1899:. It is a method of teaching that revolves around using analogies in the classroom to better explain topics. She thought of the idea to use analogies as a part of curriculum because she was observing objects once and she said, "my mind was noting what else each object reminded me of..." This led her to teach with the question, "what does remind you of?" The idea of comparing subjects and concepts led to the development of The Private Eye Project as a method of teaching. The program is designed to build critical thinking skills with analogies as one of the main themes revolving around it. While Glynn focuses on using analogies to teach science, The Private Eye Project can be used for any subject including writing, math, art, social studies, and invention. It is now used by thousands of schools around the country.
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Step one is introducing the new topic that is about to be taught and giving some general knowledge on the subject. Step two is reviewing the concept that the students already know to ensure they have the proper knowledge to assess the similarities between the two concepts. Step three is finding relevant features within the analogy of the two concepts. Step four is finding similarities between the two concepts so students are able to compare and contrast them in order to understand. Step five is indicating where the analogy breaks down between the two concepts. And finally, step six is drawing a conclusion about the analogy and comparing the new material with the already learned material. Typically this method is used to learn topics in science.
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are more familiar with. It may help to create or clarify one theory (or theoretical model) via the workings of another theory (or theoretical model). Thus an analogy, as used in teaching, would be comparing a topic that students are already familiar with, with a new topic that is being introduced, so that students can get a better understanding of the new topic by relating back to existing knowledge. This can be particularly helpful when the analogy serves across different disciplines: indeed, there are various teaching innovations now emerging that use sight-based analogies for teaching and research across subjects such as science and the humanities.
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cognitive development as continuing to focus on specific objects would reduce children's ability to learn abstract patterns and reason analogically. Interestingly, some researchers have proposed that children's basic brain functions (i.e., working memory and inhibitory control) do not drive this relational shift. Instead, it is driven by their relational knowledge, such as having labels for the objects that make the relationships clearer(see previous section). However, there is not enough evidence to determine whether the relational shift is actually because basic brain functions become better or relational knowledge becomes deeper.
1729:, is a theory in psychology that describes the psychological processes involved in reasoning through, and learning from, analogies. More specifically, this theory aims to describe how familiar knowledge, or knowledge about a base domain, can be used to inform an individual's understanding of a less familiar idea, or a target domain. According to this theory, individuals view their knowledge of ideas, or domains, as interconnected structures. In other words, a domain is viewed as consisting of objects, their properties, and the relationships that characterise their interactions. The process of analogy then involves:
1542:, although lower levels can be used as well. Similarity demands that the mapping connects similar elements and relationships between source and target, at any level of abstraction. It is the highest when there are identical relations and when connected elements have many identical attributes. An analogy achieves its purpose if it helps solve the problem at hand. The multiconstraint theory faces some difficulties when there are multiple sources, but these can be overcome. Hummel and Holyoak (2005) recast the multiconstraint theory within a
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1581:. Perception is necessary for analogy, but analogy is also necessary for high-level perception. Chalmers et al. concludes that analogy actually is high-level perception. Forbus et al. (1998) claim that this is only a metaphor. It has been argued (Morrison and Dietrich 1995) that Hofstadter's and Gentner's groups do not defend opposite views, but are instead dealing with different aspects of analogy.
1017:. According to this view, analogy depends on the mapping or alignment of the elements of source and target. The mapping takes place not only between objects, but also between relations of objects and between relations of relations. The whole mapping yields the assignment of a predicate or a relation to the target. Structure mapping theory has been applied and has found considerable confirmation in
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2002:"truly the kissis common both to him who kisses and to him who is kissed. If, as is properly understood, the Father is he who kisses, the Son he who is kissed, then it cannot be wrong to see in the kiss the Holy Spirit, for he is the imperturbable peace of the Father and the Son, their unshakable bond, their undivided love, their indivisible unity."
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Shawn Glynn, a professor in the department of educational psychology and instructional technology at the
University of Georgia, developed a theory on teaching with analogies and developed steps to explain the process of teaching with this method. The steps for teaching with analogies are as follows:
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to mathematically demonstrate how such reasoning could arise naturally by using relationships between the internal arrows that keep the internal structures of the categories rather than the mere relationships between the objects (called "representational states"). Thus, the mind, and more intelligent
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formation of structures such as words. Others argue that they are in fact the same and that rules are analogies that have essentially become standard parts of the linguistic system, whereas clearer cases of analogy have simply not (yet) done so (e.g. Langacker 1987.445–447). This view agrees with the
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used a wider notion of analogy. They saw analogy as a shared abstraction. Analogous objects did not share necessarily a relation, but also an idea, a pattern, a regularity, an attribute, an effect or a philosophy. These authors also accepted that comparisons, metaphors and "images" (allegories) could
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Other analogies exist. The analogy of notes of a chord, say C major, is a sufficient analogy for the
Trinity. The notes C, E, and G individually fill the whole of the “heard” space, but when all notes come together, we have a homogenized sound within the same space with distinctive, equal notes. One
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In general, it has been found that people prefer analogies where the two systems correspond highly to each other (e.g. have similar relationships across the domains as opposed to just having similar objects across domains) when these people try to compare and contrast the systems. This is also known
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Analogies as defined in rhetoric are a comparison between words, but an analogy more generally can also be used to illustrate and teach. To enlighten pupils on the relations between or within certain concepts, items or phenomena, a teacher may refer to other concepts, items or phenomena that pupils
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An example that has been used to illustrate structure mapping theory comes from
Gentner and Gentner (1983) and uses the base domain of flowing water and the target domain of electricity. In a system of flowing water, the water is carried through pipes and the rate of water flow is determined by the
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In a circuit, the electricity is carried through wires and the current, or rate of flow of electricity, is determined by the voltage, or electrical pressure. Given the similarity in structure, or structural alignment, between these domains, structure mapping theory would predict that relationships
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Analogy can be used in theoretical and applied sciences in the form of models or simulations which can be considered as strong indications of probable correctness. Other, much weaker, analogies may also assist in understanding and describing nuanced or key functional behaviours of systems that are
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Additionally, research has identified several factors that may increase the likelihood that a child may spontaneously engage in comparison and learn an abstract relationship, without the need for prompts. Comparison is more likely when the objects to be compared are close together in space and/or
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Children do not always need prompting to make comparisons in order to learn abstract relationships. Eventually, children undergo a relational shift, after which they begin seeing similar relations across different situations instead of merely looking at matching objects. This is critical in their
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In historical science, comparative historical analysis often uses the concept of analogy and analogical reasoning. Recent methods involving calculation operate on large document archives, allowing for analogical or corresponding terms from the past to be found as a response to random questions by
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Many analogies have been used to explain the
Trinity, however, all analogies fail when taken too far. Examples of these are the analogies that state that the Trinity is like water and its different states (solid, liquid, gas) or like an egg with its different parts (shell, yolk, and egg white).
