Postmodernism - Knowledge (XXG)

46: 1600:, which had been a prize-winning version of Le Corbusier's 'machine for modern living,' was deemed uninhabitable and was torn down. Since then, postmodernism has involved theories that embrace and aim to create diversity. It exalts uncertainty, flexibility and change and rejects utopianism while embracing a utopian way of thinking and acting. Postmodernity of 'resistance' seeks to deconstruct modernism and is a critique of the origins without necessarily returning to them. As a result of postmodernism, planners are much less inclined to lay a firm or steady claim to there being one single 'right way' of engaging in urban planning and are more open to different styles and ideas of 'how to plan'. 68: 1363:" ("there is no outside-text"). This statement is part of a critique of "inside" and "outside" metaphors when referring to the text, and is a corollary to the observation that there is no "inside" of a text as well. This attention to a text's unacknowledged reliance on metaphors and figures embedded within its discourse is characteristic of Derrida's approach. Derrida's method sometimes involves demonstrating that a given philosophical discourse depends on binary oppositions or excluding terms that the discourse itself has declared to be irrelevant or inapplicable. Derrida's philosophy inspired a postmodern movement called 57: 467:"Postmodernism" is "a highly contested term", referring to "a particularly unstable concept", that "names many different kinds of cultural objects and phenomena in many different ways". It is "diffuse, fragmentary, multi-dimensional". Critics have described it as "an exasperating term" and claim that its indefinability is "a truism". Put otherwise, postmodernism is "several things at once". It has no single definition, and the term does not name any single unified phenomenon, but rather many diverse phenomena: "postmodernisms rather than one postmodernism". 814: 1106: 1333:, start from the assumption that people's identities, values, and economic conditions determine each other rather than having intrinsic properties that can be understood in isolation. While structuralism explores how meaning is produced by a set of essential relationships in an overarching quasi-linguistic system, poststructuralism accepts this premise, but rejects the assumption that such systems can ever be fixed or centered. 1224: 898: 5868: 5966: 5978: 948: 5990: 5679: 642: 633:, discussions of the 1970s were dominated by literary criticism, to be supplanted by architectural theory in the 1980s. Some of these conversations made use of French poststructuralist thought, but only after these innovations and critical discourse in the arts did postmodernism emerge as a philosophical term in its own right. 1665:

In some sense, we may regard postmodernism, posthumanism, poststructuralism, etc., as being of the 'cyborg age' of mind over body. Deconference was an exploration in post-cyborgism (i.e. what comes after the postcorporeal era), and thus explored issues of postpostmodernism, postpoststructuralism, and

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as a productive mechanism, rather than as a merely negative phenomenon. He advocates for a critique of reason that emphasizes sensibility and feeling over rational judgment. Following Nietzsche, Deleuze argues that philosophical critique is an encounter between thought and what forces it into action,

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criticized the vagueness of the term, enumerating a long list of otherwise unrelated concepts that people have designated as postmodernism, from "the décor of a room" or "a 'scratch' video", to fear of nuclear armageddon and the "implosion of meaning", and stated that anything that could signify all

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story about everything that is. Against totalizing metanarratives, Lyotard and other postmodern philosophers argue that truth is always dependent upon historical and social context rather than being absolute and universal—and that truth is always partial and "at issue" rather than being complete and

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Habermas's critique of postmodernism set the stage for much of the subsequent debate by clarifying some of its key underlying issues. Additionally, according to scholar Gary Aylesworth, "that he is able to read postmodernist texts closely and discursively testifies to their intelligibility", against

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Both his political orientation and the consistency of his positions continue to be debated among critics and defenders alike. Nevertheless, Foucault's political works share two common elements: a historical perspective and a discursive methodology. He analyzed social phenomena in historical contexts

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approach to language and knowledge was untenable and misguided. He was also critical of what he claimed to expose as the artificial binary oppositions (e.g., subject/object, speech/writing) that he claims are at the heart of Western culture and philosophy. It is during this period that postmodernism

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and focused on how they have evolved over time. Additionally, he employed the study of texts, usually academic texts, as the material for his inquiries. In this way, Foucault sought to understand how the historical formation of discourses has shaped contemporary political thinking and institutions.

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quoting D'Arcy Westworth Thompson states: "To those who question the possibility of defining the interrelations between entities whose nature is not completely understood, I shall reply with the following comment by a great naturalist: In a very large part of morphology, our essential task lies in

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and that this requires training, discipline, inventiveness, and even a certain "cruelty". He believes that thought cannot activate itself, but needs external forces to awaken and move it. Art, science, and philosophy can provide such activation through their transformative and experimental nature.

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French philosopher and social theorist Michel Foucault argued that power operates according to the logics of social institutions that have become unmoored from the intentions of any actual individuals. Individuals, according to Foucault, are both products and participants in these dynamics. In the

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If there is a common denominator to all these postmodernisms, it is that of a crisis in representation: a deeply felt loss of faith in our ability to represent the real, in the widest sense. No matter whether they are aesthestic , epistemological, moral, or political in nature, the representations

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Early mention of postmodernism as an element of graphic design appeared in the British magazine, "Design". A characteristic of postmodern graphic design is that "retro, techno, punk, grunge, beach, parody, and pastiche were all conspicuous trends. Each had its own sites and venues, detractors and

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tradition, to expose modern social institutions and forms of knowledge as historically contingent forces of domination. He aims detotalize or decenter historical narratives to display modern consciousness as it is constituted by specific discourses and institutions that shape individuals into the

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Although these early uses anticipate some of the concerns of the debate in the second part of the 20th century, there is little direct continuity in the discussion. Just when the new discussion begins, however, is also a matter of dispute. Various authors place its beginnings in the 1950s, 1960s,

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titled "After Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman (performatism),

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Lyotard rejects. While he was particularly concerned with the way that this insight undermines claims of scientific objectivity, Lyotard's argument undermines the entire principle of transcendent legitimization. Instead, proponents of a language game must make the case for their legitimacy with

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Habermas criticizes these thinkers for their rejection of the subject and their embrace of experimental, avant-garde strategies. He asserts that their critiques of modernism ultimately lead to a longing for the very subject they seek to dismantle. Habermas also takes issue with postmodernists'

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In the 1990s, postmodernism became increasingly identified with critical and philosophical discourse directly about postmodernity or the postmodern idiom itself. No longer centered on any particular art or even the arts in general, it instead turns to address the more general problems posed to

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reference to such considerations as efficiency or practicality. Far from celebrating the apparently relativistic consequences of this argument, however, Lyotard focused much of his subsequent work on how links among games could be established, particularly with respect to ethics and politics.

