607:
1991:) uses two or more conversion steps. First, a coarse conversion is done. In a second step, the difference to the input signal is determined with a DAC. This difference is then converted more precisely, and the results are combined in the last step. This can be considered a refinement of the successive-approximation ADC wherein the feedback reference signal consists of the interim conversion of a whole range of bits (for example, four bits) rather than just the next-most-significant bit. By combining the merits of the successive approximation and flash ADCs this type is fast, has a high resolution, and can be implemented efficiently.
1468:, defined as twice the highest frequency of interest, then all frequencies in the signal can be reconstructed. If frequencies above half the Nyquist rate are sampled, they are incorrectly detected as lower frequencies, a process referred to as aliasing. Aliasing occurs because instantaneously sampling a function at two or fewer times per cycle results in missed cycles, and therefore the appearance of an incorrectly lower frequency. For example, a 2 kHz sine wave being sampled at 1.5 kHz would be reconstructed as a 500 Hz sine wave.
1934:. This frequency is then measured by a counter and converted to an output code proportional to the analog input. The main advantage of these converters is that it is possible to transmit frequency even in a noisy environment or in isolated form. However, the limitation of this circuit is that the output of the voltage-to-frequency converter depends upon an RC product whose value cannot be accurately maintained over temperature and time.
799:), which is added to the input before conversion. Its effect is to randomize the state of the LSB based on the signal. Rather than the signal simply getting cut off altogether at low levels, it extends the effective range of signals that the ADC can convert, at the expense of a slight increase in noise. Dither can only increase the resolution of a sampler. It cannot improve the linearity, and thus accuracy does not necessarily improve.
263:
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2120:
40:
1919:
reference voltage, the constant run-up time period, and the measured run-down time period. The run-down time measurement is usually made in units of the converter's clock, so longer integration times allow for higher resolutions. Likewise, the speed of the converter can be improved by sacrificing resolution. Converters of this type (or variations on the concept) are used in most
290:. In consequence, the number of discrete values available is usually a power of two. For example, an ADC with a resolution of 8 bits can encode an analog input to one in 256 different levels (2 = 256). The values can represent the ranges from 0 to 255 (i.e. as unsigned integers) or from −128 to 127 (i.e. as signed integer), depending on the application.
2551:
621:
74:
66:
1975:
worst-case. Delta converters are often very good choices to read real-world signals as most signals from physical systems do not change abruptly. Some converters combine the delta and successive approximation approaches; this works especially well when high frequency components of the input signal are known to be small in magnitude.
82:
58:
1647:(with other resistances or capacitances fixed) and measuring the time to charge the capacitance from a known starting voltage to another known ending voltage through the resistance from a known voltage supply, the value of the unknown resistance or capacitance can be determined using the capacitor charging equation:
1595:
subtracted, thus restoring it to its original value. The advantage is that the conversion has taken place at a random point. The statistical distribution of the final levels is decided by a weighted average over a region of the range of the ADC. This in turn desensitizes it to the width of any specific level.
1635:. The time required to discharge the capacitor is proportional to the amplitude of the input voltage. While the capacitor is discharging, pulses from a high-frequency oscillator clock are counted by a register. The number of clock pulses recorded in the register is also proportional to the input voltage.
250:, near-perfect reconstruction is possible. The presence of quantization error limits the SNR of even an ideal ADC. However, if the SNR of the ADC exceeds that of the input signal, then the effects of quantization error may be neglected, resulting in an essentially perfect digital representation of the
2069:
to convert that frequency into a digital count proportional to the desired signal voltage. Longer integration times allow for higher resolutions. Likewise, the speed of the converter can be improved by sacrificing resolution. The two parts of the ADC may be widely separated, with the frequency signal
2048:
uses M parallel ADCs where each ADC samples data every M:th cycle of the effective sample clock. The result is that the sample rate is increased M times compared to what each individual ADC can manage. In practice, the individual differences between the M ADCs degrade the overall performance reducing
1940:
The analog part of the circuit consists of a high input impedance buffer, precision integrator and a voltage comparator. The converter first integrates the analog input signal for a fixed duration and then it integrates an internal reference voltage of opposite polarity until the integrator output is
1846:
The circuit has the advantage of high speed as the conversion takes place simultaneously rather than sequentially. Typical conversion time is 100 ns or less. Conversion time is limited only by the speed of the comparator and of the priority encoder. This type of ADC has the disadvantage that the
802:
Quantization distortion in an audio signal of very low level with respect to the bit depth of the ADC is correlated with the signal and sounds distorted and unpleasant. With dithering, the distortion is transformed into noise. The undistorted signal may be recovered accurately by averaging over time.