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Zhang, Y., Jatowt, A., Bhowmick, S., & Tanaka, K. (2015, July). Omnia mutantur, nihil interit: Connecting past with present by finding corresponding terms across time. In
Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint
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Analogical arguments can also be probative, meaning that they serve as a means of proving the rightness of particular theses and theories. This application of analogical reasoning in science is debatable. Analogy can help prove important theories, especially in those kinds of science in which
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test. The algorithm measures the similarity of relations between pairs of words (e.g., the similarity between the pairs HAND:PALM and FOOT:SOLE) by statistically analysing a large collection of text. It answers SAT questions by selecting the choice with the highest relational similarity.
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more analogy used is one that uses the mythological dog, Cerberus, that guards the gates of Hades. While the dog itself is a single organism—speaking to its substance—Cerberus has different centers of awareness due to its three heads, each of which has the same dog nature.
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attributes or relations at some level of abstraction. The model was extended (Doumas, Hummel, and
Sandhofer, 2008) to learn relations from unstructured examples (providing the only current account of how symbolic representations can be learned from examples).
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may be equivalent to that of analogy. Analogy is also a basis for any comparative arguments as well as experiments whose results are transmitted to objects that have been not under examination (e.g., experiments on rats when results are applied to humans).
1784:, analogy is a method of resolving issues on which there is no previous authority. The legal use of analogy is distinguished by the need to use a legally relevant basis for drawing an analogy between two situations. It may be applied to various forms of
1924:. The consequence of this theory is that all true statements concerning God (excluding the concrete details of Jesus' earthly life) are rough analogies, without implying any falsehood. Such analogical and true statements would include
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that has been revealed, not something obvious or derivable from first principles or found in any thing in the created world. Because of this, the use of analogies to understand the
Trinity is common and perhaps necessary.
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Zhang, Yating, Adam Jatowt, and
Katsumi Tanaka. "Towards understanding word embeddings: Automatically explaining similarity of terms." In 2016 IEEE international conference on big data (big data), pp. 823-832. IEEE, 2016.
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architecture. A problem for the multiconstraint theory arises from its concept of similarity, which, in this respect, is not obviously different from analogy itself. Computer applications demand that there are some
915:, demonstrated that analogy is a systematic and universal feature of natural languages, with identifiable and law-like characteristics which explain how the meanings of words in a sentence are interdependent.
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In the field of testing, the colon notation of ratios and equality is often borrowed, so that the example above might be rendered, "Smile : mouth :: wink : eye" and pronounced the same way.
1562:(IAM) to include working memory constraints as well as structural, semantic and pragmatic constraints, so that a subset of the base analogue is selected and mapping from base to target occurs in series.
1573:, including high-level perception, and analogical thinking. In fact, analogy occurs not only after, but also before and at the same time as high-level perception. In high-level perception, humans make
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The
Trinity is a combination of the words “tri,” meaning “three,” and “unity,” meaning “one.” The “Threeness” refers to the persons of the Trinity, while the “Oneness” refers to substance or being.
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when representing the analogous relationship between two pairs of expressions, for example, "Smile is to mouth, as wink is to eye." In the field of mathematics and logic, this can be formalized with
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Cognitive
Science, 7, 155–170. (Reprinted in A. Collins & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Readings in cognitive science: A perspective from psychology and artificial intelligence. Palo Alto, CA: Kaufmann).
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However, these analogies, if taken too far, could teach the heresies of modalism (water states) and partialism (parts of egg), which are contrary to the Christian understanding of the Trinity.
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Islamic jurisprudence makes ample use of analogy as a means of making conclusions from outside sources of law. The bounds and rules employed to make analogical deduction vary greatly between
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when it relates to those areas of the cosmos (the universe) that are beyond any data-based observation and knowledge about them stems from the human insight and thinking outside the senses.
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and fair. If it is wrong to do something in a situation A, and situation B corresponds to A in all related features, then it is also wrong to perform that action in situation B.
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The use of theological statements in syllogisms must take into account their analogical essence, in that every analogy breaks down when stretched beyond its intended meaning.