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of the Los Angeles School combined Marxist and postmodern perspectives and focused on the economic and social changes (globalization, specialization, industrialization/deindustrialization, neo-liberalism, mass migration) that lead to the creation of large city-regions with their patchwork of

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refers to a state where experiences are mediated by technology, resulting in a network of images and signs without a corresponding external reality. Baudrillard describes hyperreality as the terminal stage of simulation, where signs and images become entirely self-referential. Building on

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details the shift from modernism to postmodernism, arguing that the former is characterized by an epistemological dominant and that postmodern works have developed out of modernism and are primarily concerned with questions of ontology. McHale's "What Was Postmodernism?" (2007) follows

1554:, free from authoritarian assertions about truth and goodness, is the key to a better future. Rorty saw his neopragmatism as a continuation of the Enlightenment project, aiming to demystify human life and replace traditional power relations with those based on tolerance and freedom. 1503:, he argues that production has shifted from creating real objects to producing signs and symbols. This system of symbolic exchange, detached from the real, constitutes hyperreality. In the words of one commentartor, "the hyperreal is a system of simulation that simulates itself." 1315:, one of the best ways to describe a specifically philosophical conception of postmodernism is as an anti-foundational "scepticism about authority, received wisdom, cultural and political norms and so on", which he says places it within a tradition dating back to ancient Greece. 802:. In this influential work, Lyotard offers the following definition: "Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity towards metanarratives ". In a society with no unifying narrative, he argues, we are left with heterogeneous, group-specific narratives (or " 470:

Although postmodernisms are generally united in their effort to transcend the perceived limits of modernism, "modernism" also means different things to different critics in various arts. Further, there are outliers on even this basic stance; for instance, literary critic

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among architects, characterized by a design that rejects structural "centers" and encourages decentralized play among its elements. Derrida discontinued his involvement with the movement after the publication of his collaborative project with architect Peter Eisenman in

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Criticism of postmodernist movements in the arts include objections to departure from beauty, the reliance on language for the art to have meaning, a lack of coherence or comprehensibility, deviation from clear structure, and consistent use of dark and negative themes.

1695:), and Alan Kirby (digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism). None of these new theories or labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. Sociocultural anthropologist Nina Müller-Schwarze offers neostructuralism as a possible direction. The exhibition 610:

and its rejection of what he upheld as traditional values. The ideals of modernity, per his diagnosis, were degraded to the level of consumer choice. This research project, however, was not taken up in a significant way by others until the mid-1980s when the work of

626:. Even here, however, there continued to be disagreement about such basic issues as whether postmodernism is a break with modernism, a renewal and intensification of modernism, or even, both at once, a rejection and a radicalization of its historical predecessor. 1134:

has written that avant-garde musical compositions (which some would consider modernist rather than postmodernist) "defy more than seduce the listener, and they extend by potentially unsettling means the very idea of what music is." In the 1960s, composers such as

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Baudrillard himself broke with Marxism, but continued to theorize the postmodern as the condition in which the domain of reality has become so heavily mediated by signs as to become inaccessible in itself, leaving us entirely in the domain of the

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as the "personification of the postmodern" because "the postmodern condition is characterized by fragmentation, de-differentiation, pastiche, retrospection and anti-foundationalism", which they argued Madonna embodied. Christian writer

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The term began to acquire its current range of meanings in literary criticism and architectural theory during the 1950s–1960s. In opposition to modernism's alleged self-seriousness, postmodernism is characterized by its playful use of

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the comparison of related forms rather than in the precise definition of each; and the deformation of a complicated figure may be a phenomenon easy of comprehension, though the figure itself has to be left unanalyzed and undefined."

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Since the late 1990s, there has been a growing sentiment in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion". Others argue that postmodernism is dead in the context of current cultural production.

732:, celebrates a plurality of forms and encourages participation and active engagement with the local context of the built environment. He presents this as in opposition to the "authoritarian style" of International Modernism. 412:. They have in common the conviction that it is no longer possible to rely upon previous ways of representing reality. Still, there is disagreement among experts about its more precise meaning even within narrow contexts. 717:'s critique of metaphysics posed deep theoretical problems not necessarily a cause for aesthetic celebration. Their further influence on the conversation about postmodernism, however, would be largely mediated by French 991:: "Double Coding: the combination of Modern techniques with something else (usually traditional building) in order for architecture to communicate with the public and a concerned minority, usually other architects." 695:, for instance, denounced postmodern literature for being content to merely reflect, rather than actively attempt to refashion, what he saw as the "increasingly shapeless" character of contemporary society. 1028:. In the 1980s and 1990s dance began to incorporate other typically postmodern features such as the mixing of genres, challenging high–low cultural distinctions, and incorporating a political dimension. 780:, in particular, not only made the connection to feminism explicit, but went so far as to claim feminism for postmodernism wholesale, a broad claim resisted by even many sympathetic feminists such as 1420:

that postmodern thinkers are caught in a performative contradiction, more specifically, that their critiques of modernism rely on concepts and methods that are themselves products of modern reason.

884:. In this sense, the term also starts to appear as a "casual term of abuse" in non-academic contexts. Others identify it as an aesthetic "lifestyle" of eclecticism and playful self-irony. 578:

In 1942, the literary critic and author H. R. Hays describes postmodernism as a new literary form. Also in the arts, the term was first used in 1949 to describe a dissatisfaction with the

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reacted to the perceived elitism and dissonant sound of atonal academic modernism by producing music with simple textures and relatively consonant harmonies, whilst others, most notably

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those who would dismiss them as simple nonsense. His engagement with their ideas has lead some postmodern philosophers, such as Lyotard, to similarly engage with Habermas's criticisms.