610:
Comparison of quantizing a sinusoid to 64 levels (6 bits) and 256 levels (8 bits). The additive noise created by 6-bit quantization is 12 dB greater than the noise created by 8-bit quantization. When the spectral distribution is flat, as in this example, the 12 dB difference manifests as
1594:
decreases proportionally with the divergence from the average width. The sliding scale principle uses an averaging effect to overcome this phenomenon. A random, but known analog voltage is added to the sampled input voltage. It is then converted to digital form, and the equivalent digital amount is
1571:
There is a potential tradeoff between speed and precision. Flash ADCs have drifts and uncertainties associated with the comparator levels results in poor linearity. To a lesser extent, poor linearity can also be an issue for successive-approximation ADCs. Here, nonlinearity arises from accumulating
1842:
The circuit consists of a resistive divider network, a set of op-amp comparators and a priority encoder. A small amount of hysteresis is built into the comparator to resolve any problems at voltage boundaries. At each node of the resistive divider, a comparison voltage is available. The purpose of
1786:
Larger resistances and capacitances will take a longer time to measure than smaller one. And the accuracy is limited by the accuracy of the microcontroller clock and the amount of time available to measure the value, which potentially might even change during measurement or be affected by external
2101:
to time-stretch the signal, which effectively slows the signal down in time and compresses its bandwidth. As a result, an electronic ADC, that would have been too slow to capture the original signal, can now capture this slowed-down signal. For continuous capture of the signal, the front end also
1918:
and allows the voltage to ramp for a fixed time period (the run-up period). Then a known reference voltage of opposite polarity is applied to the integrator and is allowed to ramp until the integrator output returns to zero (the run-down period). The input voltage is computed as a function of the
1547:
Oversampling is typically used in audio frequency ADCs where the required sampling rate (typically 44.1 or 48 kHz) is very low compared to the clock speed of typical transistor circuits (>1 MHz). In this case, the performance of the ADC can be greatly increased at little or no cost.
1741:
and solving for the unknown resistance or capacitance using those starting and ending datapoints. This is similar but contrasts to the
Wilkinson ADC which measures an unknown voltage with a known resistance and capacitance, by instead measuring an unknown resistance or capacitance with a known
1974:
from the comparator to adjust the counter until the DAC's output matches the input signal and number is read from the counter. Delta converters have very wide ranges and high resolution, but the conversion time is dependent on the input signal behavior, though it will always have a guaranteed
1879:
that ramps up or down then quickly returns to zero. When the ramp starts, a timer starts counting. When the ramp voltage matches the input, a comparator fires, and the timer's value is recorded. Timed ramp converters can be implemented economically, however, the ramp time may be sensitive to
1884:. A more accurate converter uses a clocked counter driving a DAC. A special advantage of the ramp-compare system is that converting a second signal just requires another comparator and another register to store the timer value. To reduce sensitivity to input changes during conversion, a
1867:(DAC) which initially represents the midpoint of the allowed input voltage range. At each step in this process, the approximation is stored in a successive approximation register (SAR) and the output of the digital-to-analog converter is updated for a comparison over a narrower range.
