640:", at the time the actions were not illegal and took place frequently. Anaconda was producing copper at such a rate they had tremendous stockpiles. To control prices, the company only sold the requested supply. Under the pressure of a "joint account" set up by Ryan and Rockefeller of nearly a million and a half shares of Anaconda Copper Company, prices fluctuated from $ 40 in December 1928, to $ 128 in March 1929. Selling large volumes of shares rather quickly causes the bottom to fall out of the market; investors lose confidence and dump their shares, causing a domino effect. Small investors would purchase blocks of shares on credit, and when they could not sell at or above the given price, had to sell the shares at a loss when the banks called on their loans for the purchase of said shares.
1023:
while promoting their choice as the pick of the working man. In return, Helena's backers claimed that if the victory should go to their opponent the entire state would be strangled by the "copper collar" of Daly's
Anaconda Copper Mining Company." Daly's campaign was unsuccessful and Helena became the state's capital. Flexing its political muscle again in 1903, the Anaconda Company closed down operations within all of Montana, putting 15,000 men out of work until the legislature enacted the regulations it demanded. Montanans were angered by this decision and from that point forward, to suggest a politician "wore a copper collar", could cost him the election.
678:
Butte miners' union; John Downs, boiler makers' union; W.J. McMahon, commissioner of labor of ACM; John F. Bird, electricians' union; J.P. Ryan, foreman of ACM; Ira Steck, superintendent, electrical department of ACM; James Cusick, machinists' union; John J. Mickelson, Butte miners' union; Eugene Hogan, superintendent ACM. In the front row reading from left to right are: E.S. McGlone, general superintendent, ACM; Bert Riley, Butte miners' union; Dennis McCarthy, Butte miners' union; A.C. Bigley, ACM; Carl
Stenberg, painters' union; John Eathorne, foreman of ACM; John Gaffney, carpenters' union.
757:(ARCO) for $ 700 million. However, the purchase turned out to be a regrettable decision for ARCO. Lack of experience with hard-rock mining, and a sudden drop in the price of copper to sixty-odd cents a pound, the lowest in years, caused ARCO to suspend all underground mining operations in Butte in 1980. ARCO closed the Berkeley Pit and shut off the deep pumps in 1982, allowing the pit and mines to fill with water. The Continental Pit, the last active Anaconda mining property in Butte, was closed in 1982, but resumed mining in the early 2000's.
855:. After two years of construction, the plant went online in August 1955. Following two expansions in the 1960s, the plant had a peak output capacity of 180,000 tons annually. ARCO kept the plant open after Butte copper operations ceased in 1982, and sold the plant to a group of investors led by a former ARCO executive in 1985, due to high electricity costs and low market prices. As Columbia Falls Aluminum Company (CFAC), the plant continued operations as an independent company until it was purchased by Swiss metals giant
367:. He was a mining superintendent of the Alice, a silver mine in Walkerville, a suburb of Butte. While working in the Alice, he noticed significant quantities of high grade copper ore. Daly scouted the Anaconda and several other mines in the area and recommended the mine to the Walker brothers, who sent a professional geologist to inspect the Anaconda. The Walkers were not interested in the mine, and Daly sold his interest in the Alice to purchase it himself.
1012:
1074:(2010). In 1919, Gracie resists the powerful Anaconda Company as they try to force her to sell her property. She says, "Leave this house at once, Whoever-You-Are Morgan. I'll not have under my roof a man who wears the copper collar." The workers who are under the "copper collar" are referred to as "snakes" and the Anaconda Company is referred to as an "ogre".