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expression corresponding to such a process. The term analogy can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often (though not always) a
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between a hand and its palm to a foot and its sole. While a hand and a foot have many dissimilarities, the analogy focuses on their similarity in having an inner surface.
720:) or proper proportionality, e.g., "2 is to 1 as 4 is to 2", or "the goodness of humans is relative to their essence as the goodness of God is relative to God's essence."
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has to map objects of C to objects of D and arrows of C to arrows of D in such a way that the structure of their respective parts is preserved. This is similar to the
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https://www.academia.edu/33380466/Going_with_the_flow_Using_analogies_to_explain_electric_circuits_Going_with_the_flow_Using_analogies_to_explain_electric_circuits
2223:, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940) on Perseus Digital Library.
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that have different but related meanings. Not only a person can be "healthy", but also the food that is good for health (see the contemporary distinction between
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shows that humans are better at using and creating analogies when the information is presented in an order where an item and its analogue are placed together..
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Eqaan Doug and his team challenged the shared structure theory and mostly its applications in computer science. They argue that there is no clear line between
1021:. It has had reasonable success in computer science and artificial intelligence (see below). Some studies extended the approach to specific subjects, such as
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Analogies are mainly used as a means of creating new ideas and hypotheses, or testing them, which is called a heuristic function of analogical reasoning.
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Going with the flow: Using analogies to explain electric circuits. Mark D. Walker and David Garlovsky. School Science Review, 97, no. 361 (2016): 51-58.
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Where two or more biological or physical participants meet, they communicate and the stresses produced describe internal models of the participants.
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In some Protestant theology, "analogy" may itself be used analogously in terms, more in a sense of "rule" or "exemplar": for example the concept "
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Hallaq, Wael B. (1985–1986). "The Logic of Legal Reasoning in Religious and Non-Religious Cultures: The Case of Islamic Law and the Common Law".
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is a comparison or correspondence between two things (or two groups of things) because of a third element that they are considered to share.
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Melandri, Enzo. La linea e il circolo. Studio logico-filosofico sull'analogia (1968), Quodlibet, Macerata 2004 prefazione di Giorgio Agamben.
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time, are highly similar (although not so similar that they match, which interfere with identifying relationships), or share common labels.
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Langacker, Ronald W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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For between creator and creature there can be noted no similarity so great that a greater dissimilarity cannot be seen between them.
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wrote an influential treatise on analogy. In all of these cases, the wide Platonic and Aristotelian notion of analogy was preserved.
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accepts such reasoning, instead of deduction and induction, since only the first can be used regardless of any moral principles.
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1309:. In detail, this means that if two mathematical structures are of the same type, an analogy between them can be thought of as a
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Analogy plays a significant role in human thought processes. It has been argued that analogy lies at "the core of cognition".
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Shelley, C. (2003). Multiple analogies in Science and Philosophy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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that describes both similarities and differences between any pair of the participants' internal models or concepts exists.
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2783:"Categorial Compositionality II: Universal Constructions and a General Theory of (Quasi-)Systematicity in Human Cognition"
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are used to test scale models of wings and aircraft which are analogous to (correspond to) full-size wings and aircraft.
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Keane, M.T. (1997). "What makes an analogy difficult? The effects of order and causal structure in analogical mapping".
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Keane, M.T. (1997). "What makes an analogy difficult? The effects of order and causal structure in analogical mapping".
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3667:(eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001, pp. 499–538.
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process that reduces word forms thought to break rules to more common forms that follow these rules. For example, the
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Johnson, Katie. Educational Leadership: Exploring the World with the Private Eye. September 1995. 16 October 2013 .
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Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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close to that of Plato and Aristotle, but framed by Gentner's (1983) structure mapping theory. The same idea of
901:. Analogies should also make those abstractions easier to understand and give confidence to those who use them.
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of Dedre Gentner, because it formalises the idea of analogy as a function which makes certain conditions true.
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Keane, M.T. and Brayshaw, M. (1988). The Incremental Analogical Machine: a computational model of analogy. In
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to describe any morphological change in a language that cannot be explained merely sound change or borrowing.
3358:"Crosstalk, Mutation, Chaos: bridge-building between the sciences and literary studies using Visual Analogy"
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Perelman, Ch, Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1969), The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation, Notre Dame 1969.
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and to a lesser extent individual scholars. It is nonetheless a generally accepted source of law within
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A computer algorithm has achieved human-level performance on multiple-choice analogy questions from the
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422:. It lies behind basic tasks such as the identification of places, objects and people, for example, in
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2724:"Categorial Compositionality: A Category Theory Explanation for the Systematicity of Human Cognition"
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1530:(1997) developed their multiconstraint theory within structure mapping theory. They defend that the "
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are different cognitive processes, and analogy is often an easier one. This analogy is not comparing
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The Oxford Companion to the English Language$ The Oxford Companion to the English Language (2 ed.)
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Turney, P.D.; Littman, M.L. (2005). "Corpus-based learning of analogies and semantic relations".
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Language and Concept Acquisition from Infancy Through Childhood: Learning from Multiple Exemplars
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must be classed as analogies that allow human cognition of what is infinitely beyond positive or
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Finding deeper similarities by mapping other relationships of a base domain to the target domain.
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The analogical reasoning in the human mind is free of the false inferences plaguing conventional
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common attribute, which is known about only in the source of the analogy, in the following form:
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3578:, Koren, Henry J. and Bushinski, Edward A (trans.), 1953, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
793:?" For example, "Hand is to palm as foot is to ____?" These questions were usually given in the
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to represent the relationships, using single colon for ratio, and double colon for equality.
