208:, originally published in 1960, attacked the notion of our concepts having any strong correspondence to reality. Quine argued for ontological relativity which attacked the idea that language could ever describe or paint a purely non-subjective picture of reality. More specifically, ontological relativity is the thesis that the things we believe to exist in the world are wholly dependent on our subjective, "mental languages". A 'mental language' is simply the way words which denote concepts in our minds are mapped to objects in the world.
192:
language" and terms used to employ these concepts. In the early twentieth century philosophers of language (e.g. A.J. Ayer, Bertrand
Russell, G.E. Moore) thought that analyzing language would bring about the arrival of meaning, objectivity, and ultimately, truth concerning external reality. In this tradition, it was thought that truth was obtained when linguistic terms stood in a proper correspondence relation to non-linguistic objects (this can be called "
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348:
represent things in reality in any relevant way. Rather than situating our language in ways in order to get things right or correct, Rorty says in the
Introduction to the first volume of his philosophical papers that we should believe that beliefs are only habits with which we use to react and adapt to the world. To Rorty getting things right as they are "in themselves" is useless if not downright meaningless.
356:, thanks to its concentration on language, was able to defend certain crucial pragmatist theses better than James and Dewey themselves. By focusing our attention on the relation between language and the rest of the world rather than between experience and nature, post-positivistic analytic philosophy was able to make a more radical break with the philosophical tradition."
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In 1995, Rorty wrote: "I linguisticize as many pre-linguistic-turn philosophers as I can, in order to read them as prophets of the utopia in which all metaphysical problems have been dissolved, and religion and science have yielded their place to poetry." This "linguistic turn" strategy aims to avoid
191:
in philosophy that occurred in the early and mid-twentieth century. The linguistic turn in philosophy reduced talk of mind, ideas, and the world to language and the world. Philosophers stopped talking about the ideas or concepts one may have present in one's mind and started talking about the "mental
335:
Many of the themes found in
Wittgenstein are found in neopragmatism. Wittgenstein's emphasis of the importance of "use" in language to accomplish communal goals and the problems associated with trying to communicate between two different language games finds much traction in neopragmatist writings.
268:
that "scientific progress" was a kind of a misnomer; for Kuhn, we make progress in science whenever we throw off old scientific paradigms with their associated concepts and methods in favor of new paradigms which offer novel experiments to be done and new scientific ontologies. For Kuhn 'electrons'
273:
with each other. Another way of viewing this is that paradigms describe new languages, which allow us to describe the world in new ways. Kuhn was a fallibilist; he believed that all scientific paradigms (e.g. classical
Newtonian mechanics, Einsteinian relativity) should be assumed to be, on the
347:
was influenced by James, Dewey, Sellars, Quine, Kuhn, Wittgenstein, Derrida, and
Heidegger. He found common implications in the writings of many of these philosophers, as he believed that these philosophers were all in one way or another trying to hit on the thesis that our language does not
293:
Philosophers such as
Derrida and Heidegger and their views on language have been highly influential to neopragmatist thinkers like Richard Rorty. Rorty has also emphasised the value of "historicist" or "genealogical" methods of philosophy typified by Continental thinkers such as Foucault.
237:
Therefore, just as there is no objective way of translating between two mental languages (no one-to-one mapping of terms in one to terms in the other) there is no way of objectively translating (or fitting) the true, object language of reality into our own mental
269:
exist just so much as they are useful in providing us with novel experiments which will allow us to uncover more about the new paradigm we have adopted. Kuhn believes that different paradigms posit different things to exist in the world and are therefore
263:
who argued that our languages for representing reality, or what he called "paradigms", are only as good as they produce possible future experiments and observations. Kuhn, being a philosopher of science, argued in
328:
Just as board games have rules guiding what moves may be made so do languages within communities where the moves to be made within a language game are the types of objects that may be talked about intelligibly.