273:
The resolution of the converter indicates the number of different, i.e. discrete, values it can produce over the allowed range of analog input values. Thus a particular resolution determines the magnitude of the quantization error and therefore determines the maximum possible
1630:
in 1950. The
Wilkinson ADC is based on the comparison of an input voltage with that produced by a charging capacitor. The capacitor is allowed to charge until a comparator determines it matches the input voltage. Then, the capacitor is discharged linearly by using a constant
2375:
In many cases, the most expensive part of an integrated circuit is the pins, because they make the package larger, and each pin has to be connected to the integrated circuit's silicon. To save pins, it is common for ADCs to send their data one bit at a time over a
853:
All ADCs suffer from nonlinearity errors caused by their physical imperfections, causing their output to deviate from a linear function (or some other function, in the case of a deliberately nonlinear ADC) of their input. These errors can sometimes be mitigated by
1580:
The sliding scale or randomizing method can be employed to greatly improve the linearity of any type of ADC, but especially flash and successive approximation types. For any ADC the mapping from input voltage to digital output value is not exactly a
632:
inherent in an ideal ADC. It is a rounding error between the analog input voltage to the ADC and the output digitized value. The error is nonlinear and signal-dependent. In an ideal ADC, where the quantization error is uniformly distributed between
1589:
as it should be. Under normal conditions, a pulse of a particular amplitude is always converted to the same digital value. The problem lies in that the ranges of analog values for the digitized values are not all of the same widths, and the
246:. An ideal ADC has an ENOB equal to its resolution. ADCs are chosen to match the bandwidth and required SNR of the signal to be digitized. If an ADC operates at a sampling rate greater than twice the bandwidth of the signal, then per the
1481:, and is essential for a practical ADC system that is applied to analog signals with higher frequency content. In applications where protection against aliasing is essential, oversampling may be used to greatly reduce or even eliminate it.
2180:
Although the term ADC is usually associated with measurement of an analog voltage, some partially-electronic devices that convert some measurable physical analog quantity into a digital number can also be considered ADCs, for instance:
1737:
749:
1783:. By sending this pulse into a microcontroller with an accurate clock, the duration of the pulse can be measured and converted using the capacitor charging equation to produce the value of the unknown resistance or capacitance.
494:
1065:
810:
Dither is often applied when quantizing photographic images to a fewer number of bits per pixel—the image becomes noisier but to the eye looks far more realistic than the quantized image, which otherwise becomes
1389:
bandwidth between 1 MHz and 1 GHz is limited by jitter. For lower bandwidth conversions such as when sampling audio signals at 44.1 kHz, clock jitter has a less significant impact on performance.
1412:
and it is necessary to convert this to a flow of digital values. It is therefore required to define the rate at which new digital values are sampled from the analog signal. The rate of new values is called the
1075:
alone. The error is zero for DC, small at low frequencies, but significant with signals of high amplitude and high frequency. The effect of jitter on performance can be compared to quantization error:
374:
1131:
1431:. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem implies that a faithful reproduction of the original signal is only possible if the sampling rate is higher than twice the highest frequency of the signal.
3291:
3260:
2094:(TS-ADC) digitizes a very wide bandwidth analog signal, that cannot be digitized by a conventional electronic ADC, by time-stretching the signal prior to digitization. It commonly uses a
77:
INTERSIL ICL7107. 3.5 digit (i.e. conversion from analog to a numeric range of 0 to 1999 vs. 3 digit range of 0 to 999, typically used in meters, counters, etc.) single-chip A/D converter
944:
1434:
Since a practical ADC cannot make an instantaneous conversion, the input value must necessarily be held constant during the time that the converter performs a conversion (called the
1652:
3632:
560:
2106:
rearranges the samples and removes any distortions added by the preprocessor to yield the binary data that is the digital representation of the original analog signal.