698:
profitable. The answer was called the "Greater Butte
Project" (GBP). The project would exploit lower-grade underground reserves by the block-caving method. Anaconda sank a new shaft, the Kelley, and the mine began producing in 1948. The new method was successful, although short-lived. They also began stripping ground for what was to become the
1049:
Choosing sides in this battle was unavoidable. According to Author Fisher's article, "Montana: Land of the Copper Collar," "Six months is the longest one may live in
Montana without making the decision whether one is 'for the Company' or 'against the Company.' The all-pervading and unrelenting nature
976:
From the 1920s until 1959, journalists working at the newspapers could write nothing that clashed with the company's business enterprises. Journalists were thus not allowed to develop and exercise their professional skills through their news judgment - lawyers and accountants made news judgments, not
508:
At the beginning of the 1900s, due to electrification (and
Amalgamated's maintenance of an artificially high copper price), copper was very profitable, and copper mining expanded rapidly. Between 1899 and 1915, Anaconda, controlled by Standard Oil insiders, stayed under the name of Amalgamated Copper
1022:
symbolized influence, wealth, and power. In 1894, Montana held an election to decide which city would be its capital. Marcus Daly, an
Anaconda supporter, used his power over the papers to further his cause. While campaigning, "Anaconda's supporters portrayed Helena as a center of avarice and elitism
1034:
perverse pride in its wide open character was a response to the people's belief in the all-encompassing power of the company. Butte's bars, gambling dens, dance halls, and brothels were among the few public institutions not owned or controlled by
Anaconda. It was not only the hazards of mining and
664:
took a toll in the mining industry; decline in demand led to the company making massive layoffs in both the United States and Chile (up to 66 percent unemployment rate in the
Chilean mines). On March 26, 1931, Anaconda cut its dividend rate 40%. John D. Ryan died in 1933 and was buried in a copper
697:
During the post-war years, demand and prices for copper dropped. At the same time mining costs had risen precipitously. As a result, copper production from Butte's underground vein mines dropped to only 45,000 mt annually. Anaconda tasked its engineers with devising new techniques to keep mining
677:
The victory labor-management production committee of the Butte mines, September 1942. In the back row from left to right are: J.A. Livingston, Anaconda Copper Mining
Company; E.I. Renouard, assistant general superintendent, ACM; H.J. Rahilly, assistant general superintendent, ACM; Charles Black,
1061:
in the early 20th century, Dan
Cushman refers to the "copper collar": "At this point the galleries packed with Bennett sympathizers commenced heckling him with suggestions he wore the Copper Collar, but these hoots and catcalls he contemptuously ignored, reiterated his freedom from all cliques,
643:
Smaller investors were completely wiped out. The results are still considered one of the greatest fleecings in Wall Street history. The United States Senate held hearings on the stock manipulations, concluding that those operations cost the public at the very least, $ 150 million. A 1933 Senate
1081:
symbolized different things to different people but "the Anaconda Company used the tactics of an authoritarian state to quash a legitimate labor movement within its corporate fiefdom. That the press, an elemental part of democracy, was used in the assault marks a black period in the history of
656:
on October 29, 1929, Anaconda suffered serious financial setbacks. At the same time, copper prices started dropping dramatically. During the winter of 1932â33, as the Depression expanded, copper prices dropped to 10.3 cents per pound, down from an average of 29.5 cents per pound only two years
635:
In 1928, Ryan and Rockefeller aggressively speculated on Anaconda shares by manipulating the supply of copper (reducing supply to corner the market), causing shares to go up at first; at which point they sold, which caused stocks to fall; then buying them back. Known today as a
1090:
mined and smelted metal, leveled forests, owned the newspapers, bribed the legislature, set the wages, murdered union organizers, exported the earnings, and finally shut down, leaving Butte and Anaconda the poorest cities in the states and the largest EPA Superfund site in the
436:. Butte became one of the most prosperous cities in the country, often called "the Richest Hill on Earth." From 1892 through 1903, the Anaconda mine itself was the largest copper-producing mine in the world. It produced more than $ 300 billion worth of metal in its lifetime.
1103:
when it is substituted for the act of the Anaconda Company controlling a person. It is closely related to the company because it is made of copper, which is what the company mined. A collar is a device used to control, which is what the company used the copper collar for.
835:
The EPA named ARCO as the "potentially responsible party." As a result, ARCO was obliged to remediate (clean up) the area. Since then, ARCO and BP have spent hundreds of millions of dollars decontaminating and rehabilitating the area, though the job is far from finished.