203:
There were many philosophical inquiries during the mid-twentieth century which began to undermine the legitimacy of the methodology of the early Anglo-analytic philosophers of language. W. V. O. Quine in
91:
and linguistic entities have substantive ontological implications. Rorty denies that the subject-matter of the human sciences can be studied in the same ways as we study the natural sciences.
224:
There is no way to perfectly translate between two different mental languages; there will always be several, consistent ways in which the terms in each language can be mapped onto the other.
631:
196:"). The thought was that in order for a statement or proposition to be true it must give facts which correspond to what is actually present in reality. This is called the
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285:
Wilfrid
Sellars argued against foundationalist justification in epistemology and was therefore also highly influential to the neopragmatists, especially Rorty.
102:, though none of these figures have called themselves "neopragmatists". The following contemporary philosophers are also often considered to be neopragmatists:
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There is no difference in translating between two mental languages and translating between the object language of reality and one's own mental language.
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Reality apart from our perceptions of it can be thought of as constituting a true, object language, that is, the language which specifies how things
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695:
606:
Hylton, Peter, "Willard van Orman Quine", The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <
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401:
159:(1994) enumerates the ideas in the classical pragmatist tradition, which newer pragmatists find most compelling. To paraphrase Putnam:
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It repudiates the notions of universal truth, epistemological foundationalism, representationalism, and epistemic objectivity. It is a
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1049:
413:
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2131:
282:, emphasis on incommensurability, and ideas concerning objective reality are themes which often show up in neopragmatist writings.
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477:
Malpas, Jeff, "Donald
Davidson", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <
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deVries, Willem, "Wilfrid
Sellars", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL=<
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715:
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what Rorty sees as the essentialisms ("truth," "reality," "experience") still extant in classical pragmatism. Rorty wrote: "
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And therefore, there are many ontologies (possibly an infinite number) that can be consistently held to represent reality.
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that infers that the meaning of words is a result of how they are used, rather than the objects they represent.
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that the role of language is not to describe reality but rather to perform certain actions in communities. The
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2008:
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Two people participating in two different language-games cannot be said to communicate in any relevant way.
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All ideas and perceptions concerning reality are given to our minds in terms of our own mental language.
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Different mental languages will specify different ontologies (different objects existing in the world).
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1988:
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Rejection of skepticism (pragmatists hold that doubt requires justification just as much as belief);
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Neopragmatists, particularly Rorty and Putnam, draw on the ideas of classical pragmatists such as
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whole, false but good for a time as they give scientists new ideas to play around with. Kuhn's
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Macarthur, David (2009). "Pragmatism, Metaphysical Quietism and the Problem of Normativity".
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Mental languages specify how objects in the world are to be constructed from our sense data.
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is the concept Wittgenstein used to emphasize this. Wittgenstein believed roughly that:
187:(the pragmatism of James, Dewey, Peirce, and Mead) primarily due to the influence of the
169:(the view that there are no metaphysical guarantees against the need to revise a belief);
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sometimes called post-Deweyan pragmatism, analytic pragmatism, or linguistic pragmatism
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1978:
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72:". It is a contemporary term for a philosophy which reintroduces many concepts from
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The above argument is reminiscent of the theme in neopragmatism against the
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Values, Valuations, and Axiological Norms in Richard Rorty's Neopragmatism
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Randall Auxier, Eli Kramer, and Krzysztof Piotr Skowroński, eds., (2019).
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76:. While traditional pragmatism focuses on experience, Rorty centers on
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Each language has its own set of rules and objects to which it refers.
2003:
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1303:
1001:
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A second critically influential philosopher to the neo-pragmatist is
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and is to be distinguished from a neo-pragmatic conception of truth.
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That practice, properly construed, is primary in philosophy. (WL 152)
80:. The self is regarded as a "centerless web of beliefs and desires".
211:
Quine's argument for ontological relativity is roughly as follows:
1819:
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It has been associated with a variety of other thinkers including
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Belief that the meaning of words is a result of how they are used
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Rorty, Richard (1996). "Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth".