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and Adam Furman argue that postmodernism brought a more joyous and sensual experience to the culture, particularly in architecture. For instance, in response to the modernist slogan of

1607:'s Urban Planning Department in the 1980s, where contemporary Los Angeles was taken to be the postmodern city par excellence, contra posed to what had been the dominant ideas of the 702:'s large-scale survey of works that he said could no longer be called modern. Taking the Black Mountain poets an exemplary instance of the new postmodern type, Hassan celebrates its 1543:, Rorty challenged the notion of a mind-independent, language-independent reality. He argued that language is a tool used to adapt to the environment and achieve desired ends. This 564:, which marks the first use of the term to describe an historical period following modernity. The essay criticizes lingering socio-cultural norms, attitudes, and practices of the 5528: 1615:, with its framework of urban ecology and emphasis on functional areas of use within a city, and the concentric circles to understand the sorting of different population groups. 2853: 728:, in particular, connects the artistic avant-garde to social change in a way that captures attention outside of academia. Jenckes, much influenced by the American architect 987:

Jencks makes the point that postmodernism (like modernism) varies for each field of art, and that for architecture it is not just a reaction to modernism but what he terms

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was a sustained critique of urban planning as it had developed within modernism and marked a transition from modernity to postmodernity in thinking about urban planning.

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priest and cultural commentator J. M. Thompson, in a 1914 article, uses the term to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion, writing, "the

3470: 1450: 798: 1674:, post-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in 2007 Andrew Hoberek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal 792:

Although postmodern criticism and thought drew on philosophical ideas from early on, "postmodernism" was only introduced to the expressly philosophical lexicon by

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Instead, Rorty advocated for a focus on imaginative alternatives to present beliefs rather than the pursuit of well-grounded truths. He believed that creative,

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described her as "perhaps the most postmodern personage on the planet". She was also suggested by literary critic Olivier Sécardin to epitomise postmodernism.

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theory, postmodern thought defined itself by the rejection of any single, foundational historical narrative. This called into question the legitimacy of the

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The postmodern approach to understanding the city were pioneered in the 1980s by what could be called the "Los Angeles School of Urbanism" centered on the

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The term "postmodern" was first used in 1870 by the artist John Watkins Chapman, who described "a Postmodern style of painting" as a departure from French

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Around this time, postmodernism also begins to be conceived in popular culture as a general "philosophical disposition" associated with a loose sort of

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Discussion about the postmodern in the second part of the 20th century was most articulate in areas with a large body of critical discourse around the

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made the term popular in literary studies as a description of the new art emerging in the 1960s. According to scholar David Herwitz, writers such as

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design solutions. Modernism eroded urban living by its failure to recognise differences and aim towards homogeneous landscapes (Simonsen 1990, 57).

1416: 760:. This introduces a political concern about social power-relations into discussions about postmodernism. Much of Foucault's project is, against the 347: 1424:

leveling of the distinction between philosophy and literature. He argues that such rhetorical strategies undermine the importance of argument and

392: 244: 102:, 1984, showing an eclectic, postmodern mix of classical architecture (like the division of the facade in many horizontal strips that reference 87: 4631: 4349: 4081: 3668: 3484: 3391: 3321: 3041: 2935: 2828: 1903: 1604: 3730: 4740: 4652: 3107: 861:, an image that bears no relation to anything outside of itself. Scholars, however, disagree about whether his later works are intended as 4601:

Vanhoozer, Kevin J. (2003). "Theology and the Condition of Postmodernity: A Report on Knowledge (of God)". In Vanhoozer, Kevin J. (ed.).

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the like. To understand this transition from 'pomo' (cyborgism) to 'popo' (postcyborgism) we must first understand the cyborg era itself.

1024:'s efforts to break down the distinction between art and life. This was developed in particular by the American dancer and choreographer 4487: 4127: 1539: 4681: 4335: 4067: 3081: 724:

If literature was at the center of the discussion in the 1970s, architecture is at the center in the 1980s. The architectural theorist

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The term first appeared in print in 1870, but it only began to enter circulation with its current range of meanings in the 1950s—60s.

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conceives postmodernism, not in period terms, but in terms of a certain kind of literary imagination so that pre-modern texts such as

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approach led him to abandon the traditional quest for a privileged mental power that allows direct access to things-in-themselves.

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society in general by a new proliferation of cultures and forms. It is during this period that it also comes to be associated with

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first introduced the term "postmodern" in its current sense during the 1950s. Their stance against modernist poetry – and Olson's

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Jean-François Lyotard is credited with being the first to use the term "postmodern" in a philosophical context, in his 1979 work

537: 6057: 6047: 5359: 5052: 4368: 1703:(London, 24 September 2011 – 15 January 2012) was billed as the first show to document postmodernism as a historical movement. 1077:. Postmodern literature often calls attention to issues regarding its own complicated connection to reality. The French critic 5867: 4011: 853:" in the form of an enormous cultural expansion into an economy of spectacle and style, rather than the production of goods. 3982: 3660: 3354: 2985: 24: 2746: 1288:. Although few themselves relied upon the term, they became known to many as postmodern theorists. Notable figures include 1081:

declared the novel to be an exhaustive form and explored what it means to continue to write novels under such a condition.

5709: 5037: 4962: 3996: 3476: 1765:'conversations' in which nobody is wrong and nothing can be confirmed, only asserted with whatever style you can muster." 545: 354: 424:, among other features. Critics claim it supplants moral, political, and aesthetic ideals with mere style and spectacle. 5661: 5588: 4493: 4133: 3149: 408:

is a term used to refer to a variety of artistic, cultural, and philosophical movements that claim to mark a break from

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Author on postmodernism, Dominic Strinati, has noted, it is also important "to include in this category the so-called '

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located in New York City during the 1960s and 1970s. Arguably its most important principle is taken from the composer

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Scholarship regarding postmodernism and architecture is closely linked with the writings of critic-turned-architect

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in a 1939 essay, which states that "Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914–1918".