547:(another Butte copper magnate). Amalgamated gained almost complete control of Butte's copper as they merged with these companies. The reorganized company was again named Anaconda. Ryan made its president and rewarded with a significant package of Amalgamated shares.
492:
By 1899 Amalgamated Copper acquired majority stock in the Anaconda Copper Company, and the Rothschilds appear to have had no further role in the company. By his death in 1900, Marcus Daly had just become president of the holding company valued at $ 75 million.
520:. Neither organization was able to monopolize copper extraction in Montana. In addition, although Butte was the most prolific copper-mining district in the world, Amalgamated could not control production from other copper producing districts, such as those in
1115:(see illustration), Marcus Daly is considered the assertion and Miners is the negation in the first binary pair. The second binary relationship is created on the "control" axis. Union, the not Marcus Daly element, is considered to be the complex term, and
686:, when the demand for war materials greatly increased the need for copper, zinc, and manganese. Anaconda ranked 58th among United States corporations in the value of World War II-military production contracts. That relieved some of the economic tensions.
674:
573:
During the 1920s, metal prices went up and mining activity increased. Those were really the golden years for Anaconda. The company was managed by the Ryan-Kelley team and was growing fast, expanding into the exploitation of new base metal resources:
564:
investigated William Rockefeller and others for allegedly earning $ 30 million in profit through cornering of the copper market and "synchronizing with artificially enforced activity" in Amalgamated Copper stock in the New York Stock Exchange.
448:
tried to gain control of the world copper market. In 1892 the French Rothschilds began negotiations to buy the Anaconda mine. In mid-October 1895 the Rothschilds, French and British, bought out the stock in Anaconda held by Hearst's widow,
705:
In 1956 Anaconda netted the largest annual income in its history: $ 111.5 million. After that year, ore grades continued their decline, mining costs were rising each year, and profits were diminishing. To survive, the company switched to
312:; the latter hosted the largest mine in the world and for a time yielded two-thirds of the company's profits. The company added aluminum reduction to its portfolio in 1955. In the 1950s, the company switched over from underground to
1123:
are things that are used to gain control. The Anaconda Company used the copper collar to gain control of the papers and legislature, and the miners wanted to establish a union to gain some control over their working conditions.
1062:
factions, and corporations and that his purpose had been purely and simply to prove or disprove unlawful practices, and sat down." Even the suggestion that a person wore the "copper collar" created pandemonium from the crowd.
542:
Control of the areas producing mines was a key to high income. Ryan convinced Heinze to walk away with abundant compensation, allowing Amalgamated to take over Heinze's properties as well as the properties of
423:
were soon developed and Daly became a copper magnate. When surrounding silver mines "played out" and closed, Daly bought up the neighboring mines, forming a mining company. In 1883, Daly built a smelter at
539:, who assumed the presidency of Daly's bank and management of his widow's fortune. The leaders of Amalgamated turned to Ryan, famous for his negotiation skills, for help in creating a monopoly at Butte.
1675:
859:
in 1999. Glencore continued CFAC operations through 2009, when it temporarily shuttered the plant due to high electricity costs and low market prices. On March 3, 2015, the closure became permanent.
392:, Montana territory respectively, and Butte was nearing the end of its silver lode mining phase. Lacking capital to develop the mine, Daly sought financing from San Francisco mining magnate
1035:
the grim environment of Butte that propelled men and women to frenzied gaiety, but also the thought that here were arenas of self-expression denied them elsewhere in a city ringed by the
1395:
1655:
605:
in 1923. It cost Anaconda $ 77 million and was the largest copper mine in the world. It produced copper yielding two-thirds to three-fourths of the Anaconda Company's profits.