971:
946:, the use of a non-ideal sampling clock will result in some uncertainty in when samples are recorded. Provided that the actual sampling time uncertainty due to clock
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1941:
zero. The main disadvantage of this circuit is the long duration time. They are particularly suitable for accurate measurement of slowly varying signals such as
1863:
to successively narrow a range that contains the input voltage. At each successive step, the converter compares the input voltage to the output of an internal
663:
305:
of the ADC is equal to the LSB voltage. The voltage resolution of an ADC is equal to its overall voltage measurement range divided by the number of intervals:
2025:: quantization noise is reduced in the low frequencies of interest, but is increased in higher frequencies. Those higher frequencies may then be removed by a
2588:
2336:
2141:
2102:
divides the signal into multiple segments in addition to time-stretching. Each segment is individually digitized by a separate electronic ADC. Finally, a
3517:
403:
2091:
1484:
Although aliasing in most systems is unwanted, it can be exploited to provide simultaneous down-mixing of a band-limited high-frequency signal (see
3283:
3625:
1788:
3250:
2214:
for some other physical quantity, such as the distance some metal object is from a metal sensing plate, or the amount of water in a tank, or the
606:
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3487:
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number of comparators required almost doubles for each added bit. Also, the larger the value of n, the more complex is the priority encoder.
3670:
2460:, for example, use fast video analog-to-digital converters. Slow on-chip 8-, 10-, 12-, or 16-bit analog-to-digital converters are common in
247:
2283:
in general that don't directly produce a voltage may indirectly produce a voltage or through other ways be converted into a digital value.
807:. Since the values are added together, the dithering produces results that are more exact than the LSB of the analog-to-digital converter.
3010:
976:
3584:
1970:
that feeds a DAC. The input signal and the DAC both go to a comparator. The comparator controls the counter. The circuit uses negative
3870:
3618:
3387:
3341:
3322:
1915:
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to store the analog voltage at the input, and using an electronic switch or gate to disconnect the capacitor from the input. Many ADC
654:
196:
157:
122:
2384:
changes state. This saves quite a few pins on the ADC package, and in many cases, does not make the overall design any more complex.
3660:
2614:
2424:. Music may be produced on computers using an analog recording and therefore analog-to-digital converters are needed to create the
2362:
2167:
1548:
Furthermore, as any aliased signals are also typically out of band, aliasing can often be eliminated using very low cost filters.
3834:
3815:
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For economy, signals are often sampled at the minimum rate required with the result that the quantization error introduced is
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can charge a capacitor with the instantaneous input voltage and the converter can time the time required to discharge with a
1078:
3398:
1464:
An ADC works by sampling the value of the input at discrete intervals in time. Provided that the input is sampled above the
815:. This analogous process may help to visualize the effect of dither on an analog audio signal that is converted to digital.
2749:
3701:
2432:
and digital music files. The current crop of analog-to-digital converters utilized in music can sample at rates up to 192
215:
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to send control signals and capture digital data output. Some ADCs also require an accurate source of reference signal.
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to produce an oscillating signal with a frequency proportional to the voltage of the input signal, and then uses a
1643:
If the analog value to measure is represented by a resistance or capacitance, then by including that element in an
2721:
A very simple (nonlinear) ramp converter can be implemented with a microcontroller and one resistor and capacitor.
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2134:
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243:
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Löhning, Michael; Fettweis, Gerhard (2007). "The effects of aperture jitter and clock jitter in wideband ADCs".
881:
3691:
2103:
1820:
1068:
239:
44:
2082:. Such ADCs were once the most popular way to show a digital display of the status of a remote analog sensor.
1568:
are certainly the fastest type of the three; The conversion is basically performed in a single parallel step.
1809:
sampling the input signal in parallel, each firing for a specific voltage range. The comparator bank feeds a
3686:
3081:
2400:
2225:
Capacitive-to-digital (CDC) converters determine capacitance by applying a known excitation to a plate of a
1828:
137:
to a digital number representing the magnitude of the voltage or current. Typically the digital output is a
1614:
have a known voltage charging and discharging curve that can be used to solve for an unknown analog value.
207:. Furthermore, instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the conversion periodically,
3538:
3044:
2840:
2469:
2291:
2000:
1591:
3573:
Digital
Dynamic Analysis of A/D Conversion Systems through Evaluation Software based on FFT/DFT Analysis
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Vogel, Christian (2005). "The Impact of
Combined Channel Mismatch Effects in Time-interleaved ADCs".
