it came to be a period during which close friends or tradesmen were received as "toilet-calls". 1296:

to people with disabilities. Depending on the culture, there may be varying degrees of separation between males and females and different levels of privacy. Typically, the entire room, or a stall or cubicle containing a toilet, is lockable.

1522:), houses belonging to the upper class had private toilets connected to a covered sewer network constructed of brickwork held together with a gypsum-based mortar that emptied either into the surrounding water bodies or alternatively into 612:. The floating toilet was developed for residents without quick access to land or connection to a sewer systems. It is also used in areas subjected to prolonged flooding. The need for this type of toilet is high in areas like 1342: 3501: 510:

countries. The toilet can be connected to one or two pits, in which case it is called a "pour flush pit latrine" or a "twin pit pour flush to pit latrine". It can also be connected to a septic tank.

721:. Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 700,000 deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days. Pit latrines are a low-cost method of separating feces from people. 1815:

cesspools were still in use in some parts of Paris into the 20th century. Even London, at that time the world's largest city, did not require indoor toilets in its building codes until after the

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by a chute, is still in use to a limited extent. It was common in rural China, and was known in Japan, Korea, and India. The "fish pond toilet" depends on the same principle, of livestock (often

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By the Early Modern era, chamber pots were frequently made of china or copper and could include elaborate decoration. They were emptied into the gutter of the street nearest to the home.

392:", however, is essential for those who are movement impaired. Sitting toilets are often referred to as "western-style toilets". Sitting toilets are more convenient than squat toilets for 4422: 4153:

Genc, Melda. "The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State." Thesis. Middle East Technical University, 2009. Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University, 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.

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s parody "If it doesn't say 'eau de toilette' on the label, it most likely doesn't come from the famed region of Eau de Toilette in France and might not even come from toilets at all."

2470: 1564:, the techniques of the construction of toilets and lavatories developed over several stages. A highly developed stage in this process is discernible in the constructions at the 838:, at festivals, for camping, on boats, on construction sites, and at film locations and large outdoor gatherings where there are no other facilities. Most portable toilets are 1511:), toilets were built into the outer walls of homes. These toilets had vertical chutes, via which waste was disposed of into cesspits or street drains. In the Indus city of 2407: 701:(pour-flush pit latrine). When properly built and maintained, pit latrines can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from 3228: 1341: 2208:

a euphemism, but is no longer understood as such. As old euphemisms have become the standard term, they have been progressively replaced by newer ones, an example of the

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Alison Moore, Colonial Visions of ‘Third World’ Toilets: A Nineteenth-Century Discourse That Haunts Contemporary Tourism. In Olga Gershenson and Barbara Penner (eds.),

1309:. In many cultures, it is customary to tip the attendant, especially if they provide a specific service, such as might be the case at upscale nightclubs or restaurants. 466:(tank) that enables rapid filling with water, and on the "down" side to a drain pipe that removes the effluent. When a toilet is flushed, the sewage should flow into a 4171:

Powell, Christine A. "Port Royal Chamberpots Introduction." Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University. Texas A&M University, 1 Dec. 1996. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.

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are referred to as "toilets", even though they carry the cachet of higher cost and quality. Toto (an abbreviation of Tōyō Tōki, 東洋陶器, Oriental Ceramics) is used in

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Abhayagiri Vihara at Anuradhapura – Page 46, Tī. Jī Kulatuṅga (1999), Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Cultural and Religious Affairs, University of Virginia

3880: 1244:, such as age related limited mobility or inability to walk due to impairments. Additional measures to add toilet accessibility are providing more space and 1010:. The term "squat" refers only to the expected defecation posture and not any other aspects of toilet technology, such as whether it is water flushed or not. 5865: 4096: 1557:, containing fish and shattered animal bones, provided information on the diet of humans and dogs, and on the types of parasites each had to contend with. 1550: 1284:

for use by the general public. The facilities are available to customers, travelers, employees of a business, school pupils or prisoners and are commonly

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in agriculture), many UDDT installations do not apply any sort of recovery scheme. The UDDT is an example of a technology that can be used to achieve a

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where toilets and baths dating back to 2nd century BC to 3rd century CE are known, later forms of toilets from 5th century CE to 13th century CE in

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urination and the other for defecation. In some places, users are encouraged not to flush after urination. Flushing toilets can be plumbed to use

1036: 2705: 1803:, who pumped out liquid waste, then shovelled out the solid waste and collected it during the night. This solid waste, euphemistically known as 5804: 5749: 5635: 4414: 2603: 2557: 2319: 1405: 1176:

may be plumbed in. The left hand is used for cleansing, for which reason that hand is considered impolite or polluted in many Asian countries.

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times, started to assume its currently known form, with an overhead cistern, s-bends, soil pipes and valves around 1770. This was the work of

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The amount of water used by conventional flush toilets usually makes up a significant portion of personal daily water usage. However, modern

5837: 2192:. These two uses, the fixture and the room, completely supplanted the other senses of the word during the 20th century except in the form " 1687: 1549:

In 2012, archaeologists found what is believed to be Southeast Asia's earliest latrine during the excavation of a neolithic village in the

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to the cesspool, and sometimes a small amount of water washed waste through. Cesspools were cleaned out by tradesmen, known in English as

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with external rows of privies, to the through terraced houses of the 1880 with their sculleries and individual external WC. It was the

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Mattelaer, Johan J. "Some Historical Aspects of Urinals and Urine Receptacles." World Journal of Urology 17.3 (1999): 145–50. Print.

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Douching is commonly practiced in Catholic countries. The bidet ... is still commonly found in France and other Catholic countries.

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pots under urinals contained "sand, lime and charcoal" through which urine filtered down to the earth in a somewhat purified form.