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Rorty and Pragmatism: The Philosopher Responds to His Critics
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Languages are used to obtain certain ends within communities.
522:
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/sellars/
479:
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/davidson/
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version of pragmatism developed by the American philosopher
591:
Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 21, no. 1
465:"Pragmatism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
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443:The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy
183:Neopragmatism is distinguished from classical
2915:Richard Rorty: Contemporary American Thinkers
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52:and drawing inspiration from authors such as
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310:argues contrary to his earlier views in the
568:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
510:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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340:Richard Rorty and anti-representationalism
42:Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy
405:, the foundational text of the tradition
608:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
538:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
508:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
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266:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
696:Neo-pragmatist Philosophy of Education
44:(2004) defines "neo-pragmatism" as "A
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457:
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7:
2843:Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature
629:Krzysztof Piotr Skowroński (2015).
402:Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature
2851:Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity
566:Objectivity, Truth, and Relativism
414:Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity
25:
491:Quine, Willard Van Orman (2013).
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2875:Philosophy as Cultural Politics
298:Wittgenstein and language games
551:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
312:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
198:correspondence theory of truth
1:
549:Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1995).
534:Wittgenstein, Ludwig (2009).
2252:Ordinary language philosophy
536:Philosophical Investigations
308:Philosophical Investigations
2302:Contemporary utilitarianism
2217:Internalism and externalism
653:10.5840/philtopics200836110
495:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
381:Direct and indirect realism
376:Constructivist epistemology
139:"Anglo-analytic" influences
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2867:Philosophy and Social Hope
1566:Svatantrika and Prasangika
553:. New York, NY: Routledge.
254:picture theory of language
87:approach that denies that
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1200:
788:Philosophy of mathematics
778:Philosophy of information
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108:methodological pragmatism
2938:Epistemological theories
506:Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996).
289:"Continental" influences
2257:Postanalytic philosophy
2198:Experimental philosophy
564:Rorty, Richard (1996).
409:Postanalytic philosophy
2390:Social constructionism
1402:Hellenistic philosophy
818:Theoretical philosophy
793:Philosophy of religion
783:Philosophy of language
145:Charles Sanders Peirce
98:, W. V. O. Quine, and
2859:Achieving Our Country
2773:Philosophy portal
2292:Scientific skepticism
2272:Reformed epistemology
798:Philosophy of science
396:Ontological pluralism
366:Conceptual pragmatism
2193:Critical rationalism
1900:Edo neo-Confucianism
1744:Acintya bheda abheda
1723:Renaissance humanism
1434:School of the Sextii
808:Practical philosophy
803:Political philosophy
670:Philosophical Papers
641:Philosophical Topics
174:"facts" and "values"
1764:Nimbarka Sampradaya
1675:Korean Confucianism
1422:Academic Skepticism
371:Confirmation holism
354:Analytic philosophy
304:Ludwig Wittgenstein
245:(see Chapter 2, in
194:representationalism
18:Analytic pragmatism
2385:Post-structuralism
2287:Scientific realism
2242:Quinean naturalism
2222:Logical positivism
2178:Analytical Marxism
1397:Peripatetic school
1309:Chinese naturalism
836:Aesthetic response
763:Applied philosophy
172:Antidualism about
112:pragmatic idealism
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2029:Neo-scholasticism
1875:Classical Realism
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1439:Neopythagoreanism
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441:Bunnin & Yu,
16:(Redirected from
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2188:Consequentialism
2183:Communitarianism
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2024:New Confucianism
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1670:Neo-Confucianism
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1444:Second Sophistic
1429:Middle Platonism
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912:Consequentialism
846:Institutionalism
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58:Martin Heidegger
33:is a variant of
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2400:Western Marxism
2365:New Historicism
2330:Critical theory
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2312:Wittgensteinian
2208:Foundationalism
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2078:
2059:Social contract
1915:Foundationalism
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1814:Illuminationism
1799:Aristotelianism
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1774:Vishishtadvaita
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1387:Megarian school
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391:Linguistic turn
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271:incommensurable
247:Word and Object
206:Word and Object
189:linguistic turn
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70:Jacques Derrida
62:Wilfrid Sellars
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2168:Applied ethics
2164:
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2153:
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2132:Nietzscheanism
2129:
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2074:Utilitarianism
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2036:
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2016:
2011:
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1972:Transcendental
1969:
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1910:Existentialism
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969:Libertarianism
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773:Metaphilosophy
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690:External links
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647:(1): 193–209.