293:
to process copper mined in Butte. In 1899, with Hearst and Tevis deceased, Haggin retired and Daly restructured the enterprise into the Amalgamated Copper Company, bringing in
1354:
1690:
289:
in 1881 to develop it, and the company expanded dramatically in 1882 with the discovery of huge copper deposits. In 1883, Daly began building a smelter and the town of
485:. Although Rogers and William Rockefeller were Standard Oil directors, the company of Standard Oil did not have a stake in this business, nor did its founder and head,
808:
in this vicinity became highly contaminated by a century of mining and smelting operations. Milling and smelting processes produced wastes with high concentrations of
304:
By 1910, Amalgamated had expanded its operations and bought the assets of all other copper companies operating in Butte. In 1922, Anaconda bought mining operations in
1290:
741:
Losses from the Chilean takeover however, had seriously weakened the company's financial position. Later in 1971, Anaconda's Mexican copper mine CompañĂa Minera de
1422:
821:
665:
coffin. His mighty Anaconda shares, once worth $ 175 each, had dropped to $ 3 at the low of the Great Depression. Cornelius Kelley became the chairman in 1940.
644:
banking committee called these operations the greatest frauds in American banking history, a leading cause of the 1929 stock market crash and 1930s depression.
1148:
327:
and the underground mines were shut off, allowing the Pit and mines to fill. The company presently only exists as a major environmental liability for
323:) on January 12, 1977. ARCO halted production at the Anaconda smelter in 1980, and mining ceased completely in 1982 when the deep pumps draining the
885:(2002) by Travis Wilkerson chronicles the history of Anaconda in Butte, Montana, and its efforts to suppress unionization by its workers. Organizer
453:, for $ 7.5 million. By the late 1890s the Rothschilds probably had control over the sale of about forty percent of the world's copper production.
843:
in 2010, but retains responsibility for cleanup of the Anaconda operations and uses ARCO as a subsidiary to handle Anaconda-related lawsuits.
1680:
1670:
433:
689:
The end of World War II brought another depression in the copper industry because of a decline in demand after war production ended.
1310:
750:
466:
408:
and the Anaconda Company was born in 1881 with Daly as a 25% partner in the enterprise. Daly had recommended Hearst purchase the
652:
In 1929 Anaconda Copper Mining Co. issued new stock and used some of the money to buy shares of speculative companies. When the
1133:
972:, coined in the late 1800s, was a metaphor used to describe a person or company directly controlled by the Anaconda Company.
482:
1138:
925:
851:
Anaconda diversified into aluminum production in 1952, when they purchased rights to build an aluminum reduction plant in
746:
405:
1617:
1374:
1050:
of the struggle admits of no neutrals. Since the territory's admission to statehood in 1889 the struggle has continued."
550:
The "right hand" of John Ryan was Cornelius Kelley, a young attorney, who soon was given the position of vice-president.
760:
Six years after ARCO acquired rights to the "Richest Hill on Earth", Butte's mines were completely idle. ARCO founder,
1660:
1447:
McNay, John. "Breaking the Copper Collar: Press Freedom, Professionalization and the History of Montana Journalism."
1335:
731:
780:
moot." At the time of the sale to ARCO, Anaconda had large working hard coal holdings in the Black Thunder mine at
754:
627:
At that time Anaconda was the fourth-largest company in the world. These heady times, however, were short-lived.
1650:
1153:
1008:
The Anaconda Company controlled the economic and political dealings throughout Montana well into the mid-1900s.
904:
612:, the nation's largest brass fabricator and a major consumer of copper and zinc. In 1926 Anaconda acquired the
1030:
symbolized oppression and control to the people of Butte. In the early 20th century, Butte's culture with its
271:
of the early 20th century and one of the largest mining companies in the world for much of the 20th century.
263:, known as the Amalgamated Copper Company from 1899 to 1915, was an American mining company headquartered in
1665:
1321:
886:
852:
781:
761:
535:
Marcus Daly passed away in 1900. His widow began a close friendship with a shrewd, intelligent businessman,
294:
146:
138:
469:
which grew to become one of the largest trusts of the early 20th century. The leading roles were played by
1143:
874:
710:, a very area-consuming method. The Berkeley Pit kept expanding and ate away at the older parts of Butte.