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and related advances in technology, the flush toilet began to emerge into its modern form. A crucial advance in plumbing, was the

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There are toilets on the market with seats having integrated spray mechanisms for anal and genital water sprays (see for example

4672: 3239: 6186: 6156: 6126: 5925: 5352: 4579: 3970: 2791: 2562: 2068: 1553:, southern Vietnam. The toilet, dating back 1500 BC, yielded important clues about early Southeast Asian society. More than 30 506:(drinking water). Some modern toilets pressurize the water in the tank, which initiates flushing action with less water usage. 4123:

A History of Medicine in Sri Lanka From the Earliest Times to 1948, Page 151, By C. G. Uragoda (1987), University of Michigan

1076: 5945: 4336: 4294: 4269: 2486: 1982: 1675: 1362: 339: 3377: 2133:("little cloth") draped over one's shoulders during hairdressing. During the late 17th century, the term came to be used by 2084:

series (1743), a young countess receives her lover, tradesmen, hangers-on, and an Italian tenor as she finishes her toilette

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The use of "toilet" to describe a special room for grooming came much later (first attested in 1819), following the French

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use very basic, and often unhygienic, toilets – and nearly one billion people have no access to a toilet at all; they must

6176: 6000: 2962: 569:, and removes waste by suction. They may use very little water (less than a quarter of a liter per flush) or none, (as in 4017: 2011:"High-tech" toilets, which can be found in countries like Japan, include features such as automatic-flushing mechanisms; 5620: 3264:

Walker, CL; Rudan, I; Liu, L; Nair, H; Theodoratou, E; Bhutta, ZA; O'Brien, KL; Campbell, H; Black, RE (20 April 2013).

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pollution when pits are located in areas with a high or variable water table, and/or fissures or cracks in the bedrock.

6101: 6377: 6372: 4845: 2221: 2217: 2028: 1020: 4043:"Time capsule – Life & Style – Vietnam News | Politics, Business, Economy, Society, Life, Sports – VietNam News" 3080:(2nd Revised ed.). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. 1748: 6241: 6008: 5391: 5273: 5140: 2509: 1869:, continued in British prisons until as recently as 2014 and was still in use in 85 cells in Ireland in July 2017. 999: 830:, and are completely self-contained. The portable toilet is used in a variety of situations, for example in urban 789: 748: 741: 640:, does not use flush water. Dry toilets do not use water to move excreta along or block odors. They do not produce 447: 388:

Toilets can be designed to be used either in a sitting or in a squatting posture. Each type has its benefits. The "

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or commercial businesses may provide public toilet facilities. Some are unattended while others are staffed by an

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single units with privacy ensured by a simple lock on the door. Some portable toilets are small molded plastic or

6013: 3481: 3327: 2597: 2288: 1965: 1497: 1424: 1917: 969:. The filled and tied plastic bags are then discarded in ditches or on the roadside. Associated especially with 5830: 5655: 5605: 5337: 5077: 3414: 1985:, especially in London, which made the flush toilet particularly attractive for health and sanitation reasons. 1791:(the other house). In general, toilets were functionally non-existent in rural Denmark until the 18th century. 1357:

To this day, 1 billion people in developing countries have no toilets in their homes and are resorting to

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Environmental History of Water: Global Views on Community Water Supply and ... – Petri S. Juuti – Google Books

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in 1906, which used pressurized water directly from the supply line for faster recycle time between flushes.

6201: 6141: 6068: 5910: 5559: 5518: 5503: 5468: 4469: 3996:"1 Chapter 2 Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Harappa/Indus valley civilization (ca. 2600–1900 BC)" 2980: 2743:(2nd ed.). Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). 2652: 2527: 1188: 1180: 973:, they are called flying toilets "because when you have filled them, you throw them as far away as you can". 592: 284: 248:

In private homes, depending on the region and style, the toilet may exist in the same bathroom as the sink,

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prompted his parishioners to bring along chamber pots, and his surname was applied to the pots themselves.

2283:"The Jacks" is Irish slang for toilet. It perhaps derives from "jacques" and "jakes", an old English term. 6058: 6053: 6018: 5789: 5774: 5207: 4937: 2390: 2173: 1900: 1647: 1451: 886: 777: 471: 3167:(2 ed.). Dübendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). 2862:(2 ed.). Dübendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). 1968:, such systems did not come into widespread use until the late nineteenth century. With the onset of the 1048: 6392: 5744: 5645: 5595: 5357: 2567: 2020:

have been developed in several countries, allowing users to play video games. The "Toylet", produced by

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Toilets should be innovated and "reinvented" to properly address the global sanitation crisis says the

1301:, if present in a male toilet, are typically mounted on a wall with or without a divider between them. 573:). Some flush with coloured disinfectant solution rather than with water. They may be used to separate 323: 1964:

Although a precursor to the flush toilet system which is widely used nowadays was designed in 1596 by

1740: 6267: 6078: 5660: 5508: 5401: 5327: 4923: 4916: 4558: 3830: 3613: 2537: 2220:) or social class. American manufacturers show an uneasiness with the word and its class attributes: 1850: 1565: 1289: 475: 404: 400: 315: 3139: 3075: 2738: 2628: 2276:"Crapper" was already in use as a coarse name for a toilet, but it gained currency from the work of 1807:, was sold as fertilizer for agricultural production (similarly to the closing-the-loop approach of 1500:

in northwestern India and Pakistan was home to the world's first known urban sanitation systems. In

525: 6387: 6181: 6166: 6121: 5920: 5823: 5759: 5610: 5554: 5317: 5182: 2547: 2323: 2209: 1990: 1884: 1621: 1241: 1184: 327: 2381:" in reference to the shipboard need to urinate and defecate with the wind prior to the advent of 6382: 6307: 6272: 6216: 6136: 6111: 5880: 5860: 5708: 5473: 5427: 5283: 5187: 5072: 4819: 4654: 2582: 2315: 2017: 1977: 1947: 1846: 1694: 1306: 1196: 835: 574: 234: 154: 2737:

Tilley, Elizabeth; Ulrich, Lukas; Lüthi, Christoph; Reymond, Philippe; Zurbrügg, Chris (2014).

2692:. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017 2024:, uses pressure sensors to detect the flow of urine and translates that into on-screen action. 1883:

Long-established sanitary wear manufacturers in the United Kingdom include Adamsez, founded in

1380:, which still affects some 3 million people each year, can be largely prevented when effective 132:

do not. They can be designed for a sitting position popular in Europe and North America with a

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system. This dry excreta management system (or "dry sanitation" system) is an alternative to

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enter the pit through a drop hole in the floor, which might be connected to a toilet seat or

636:(or non-flush toilet, no flush toilet or toilet without a flush) is a toilet which, unlike a 6367: 6262: 6221: 6206: 6106: 6086: 5799: 5794: 5784: 5650: 5332: 5322: 5197: 5084: 5035: 4676: 4638: 3285: 3277: 2624: 2592: 2587: 2386: 2280:, who popularized flush toilets in England and held several patents on toilet improvements. 2261: 2257: 2245: 2177: 2006: 1470:

The fourth millennium BC would witness the invention of clay pipes, sewers, and toilets, in

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Dead Run: The Untold Story of Dennis Stockton and America's Only Mass Escape from Death Row

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into which chamber pots of urine were emptied. The urine was then collected by fullers." (

1605: 1358: 1302: 1285: 1166: 966: 896: 869: 861: 822: 815: 756: 714: 702: 609: 553: 408: 319: 300: 296: 218: 175: 4887: 4289:. Illustrated by Christopher Powell (2nd. ed.). London: Methuen. pp. 336, 337. 3193: 486:

entering the building. Sewer gas escapes through a vent pipe attached to the sewer line.