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66:W. V. O. Quine
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2409:Miscellaneous
2407:
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2393:
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2237:Moral realism
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2039:Phenomenology
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2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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1979:Individualism
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1844:Judeo-Islamic
1842:
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1820:ʿIlm al-Kalām
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1703:Scholasticism
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1154:Conceptualism
1152:
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1083:Particularism
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:Functionalism
1048:
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1038:
1036:
1035:Eliminativism
1033:
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940:Compatibilism
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879:Particularism
877:
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379:
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363:
359:
357:
355:
349:
346:
345:Richard Rorty
339:
337:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
319:
317:
316:language-game
313:
309:
305:
297:
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158:
155:. Putnam, in
154:
150:
149:William James
146:
138:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:Hilary Putnam
92:
90:
89:natural kinds
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:Richard Rorty
47:
43:
38:
36:
32:
31:Neopragmatism
19:
2913:
2897:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2778:
2764:
2435:
2426:Postcritique
2416:Kyoto School
2375:Posthumanism
2355:Hermeneutics
2210: /
2151:Contemporary
2127:Newtonianism
2090:Cartesianism
2049:Reductionism
1885:Conservatism
1880:Collectivism
1818:
1546:Sarvāstivadā
1524:Anekantavada
1449:Neoplatonism
1417:Epicureanism
1350:Pythagoreans
1289:Confucianism
1255:Contemporary
1245:Early modern
1149:Anti-realism
1103:Universalism
1060:Subjectivism
856:Epistemology
673:
669:
644:
640:
635:, Lexington.
630:
626:, Lexington.
621:
590:
586:
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574:
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559:
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516:
507:
501:
492:
486:
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343:
334:
311:
307:
302:The "later"
301:
292:
284:
265:
258:
251:
246:
244:
229:actually are
228:
210:
205:
202:
182:
156:
142:
111:
93:
82:
41:
39:
30:
29:
2918:(2012 book)
2907:Works about
2421:Objectivism
2360:Neo-Marxism
2322:Continental
2232:Meta-ethics
2212:Coherentism
2117:Hegelianism
2054:Rationalism
2014:Natural law
1994:Materialism
1920:Historicism
1890:Determinism
1781:Navya-Nyāya
1556:Sautrāntika
1551:Pudgalavada
1487:Vaisheshika
1340:Presocratic
1240:Renaissance
1179:Physicalism
1164:Materialism
1070:Normativity
1055:Objectivism
1040:Emergentism
1030:Behaviorism
979:Metaphysics
945:Determinism
884:Rationalism
676:: 158–161.