2075:
2045:
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165:
149:
31:
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2200:
can digitally interpret to derive the direction of rotation, angular position, and rotational speed.
3106:
2249:
1405:
138:
3110:
2845:
2436:. Many recording studios record in 24-bit 96 kHz pulse-code modulation (PCM) format and then
2387:
Commercial ADCs often have several inputs that feed the same converter, usually through an analog
2237:
convert from the analog physical quantity of an amount of displacement between two sliding rulers.
2021:
ADC and DAC. The feedback loop continuously corrects accumulated quantization errors and performs
1930:
The principle of charge balancing ADC is to first convert the input signal to a frequency using a
831:
are intrinsic to any analog-to-digital conversion. These errors are measured in a unit called the
522:
3767:
3762:
3734:
3062:
2697:
2530:
2211:
2203:
1447:
1419:
1072:
204:
153:
48:
3605:
2999:
3594:
2522:
etc. All these signals can be amplified and fed to an ADC to produce a digital representation.
3824:
3782:
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production (44.1 kHz) or to 48 kHz for radio and television broadcast applications.
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2066:
2014:
1967:
1920:
953:
804:
762:
297:. The change in voltage required to guarantee a change in the output code level is called the
126:
3655:
3548:
3132:
3054:
2850:
2377:
2295:
2234:
1889:
1836:
1732:{\displaystyle V_{\text{capacitor}}(t)=V_{\text{supply}}\left(1-e^{-{\frac {t}{RC}}}\right)}
1586:
1572:
errors from the subtraction processes. Wilkinson ADCs have the best linearity of the three.
1564:, the conversion time scales with the logarithm of the resolution, i.e. the number of bits.
169:
134:
3566:
3588:
3255:
3235:
3109:
by Walt Kester and James Bryant 2009, apparently adapted from Kester, Walter Allan (2005)
2534:
2492:
2480:
2461:
2421:
2392:
2294:) can be made into a voltage by sending a known current through it, or can be made into a
2197:
2053:(SFDR). However, techniques exist to correct for these time-interleaving mismatch errors.
2033:
1902:
1885:
1832:
1810:
1627:
1534:
1489:
1472:
1439:
755:
287:
230:, linearity and accuracy (how well the quantization levels match the true analog signal),
227:
2989:
Couch - 2001 - Digital and analog communication systems - Prentice Hall - New Jersey, USA
744:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SQNR} =20\log _{10}(2^{Q})\approx 6.02\cdot Q\ \mathrm {dB} \,\!}
179:(DAC) performs the reverse function; it converts a digital signal into an analog signal.
3205:"How to Use Rotary Encoders to Quickly Convert Mechanical Rotation into Digital Signals"
3040:
2807:
3087:
2456:
systems that process, store, or transport virtually any analog signal in digital form.
2268:
2252:
2185:
2029:
1946:
1632:
1582:
1523:
812:
262:
118:
2416:
Analog-to-digital converters are integral to modern music reproduction technology and
773:, effectively improving the SQNR for the bandwidth in use. In an oversampled system,
3864:
3844:
3839:
3787:
3475:
2457:
2287:
2071:
2022:
2018:
1876:
1860:
1813:
1560:
is limited by the clock rate which is processable by current digital circuits. For a
1557:
1540:
1485:
1399:
777:
can be used to further increase SQNR by forcing more quantization error out of band.
774:
653:
LSB, and the signal has a uniform distribution covering all quantization levels, the
223:
192:
188:
110:
3066:
141:
binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities.
3829:
3820:
2692:
2499:. Many other in situ and remote sensing systems commonly use analogous technology.
2429:
2381:
2215:
2098:
2026:
1942:
1843:
the circuit is to compare the analog input voltage with each of the node voltages.
1746:
1519:
1505:
1465:
1386:
766:
513:
are the upper and lower extremes, respectively, of the voltages that can be coded.
279:
251:
2789:
2684:, a type of ADC in which the value of the signal is predicted by a linear function
1427:
and then the original signal can be reproduced from the discrete-time values by a
572:
That is, one voltage interval is assigned in between two consecutive code levels.