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The number of different types of toilets used worldwide is large, but can be grouped by:

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under one's bed at night and then to dispose of its contents in the morning. During the

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A History of the Crusades, Volume IV: The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States

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With rare exceptions, chamber pots are no longer used. Modern related implements are

1862: 1835: 1276:, restroom, public bathroom or washroom is a room or small building with toilets (or 1273: 1266: 950: 943: 873: 718: 653: 503: 381: 377: 268: 264: 206: 125: 35: 4698: 2963:"Vacuum Toilet | SSWM – Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management!" 1372:

system, although other elements are also needed: transport, treatment, disposal, or

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officials who supported the use of "dry earth closets" – nowadays known either as

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Other very early toilets that used flowing water to remove the waste are found at

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Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines

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and urinate. These issues can lead to the spread of diseases transmitted via the

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has described how there were large receptacles in the streets of cities such as

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Ross, Alan S.C. (1954), "Linguistic Class-Indicators in Present-Day English",

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Mission and Method: The Early Nineteenth-Century French Public Health Movement

2646:("toilet water") is sometimes used as a sophisticated synonym for perfume and 2318:. In the 1950s the use of the word "loo" was considered one of the markers of 2193: 1912: 1768: 1632: 1530: 1486: 1463: 1381: 1369: 1146: 1007: 954: 922: 843: 793: 760: 752: 694: 633: 626: 412: 363: 307: 226: 129: 30:

This article is about the fixture generally. For the common flush toilet, see

4811: 4650: 3585:

Made in Naples. Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo)

2668:

Yachtsmen still tend to refer to their toilets as "loos" rather than "heads".

1845:

The working-class home had transitioned from the rural cottage, to the urban

1145:

In the Western world, the most common method of cleaning the anal area after

6116: 6063: 5915: 5698: 5625: 5590: 5574: 5513: 5493: 5447: 5242: 4932: 4337:"Brutal sex killer claims having to slop out cell breaches his human rights" 2552: 2461: 2429: 2161: 1804: 1776: 1772: 1643: 1561: 1554: 1385: 1253: 1101: 706: 578: 499: 483: 438: 399:

People use different toilet types based on the country that they are in. In

335: 272: 190: 185:

The technology used for modern toilets varies. Toilets are commonly made of

3299: 1431: 4944: 4791: 3029:"Article, Govt: Bt900bn needed (in Thailand), The Nation October 31, 2011" 2600:– organization which focuses on toilets and sanitation at the global level 283:

urinals) which are available for use by the general public. Products like

59: 6043: 5935: 5870: 5678: 5615: 5483: 5110: 5000: 3967:

Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies Through the Centuries

2835: 2806: 2493: 2311: 2244:

to visually indicate toilets or other things that look like toilets (see

2185: 2134: 2122: 2056: 1839: 1589: 1523: 1245: 965:

when there is a lack of proper toilets and people are forced to practise

827: 613: 514: 358:

Having water (which seals in odor) or not (which usually relates to e.g.

109: 46: 4861: 2292:

notes the 1922 appearance of "How much cost? Waterloo. Watercloset." in

2180:

in such rooms (apparently first in the United States) as these replaced

1129: 5970: 5693: 5478: 5342: 5288: 5268: 5192: 5155: 5125: 5030: 5025: 4840: 2926: 2378: 2213: 2189: 1795: 1617: 1613: 1377: 1319: 1298: 877:

frequent emptying. It is not connected to a hole in the ground (like a

784:

and flush toilets, especially where water is scarce, a connection to a

693:

for user comfort. Pit latrines can be built to function without water (

463: 343: 331: 253: 249: 186: 17: 4921:

Knowledge (XXG)'s health care articles can be viewed offline with the

4615: 3331: 3161:

Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014).

3074:

Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014).

2856:

Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014).

1752:

19th century thunderbox, a heavy wooden commode to enclose chamber pot

1496:, of internal small rooms over a communal drain, rather than pit. The 5975: 5498: 5488: 5005: 4362:"Slopping out ended in Cork Prison | Irish Penal Reform Trust (IPRT)" 2445: 1873: 1512: 1420: 1277: 926: 839: 698: 641: 582: 562: 369:

Being used in a sitting or squatting position (sitting toilet versus

276: 159: 4629:

Anderson, Warwick (2010). "Crap on the map, or postcolonial waste".

4583:

series in Egerton or the extensive discussion of a lady's toilet in

1857:

Before the introduction of indoor toilets, it was common to use the

4361: 3995: 1222:). This can be useful for the elderly or people with disabilities. 1106: 889:. When the tank is emptied, the contents are usually pumped into a 221:

are specially designed to operate in the air. The need to maintain

5890: 5010: 3162: 2857: 2087: 2067: 2012: 1916: 1747: 1739: 1728: 1539: 1457: 1445: 1430: 1414: 1335: 1192: 1154: 1134: 1128: 1105: 1067: 970: 846:

portable rooms with a lockable door and a receptacle to catch the

768: 682: 552: 541:-like material that can be manually excavated. There is a risk of 524: 445: 437: 342:

wants to "achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and

242: 238: 113: 3907:

Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations

1137:

of the traditional type, available in many southern European and

482:

flows down the drain. The water in the bowl acts as a barrier to

193:), concrete, plastic, or wood. Newer toilet technologies include 27:

Piece of hardware for the collection or disposal of human excreta

4386: 2021: 1609: 1475: 1331: 1281: 1191:

which encourages washing after all instances of defecation. The

930: 831: 538: 260: 5819: 4959: 3589:

Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)

2832:"Tucson lawmaker wants tax credits for water-conserving toilet" 2160:. Similar to "powder room", "toilet" then came to be used as a 763:

in a variety of contexts worldwide. The separate collection of

256:(also called "bathroom") and a separate one for the toilet and 3799:

Security, With Care: Restorative Justice and Healthy Societies

1478:

today exhibiting the earliest known internal pit toilet, from

1365:

to provide toilets (sanitation services) to everyone by 2030.