386:Fallibilism
276:fallibilism
261:Thomas Kuhn
167:Fallibilism
128:Cornel West
120:Susan Haack
2948:Metatheory
2943:Pragmatism
2932:Categories
2720:Amerindian
2627:Australian
2566:Vietnamese
2546:Indonesian
2095:Kantianism
2044:Positivism
2034:Pragmatism
2009:Naturalism
1989:Liberalism
1967:Subjective
1905:Empiricism
1809:Avicennism
1754:Bhedabheda
1638:East Asian
1561:Madhyamaka
1541:Abhidharma
1407:Pyrrhonism
1174:Nominalism
1169:Naturalism
1098:Skepticism
1088:Relativism
1078:Absolutism
1007:Naturalism
917:Deontology
889:Skepticism
874:Naturalism
864:Empiricism
828:Aesthetics
732:Philosophy
601:References
185:pragmatism
153:John Dewey
134:Background
85:nominalist
74:pragmatism
54:John Dewey
46:postmodern
35:pragmatism
2599:Pakistani
2561:Taiwanese
2508:Ethiopian
2481:By region
2467:By region
2282:Scientism
2277:Systemics
2137:Spinozism
2064:Socialism
1999:Modernism
1962:Objective
1870:Anarchism
1804:Averroism
1693:Christian
1645:Neotaoism
1616:Zurvanism
1606:Mithraism
1601:Mazdakism
1372:Cyrenaics
1299:Logicians
932:Free will
894:Solipsism
841:Formalism
238:language.
2886:Concepts
2785:Category
2740:Yugoslav
2730:Romanian
2637:Scottish
2622:American
2551:Japanese
2531:Buddhist
2513:Africana
2503:Egyptian
2345:Feminist
2267:Rawlsian
2262:Quietism
2160:Analytic
2112:Krausism
2019:Nihilism
1984:Kokugaku
1947:Absolute
1942:Idealism
1930:Humanism
1718:Occamism
1685:European
1630:Medieval
1576:Yogacara
1536:Buddhist
1529:Syādvāda
1412:Stoicism
1377:Cynicism
1365:Sophists
1360:Atomists
1355:Eleatics
1294:Legalism
1235:Medieval
1159:Idealism
1113:Ontology
1093:Nihilism
997:Idealism
755:Branches
744:Branches
682:40886990
661:43154523
360:See also
78:language
2893:Ironism
2735:Russian
2704:Spanish
2699:Slovene
2689:Maltese
2684:Italian
2664:Finland
2632:British
2614:Western
2604:Turkish
2589:Islamic
2584:Iranian
2536:Chinese
2523:Eastern
2490:African
2437:more...
2122:Marxism
1952:British
1895:Dualism
1791:Islamic
1749:Advaita
1739:Vedanta
1713:Scotism
1708:Thomism
1650:Tiantai
1593:Persian
1581:Tibetan
1571:Śūnyatā
1512:Cārvāka
1502:Ājīvika
1497:Mīmāṃsā
1477:Samkhya
1392:Academy
1345:Ionians
1319:Yangism
1276:Chinese
1267:Ancient
1230:Western
1225:Ancient
1184:Realism
1141:Reality
1131:Process
1012:Realism
992:Dualism
987:Atomism
869:Fideism
306:in the
2878:(2007)
2870:(1999)
2862:(1998)
2854:(1989)
2846:(1979)
2694:Polish
2674:German
2669:French
2654:Danish
2644:Canada
2594:Jewish
2556:Korean
2541:Indian
2083:People
2004:Monism
1957:German
1925:Holism
1858:Modern
1836:Jewish
1759:Dvaita
1732:Indian
1655:Huayan
1507:Ajñana
1464:Indian
1329:Greco-
1314:Taoism
1304:Mohism
1250:Modern
1217:By era
1206:By era
1121:Action
1002:Monism
922:Virtue
904:Ethics
680:
659:
280:holism
151:, and
126:, and
68:, and
2835:Books
2725:Aztec
2679:Greek
2659:Dutch
2649:Czech
2498:Bantu
1935:Anti-
1482:Nyaya
1472:Hindu
1332:Roman
1126:Event
768:Logic
678:JSTOR
657:JSTOR
610:>.
420:Notes
1826:Sufi
1660:Chan
1519:Jain
1492:Yoga
1022:Mind
962:Hard
950:Hard
524:>
481:>
110:and
40:The
2100:Neo
1665:Zen
649:doi
249:).
114:),
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645:36
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450:^
278:,
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122:,
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176:;
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