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college admission tests, that included "analogy questions" in the form "A is to B as C is to
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Cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another
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otherwise difficult to grasp or prove. For instance, an analogy used in physics textbooks
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tradition, analogy is most typically used for filling gaps in a statutory scheme. In the
1657:) used the flow of water in its pipes as an analogue to the flow of money in an economy.
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named several kinds of analogy that had been used but previously unnamed, particularly:
3226:"Structure-Mapping Processes Enable Infants' Learning Across Domains Including Language"
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Conceptual Structures for Knowledge Creation and Communication, Proceedings of ICCS 2003
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of a particular subject (the analog, or source) onto another (the target); and also the
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Drescher, F (2017). "Analogy in Thomas Aquinas and Ludwig Wittgenstein. A comparison".
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Ross, J.F. (October 1970). "Analogy and The Resolution of Some Cognitivity Problems".
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1811:. The use of analogy in both traditions is broadly described by the traditional maxim
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Little, J (2008). "The Role of Analogy in George Gamow's Derivation of Drop Energy".
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Ross, J.F. (September 1961). "Analogy as a Rule of Meaning for Religious Language".
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Advancing the Frontiers of Heterodox Economics: Essays in Honor of Frederic S. Lee
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Hespos, Susan J.; Anderson, Erin; Gentner, Dedre (2020), Childers, Jane B. (ed.),
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Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) (pp. 645-655).
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573:. The last few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most notably in
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The Use of Analogies and Heuristics in Teaching Introductory Statistical Methods
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Cross-checking those findings against existing knowledge of the target domain.
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Schwartz, Linda; Heidrich, Stanley H.; Heidrich, Delana S. (1 January 2007).
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format: HAND : PALM : : FOOT : ____ While most competent
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Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991). Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D.,
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by using the power of analogy (or by applying the more frequently used Verb-
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held to this notion of analogy, arguing that there can be exactly the same
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553:, metaphor, resemblance, and similarity are closely related to analogy. In
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2594:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Research & Education Assoc. pp. 84–86.
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and purpose. Structural consistency is the highest when the analogy is an
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3398:"Scientific Visualizations used as visual analogies in other disciplines"
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from one of these domains, would be inferred in the other using analogy.
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is built to model and represent some other physical object. For example,
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1162:. Analogies can sometimes create rule-breaking forms; one example is the
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speakers will immediately give the right answer to the analogy question (
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2673:"underwhelm - definition of underwhelm in English | Oxford Dictionaries"
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2227:"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἀναλογ-ία"
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takes the idea of mathematical analogy much further with the concept of
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current views of analogy in cognitive science which are discussed above.
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Gentner, Dedre; Smith, Linsey A. (2013-03-11). Reisberg, Daniel (ed.).
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2852:(Ed). European working session on learning. (pp.53–62). London: Pitman.
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2054:
1976:
1596:
1456:
911:(1982), the first substantive examination of the topic since Cajetan's
869:
751:, in the mathematical sense, and it was indeed sometimes translated to
702:
511:
503:
491:
462:
407:
262:
4085:
3670:
Holland, J.H., Holyoak, K.J., Nisbett, R.E., and Thagard, P. (1986).
2062:
1620:
1463:
from C to D can be thought of as an analogy between C and D, because
1190:
can also be formed by analogy with existing words. A good example is
614:
454:
395:
3909:
2324:
1859:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1313:
which preserves some or all of the relevant structure. For example,
613:, analogical reasoning was used for the process of qiyas in Islamic
4009:
3970:
3804:
Little, J (2000). "Analogy in Science: Where Do We Go From Here?".
3763:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
3709:
Relational Reasoning in a Neurally Plausible Cognitive Architecture
3329:
Langenbucher, Katja (1998). "Argument by Analogy In European Law".
2900:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
1733:
Recognising similar structures between the base and target domains.
774:
the properties between a hand and a foot, but rather comparing the
2636:. Huntington Beach, Calif.: Creative Teaching Press. pp. 4–.
2048:
980:
885:
752:
507:
298:
3947:
A Critical Analysis of the Theory of Analogy of St Thomas Aquinas
3733:"Constraints on analogical mapping: a comparison of three models"
3597:
A Theory of the Discovery and Predication of Relational Concepts.
2864:"Constraints on analogical mapping: a comparison of three models"
1516:
AIs, may use analogies between domains whose internal structures
759:. Analogy was understood as identity of relation between any two
1807:
tradition, it is most typically used for extending the scope of
1604:
1150:. These old-fashioned forms have been discarded and replaced by
1130:
993:
Contemporary cognitive scientists use a wide notion of analogy,
618:
599:
486:
311:
3077:"Structural alignment facilitates the noticing of differences"
1824:
1781:
1492:
1032:
877:
873:
786:
657:
570:
519:
490:
also rely on an analogical understanding by the receiver of a
114:
66:
25:
2354:
1750:
corresponds to that of electricity flowing through a circuit.
4065:"Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning", by Grant Lamond.
3873:
Analogies we suffer by: the case of the state as a household
3232:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 79–104,
713:) or improper proportionality, e.g., "This food is healthy."
2382:"htA Trace of Similarity within Even Greater Dissimilarity"
3672:
Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery
3595:
Doumas, L. A. A., Hummel, J.E., and Sandhofer, C. (2008).