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The transition from modernism to postmodernism is often said to have happened at 3:32 pm on 15 July in 1972, when

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The term "postmodernity" was first used in an academic historical context as a general concept for a movement by

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This article is about the artistic, cultural, and theoretical movement. For the condition or state of being, see

5172: 6067: 5970: 5702: 5548: 5332: 4733: 3145:"The passing of the postmodern in pop? Epochal consumption and marketing from Madonna, through Gaga, to Taylor" 999: 740:

In the 1970s, postmodern criticism increasingly came to incorporate poststructuralist theory, particularly the

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According to Lyotard, this introduces a general crisis of legitimacy, a theme he adopts from the philosopher

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orientation – were influential in the identification of postmodernism as a polemical position opposed to the

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Nevertheless, the appearance of linguistic relativism inspired an extensive rebuttal by the Marxist critic

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playfulness and cheerfully anarchic spirit, which he sets off against the high seriousness of modernism.

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Carlton Bookcase, with a complex structure in many colours and a stylized human figure at the top, by

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In the 1990s, "postmodernism" came to denote a general – and, in general, celebratory – response to

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also said that "Madonna is perhaps the most visible example of what is called post-modernism", and

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Modernism sought to design and plan cities that followed the logic of the new model of industrial

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Deconstruction is a practice of philosophy, literary criticism, and textual analysis developed by

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Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse. Since postmodernism criticizes both

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Connor, Steven (2013). "postmodernism". In Michael Payne and Jessica Rae Barbera (ed.).

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The Blood of Victoriano Lorenzo: An Ethnography of the Cholos of Northern Coclé Province

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comes to be particularly equated with a kind of anti-representational self-reflexivity.

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Discourses of Postmodernism. Multilingual bibliography by Janusz Przychodzen (PDF file)

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by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to

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that "less is more", the postmodernist Robert Venturi rejoined that "less is a bore".

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In the 1970s, this changed again, largely under the influence of the literary critic

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challenged the prevailing narratives of beauty and objectivity common to Modernism.

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Hebdige, Dick (2006). "Postmodernism and "the other side"". In Storey, John (ed.).

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The New Constellation: The Ethical-Political Horizons of Modernity / Postmodernity

3163: 3144: 947: 849:, Jameson develops his own conception of the postmodern as "the cultural logic of 683:, who used it to describe a waning commitment among youth to the political ideals 5479:

A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

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The term "postmodern dance" is most strongly associated with the dancers of the

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account of progress and rationality. Critics allege that its premises lead to a

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Modernity, postmodernism and the tradition of dissent, by Lloyd Spencer (1998)

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in France developed a critique of modern philosophy with roots discernible in

1056: 881: 858: 841:. Building upon the theoretical foundations laid out by the Marxist economist 603: 456: 452: 3494: 3172: 1522:, Rorty later rejected its representationalism. His major influences include 1414:, a prominent critic of philosophical postmodernism, argues in his 1985 work 909: with: film-based arts, theater, other performance arts. You can help by 5912: 5902: 5302: 5272: 5067: 5012: 4932: 4864: 4705: 4318: 3313: 3062: 2977: 1722: 1638: 1593: 1168: 1021: 688: 684: 623: 531: 486: 476: 409: 132: 95: 4623: 3114: 1749:, critics of postmodernism often defend such concepts from various angles. 679:

During the 1960s, this affirmative use gave way to a pejorative use by the

4515:

Sim, Stuart (2011). "Postmodernism and Philosophy". In Sim, Stuart (ed.).

3911: 3894: 3879: 1920:"Philippe Starck, a pair of 'Louis Ghost' armchairs, Kartell. - Bukowskis" 1847: – term for art that reacts against standardisation and commercialism 5603: 5337: 5287: 5267: 5132: 4381: 4366:

Irving, Allan (1993). "The Modern/Postmodern Divide and Urban Planning".

4012:"Camille Paglia: "Postmodernism is a plague upon the mind and the heart"" 3985:. Ipod.org.uk. 5 May 1990. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. 2846:"Remembering Robert Venturi, the US architect who said: 'Less is a bore'" 1197:

In the late-20th century, avant-garde academics labelled American singer

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criticized its impact on the humanities, characterizing it as producing

5416: 5364: 5322: 5307: 5277: 4839: 4547: 3840: 1198: 1178:' musical innovations and mixing of styles associated with groups like 1125: 1110: 481: 103: 4231:

Goodchild, Barry (1990). "Planning and the Modern/Postmodern Debate".

3893:

Mann, Steve; Fung, James; Federman, Mark; Baccanico, Gianluca (2002).

810:) with no universal perspective from which to adjudicate among them. 534:

as "one of the few 'post' modern painters whose style is convincing".

5349: 5327: 5257: 5235: 1742: 1571:; reverting to large-scale solutions, aesthetic standardisation, and 498:

All this notwithstanding, scholar Hans Bertens offers the following:

106:) and colorful ironic detailing; Louis Ghost, based on chairs in the 768:

This is also the beginning of the affiliation of postmodernism with

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In the 1980s, some critics begin to take an interest in the work of

1385:" to analyze power-relations across their historical permutations. 1097:'s lead in now using the past tense when discussing postmodernism. 641: 459:. In this sense, it has become a term of abuse in popular culture. 5122: 4334:

Herwitz, Daniel (2008). "Postmodernism". In Kelly, Michael (ed.).

1738: 1304:, and others. By the 1980s, this spread to America in the work of 1187: 1104: 946: 812: 640: 417: 4524:

Simonsen, Kirsten (1990). "Planning on 'Postmodern' Conditions".

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My Los Angeles: From Urban Restructuring to Regional Urbanization

1351:. Derrida's work has been seen as rooted in a statement found in 984:, first published in 1977, and since running to seven editions. 5343: 5317: 4419: 3202: 2124: 2122: 5698: 4722: 4709: 4066:

Banes, Sally (2008). "Postmodernism". In Kelly, Michael (ed.).