710: 677:, also known as pit toilet, is a type of toilet that collects 140:, or for a squatting posture more popular in Asia, known as a 5815: 1384:

and water treatment prevents fecal matter from contaminating

3762:

Games Prisoners Play: The Tragicomic Worlds of Polish Prison

2145:(also covered by a cloth) and for the equipment composing a 1981:

marketed invention. This period coincided with the dramatic

6038: 3502:"Eight surprisingly rude gestures to avoid when travelling" 1292:, especially for small or single-occupancy public toilets, 144:. In urban areas, flush toilets are usually connected to a 4955: 3856: 3107:. EOOS and WEDC, Loughborough University, UK. p. 40. 2770:. EOOS and WEDC, Loughborough University, UK. p. 40. 1526:, the latter of which were regularly emptied and cleaned. 252:, and shower. Another option is to have one room for body 86:

Toilets come in various forms around the world, including

4211:"Unexpected Viking toilet discovery leads to controversy" 3614:"A hose: the strange device next to every Finnish toilet" 3591:] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale. 2013. 2908: This article incorporates text available under the 2369:("place of ease", used euphemistically for a toilet), or 2228:, often installed in more expensive housing, are sold as 1211:

countries such as Greece and Finland respectively, where

1161:, the facilities are designed to enable people to follow 885:, nor is it plumbed into a municipal system leading to a 462:

is a ceramic bowl (pan) connected on the "up" side to a

303:) may be brought in for large and temporary gatherings. 4470:"Gives Space Station Crew 'Go' to Drink Recycled Water" 3376:

Juuti, Petri; Katko, Tapio; Vuorinen, H. (2012-11-14).

2216:, but also on social situation and level of formality ( 1006:, or it can be without a water seal and therefore be a 158:

and the combined effluent, including other sources, is

4619:(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009), 97–113. 3434:. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor urologie. Archived from 2326:". "Loo" may have derived from a corruption of French 275:) consist of one or more toilets (and commonly single 3480:, MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts, archived from 3223: 3221: 3219: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3126: 3124: 2460:

Duo toilet for child training in a banquet hall near

1066:

Porcelain squat toilet with water tank for flushing (

376:

Being located in the private household or in public (

138:

additional considerations for those with disabilities

4068:"Asia's First Toilet Discovered In Southern Vietnam" 3266:"Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea" 3069: 3067: 2981:"How does the toilet in a commercial airliner work?" 2796:

Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

2349:– ("mind the water", used in reference to emptying 1717:

The other main way of handling toilet needs was the

493:

designs allow the use of much less water per flush.

291:

help maintain the smell and cleanliness of toilets.