609:
450:
389:
1252:
873:
was based on Hammett's experience as a Pinkerton Detective working at the Anaconda Mine in Butte and the
1612:
1606:
536:
517:
825:
893:
and no one was ever prosecuted for his murder. The short film ends with a discussion of Berkeley Pit.
765:
397:
364:
282:
164:
155:
142:
1314:
946:
486:
478:
474:
409:
298:
496:
Lawson later had a falling out with Rogers and Rockefeller, and wrote of the experience in a book
1260:
1018:
As the state's largest employer, Anaconda dominated Montana politics. In the political arena the
773:
653:
513:
377:
500:(1905). Colored by Lawson's bitterness, the book offered insight into aspects of high finance.
1539:
1070:
954:
recounts a journalistic duel between a union newspaper and a company newspaper in 1920s Butte.
801:
554:
445:
425:
290:
71:
17:
1003:
805:
735:
723:
661:
544:
385:
268:
730:
mine from Anaconda, stripping Anaconda of two-thirds of its copper production. Allende was
553:
Henry Rogers died suddenly in 1909 of a stroke, but William Rockefeller brought in his son
461:
The Rothschilds' role in Anaconda was brief. In 1899, Daly teamed up with two directors of
1177:"Anaconda Company | US Copper Producer & Environmental Steward | Britannica"
1108:
1058:
934:
707:
470:
381:
313:
734:
in an operation backed by the United States government, and the successor government of
1622:
916:
797:
785:
769:
561:
521:
264:
246:
239:
116:
1685:
1644:
896:
637:
393:
360:
278:
120:
1396:"End of the line for aluminum plant: Columbia Falls Aluminum Co. permanently closed"
1176:
937:
watch as desperately poor men are being hired for very dangerous work in Anaconda's
764:, stated "he hoped Anaconda's resources and expertise would help him launch a major
753:
mine in southern Arizona further weakened the company. In 1977 Anaconda was sold to
1379:
938:
727:
699:
683:
598:
462:
429:
324:
169:
1628:
1227:
277:
bought the original silver mine, named the Anaconda, in 1880. Daly partnered with
796:
Closing down the mines was not the end of the new owner's problems. The areas of
930:
908:
869:
673:
602:
401:
370:
356:
352:
316:. In 1960 its operations employed 37,000 employees in North America and Chile.
286:
274:
81:
1053:
The term "copper collar" was used in historical novels set in that period. In
1011:
413:
41:
981:
By 1920, the Anaconda Company owned several Montana newspapers including the
1065:
951:
829:
777:
719:
682:
Butte mining, like most U.S. industry, remained depressed until the dawn of
575:
336:
332:
1475:
Plundered Promise: Capitalism, Politics, and the Fate of the Federal Lands
1634:
1100:
977:
journalists â and were frozen for decades in this pre-professional model.
856:
840:
784:. ARCO planned to diversify its energy business into coal. In June 1998,
331:, who bought out ARCO in 2000. Its former operations are now the largest
215:
187:
1359:
890:
813:
809:
742:
617:
613:
591:
529:
231:
178:
160:
150:
516:, who also owned mines in Butte; in 1902 he consolidated these as the
1375:"Nevada residents win $ 19.5m settlement in toxic waste leak lawsuit"
1355:"9th Circuit trims ARCO's contribution toward Montana Superfund site"
621:
587:
420:
374:
305:
223:
211:
196:
191:
182:
52:
788:
completed the acquisition of the coal assets of Atlantic Richfield.
616:
company, a large mining and industrial firm, operating in the Upper
1462:
Darkest before Dawn: Sedition and Free speech in the American West
1010:
672:
583:
432:
to support the workers, and connected his smelter to Butte by his
309:
173:
1202:
Anaconda: Labor, Community, and Culture in Montana's Smelter City
319:
Anaconda Copper was purchased by the Atlantic Richfield Company (
817:
579:
525:
359:
called Anaconda in 1880. At the time, Daly was working for the
320:
251:
235:
227:
219:
200:
1119:, the Miner element, is the neutral term. Both a union and the
1516:. (Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society Press, 2002), 79.