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provided a general account of the postmodern as an effectively

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The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition)

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The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition)

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has led to a challenge to postmodernism, for which the terms

1514:

was an American philosopher known for his linguistic form of

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and observations in the early work of the French sociologist

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of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry on postmodernism

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The Postmodern Turn, Essays in Postmodern Theory and Culture

3405: 3403: 2485: 2483: 1067:) responded in various ways to the aesthetic innovations of 503:

that we used to rely on can no longer be taken for granted.

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On deconstruction: theory and criticism after structuralism

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of those things was "a buzzword". The analytic philosopher

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UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies

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After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism

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The connection between postmodernism, posthumanism, and

1481:) is something like a unified, complete, universal, and 3814:"Decon (Decon Squared): Deconstructing Decontamination" 3080:. Association For Consumer Research. pp. 119–201. 2398: 2396: 2394: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1240: 910: 4020:

Postmodernism is a plague upon the mind and the heart.

3078:"On Madonna'S Brand Ambition: Presentation Transcript" 2369: 2367: 2365: 2022: 2020: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 5529:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

3965:"DENNETT ON WIESELTIER V. PINKER IN THE NEW REPUBLIC" 3864:"Postcyborg Ethics: A New Way to Speak of Technology" 3184: 3182: 1856: – Present-day modernist philosophical movement 1849:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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feeling as well as to Catholic tradition". In 1926,