3145:
2887:"RF-Sampling and GSPS ADCs – Breakthrough ADCs Revolutionize Radio Architectures"
2742:
2188:
convert from an analog physical quantity that mechanically produces an amount of
17:
3717:
2687:
2566:
2507:
2388:
2314:
2207:
2119:
1511:
1382:
855:
796:
770:
765:. Consequently, if part of the ADC's bandwidth is not used, as is the case with
489:{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {FSR} }=V_{\mathrm {RefHi} }-V_{\mathrm {RefLow} },\,}
90:
2886:
2271:
measurements for instance can convert from some analog quantity that affects a
620:
39:
3849:
2854:
2437:
2241:
2219:
1881:
1806:
1644:
1611:
1493:
582:
242:(ENOB), the number of bits of each measure it returns that are on average not
114:
51:
1880:
temperature because the circuit generating the ramp is often a simple analog
1749:
represents the time it takes to charge (and/or discharge) its capacitor from
1475:
to remove frequencies above half the sampling rate. This filter is called an
3610:
3251:"ADI Capacitance-to-Digital Converter Technology in Healthcare Applications"
3058:
2433:
2396:
2226:
2193:
2095:
2032:, which also converts the data stream from that high sampling rate with low
1800:
1565:
1443:
828:
43:
4-channel stereo multiplexed analog-to-digital converter WM8775SEDS made by
2627:
Testing an analog-to-digital converter requires an analog input source and
2533:
are inherently digital and need an ADC to process an analog signal such as
1816:
that generates a binary number on the output lines for each voltage range.
2403:
inputs, where the quantity measured is the difference between two inputs.
3805:
3529:
Walden, R. H. (1999). "Analog-to-digital converter survey and analysis".
2790:"Maxim App 800: Design a Low-Jitter Clock for High-Speed Data Converters"
2511:
2245:
1971:
1515:
1459:
231:
3284:"How To Sense Lateral Movement Using An Inductance-to-Digital Converter"
1518:
of the converter. If a signal is sampled at a rate much higher than the
835:(LSB). In the above example of an eight-bit ADC, an error of one LSB is
3133:
Microchip AN795 "Voltage to
Frequency / Frequency to Voltage Converter"
2550:
2519:
2074:
or transmitted wirelessly. Some such ADCs use sine wave or square wave
1530:
Oversampling can make it easier to realize analog anti-aliasing filters
1526:
to limit it to the signal bandwidth produces the following advantages:
130:
73:
3552:
3499:
CMOS Analog
Integrated Circuits: High-Speed and Power-Efficient Design
2808:"Jitter effects on Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Converters"
1067:. This will result in additional recorded noise that will reduce the
599:
In many cases, the useful resolution of a converter is limited by the
65:
2503:
2280:
2017:
loop with an analog filter and low resolution (often 1 bit) but high
947:
792:
786:
758:
ADC, the quantization error is 96.3 dB below the maximum level.
235:
211:
the input, and limiting the allowable bandwidth of the input signal.
2261:
recognize events and provide a digital representation of the analog
1423:
of the converter. A continuously varying bandlimited signal can be
603:(SNR) and other errors in the overall system expressed as an ENOB.
286:
form within the ADC, so the resolution is usually expressed as the
81:
57:
3456:
Norsworthy, Steven R.; Schreier, Richard; Temes, Gabor C. (1997).
2702:
2488:
2484:
2483:
systems commonly use analog-to-digital converters for digitizing
1824:
1060:{\displaystyle E_{ap}\leq |x'(t)\Delta t|\leq 2A\pi f_{0}\Delta t}
858:, or prevented by testing. Important parameters for linearity are
619:
80:
72:
64:
56:
38:
3107:
Analog
Devices MT-028 Tutorial: "Voltage-to-Frequency Converters"
1603:
These are several common ways of implementing an electronic ADC.
870:
performance of the ADC and thus reduce its effective resolution.