1918:
The theological exploration of this subject is called the
3995:
Turney, P.D. (2006). "Similarity of semantic relations".
3639:
The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science.
3592:. Ed. Johnson J. Puthenpurackal. Bangalore: ATC. 1:64-68.
2988:"Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy*"
1748:
pressure of the water towers or hills. This relationship
441:
but a kind of thought. Specific analogical language uses
249:
from one particular to another particular, as opposed to
3637:
Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001).
3632:
Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy.
3449:
The Private Eye Project. The Private Eye Project. 2013.
2359:
Interdisciplinary Encyclogpedia of Religion and Science
1848:
1293:
based on electrical, electronic or mechanical devices.
1061:
4086:
Computational approaches to computing temporal analogy
1090:
Logicians analyze how analogical reasoning is used in
3555:
Philosophical Foundations for the Christian Worldview
2033:" has been proposed as an alternative to the concept
1817:(where the reason is the same, the law is the same).
1425:
1396:
1374:
1348:
1319:
602:
lawyers used analogical reasoning and the Greek word
2781:
Phillips, Steven; Wilson, William H. (August 2011).
1694:
Analogical reasoning plays a very important part in
1214:
have followed. Another example is the humorous term
434:
has argued that analogy is "the core of cognition".
4045:"Analogy and Analogical Reasoning", by Paul Bartha.
2286:
Language, Cognition, and Computation Seminar Series
2198:
Language, Cognition, and Computation Seminar Series
1895:In 1989, teacher Kerry Ruef began a program titled
1534:" of an analogy depends on structural consistency,
1287:
compares electrical circuits to hydraulic circuits.
510:give many examples of its application) but also in
145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3871:Pessali, H.; Dalto, F. and Fernández, R. (2015).
3583:High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy
2722:Phillips, Steven; Wilson, William H. (July 2010).
2011:, Sermon 8: The Holy Spirit, the Kiss of the Mouth
1433:
1411:
1382:
1356:
1334:
1009:theorists. Structure mapping theory concerns both
943:inference from common known attributes to another
82:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
3184:Gentner, Dedre; Stevens, Albert L. (2014-01-14).
1698:. This may be because morality is supposed to be
1599:, two anatomical structures are considered to be
1577:by selecting relevant information from low-level
1225:Some people present analogy as an alternative to
643:saw an increased use and theorization of analogy.
494:including them. Analogy is important not only in
2586:Research and Education Association (June 1994).
2421:"Journal of Statistics Education, V11N2: Martin"
2246:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3324:
3322:
2000:
1627:and should be contrasted with structures which
261:. It is also used of where at least one of the
3431:Glynn, Shawn M. Teaching with Analogies. 2008.
2061:, with the chief opposition to it forming the
1686:users (e.g., Myanmar - Burma) and explained.
985:According to Shelley (2003), the study of the
272:In a broader sense, analogical reasoning is a
86:Please help improve this article, possibly by
3949:, (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms Inc).
3625:Analogy just looks like high-level perception
569:by philosophers, scientists, theologists and
565:Analogy has been studied and discussed since
8:
3866:Structure-Mapping vs. High-level Perception
3553:Moreland, J. P.; Craig, William L. (2003).
3147:The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Psychology
2633:Power Practice: Analogies and Idioms, eBook
2581:
2579:
1912:The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 taught:
1812:
1301:Some types of analogies can have a precise
781:The same notion of analogy was used in the
322:) made an analogy between the atom and the
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4081:Analogy in Patristic and Medieval Thought.
3882:. Nova Iorque: Routledge, p. 281-295.
2449:
2447:
2445:
2229:. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23
1725:Structure mapping, originally proposed by
1459:. Given two categories C and D, a functor
989:drew heavily on analogies from other fish.
856:between two completely different objects.
763:, whether of mathematical nature or not.
4008:
3969:
3878:In: Tae-Hee Jo; Zdravka Todorova (Org.).
3751:
3687:Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought
3294:
3277:Gentner, Dedre; Hoyos, Christian (2017).
3092:
3003:
2882:
2816:
2806:
2757:
2747:
2397:
2361:. Pontifical University of the Holy Cross
1875:Learn how and when to remove this message
1623:. Analogous structures are the result of
1427:
1426:
1424:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1364:are isomorphic as vector spaces, but the
1350:
1349:
1347:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
3892:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3791:Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning
3707:Hummel, J.E., and Holyoak, K.J. (2005).
1064:by adding descriptive text and removing
863:
821:. This relation is not apparent in some
3864:Morrison, C., and Dietrich, E. (1995).
3700:Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997).
3685:Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995).
3155:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376746.001.0001
2150:
1975:In traditional Christian doctrine, the
1176:, formed on analogy with words such as
3731:Keane, M.T. Ledgeway; Duff, S (1994).
3515:Dictionary of Christianity and Science
3490:Dictionary of Christianity and Science
3414:
3403:
3378:
3367:
2862:Keane, M.T. Ledgeway; Duff, S (1994).
2239:
3927:International Philosophical Quarterly
3272:
3270:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3070:
3068:
3032:"Analogical Reasoning, Psychology of"
3025:
3023:
1468:
1202:; other analogous neologisms such as
1001:between source and target is used by
7:
2219:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1558:and Brayshaw (1988) developed their
589:identified analogy in works such as
374:Analogy plays a significant role in
143:adding citations to reliable sources
90:the article and/or by introducing a
4062:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4053:"Medieval Theories of Analogy", by
4050:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4042:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3795:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3727:, in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.