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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3735:Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture 3472:The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge 3461: 3459: 2890:No more rules: graphic design and postmodernism 2128: 1697:Postmodernism – Style and Subversion 1970 –1990 1663: 1465:Lyotard defined philosophical postmodernism in 1451:The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge 1381:1970s, Foucault employed a Nietzsche-inspired " 799:The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge 606:response to modernism's alleged assault on the 4603:The Cambridge Companion to Postmodern Theology 3059:An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture 5710: 4734: 4605:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25. 3947:Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A reader 3648: 3646: 524:. Similarly, the first citation given by the 386: 8: 5459:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons 4214:A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory 1821: – Religion influenced by postmodernism 1358: 817:Philosopher Jean-Francois Lyotard, photo by 32: 16:Artistic, cultural, and theoretical movement 3729:Fjellestad, Danuta; Engberg, Maria (2013). 3553:The death and life of great American cities 3101: 3099: 2525: 2489: 2438: 1793: – Philosophical and cultural movement 1582:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 994:In their book, "Revisiting Postmodernism", 598:In the mid-1970s, the American sociologist 5717: 5703: 5695: 4741: 4727: 4719: 4706: 4612:"Postmodernity as a Philosophical Concept" 4610:Welsch, Wolfgang; Sandbothe, Mike (1997). 4489:The Postmodern Imagination of Russell Kirk 4317:Hatuka, Tali; d'Hooghe, Alexander (2007). 4100:Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations 4061:. Milwaukie: Morehouse Publishing Company. 3507: 3450: 3438: 3421: 2597: 2573: 2038: 1787: – Epistemology without sure premises 393: 379: 120: 110:but reinterpreted for the present day, by 31: 3910: 3788:"Postmodernism is dead. What comes next?" 3714:Potter, Garry; Lopez, Jose, eds. (2001). 3625: 3536: 3162: 2062: 959:, PA by alumnus of the Academy architect 4517:The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism 4195:The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism 3637: 2802:The Language of Post-Modern Architecture 2774:The language of post-modern architecture 2276: 2214: 1968: 1417:The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity 1245:Relevant discussion may be found on the 982:The Language of Post-Modern Architecture 915:Relevant discussion may be found on the 560:and also an Episcopal priest, published 4174:Buchanan, Ian (2018). "postmodernism". 4098:Best, Steven; Kellner, Douglas (1991). 4042:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3763:"The Death of Postmodernism and Beyond" 3718:. London: The Athlone Press. p. 4. 3295: 2950: 2717: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2585: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2513: 2501: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2426: 2414: 2385: 2356: 2344: 2329: 2288: 2228:Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 2164: 2152: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2050: 2026: 2011: 1980: 1886: 1867: 1393:Gilles Deleuze on productive difference 329: 298: 176: 138: 123: 4461:. Amsterdam; Atlanta, Georgia: Rodopi. 4126:Birzer, Bradley J. (9 November 2015). 4010:de Castro, Eliana (12 December 2015). 3988: 3633: 3613: 3589: 3577: 3030:Postmodern music, postmodern listening 2747:"The Rise of Post Modern Architecture" 2729: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2402: 2373: 2264: 2240: 2176: 2140: 2074: 1999: 4109:The Idea of the Postmodern: A History 4036:Aylesworth, Gary (5 February 2015) . 2874: 2014:, Historical and Conceptual Overview. 1620:population groups and economic uses. 7: 6053:Philosophical schools and traditions 5989: 4420:"Michel Foucault: Political Thought" 2856:from the original on 16 October 2022 2252: 713:'s attack on Western philosophy and 637:In literary and architectural theory 4467:"postmodern (adjective & noun)" 4424:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4287:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4129:Russell Kirk: American Conservative 3342:"The Exorbitant Question of Method" 3247: 2844:Schudel, Matt (28 September 2018). 2751:Architectural Association Quarterly 2190:"postmodern (adjective & noun)" 1540:Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature 1454:. In it, he follows Wittgenstein's 1272:In the 1970s, a disparate group of 1235: with: individual treatment of 765:docile subjects of social systems. 431:. Proponents align themselves with 3524: 3084:from the original on 19 April 2017 3005:McHale, Brian (20 December 2007). 1376:Michel Foucault on power relations 736:The influence of poststructuralism 14: 4245:10.3828/tpr.61.2.q5863289k1353533 4107:Bertens, Johannes Willem (1995). 3653:Soja, Edward W. (14 March 2014). 3409: 1406:The criticisms of Jürgen Habermas 865:or truthful theoretical claims. 360:Social construction of technology 5988: 5976: 5965: 5964: 5866: 5725:Sub-fields of and approaches to 5677: 3108:"Madonna: Icon of Postmodernity" 1490:Jean Baudrillard on hyperreality 1222: 896: 709:(Yet, from another perspective, 580:modernist architectural movement 66: 55: 44: 4438:Lyotard, Jean-François (1984). 4369:University of Toronto Quarterly 4176:A Dictionary of Critical Theory 3688:Shiel, Mark (30 October 2017). 3382:. Translated by Brown, Andrew. 645:The poet Robert Creeley in 1972 4197:. Cambridge University Press. 4059:Postmodernism and Other Essays 4057:Bell, Bernard Iddings (1926). 3926:Müller Schwarze, Nina (2015). 3661:University of California Press 3355:Johns Hopkins University Press 3223:Bernstein, Richard J. (1992). 3117:. pp. 1–8. Archived from 2600:, §2 The Postmodern Condition. 1051:In 1971, the American scholar 951:Interior of the Chapel at the 562:Postmodernism and Other Essays 25:Postmodernism (disambiguation) 1: 4459:Postmodernism: A Bibliography 4401:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 4264:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 4157:A Glossary of Cultural Theory 4040:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 3930:. Jefferson, North Carolina: 3868:Explorations in Media Ecology 3477:University of Minnesota Press 3164:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.005 2930:. Pearson. pp. 305–306. 1507:Richard Rorty's neopragmatism 1506: 530:is dated to 1916, describing 355:Social construction of gender 349:Social construction of nature 5589:Aestheticization of politics 4672:Resources in other libraries 4582:Toynbee, Arnold J. (1961) . 4519:(3 ed.). pp. 3–14. 4494:University of Missouri Press 4486:Russello, Gerald J. (2007). 4193:Connor, Steven, ed. (2004). 4134:University Press of Kentucky 3557:. New York: Modern Library. 3424:, §4. Productive Difference. 3150:Journal of Business Research 2720:, §6. Concluding Assessment. 1676:Twentieth-Century Literature 5920:Non-representational theory 4616:International Postmodernism 4344:. Oxford University Press. 4283:"Richard Rorty (1931—2007)" 4178:. Oxford University Press. 4076:. Oxford University Press. 3862:Campbell, Heidi A. (2006). 2953:, History of Postmodernism. 2804:. London: Academy Editions. 2129:Welsch & Sandbothe 1997 1661:were first coined in 2003: 1611:formed in the 1920s at the 1109:American singer-songwriter 6084: 4540:10.1177/000169939003300104 4342:Encyclopedia of Aesthetics 4074:Encyclopedia of Aesthetics 3899:Surveillance & Society 3833:10.1162/002409403322258691 3630:Hatuka & d'Hooghe 2007 3602:Hatuka & d'Hooghe 2007 3057:Strinati, Dominic (1995). 