1490:. (Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society Press, 2008), 39.
1086:
John B. Wright writes that for decades, the Anaconda Company:
355:, a self-taught miner, engineer and geologist, bought a small
839:
ARCO merged with BP in 2000. BP in turn sold most of ARCO to
1503:. (Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society Press, 2002), 1
477:'s friend and a key man in his Standard Oil businesses) and
1499:
Kirby Lambert, Patricia Mullan Burnham, and Susan R. Near.
1084:
Homelands: A Geography of Culture and Place across America,
901:
Fire and Brimstone: The North Butte Mining Disaster of 1917
328:
1592:
Homelands: A Geography of Culture and Place across America
1527:
Mining Cultures: Men, Women, and Leisure in Butte, 1914â41
1464:. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005), 85.
1594:. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 227.
1057:(1957), a tale of the course of a senatorial election in
624:. This nation had gained independence after World War I.
820:, zinc, and other heavy metals. Beginning in 1980s, the
749:'s government. An unwise investment in the unsuccessful
1590:
Richard L. Nostrand and Lawrence E. Estaville (eds.),
512:
Amalgamated was in conflict with powerful copper king
481:(John's brother). They were aided by company promoter
1676:
Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
1318:
The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis
1291:"TimesMachine: Tuesday January 3, 1933 - NYTimes.com"
1529:. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 225.
907:
in Butte, and the impact that had on big mining and
582:. In 1922 the company acquired mining operations in
1486:3 Holmes, Krys, Susan C. Dailey, and David Walter.
245:
207:
131:
111:
103:
87:
77:
58:
48:
37:
1217:, v.8, Houghton, Mich.: Horace J. Stevens, p.1457.
380:mining had taken place at Butte, placer mining at
416:, which consequently made Hearst many millions.
1625:American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming
1279:. The University of Utah Press. p. 3,108.
1423:"Aluminum plant history extends back to '50s"
738:paid Anaconda compensation of $ 250 million.
8:
1656:Copper mining companies of the United States
1171:
1169:
32:
1501:Montana's State Capitol: The People's House
1477:. (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001), 28.
1342:. research associate Rosalind Klein Berlin.
1149:International Smelting and Refining Company
1068:refers to the "copper collar" in his novel
339:passed to BP upon its acquisition of ARCO.
532:, or countries outside the United States.
31:
828:river basin and many associated areas as
1691:1881 establishments in Montana Territory
1629:Anaconda Forest Products Company Records
1623:Anaconda Geological Documents Collection
1559:. Baltimore, MD: Ballantine Books, 1957.
1242:(New York: Random House, 1998), p. 380.
1165:
1514:Jeannette Rankin, America's Conscience
1353:Malo, Sebastien (September 14, 2020).
863:Anaconda Copper in literature and film
489:, who disliked such stock promotions.
847:Aluminum operations in Columbia Falls
745:, S.A. was nationalized by president
7:
1204:(University of Illinois Press, 2001)
363:, mining investors and bankers from
1613:Columbia Falls Aluminum Company LLC
434:Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway
1607:Chris Harvey âCritical BiographyâŠâ
1540:Montana: Land of the Copper Collar
1334:ARTHUR M. LOUIS (April 14, 1986).
25:
1572:. Riverhead, MT: Riverhead, 2010.
1394:Lynnette Hintze (March 4, 2015).
467:Amalgamated Copper Mining Company
1637:(University of Montana Archives)
1631:(University of Montana Archives)
1336:"The U.S. Business Hall of Fame"
1275:Charles Caldwell Hawley (2014).
905:Speculator Mine disaster of 1917
822:Environmental Protection Agency
718:In 1971, Chile's newly elected
597:The mining operation in Chile (
1134:Anaconda Copper Mine (Montana)
504:Amalgamated competes in copper
261:Anaconda Copper Mining Company
33:Anaconda Copper Mining Company
18:Anaconda Copper Mining Company
1:
1635:Milltown Oral History Project
1139:Anaconda Copper Mine (Nevada)
867:Dashiel Hammett's 1929 novel
406:Hearst, Haggin, Tevis and Co.