3143:"Analogical Learning and Reasoning"
3075:Gentner, D.; Gunn, V. (June 2001).
2839:Doumas, Hummel, and Sandhofer, 2008
2380:Tabaczek, Mariusz (November 2018).
1469:structure mapping theory of analogy
1305:formulation through the concept of
1241:Analogy is also a term used in the
4078:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
4070:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
3557:. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic.
2282:"Analogy as the Core of Cognition"
2194:"Analogy as the Core of Cognition"
14:
3835:Technical Communication Quarterly
3570:Cajetan, Tommaso De Vio, (1498),
3036:Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science
2484:"Qiyas: A Study in Islamic Logic"
2164:. Oxford University Press. 2018.
1814:Ubi eadem est ratio, ibi idem ius
897:, and sometimes they called them
833:, where the former is defined as
678:terms, the last being those like
41:This article has multiple issues.
3653:Analogy as the Core of Cognition
3599:Psychological Review, 115, 1-43.
3364:from the original on 2013-09-25.
2538:from the original on 2010-04-05.
2512:from the original on 2008-07-08.
1829:
1744:as the systematicity principle.
1412:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}
1335:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}
1037:
119:
71:
30:
4073:Analogy in Early Greek Thought.
3590:ACPI Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3588:Coelho, Ivo (2010). "Analogy."
2427:from the original on 2013-03-07
2263:, Online Etymology Dictionary.
1938:God is near to all who call him
1142:(simple past tense in English)
1097:An analogy can be stated using
876:is the source of an analogy to
624:Medieval lawyers distinguished
130:needs additional citations for
94:, or discuss this issue on the
49:or discuss these issues on the
3459:Fourth Lateran Council of 1215
2309:"Aristotle's Logic of Analogy"
1520:and reject those that do not.
1269:proof is not possible such as
939:. In their view analogy is an
935:argued that analogy is simply
533:, comparison, correspondence,
1:
2986:Gentner, Dedre (April 1983).
2677:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1998:used the analogy of a kiss:
835:the inner surface of the hand
726:, e.g., steely determination.
276:process of transferring some
3753:10.1016/0364-0213(94)90015-9
3689:. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press,
3674:. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press,
2884:10.1016/0364-0213(94)90015-9
2808:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002102
2749:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000858
2562:See Gentner et al. 2001 and
2307:Hesse, Mary (October 1965).
2059:jurisprudential epistemology
1629:shared an evolutionary line.
1434:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
1383:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
1357:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
716:Analogy of proportionality (
294:biological notion of analogy
3574:, P.N. Zammit (ed.), 1934,
3283:Topics in Cognitive Science
3238:10.1007/978-3-030-35594-4_5
3038:, American Cancer Society,
2950:Morrison and Dietrich, 1995
2534:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
2526:; Arun K. Majumdar (2003).
2313:The Philosophical Quarterly
2007:St. Bernard of Clairveaux,
1940:, or God as Trinity, where
1855:the claims made and adding
1560:Incremental Analogy Machine
1390:, have more structure than
937:a special case of induction
884:Greek philosophers such as
718:analogia proportionalitatis
666:made a distinction between
4136:
4019:10.1162/coli.2006.32.3.379
3806:Rhetoric Society Quarterly
3775:10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.946
3641:Cambridge, MA, MIT Press,
3623:Forbus, K. et al. (1998).
3517:. Zondervan. p. 664.
3492:. Zondervan. p. 664.
3005:10.1207/s15516709cog0702_3
2912:10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.946
2787:PLOS Computational Biology
2728:PLOS Computational Biology
2564:Gentner's publication page
2465:Cleveland State Law Review
2046:
1773:
1718:
1588:
1484:
1478:
428:facial recognition systems
351:, itself derived from the
18:
3997:Computational Linguistics
3980:10.1007/s10994-005-0913-1
3898:The Journal of Philosophy
3847:10.1080/10572250701878876
3818:10.1080/02773940009391170
3343:10.1017/S0008197398003031
3331:The Cambridge Law Journal
3279:"Analogy and Abstraction"
3044:10.1002/0470018860.s00473
1218:, formed by analogy with
1196:, formed by analogy with
919:Special case of induction
839:the underside of the foot
2932:See Chalmers et al. 1991
2592:Verbal Tutor for the SAT
1721:Structure-mapping theory
1715:Structure mapping theory
1603:when they serve similar
1487:structure-mapping theory
1146:and the past participle
709:Analogy of attribution (
362:"upon, according to" +
21:Analogy (disambiguation)
4113:Philosophical arguments
3651:Hofstadter, D. (2001).
3538:Begbie, Jeremy (2000).
3030:Gentner, Dedre (2006),
2399:10.5840/forphil20182314
2221:A Greek-English Lexicon
2120:I know it when I see it
2065:(ostensiblist) school.
2039:but named analogously.
2009:Semons on Song of Songs
1971:Doctrine of the Trinity
1934:God is a consuming fire
1897:The Private Eye Project
1507:). Steven Phillips and
1501:artificial intelligence
1475:Artificial intelligence
1289:Another example is the
1245:school of thought as a
1066:less pertinent examples
3540:Hearing God in C Major
3413:Cite journal requires
3377:Cite journal requires
3081:Memory & Cognition
2590:. In Fogiel, M (ed.).