1874:English translation, 1984. 1713:Criticism of postmodernism 1710: 1701:Victoria and Albert Museum 1636: 1441: 1360:Il n'y a pas de hors-texte 1340: 1322: 1265: 1122:Postmodern classical music 1115: 1044: 1009: 965: 935: 18: 5960: 5864: 5657: 4716: 4711:Links to related articles 4667:Resources in your library 4592:. p. 43 – via 4471:Oxford English Dictionary 4397:Kellner, Douglas (2020). 4216:. John Wiley & Sons. 3995:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3308:Culler, Jonathan (2008). 3028:Kramer, Jonathan (2016). 3007:"What Was Postmodernism?" 2194:Oxford English Dictionary 1518:. Initially attracted to 1329:Poststructuralists, like 831:communicative rationality 672:values championed by the 527:Oxford English Dictionary 114:, 2009, various locations 88:Museum of Decorative Arts 37: 6033:Criticism of rationalism 4563:Thompson, J. M. (1914). 4457:Madsen, Deborah (1995). 4442:. U of Minnesota Press. 4233:The Town Planning Review 4159:(2nd ed.). Arnold. 3786:Gibbons, Alison (2017). 3378:Peeters, Benoît (2013). 3357:. pp. 158–59, 163. 3267:(I ed.). New York: 3009:. Electronic Book Review 2817:Revisiting Postmodernism 2772:Jencks, Charles (1977). 2576:, Introduction & §2. 1534:, and Martin Heidegger. 1467:The Postmodern Condition 1437:The Postmodern Condition 1000:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 5609:Evolutionary aesthetics 5559:The Aesthetic Dimension 4692:Postmodernism and truth 4590:Oxford University Press 4262:"Jean François Lyotard" 4260:Gratton, Peter (2018). 4155:Brooker, Peter (2003). 3265:Structural Anthropology 3106:McGregor, Jock (2008). 3076:Brown, Stephen (2003). 2819:. Newcastle upon Tyne: 2815:Farrell, Terry (2017). 2526:Best & Kellner 1991 2490:Best & Kellner 1991 2439:Best & Kellner 1991 1898:. Phaidon. p. 79. 1473:where what he means by 980:, however, is the book 968:Postmodern architecture 594:Theoretical development 245:International relations 6058:Theories of aesthetics 6048:Science fiction themes 5539:Avant-Garde and Kitsch 5489:Lectures on Aesthetics 4624:10.1075/chlel.xi.07wel 3227:. Polity. p. 11. 2928:Graphic Design History 2757:(4): 3–14 – via 1894:Hall, William (2019). 1668: 1596:designed by architect 1359: 1182:, and performers like 1113: 963: 822: 691:. The literary critic 646: 505: 339:Social constructionism 23:. For other uses, see 5684:Philosophy portal 4310:Ohio University Press 3912:10.24908/ss.v1i3.3346 3880:10.1386/eme.5.4.279_1 3549:Jacobs, Jane (1993). 2969:Postmodernist Fiction 2895:Yale University Press 2887:Poynor, Rick (2003). 2776:. New York: Rizzoli. 2648:, pp. xxiii–xxv. 1659:postpoststructuralism 1613:University of Chicago 1483:epistemically certain 1444:Jean-François Lyotard 1311:According to scholar 1298:Jean-François Lyotard 1268:Postmodern philosophy 1108: 1086:Postmodernist Fiction 1073:and the late work of 1047:Postmodern literature 950: 816: 794:Jean-François Lyotard 784:and Linda Nicholson. 649:According to scholar 644: 629:According to scholar 608:Protestant work ethic 558:St. Stephen's College 500: 495:count as postmodern. 343:social constructivism 5629:Philosophy of design 5509:In Praise of Shadows 5499:The Critic as Artist 4382:10.3138/utq.62.4.474 4111:. Psychology Press. 3812:Mann, Steve (2003). 3761:Kirby, Alan (2006). 3745:on 23 February 2013. 3636:, pp. 474–487; 3628:, pp. 119–137; 3380:Derrida: A Biography 3261:Lévi-Strauss, Claude 2302:"postmodernism (n.)" 1798:Culture and politics 1785:Anti-foundationalism 1426:communicative reason 1018:Judson Dance Theater 655:Black Mountain poets 554:Bernard Iddings Bell 5947:Sexuality and space 5639:Philosophy of music 5614:Mathematical beauty 4570:The Hibbert Journal 3741:(4). Archived from 3539:, pp. 119–137. 3510:, §6. Hyperreality. 3386:. pp. 377–78. 3193:(2 November 2001). 3034:Bloomsbury Academic 2636:, pp. 119–121. 1819:Postmodern religion 1520:analytic philosophy 1383:genealogical method 1278:Friedrich Nietzsche 808:Ludwig Wittgenstein 806:", as adopted from 711:Friedrich Nietzsche 584:International Style 508:Historical overview 34: 5930:Post-structuralism 5634:Philosophy of film 5624:Patterns in nature 5594:Applied aesthetics 5569:Why Beauty Matters 5355:Life imitating art 5216:Art for art's sake 4585:A study of History 4399:"Jean Baudrillard" 3632:, pp. 20–27; 3340:(8 January 1998). 3124:on 7 December 2010 2974:Abingdon-on-Thames 2922:Drucker, Johanna; 2708:, pp. 568–69. 2564:, pp. 190–96. 2528:, pp. 39, 47. 1725:values as well as 1654:Post-postmodernism 1633:Post-postmodernism 1528:Hans Georg Gadamer 1494:In postmodernism, 1274:poststructuralists 1239:. You can help by 1114: 964: 829:, whose theory of 823: 819:Bracha L. Ettinger 647: 624:modernist movement 590:1970s, and 1980s. 429:cultural pluralism 317:Post-postmodernism 169:Post-structuralism 92:Neue Staatsgalerie 6010: 6009: 6004: 6003: 5942:Scientific method 5692: 5691: 5644:Psychology of art 5519:Art as Experience 4653:Library resources 4633:978-90-272-3443-8 4351:978-0-19-511307-5 4083:978-0-19-511307-5 3971:on 5 August 2018. 3951:Pearson Education 3670:978-0-520-95763-3 3604:, pp. 20–27. 3486:978-0-944624-06-7 3393:978-0-7456-5615-1 3323:978-0-415-46151-1 3043:978-1-5013-0602-0 2937:978-0-13-241075-5 2893:. 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Building upon 437:multiculturalism 395: 388: 381: 350: 121: 70: 59: 48: 35: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6068:Cultural trends 6013: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5956: 5871: 5862: 5729: 5727:human geography 5723: 5693: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5653: 5577: 5572: 5562: 5552: 5549:Critical Essays 5542: 5532: 5522: 5512: 5502: 5492: 5482: 5472: 5462: 5452: 5442: 5426: 5199: 5113:Ortega y Gasset 4906: 4818: 4752: 4747: 4712: 4694:by philosopher 4678: 4677: 4676: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4634: 4609: 4600: 4588:. Vol. 5. 4581: 4562: 4523: 4514: 4504: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4333: 4316: 4312:. p. 12ff. 4300: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4259: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4205: 4192: 4186: 4173: 4167: 4154: 4144: 4125: 4119: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4045: 4038:"Postmodernism" 4035: 4031: 4026: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3932:McFarland Press 3925: 3924: 3920: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3671: 3652: 3651: 3644: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527:, lead section. 3523: 3514: 3508:Aylesworth 2015 3506: 3502: 3487: 3475:. Minneapolis: 3465: 3464: 3457: 3451:Aylesworth 2015 3449: 3445: 3439:Aylesworth 2015 3437: 3428: 3422:Aylesworth 2015 3420: 3416: 3412:, lead section. 3408: 3401: 3394: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3350:Of Grammatology 3344: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3279: 3271:. p. 324. 3259: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2988: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2924:McVarish, Emily 2921: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2821:RIBA Publishing 2814: 2813: 2809: 2798:Jencks, Charles 2796: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2743:Jencks, Charles 2741: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2696:, pp. 3–4. 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2598:Aylesworth 2015 2596: 2592: 2588:, p. xxiv. 2584: 2580: 2574:Aylesworth 2015 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2336: 2328: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2092:, pp. 4–5. 2088: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2041:, Introduction. 