6250: 6077: 5999: 5853: 5737: 5671: 5583: 5537: 5456: 5415: 5298: 5098: 4993: 4415:"Fordington, Biography, Rev Henry Moule, 1801–1880" 4149: 4147: 2016:automated replacement of paper toilet-seat-covers. 174:, or other storage and treatment device, including 3725:Jabusch, David M.; Littlejohn, Stephen W. (1995). 2306:'s arguments that it derived in some fashion from 2256:Different dialects use "bathroom" and "restroom" ( 1842:had 750 water closets for a population of 10,000. 1592:using flowing water were sometimes part of public 513:Flush toilets on ships are typically flushed with 4181:Setton, Kenneth M. & Harry W. Hazard (1977). 3795:"hapter 7. Geometry of Individuals and Relations" 3164:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 3077:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 2859:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 2740:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 1736:chamber pots from the Austrian Imperial household 1082:Japanese-style squat toilet with automatic sensor 4097:"Sanitation and healthcare in ancient Sri Lanka" 4018:"Old toilet find offers civilsation start clues" 1361:instead. Therefore, it is one of the targets of 1110:A man seen from behind urinating while standing. 565:toilet is a flush toilet that is connected to a 415:crisis which international initiatives (such as 403:, access to toilets is also related to people's 4793:The dirt on clean : an unsanitized history 3697:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 179–181. 3686: 3684: 3558:Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications 3533:Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications 2212:at work. The choice of word relies not only on 1880:, used in hospitals and the homes of invalids. 961:that is used as a simple collection device for 310:has been a concern from the earliest stages of 4234:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–9. 3661:Jackson, Joe; Burke (Jr.), William F. (1999). 3460:Zu viel Moralismus macht den Körper schmutzig. 2413:Men's toilet designed by artist and architect 2125:(first attested in 1540) that referred to the 5831: 4971: 4185:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 47. 3560:. University of Michigan Press. p. 613. 3055:"Floating toilets to clean up Cambodia's act" 2793:Ladies and gents – Public toilets and gender. 2353:into the street from an upper-story window), 2286:"Loo" – The etymology of loo is obscure. The 1681:View looking down into garderobe seat opening 759:that can be used to provide safe, affordable 8: 4529:Egerton, Judy (1998), "The British School", 3314:"What Is a Chemical Toilet? (with pictures)" 2887:"Single Ventilated Improved Pit – Akvopedia" 2650:but is generally received jokingly, as with 2371: 2363: 2355: 2336: 2328: 2154: 2127: 1775:language had several terms for referring to 1419:Sewage and toilet structures in the city of 241:after urination, is widely used (as well as 4616:Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender 3765:. Princeton University Press. p. 105. 3104:A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs 2767:A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs 2168:, particularly in the context of signs for 2166:rooms dedicated to urination and defecation 2137:in both languages for the whole complex of 1744:Early 18th century British three-seat privy 478:, this treatment step does not take place. 5838: 5824: 5816: 4978: 4964: 4956: 4824:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4774:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4764:, vol. 55, Helsinki, pp. 113–149 4255: 4253: 4251: 2921: 2919: 2790:Gershenson, Olga; Penner, Barbara (2009): 2623:For a full list of English synonyms, see " 994:(or squatting toilet) is a toilet used by 4796:(First ed.). New York. p. 138. 4717: 4715: 4419:freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com 3289: 3132:"Fact sheets on environmental sanitation" 2881: 2879: 925:, which consists of a toilet linked to a 3731:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 74. 3627:Sifakis, Carl (30 June 2014). "Muling". 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 1938:, there were inventors, scientists, and 1759:In pre-modern Denmark, people generally 1199:where water is considered essential for 557:Vacuum toilet in a train in Switzerland. 4230:La Berge, Ann Elizabeth Fowler (2002). 4104:The Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities 4090: 4088: 2927:"Aircraft Toilets/Toilets of the World" 2834:. Cronkite News Service. Archived from 2681: 2616: 2403: 1899:in 1849, by Thomas Twyford and his son 1659: 1368:Toilets are one important element of a 1294:public toilets are sometimes accessible 1240:is designed to accommodate people with 1016: 5750:History of water supply and sanitation 5636:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets 4817: 4767: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4287:A Social History of Housing, 1815–1985 4262:A Social History of Housing, 1815–1985 4204: 4202: 3417:BBC News. Retrieved 28 September 2007. 3035:from the original on September 6, 2012 3016:"Sample Designs: Floating UDD Toilets" 2700: 2698: 2558:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets 2322:speech, featuring in a famous essay, " 2176:. Finally, it came to be used for the 1934:Before the widespread adoption of the 1466:, China, Eastern Han dynasty 25–220 AD 1406:History of water supply and sanitation 1286:separated into male and female toilets 713:. These pathogens are major causes of 237:), which may also be used to wipe the 34:. For a room containing a toilet, see 4314:. London: HarperCollins. p. 64. 3831:"Inmates' toilet talk can be trouble" 3793:Elliott, Elizabeth M. (21 May 2020). 3474:"Qadaahul Haajah (Relieving Oneself)" 3353:"Caravan toilets: the ultimate guide" 3194:"Simple pit latrine (fact sheet 3.4)" 2107:). She is doing her toilet, with her 1887:in 1880, by M.J. and S.H. Adams, and 1709:Toilet in Rosenborg Castle Copenhagen 1631:in China two thousand years ago used 7: 4892:Muzeum historických nočníků a toalet 4095:W.I., Siriweera (14 December 2004). 3801:. Fernwood Publishing. p. 127. 3633:. Infobase Publishing. p. 172. 3630:The Encyclopedia of American Prisons 2706:"Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation" 1976:, invented by the Scottish mechanic 5805:Workers' right to access the toilet 5755:Human right to water and sanitation 4445:"'Toylet' Games in Japan's Urinals" 3508:. November 21, 2013. Archived from 3415:"Why Uganda hates the plastic bag." 2604:Workers' right to access the toilet 2543:Human right to water and sanitation 2478:Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb 314:. However, many poor households in 6227:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation 5387:Toilet-related injuries and deaths 4573:See, e.g., the description of the 3965:Andreas N. Angelakis, ed. (2014). 3759:Kaminski, Marek M. (5 June 2018). 3053:Cain, Geoffrey. (April 19, 2010). 2578:Toilet-related injuries and deaths 1042:Old-style squat toilet (Hong Kong) 893:or directly to a treatment plant. 346:for all and end open defecation". 25: 6097:Agricultural wastewater treatment 5601:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue 4577:painting "The Toilette" from his 4517:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 4443:Geere, Duncan. (6 January 2011). 4209:Newitz, Annalee (June 22, 2017). 3904:Mitchell, Piers D. (2016-03-03). 3691:Lombardo, A. G. (13 March 2018). 3478:The Prescribed Prayer Made Simple 3204:from the original on 3 March 2016 2141:and body care that centered at a 1352:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 1248:to ease transfer to and from the 933:) eating human excreta directly. 705:. This decreases the transfer of 6341: 6340: 5765:Infection prevention and control 4943: 4931: 4915: 3933:"Scotland and the indoor toilet" 3829:Banks, Gabrielle (6 July 2007). 3728:Elements of Speech Communication 3535:. University of Michigan Press. 