2528:"Analogical reasoning"
2075:Argumentum a contrario
2014:
1813:
1435:
1413:
1384:
1358:
1336:
1160:morphological leveling
1158:rule.) This is called
1122:An analogy can be the
1092:arguments from analogy
1029:Applications and types
990:
881:
711:analogia attributionis
539:morphological homology
327:
267:A is to B as C is to D
3725:"Argument by Analogy"
3196:10.4324/9781315802725
2436:, Michael A. Martin,
2280:Hofstadter, Douglas.
2192:Hofstadter, Douglas.
2095:Commonsense reasoning
2080:Argumentum a fortiori
2047:Further information:
1996:Bernard of Clairveaux
1625:independent evolution
1611:related, such as the
1485:Further information:
1479:Further information:
1436:
1414:
1385:
1359:
1337:
984:
867:
555:cognitive linguistics
358:, "proportion", from
302:
4108:Conceptual modelling
4055:E. Jennifer Ashworth
3945:Ross, J.F., (1958),
3888:Ross, J.F., (1982),
3630:Gentner, D. (1983).
3576:The Analogy of Names
3513:Copan, Paul (2017).
3488:Copan, Paul (2017).
3190:. Psychology Press.
2125:Intuitive statistics
2085:Case-based reasoning
1481:case-based reasoning
1423:
1394:
1372:
1346:
1317:
849:Critique of Judgment
837:, and the latter as
731:Identity of relation
484:, and the very word
437:An analogy is not a
139:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3939:10.5840/ipq19611356
3789:Lamond, G. (2006).
3702:The Analogical Mind
3572:De Nominum Analogia
2941:Forbus et al., 1998
2799:2011PLSCB...7E2102P
2740:2010PLSCB...6E0858P
2386:Forum Philosophicum
2100:Conceptual blending
1821:Teaching strategies
1704:Moral particularism
1671:conversation theory
1536:semantic similarity
1518:transform naturally
1232:for explaining the
1166:past tense form of
1062:improve the article
1007:conceptual blending
1003:conceptual metaphor
913:De Nominum Analogia
823:lexical definitions
747:) originally meant
567:classical antiquity
559:conceptual metaphor
370:Models and theories
241:In logic, it is an
92:disambiguation page
3890:Portraying Analogy
3723:Juthe, A. (2005).
3714:2021-10-11 at the
3617:10.1111/nbfr.12273
3296:10.1111/tops.12278
3094:10.3758/bf03200458
2569:2010-06-14 at the
2353:Strumia, Alberto.
2267:2010-03-24 at the
1840:possibly contains
1564:Empirical evidence
1431:
1409:
1380:
1354:
1332:
991:
909:Portraying Analogy
905:James Francis Ross
882:
860:Shared abstraction
595:Nicomachean Ethics
328:
3740:Cognitive Science
3611:(1081): 346–359.
3524:978-0-310-49605-2
3499:978-0-310-49605-2
3247:978-3-030-35594-4
3205:978-1-315-80272-5
3053:978-0-470-01886-6
2992:Cognitive Science
2871:Cognitive Science
2643:978-1-59198-953-0
2601:978-0-87891-963-5
2482:Ruth Mas (1998).
2171:978-0-19-966128-2
1885:
1884:
1877:
1842:original research
1655:analogue computer
1649:For example, the
1638:Often a physical
1591:Analogy (biology)
1509:William H. Wilson
1083:
1082:
923:On the contrary,
575:cognitive science
496:ordinary language
416:conceptualization
342:derives from the
338:The English word
304:Ernest Rutherford
233:
232:
225:
215:
214:
207:
189:
113:
112:
64:
4125:
4030:
4012:
3991:
3973:
3964:(1–3): 251–278.
3958:Machine Learning
3942:
3921:
3858:
3829:
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3757:
3755:
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3447:
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3432:
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3423:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3396:Mario Petrucci.
3393:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3356:Mario Petrucci.
3353:
3347:
3346:
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2679:. Archived from
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2012:
1981:Mystery of Faith
1880:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:inline citations
1833:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1619:and the legs of
1503:models, (called
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1164:American English
1078:
1075:
1069:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1025:and similarity.
1015:computer science
977:Shared structure
957:is C, D, E, F, G
933:John Stuart Mill
557:, the notion of
529:The concepts of
439:figure of speech
228:
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3910:10.2307/2024008
3904:(20): 725–746.
3895:
3832:
3803:
3760:
3735:
3730:
3716:Wayback Machine
3605:New Blackfriars
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2793:(8): e1002102.
2780:
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2734:(7): e1000858.
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2325:10.2307/2218258
2319:(61): 328–340.
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2301:
2291:
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2279:
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2269:Wayback Machine
2259:
2255:
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2013:
2006:
1973:
1910:
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1881:
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1823:
1786:legal authority
1778:
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1759:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1692:
1683:
1663:
1636:
1593:
1587:
1575:representations
1513:category theory
1489:
1483:
1477:
1453:Category theory
1421:
1420:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1370:
1369:
1366:complex numbers
1344:
1343:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1299:
1255:
1119:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1059:
1042:
1038:
1031:
979:
921:
862:
749:proportionality
733:
621:jurisprudence.
583:
472:. Phrases like
443:exemplification
424:face perception
380:decision making
376:problem solving
372:
336:
229:
218:
217:
216:
211:
200:
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35:
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24:
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4036:
4035:External links
4033:
4032:
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4003:(3): 379–416.
3992:
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3933:(3): 468–502.
3922:
3893:
3886:
3883:
3869:
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3859:
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3798:
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3769:(4): 946–967.
3758:
3746:(3): 287–334.