1488:Montana: Stories of the Land
1226:George H. LaBarre Galleries
881:The independent documentary
832:sitesâthe nation's largest.
732:overthrown violently in 1973
608:The same year ACM purchased
267:. It was one of the largest
27:Former American mining trust
1707:
1681:History of mining in Chile
1671:Companies based in Montana
1253:"Don't expect Rockefeller"
1228:Anaconda Inv# MS1000 Stock
1213:Horace. J. Stevens (1908)
755:Atlantic Richfield Company
343:History of Anaconda Copper
1546:(September 5, 1923): 117.
1451:25, no. 1 (2008): 99â123.
1300:– via TimesMachine.
1082:American journalism." In
914:The 2008 PBS documentary
601:), was acquired from the
557:to help with leadership.
1154:Speculator Mine disaster
1581:7 Work, Clemens P., 86.
1421:Staff (March 4, 2015).
1322:Harvard Business School
762:Robert Orville Anderson
747:Luis EcheverrĂa Ălvarez
471:Henry Huttleston Rogers
1144:Anaconda Smelter Stack
1099:is also an example of
1093:
1047:
1015:
979:
926:The Motorcycle Diaries
920:covers similar themes.
875:Anaconda Road massacre
782:Thunder Basin, Wyoming
679:
610:American Brass Company
451:Phoebe Apperson Hearst
335:site in the country;
1557:THE OLD COPPER COLLAR
1088:
1055:The Old Copper Collar
1032:
1014:
974:
812:, as well as copper,
768:, but that the world
676:
518:United Copper Company
1427:The Daily Inter Lake
1400:The Daily Inter Lake
1315:Scherer, Frederic M.
560:In 1912 and 13, the
398:James Ben Ali Haggin
365:Salt Lake City, Utah
283:James Ben Ali Haggin
165:Weed Heights, Nevada
159:Thunder Basin area,
156:Anaconda, New Mexico
1609:from WIIS Resources
1460:1 Work, Clemens P.
1449:American Journalism
1383:. November 6, 2013.
1215:The Copper Handbook
569:The golden twenties
487:John D. Rockefeller
479:William Rockefeller
475:John D. Rockefeller
412:, a silver mine in
299:William Rockefeller
133:Number of locations
34:
1661:History of Montana
1473:Richard W. Behan,
1264:. January 5, 1913.
1261:The New York Times
1181:www.britannica.com
1016:
999:Helena Independent
774:price of petroleum
772:and the declining
680:
514:F. Augustus Heinze
396:and his partners,
234:and other metals;
1618:Arch Coal history
1538:Fisher, Author. "
1402:. pp. A1, A8
1277:A Kennecott Story
991:Anaconda Standard
766:shale-oil venture
669:Beginning of WWII
631:Great speculation
555:Percy Rockefeller
426:Anaconda, Montana
419:Huge deposits of
257:
256:
137:Anaconda, Butte,
72:Anaconda, Montana
16:(Redirected from
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1004:Billings Gazette
995:Daily Missoulian
883:An Injury to One
826:Upper Clark Fork
806:Clark Fork River
736:Augusto Pinochet
726:confiscated the
724:Salvador Allende
662:Great Depression
648:Great Depression
545:William A. Clark
498:Frenzied Finance
483:Thomas W. Lawson
337:CERCLA liability
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1113:"copper collar"
1109:Semiotic Square
1097:"copper collar"
1079:"copper collar"
1041:
1037:
1020:"copper collar"
966:
964:"Copper Collar"
961:
935:Alberto Granado
933:and his friend
889:of the IWW was
865:
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824:designated the
794:
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708:open-pit mining
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1431:. Retrieved
1429:. p. A8
1426:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1399:
1389:
1380:The Guardian
1378:
1369:
1358:
1348:
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1296:September 1,
1294:. Retrieved
1285:
1276:
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1201:
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1186:September 1,
1184:. Retrieved
1180:
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945:
939:Chuquicamata
924:
923:In the film
915:
900:
887:Frank Little
882:
868:
866:
850:
838:
834:
795:
759:
740:
728:Chuquicamata
717:
704:
700:Berkeley Pit
696:
688:
684:World War II
681:
659:
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599:Chuquicamata
596:
572:
559:
552:
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541:
537:John D. Ryan
534:
511:
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497:
495:
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463:Standard Oil
460:
457:Rockefellers
444:In 1889 the
443:
430:company town
418:
410:Ontario mine
369:
351:
325:Berkeley Pit
318:
303:
273:
260:
258:
170:Chuquicamata
112:Headquarters
38:Company type
29:
1568:Ivan Doig,
1095:The phrase
987:Butte Miner
931:Che Guevara
911:in Montana.