2903: 2501: 2485: 2469: 2453: 2437: 2421: 2406: 2389:, whose long sermons at Paris's 1907:Development of dry earth closets 1702: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1265:This section is an excerpt from 1075: 1059: 1047: 1035: 1019: 983:This section is an excerpt from 942:This section is an excerpt from 903:and at large gatherings such as 860:This section is an excerpt from 814:This section is an excerpt from 740:This section is an excerpt from 666:This section is an excerpt from 625:This section is an excerpt from 470:or into a system connected to a 338:. Therefore, the United Nations 76: 67: 58: 6157:Industrial wastewater treatment 6127:Decentralized wastewater system 5353:Privatization of public toilets 4425:from the original on 2011-05-09 3971:International Water Association 2563:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance 2385:, or the 17th-century preacher 800:are needed for agriculture, or 4862:"Why do they call it the loo?" 4600:On Learning the English Tongue 4335:Cole, Paul (26 October 2014). 3413:Whitaker, Mark. 30 June 2007. 3229:"Call to action on sanitation" 2807:"World Toilet Day 19 November" 2260:), "bathroom" and "washroom" ( 2205: 1693:Exterior view of garderobe at 1454:archeological site, Sri Lanka. 1363:Sustainable Development Goal 6 1252:, including enough room for a 912:(caravans) and on small boats. 340:Sustainable Development Goal 6 229:is universally recognized and 1: 6177:Rotating biological contactor 4790:Ashenburg, Katherine (2008). 4762:Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 4401:"History – TWYFORD BATHROOMS" 3282:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60222-6 1925: 1516: 1505: 1490: 1479: 1314:Communication through toilets 644:, and are not connected to a 529:Design of a twin pit latrine. 411:instead. This is part of the 112:hardware that collects human 5621:Public toilets in Bratislava 4643:10.1080/13688790.2010.496436 4597:Bell, Vicars Walker (1953). 4045:. 2021-04-28. Archived from 3667:. Times Books. p. 124. 3612:H, Santiago (July 8, 2014). 1954:Development of flush toilets 1551:Rạch Núi archaeological site 1203:, and in some traditionally 792:is not feasible or desired, 5291:(combined toilet and bidet) 4924:Medical Knowledge (XXG) app 4846:Online Etymology Dictionary 4533:, New Series, p. 167, 4531:National Gallery Catalogues 2029:International Space Station 1983:growth in the sewage system 1960:Flush toilet § History 1485:. The Neolithic village of 1195:is common in predominantly 1167: 6409: 6242:Wastewater treatment plant 6009:Adsorbable organic halides 5392:Toilet Revolution in China 3931:Ailes, Emma (2013-04-19). 3462:, in: FAZ, 24 aprile 2010. 2945:"What are Vacuum Toilets?" 2510:urine-diverting dry toilet 2053:Toilet (room) § Names 2050: 2004: 1957: 1910: 1763:or other places where the 1403: 1332:WASH § Health aspects 1329: 1264: 1229: 1122: 1099: 982: 941: 859: 813: 790:wastewater treatment plant 749:urine-diverting dry toilet 742:Urine-diverting dry toilet 739: 731:into the underlying soil. 719:intestinal worm infections 709:between feces and food by 665: 656:falls through a drop hole. 624: 431: 148:; in isolated areas, to a 44: 29: 6336: 6014:Biochemical oxygen demand 4728:Oxford English Dictionary 4515:Oxford English Dictionary 4310:Flanders, Judith (2003). 3910:. Routledge. p. 30. 3357:www.outandaboutlive.co.uk 3136:World Health Organization 3018:. Asian Development Bank. 2598:World Toilet Organization 2289:Oxford English Dictionary 1913:Dry toilet § History 1646:were toilets used in the 1498:Indus Valley Civilisation 1189:biblical toilet etiquette 681:in a hole in the ground. 326:, or the transmission of 5656:Toilets in New York City 5606:Modern Toilet Restaurant 5338:Islamic toilet etiquette 4072:Asian Scientist Magazine 3973:Publishing. p. 32. 2999:"EVAC Bus Vacuum Toilet" 2508:Instructions on using a 2121:was originally a French 2097:with her Two Eldest Sons 1924:'s earth closet design, 1163:Islamic toilet etiquette 1153:or sometimes by using a 394:people with disabilities 152:. The waste is known as 130:dry or non-flush toilets 124:, usually for disposal. 45:Not to be confused with 6202:Sewage sludge treatment 6142:Fecal sludge management 6102:API oil–water separator 6069:Wastewater surveillance 5560:Fecal sludge management 5519:Urine collection device 5504:Urinal deodorizer block 5469:Female urination device 3835:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3556:E. Clark, Mary (2006). 3531:E. Clark, Mary (2006). 2528:Community toilet scheme 1669:Garderobe seat openings 593:Passenger train toilets 94:, and dry toilets like 40:Toilet (disambiguation) 6059:Total suspended solids 6054:Total dissolved solids 6019:Chemical oxygen demand 5790:Sustainable sanitation 5775:Reuse of human excreta 4936:Quotations related to 4285:Burnett, John (1986). 4260:Burnett, John (1986). 3472:Shu'aib, Tajuddin B., 2688:WHO and UNICEF (2017) 2391:Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis 2372: 2364: 2356: 2337: 2329: 2204:The word "toilet" was 2155: 2128: 2115: 2085: 1931: 1901:Thomas William Twyford 1826:, with its origins in 1767:could be collected as 1753: 1745: 1737: 1648:Post-classical history 1639:Post-classical history 1467: 1455: 1443: 1428: 1376:. Diseases, including 1354: 1187:is due in part to the 1142: 1111: 887:sewage treatment plant 778:sustainable sanitation 735:Urine-diverting toilet 558: 530: 472:sewage treatment plant 455: 443: 301:chemical "porta johns" 180:urine-diverting toilet 38:. For other uses, see 5926:Industrial wastewater 5745:Ecological sanitation 5646:Toilet History Museum 5596:Hundertwasser Toilets 5538:Feces-related aspects 5457:Urine-related aspects 5358:Swachh Bharat Mission 2568:Swachh Bharat Mission 2114:on the dressing-table 2091: 2071: 2057:Outhouse § Names 1970:Industrial Revolution 1958:Further information: 1920: 1911:Further information: 1847:back-to-back terraces 1809:ecological sanitation 1794:By the 16th century, 1787:(house of rest), and 1761:defecated on farmland 1751: 1743: 1732: 1461: 1450:Squatting toilets at 1449: 1434: 1418: 1404:Further information: 1349: 1330:Further information: 1326:Public health aspects 1242:physical disabilities 1132: 1119:Anal cleansing habits 1109: 917:Toilet fed to animals 802:groundwater pollution 697:) or they can have a 556: 528: 453: 441: 419:) draw attention to. 405:socio-economic status 215:its toilet technology 213:. Japan is known for 6268:Groundwater recharge 5661:Bryant Park restroom 5509:Urinal (health care) 5328:Honeywagon (vehicle) 4952:at Wikimedia Commons 4746:Blackwood's Magazine 4631:Postcolonial Studies 4603:. Faber & Faber. 4560:The Rape of the Lock 2931:Toilets of the World 2538:Green train corridor 1851:Tudor Walters Report 1620:was a vital step in 836:developing countries 804:should be minimized. 751:(UDDT) is a type of 585:production, or in a 476:developing countries 401:developing countries 316:developing countries 295:are sometimes used. 6182:Secondary treatment 6167:Membrane bioreactor 6122:Constructed wetland 5921:Infiltration/Inflow 5760:Improved sanitation 5611:National Poo Museum 5555:Defecation postures 5416:Jobs and activities 5318:Bathroom privileges 5274:Urine-diverting dry 4312:The Victorian House 3382:. IWA. p. 40. 3328:"Account Suspended" 3276:(9875): 140514–16. 3142:on 7 September 2016 2548:Improved sanitation 2492:A public toilet in 2324:U and non-U English 2320:British upper-class 2210:euphemism treadmill 2018:Interactive urinals 1991:William Elvis Sloan 1885:Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1622:textile manufacture 1489:contains examples, 1474:, with the city of 1185:Christian countries 715:infectious diarrhea 597:aircraft lavatories 567:vacuum sewer system 474:. However, in many 328:waterborne diseases 203:toilet seat warming 168:removable container 90:used by sitting or 6378:Bathroom equipment 6373:Ancient inventions 6347:Category: Sewerage 6308:Septic drain field 6273:Infiltration basin 6217:Stabilization pond 6137:Facultative lagoon 6001:Quality indicators 5881:Blackwater (waste) 5861:Acid mine drainage 5709:Groom of the Stool 5474:Interactive urinal 5428:Restroom attendant 4868:, 16 February 2005 4748:, pp. 309–316 4699:"Toilet Inspector" 4580:Marriage à-la-mode 4492:See Egerton op cit 3955:Teresi et al. 2002 3512:on 26 October 2015 2627:" in Wiktionary's 2583:Vermifilter toilet 2214:regional variation 2116: 2105:the whole painting 2086: 2082:Marriage à la Mode 2039:which can recover 2027:Astronauts on the 1978:Alexander Cummings 1948:composting toilets 1932: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1468: 1464:toilet with pigsty 1456: 1444: 1429: 1427:in around 2350 BC. 1425:Indus river valley 1355: 1226:Accessible toilets 1197:Catholic countries 1143: 1112: 901:construction sites 559: 531: 495:Dual flush toilets 456: 454:Toilet flush sound 444: 293:Toilet seat covers 235:toilet roll holder 172:composting chamber 164:connected to a pit 162:. Dry toilets are 6355: 6354: 6132:Extended aeration 6079:Treatment options 6029:Oxygen saturation 5876:Blackwater (coal) 5854:Sources and types 5813: 5812: 5433:Sanitation worker 5423:Manual scavenging 5051:Toilet seat riser 4948:Media related to 4839:Harper, Douglas. 