3728:
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3665:Boicho Kokinov
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3415:|journal=
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3379:|journal=
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3289:(3): 672–693.
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3087:(4): 565–577.
3064:
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2998:(2): 155–170.
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2588:"2. Analogies"
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2036:analogia entis
2031:analogia fidei
2026:
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2004:
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1921:analogia entis
1909:
1906:
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1107:colon notation
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1027:
978:
975:
974:
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972:is probably G.
967:
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813:, and between
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392:generalization
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3695:0-262-58144-2
3692:
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3680:0-262-58096-9
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3661:Keith Holyoak
3658:
3657:Dedre Gentner
3654:
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3647:0-262-57139-0
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3477:. Vatican.va.
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3189:
3188:
3187:Mental Models
3180:
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3164:9780195376746
3160:
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3137:
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2850:D. H. Sleeman
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2774:
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2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2683:on 2016-08-16
2682:
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2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
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2572:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:Dedre Gentner
2546:
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2529:
2525:
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2516:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
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2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
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2416:
2413:
2400:
2395:
2392:(1): 95–132.
2391:
2387:
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2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:False analogy
2108:
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2060:
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2037:
2032:
2025:Protestantism
2024:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
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1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
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1900:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1876:
1868:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1838:This section
1836:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:statutory law
1787:
1783:
1777:
1776:Analogy (law)
1769:
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1763:
1756:
1754:
1751:
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1738:
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1727:Dedre Gentner
1722:
1714:
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1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Keith Holyoak
1521:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:systematicity
1502:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1445:as well as a
1444:
1404:
1367:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:Neogrammarian
1235:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:
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1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:once had the
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:This section
1044:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:extensionally
988:
983:
976:
971:
968:
965:
963:is C, D, E, F
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Francis Bacon
926:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
900:
896:
891:
887:
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875:
871:
866:
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836:
832:
828:
824:
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808:
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800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
761:ordered pairs
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
730:
725:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
707:
706:
704:
695:
692:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
661:
659:
655:
652:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
620:
616:
612:
611:Islamic logic
608:
605:
601:
598:
596:
592:
588:
585:
584:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:communication
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:argumentation
381:
378:, as well as
377:
369:
367:
365:
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357:
354:
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349:
345:
341:
333:
331:
325:
321:
317:
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305:
301:
297:
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283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
227:
224:
209:
206:
198:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156: –
155:
151:
150:Find sources:
144:
140:
134:
133:
128:This article
126:
122:
117:
116:
107:
97:
93:
89:
83:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
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4076:
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4049:
4041:
4000:
3996:
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3926:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3879:
3875:
3838:
3834:
3809:
3805:
3766:
3762:
3743:
3739:
3608:
3604:
3575:
3571:
3554:
3548:
3539:
3533:
3514:
3508:
3489:
3483:
3472:
3465:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3406:cite journal
3391:
3370:cite journal
3351:
3334:
3330:
3286:
3282:
3259:, retrieved
3229:
3186:
3179:
3168:. Retrieved
3146:
3084:
3080:
3057:, retrieved
3035:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2874:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2835:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2708:
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2676:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2632:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2591:
2558:
2545:
2531:
2524:John F. Sowa
2518:
2494:
2490:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2453:Shelley 2003
2437:
2429:. Retrieved
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2389:
2385:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2358:
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2712:Turney 2006
2553:et al. 2001
2540:, pp. 16–36
2497:: 113–128.
2158:"Analogy".
2140:Sensemaking
1930:God is Love
1908:Catholicism
1673:asserts an
1661:Cybernetics
1634:Engineering
1617:vertebrates
1540:isomorphism
1307:isomorphism
1297:Mathematics
1227:generative
1117:Linguistics
893:be used as
868:In several
768:abstraction
735:In ancient
641:Middle Ages
591:Metaphysics
581:Development
551:isomorphism
531:association
447:comparisons
412:explanation
278:information
4097:Categories
4010:cs/0608100
3971:cs/0508103
3565:References
3261:2020-12-09
3170:2020-12-09
3059:2020-12-09
2687:2017-04-07
2657:25 January
2615:25 January
2431:2012-12-10
2233:2018-05-21
1992:Cistercian
1964:language.
1865:April 2023
1849:improve it
1805:common law
1710:Psychology
1589:See also:
1571:perception
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1275:philosophy
1234:productive
1216:underwhelm
1211:vapourware
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1124:linguistic
1074:April 2023
1054:irrelevant
1019:psychology
1011:psychology
987:coelacanth
966:Conclusion
931:and later
676:analogical
651:scholastic
524:humanities
516:philosophy
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400:creativity
388:perception
366:"ratio" .
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290:similarity
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165:newspapers
104:April 2023
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3305:1756-8765
3256:213450124
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2652:232131611
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2355:"Analogy"
2105:Duck test
2090:Casuistry
1990:Medieval
1853:verifying
1809:precedent
1801:civil law
1700:impartial
1640:prototype
1605:functions
1601:analogous
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1532:coherence
1311:bijection
1279:cosmology
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1050:excessive
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890:Aristotle
757:proportio
739:the word
668:equivocal
648:Christian
587:Aristotle
547:iconicity
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451:metaphors
404:invention
334:Etymology
274:cognitive
259:abduction
255:induction
251:deduction
243:inference
195:June 2023
154:"Analogy"
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3111:11504005
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1954:distance
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1690:Morality
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1199:hardware
1193:software
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951:Premises
945:probable
870:cultures
854:relation
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684:polysemy
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617:law and
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