2039:Aylesworth 2015 2037: 2033: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1848: 1809: 1775: 1762: 1752:Media theorist 1747:social progress 1715: 1709: 1645: 1637:Main articles: 1635: 1626: 1598:Minoru Yamasaki 1569:mass production 1565: 1560: 1509: 1492: 1470: 1446: 1440: 1412:Jürgen Habermas 1408: 1395: 1378: 1354:Of Grammatology 1349:Jacques Derrida 1345: 1339: 1327: 1321: 1294:Michel Foucault 1290:Jacques Derrida 1270: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1244: 1237:Fredric Jameson 1233:needs expansion 1227: 1216: 1184:Laurie Anderson 1132:Jonathan Kramer 1128: 1116:Main articles: 1103: 1049: 1043: 1034: 1014: 1008: 970: 945: 940: 930: 924: 921: 914: 907:needs expansion 901: 890: 888:In various arts 871:postcolonialism 863:science fiction 851:late capitalism 839:Fredric Jameson 827:Jürgen Habermas 790: 758:Michel Foucault 750:foundationalist 746:Jacques Derrida 738: 639: 617:Fredric Jameson 596: 556:, president of 518: 510: 465: 441:postcolonialism 399: 367:Linguistic turn 348: 115: 112:Philippe Starck 108:Louis XVI style 80:Ettore Sottsass 76: 75: 74: 73: 72: 71: 62: 61: 60: 51: 50: 49: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6081: 6079: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6038:Metanarratives 6035: 6030: 6025: 6015: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5986: 5974: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5935:Deconstruction 5932: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5888:Culture theory 5885: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5699: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5619:Neuroesthetics 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5599:Arts criticism 5596: 5591: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5535: 5525: 5515: 5505: 5495: 5485: 5475: 5469:On the Sublime 5465: 5455: 5445: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5333:Interpretation 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5233: 5228: 5226:Artistic merit 5223: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4875:Psychoanalysis 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4696:Daniel Dennett 4689: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647:External links 4645: 4643: 4642: 4632: 4607: 4598: 4579: 4560: 4521: 4512: 4502: 4483: 4463: 4454: 4449:978-0816611737 4448: 4435: 4415: 4394: 4376:(4): 474–487. 4363: 4350: 4331: 4314: 4298: 4278: 4257: 4239:(2): 119–137. 4228: 4223:978-1118438817 4222: 4209: 4204:978-0521648400 4203: 4190: 4185:978-0198794790 4184: 4171: 4166:978-0340807002 4165: 4152: 4142: 4123: 4118:978-0415060110 4117: 4104: 4095: 4082: 4063: 4054: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4002: 3983:"Art Bollocks" 3974: 3956: 3937: 3918: 3905:(3): 375–398. 3885: 3874:(4): 279–296. 3854: 3827:(4): 285–290. 3804: 3778: 3768:Philosophy Now 3753: 3721: 3706: 3680: 3669: 3642: 3626:Goodchild 1990 3618: 3616:, p. 460. 3606: 3594: 3592:, p. 480. 3582: 3580:, p. 479. 3570: 3563: 3541: 3537:Goodchild 1990 3529: 3512: 3500: 3485: 3467:Lyotard, J.-F. 3455: 3443: 3426: 3414: 3399: 3392: 3370: 3363: 3329: 3322: 3300: 3298:, p. 205. 3288: 3277: 3252: 3240: 3234:978-0745609201 3233: 3215: 3189:Best, Steven; 3178: 3135: 3095: 3068: 3065:. p. 234. 3049: 3042: 3020: 2997: 2986: 2955: 2943: 2936: 2914: 2907: 2879: 2867: 2836: 2829: 2807: 2789: 2782: 2764: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2672:, p. 108. 2662: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2612:, p. 111. 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2390: 2388:, p. 201. 2378: 2361: 2349: 2347:, p. 203. 2334: 2319: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2219: 2217:, p. 733. 2207: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2155:, p. 202. 2145: 2133: 2118: 2106: 2094: 2079: 2067: 2063:Vanhoozer 2003 2055: 2053:, p. 204. 2043: 2031: 2016: 2004: 2002:, p. 567. 1985: 1973: 1936: 1911: 1904: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1851: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1791:Transmodernism 1788: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1759:Daniel Dennett 1711:Main article: 1708: 1705: 1685:hypermodernity 1670:More recently 1634: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1609:Chicago School 1564: 1563:Urban planning 1561: 1559: 1556: 1532:G. W. F. Hegel 1524:Charles Darwin 1508: 1505: 1491: 1488: 1456:language games 1442:Main article: 1439: 1434: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1377: 1374: 1343:Deconstruction 1341:Main article: 1338: 1337:Deconstruction 1335: 1331:structuralists 1323:Main article: 1320: 1317: 1266:Main article: 1262: 1261: 1255:September 2024 1230: 1228: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1145:Bradley Joseph 1141:Henryk Górecki 1102: 1099: 1079:Roland Barthes 1075:Samuel Beckett 1070:Finnegans Wake 1065:Thomas Pynchon 1045:Main article: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1032:Graphic design 1030: 1010:Main article: 1007: 1004: 974:Charles Jencks 966:Main article: 961:Robert Venturi 957:Newtown Square 944: 941: 938:Postmodern art 932: 931: 925:September 2024 904: 902: 895: 889: 886: 804:language games 789: 786: 742:deconstructive 737: 734: 730:Robert Venturi 726:Charles Jencks 662:Robert Creeley 638: 635: 595: 592: 517: 514: 509: 506: 473:William Spanos 464: 461: 445:poststructural 401: 400: 398: 397: 390: 383: 375: 372: 371: 370: 369: 364: 363: 362: 357: 352: 332: 331: 327: 326: 325: 324: 319: 314: 309: 301: 300: 296: 295: 294: 293: 284: 279: 274: 269: 268: 267: 265:Postpositivism 262: 257: 247: 242: 237: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 179: 178: 174: 173: 172: 171: 166: 161: 156: 154:Hypermodernity 151: 149:Deconstruction 143: 142: 136: 135: 128: 127: 117: 116: 100:James Stirling 98:, Germany, by 77: 65: 64: 63: 54: 53: 52: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6080: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063:Art movements 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023:Postmodernism 6021: 6020: 6018: 5997: 5996: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5925:Postmodernism 5923: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Structuralism 5906: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5715: 5713: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5649:Theory of art 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5439:Hippias Major 5436: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5298:Entertainment 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5221:Art manifesto 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211:Appropriation 5209: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Merleau-Ponty 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4918:Abhinavagupta 4916: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4870:Postmodernism 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4715: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4658:Postmodernism 4654: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4503:9780826265944 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4425: 4421: 4418:Kelly, Mark. 4416: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4143:9780813166209 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4003: 3998: 3992: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3690:"Edward Soja" 3684: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638:Simonsen 1990 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3564:0-679-64433-4 3560: 3555: 3554: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3364:0-8018-5830-5 3360: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278:0-465-09516-X 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3021: 3008: 3001: 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