4803:978-1-4668-6776-5 4241:978-0-521-52701-9 4192:978-0-299-06824-0 3994:Khan, Saifullah. 3917:978-1-317-05953-0 3808:978-1-77363-320-6 3772:978-0-691-18714-3 3738:978-0-939693-37-5 3704:978-0-374-16591-8 3674:978-0-8129-3206-5 3640:978-1-4381-2987-7 3458:Roberto Zapperi: 3245:on 19 August 2014 3101:Shaw, R. (2014). 2869:978-3-906484-57-0 2777:978-1-84380-155-9 2764:Shaw, R. (2014). 2750:978-3-906484-57-0 2611:Explanatory notes 2533:Electronic toilet 2373:lieu à l'anglaise 2252:Regional variants 2222:American Standard 2178:plumbing fixtures 2156:cabinet de toilet 1832:Alexander Cumming 1347: 1303:Local authorities 1238:accessible toilet 1232:Accessible toilet 1172:. For example, a 587:composting toilet 571:waterless urinals 534:Twin pit latrines 451: 442:Flush toilet bowl 396:and the elderly. 312:human settlements 233:(often held by a 211:waterless urinals 205:, self-cleaning, 128:use water, while 16:(Redirected from 6400: 6344: 6343: 6263:Evaporation pond 6251:Disposal options 6222:Trickling filter 6207:Sewage treatment 6107:Carbon filtering 6087:Activated sludge 5840: 5833: 5826: 5817: 5800:World Toilet Day 5795:Waste management 5785:Sewage treatment 5672:Historical terms 5651:Toilets in Japan 5333:Incontinence pad 5323:Bathroom reading 5085:Toilet rim block 5073:Holder/dispenser 5036:Electronic bidet 4980: 4973: 4966: 4957: 4947: 4935: 4919: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4823: 4815: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4744:(October 1974), 4738: 4732: 4730: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4675:. Archived from 4669: 4663: 4662: 4626: 4620: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4588: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4506: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4257: 4246: 4245: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3441:on July 14, 2014 3440: 3433: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3392:. Archived from 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3330:. Archived from 3324: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3244: 3238:. Archived from 3233: 3225: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3190: 3179: 3178: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3138:. Archived from 3128: 3119: 3118: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3071: 3062: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2923: 2914: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2803: 2797: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2702: 2693: 2686: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2638: 2632: 2621: 2593:World Toilet Day 2588:Waste management 2505: 2489: 2473: 2457: 2441: 2425: 2410: 2387:Louis Bourdaloue 2375: 2367: 2359: 2340: 2332: 2262:Canadian English 2258:American English 2246:Toilets in Japan 2200:Contemporary use 2158: 2131: 2007:Toilets in Japan 2001:High-tech toilet 1930: 1927: 1706: 1690: 1678: 1666: 1521: 1518: 1510: 1507: 1495: 1492: 1484: 1481: 1438:public toilets, 1348: 1220:Toilets in Japan 1170: 1159:Muslim countries 1079: 1063: 1051: 1039: 1023: 897:portable toilets 798:soil conditioner 788:and centralized 774:reuse of excreta 521:Twin pit designs 491:low flush toilet 452: 417:World Toilet Day 324:fecal-oral route 297:Portable toilets 219:Airplane toilets 120:, and sometimes 80: 71: 62: 21: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6332: 6298:Reclaimed water 6246: 6172:Reverse osmosis 6073: 5995: 5961:Reverse osmosis 5886:Boiler blowdown 5849: 5844: 5814: 5809: 5733: 5667: 5579: 5570:Open defecation 5533: 5529:Urine diversion 5524:Urine deflector 5452: 5443:Toilet training 5411: 5397:Toilet Twinning 5300: 5294: 5245:(self-cleaning) 5208:Passenger train 5141:Container-based 5094: 4989: 4984: 4928: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4816: 4804: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4766: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4742:Ross, Alan S.C. 4740: 4739: 4735: 4721: 4720: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4679:on 28 June 2013 4671: 4670: 4666: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4612: 4608: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4572: 4568: 4555:Pope, Alexander 4553: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4508: 4507: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4259: 4258: 4249: 4242: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4052: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3694:Graffiti Palace 3690: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3485: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3390: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3192: 3191: 3182: 3175: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3073: 3072: 3065: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2987:. 1 April 2000. 2979: 2978: 2974: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2951:. 22 July 2023. 2943: 2942: 2938: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2736: 2735: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2643:eau de toilette 2639: 2635: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2506: 2497: 2490: 2481: 2474: 2465: 2458: 2449: 2442: 2433: 2426: 2417: 2411: 2399: 2304:Alan S. C. Ross 2274: 2266:British English 2254: 2242:Japanese comics 2202: 2095:Queen Charlotte 2066: 2059: 2049: 2037:urine diversion 2009: 2003: 1962: 1956: 1928: 1915: 1909: 1817:First World War 1727: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1698: 1691: 1682: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1641: 1519: 1508: 1493: 1482: 1452:Kaludiya Pokuna 1413: 1411:Ancient history 1408: 1402: 1359:open defecation 1336: 1334: 1328: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1290:some are unisex 1270: 1262: 1234: 1228: 1127: 1121: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1071: 1064: 1055: 1052: 1043: 1040: 1031: 1024: 1012: 1011: 988: 980: 975: 974: 967:open defecation 947: 939: 937:"Flying toilet" 919: 914: 913: 910:travel trailers 905:music festivals 870:chemical toilet 865: 862:Chemical toilet 857: 855:Chemical toilet 852: 851: 850:in a container. 819: 816:Portable toilet 811: 809:Portable toilet 806: 805: 757:urine diversion 745: 737: 728: 723: 722: 703:open defecation 671: 663: 658: 657: 630: 622: 610:urine diversion 605: 603:Floating toilet 551: 523: 446: 436: 430: 425: 409:open defecation 352: 320:openly defecate 176:urine diversion 102: 101: 100: 99: 83: 82: 81: 73: 72: 64: 63: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6406: 6404: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6360: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6323:Surface runoff 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6303:Sanitary sewer 6300: 6295: 6293:Marine outfall 6290: 6288:Marine dumping 6285: 6280: 6278:Injection well 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6258:Combined sewer 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6197:Settling basin 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6092:Aerated lagoon 6089: 6083: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6024:Coliform index 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5966:Sanitary sewer 5963: 5958: 5953: 5951:Produced water 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5896:Combined sewer 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374:Skibidi Toilet 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5301:policy aspects 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5065: 5063:Toilet cleaner 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4941: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910:External links 4908: 4905: 4904: 4888:"Chamber Pots" 4879: 4853: 4831: 4802: 4782: 4752: 4733: 4711: 4690: 4664: 4637:(2): 169–178. 