903:covers the
870:Red Harvest
751:Twin Buttes
603:Guggenheims
446:Rothschilds
440:Rothschilds
402:Lloyd Tevis
371:Placer gold
357:silver mine
353:Marcus Daly
287:Lloyd Tevis
275:Marcus Daly
143:Great Falls
82:Marcus Daly
1645:Categories
1544:The Nation
1161:References
983:Butte Post
950:(2013) by
944:The novel
804:, and the
722:president
620:region of
414:Alta, Utah
348:Beginnings
295:H H Rogers
99:(de facto)
42:Subsidiary
1570:Work Song
1071:Work Song
1066:Ivan Doig
968:The term
959:Semiotics
952:Ivan Doig
877:in 1920.
830:Superfund
786:Arch Coal
778:shale oil
720:Socialist
657:earlier.
576:manganese
509:Company.
333:Superfund
203:(1909â81)
194:(1926â39)
185:(1922â71)
176:(1922â71)
167:(1952â78)
119:, &
44:(1977â83)
1433:March 4,
1406:March 4,
1324:, p. 619
1128:See also
1111:for the
1101:metonymy
1091:country.
929:(2004),
857:Glencore
802:Anaconda
770:oil glut
522:Michigan
291:Anaconda
216:aluminum
208:Products
188:Katowice
149:(all in
49:Industry
1360:Reuters
1340:Fortune
1320:(1962)
1107:In the
891:lynched
814:cadmium
810:arsenic
743:Cananea
618:Silesia
614:Giesche
592:Cananea
530:Arizona
386:Bannock
232:uranium
179:Cananea
161:Wyoming
151:Montana
93: (
88:Defunct
78:Founder
64: (
59:Founded
1313:&
1156:(1917)
1059:Helena
1001:, and
909:unions
841:Tesoro
622:Poland
588:Mexico
421:copper
382:Helena
375:silver
306:Mexico
269:trusts
247:Parent
224:silver
212:Copper
197:Tooele
192:Poland
183:Mexico
107:Closed
53:Mining
1256:(PDF)
1240:Titan
1042:'
1038:'
798:Butte
776:made
714:1970s
693:1950s
584:Chile
404:, of
310:Chile
174:Chile
1686:ARCO
1435:2015
1408:2015
1298:2023
1188:2023
1077:The
1026:The
818:lead
660:The
586:and
580:zinc
578:and
526:Utah
400:and
388:and
378:lode
373:and
321:ARCO
308:and
297:and
285:and
259:The
252:ARCO
236:coal
228:gold
220:zinc
201:Utah
104:Fate
95:1983
91:1983
66:1881
62:1881
1542:."
899:'s
594:).
70:in
1647::
1425:.
1398:.
1377:.
1357:.
1338:.
1258:.
1179:.
1168:^
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993:,
989:,
985:,
816:,
800:,
702:.
528:,
524:,
384:,
329:BP
301:.
281:,
238:;
230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
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199:,
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141:,
124:,
1437:.
1410:.
1363:.
1190:.
1006:.
636:"
590:(
473:(
153:)
97:)
68:)
20:)
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