4621: 4606: 4589: 4566: 4546: 4539: 4521: 4494: 4485: 4461: 4435: 4406: 4392: 4378: 4353: 4341:birminghammail 4327: 4320: 4302: 4295: 4277: 4270: 4247: 4240: 4222: 4198: 4191: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4084: 4059: 4034: 4009: 3998:. Academia.edu 3986: 3979: 3957: 3948: 3923: 3916: 3896: 3872: 3857:"World Toilet" 3847: 3821: 3807: 3785: 3771: 3751: 3737: 3717: 3703: 3680: 3673: 3653: 3639: 3619: 3604: 3598:978-8866490395 3597: 3576: 3566: 3548: 3541: 3523: 3493: 3464: 3451: 3419: 3406: 3388: 3368: 3344: 3319: 3305: 3256: 3236:United Nations 3215: 3180: 3174:978-3906484570 3173: 3153: 3120: 3114:978-1843801559 3113: 3093: 3087:978-3906484570 3086: 3063: 3046: 3020: 3008: 2990: 2972: 2954: 2936: 2915: 2875: 2868: 2848: 2823: 2811:United Nations 2798: 2783: 2776: 2756: 2749: 2722: 2694: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2661: 2633: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2466: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2444:Toilet bus in 2443: 2436: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2412: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2365:lieu d'aisance 2302:and defers to 2278:Thomas Crapper 2273: 2270: 2253: 2250: 2226:Kohler Company 2201: 2198: 2170:public toilets 2147:toilet service 2143:dressing table 2112:toilet service 2065: 2062: 2048: 2045: 2002: 1999: 1966:John Harington 1955: 1952: 1908: 1905: 1897:Stoke-on-Trent 1783:(yard house), 1726: 1725:Modern history 1723: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1640: 1637: 1588:civilization, 1544:ancient Persia 1520: 2350 BC 1509: 2800 BC 1494: 3000 BC 1483: 3200 BC 1412: 1409: 1401: 1398: 1394:drinking water 1327: 1324: 1315: 1312: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1260:Public toilets 1258: 1256:if necessary. 1230:Main article: 1227: 1224: 1201:anal cleansing 1168:Qaḍāʼ al-Ḥājah 1139:South American 1125:Anal cleansing 1123:Main article: 1120: 1117: 1100:Main article: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1074: 1072: 1065: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1034: 1032: 1028:Topkapı Palace 1025: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 998:, rather than 989: 981: 979: 976: 948: 940: 938: 935: 918: 915: 891:sanitary sewer 866: 858: 856: 853: 820: 812: 810: 807: 746: 738: 736: 733: 727: 724: 672: 664: 662: 659: 631: 623: 621: 618: 604: 601: 550: 547: 522: 519: 432:Main article: 429: 426: 424: 421: 390:sitting toilet 386: 385: 374: 367: 351: 348: 306:Historically, 269:Public toilets 207:female urinals 108:is a piece of 85: 84: 75: 74: 66: 65: 57: 56: 55: 54: 53: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6405: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6348: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6187:Sedimentation 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:Sewage sludge 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906:Cooling water 5904: 5902: 5901:Cooling tower 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866:Ballast water 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770:Public health 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641:Toilet (room) 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565:Flying toilet 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5464:Female urinal 5462: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402:Unisex public 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5368:Toilet humour 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5297: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5090:Trap (U-bend) 5088: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4540:1-85709-170-1 4536: 4532: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4328: 4323: 4321:0-00-713189-5 4317: 4313: 4306: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4049:on 2021-04-28 4048: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4010: 3997: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3980:9781780404844 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3897: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3752: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3718: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3654: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3567:9780721625973 3563: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3542:9780721625973 3538: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3484:on 2009-08-19 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3396:on 2012-11-14 3395: 3391: 3389:9781843391104 3385: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3334:on 2015-02-24 3333: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3154: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2985:HowStuffWorks 2982: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2906: 2892: 2891:akvopedia.org 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2852: 2849: 2838:on 2007-08-10 2837: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2675: 2665: 2662: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2573:Toilet humour 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2496:, Philippines 2495: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2415:Hundertwasser 2409: 2404: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:Johan Zoffany 2098: 2096: 2090: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2041:potable water 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1993:invented the 1992: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:public health 1937: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891:, founded in 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863:Victorian era 1860: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1836:Joseph Bramah 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1785:náð-/náða-hús 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1672: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1514: 1503: 1499: 1488: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1460: 1453: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1410: 1407: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:public toilet 1268: 1267:Public toilet 1259: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1213:bidet showers 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1118: 1116: 1108: 1103: 1095: 1090: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1050: 1045: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1022: 1017: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 986: 978:Squat toilets 977: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:flying toilet 945: 944:Flying toilet 936: 934: 932: 928: 924: 916: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 874:human excreta 871: 863: 854: 849: 848:human excreta 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 817: 808: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 743: 734: 732: 725: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 691:squatting pan 688: 684: 680: 676: 669: 660: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 628: 620:Without water 619: 617: 615: 611: 602: 600: 598: 594: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 555: 549:Vacuum toilet 548: 546: 544: 540: 535: 527: 520: 518: 516: 511: 507: 505: 504:potable water 501: 496: 492: 487: 485: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 440: 435: 427: 422: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 383: 382:public toilet 379: 375: 372: 368: 365: 361: 357: 356: 355: 349: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289:toilet blocks 286: 285:urinal blocks 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 259: 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:dual flushing 192: 188: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 126:Flush toilets 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 97: 93: 89: 88:flush toilets 79: 70: 61: 52: 48: 41: 37: 36:Toilet (room) 33: 19: 6393:Toilet types 6328:Vacuum sewer 6212:Sewer mining 6162:Ion exchange 6112:Chlorination 6034:Heavy metals 5991:Urban runoff 5985: 5931:Ion exchange 5911:Fecal sludge 5724:Privy midden 5545:Anal hygiene 5438:Slopping out 5407:Vacuum truck 5382:Toilet plume 5372: 5313:Adult diaper 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