226:. The SNR of an ADC is influenced by many factors, including the
222:(SNR). The bandwidth of an ADC is characterized primarily by its
3591: (archived 2009-11-24) Defines commonly used technical terms
2262:
1409:
866:. These nonlinearities introduce distortion that can reduce the
754:
where Q is the number of quantization bits. For example, for a
294:
61:
AD570 8-bit successive-approximation analog-to-digital converter
3614:
1745:
For example, the positive (and/or negative) pulse width from a
3380:
Handbook of Modern
Sensors: Physics, Designs, and Applications
2560:
2538:
2468:
need very fast analog-to-digital converters, also crucial for
2308:
2113:
293:
Resolution can also be defined electrically, and expressed in
3601:
Signal processing and system aspects of time-interleaved ADCs
2870:"Understanding the effect of clock jitter on high-speed ADCs"
624:
Analog to digital conversion as shown with fig. 1 and fig. 2.
203:
of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of
125:. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an
30:"A2D" redirects here. For the U.S. Navy attack aircraft, see
214:
The performance of an ADC is primarily characterized by its
2515:
588:
ADC resolution is 3 bits: 2 = 8 quantization levels (codes)
187:
An ADC converts a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude
148:. Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched
27:
System that converts an analog signal into a digital signal
3597:– Analog to digital conversion with Atmel microcontrollers
3518:"Understanding analog to digital converter specifications"
1914:
ADC) applies the unknown input voltage to the input of an
973:, the error caused by this phenomenon can be estimated as
827:
error and (assuming the ADC is intended to be linear) non-
282:. The input samples are usually stored electronically in
1823:
size and high power dissipation. They are often used for
369:{\displaystyle R={\dfrac {E_{\mathrm {FSR} }}{2^{M}-1}},}
238:. The SNR of an ADC is often summarized in terms of its
3000:"Atmel Application Note AVR400: Low Cost A/D Converter"
1126:{\displaystyle \Delta t<{\frac {1}{2^{q}\pi f_{0}}}}
152:, all but the most specialized ADCs are implemented as
3147:
Elements of electronic instrumentation and measurement
803:
Dithering is also used in integrating systems such as
516:
Normally, the number of voltage intervals is given by
390:
is the full-scale voltage range (also called 'span').
3579:
3569:
A very nice overview of Delta-Sigma converter theory.
3336:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 315–316.
1655:
1081:
979:
956:
884:
666:
525:
406:
322:
314:
3080:
Gabriele
Manganaro; David H. Robertson (July 2015),
3029:
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
2506:
in scientific instruments produce an analog signal;
2491:
systems use analog-to-digital converters to convert
2240:
Inductive-to-digital converters measure a change of
795:. This is a very small amount of random noise (e.g.
3796:
3710:
3679:
3648:
3168:"Voltage-to-Frequency Analog-to-Digital Converters"
2868:Redmayne, Derek; Steer, Alison (December 8, 2008),
791:In ADCs, performance can usually be improved using
2061:An ADC with an intermediate FM stage first uses a
1731:
1450:include the sample and hold subsystem internally.
1125:
1059:
965:
938:
743:
554:
488:
368:
3317:(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2380:to the computer, with each bit coming out when a
761:Quantization error is distributed from DC to the
740:
595:= 1 V / ( 2 - 1 ) = 0.143 V (intervals)
3531:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
2206:converts from the analog physical quantity of a
1496:of the signal frequency and sampling frequency.
3359:Allen, Phillip E.; Holberg, Douglas R. (2002).
2776:Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems
2743:"Principles of Data Acquisition and Conversion"
1805:A direct-conversion or flash ADC has a bank of
1471:To avoid aliasing, the input to an ADC must be
3626:
8:
2110:Measuring physical values other than voltage
1442:performs this task—in most cases by using a
769:, some of the quantization error will occur
611:a measurable difference in the noise floors.
3480:Principles of Data Conversion System Design
3083:Interleaving ADCs: Unraveling the Mysteries
2833:Computer Standards & Interfaces Archive
2595:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2343:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3633:
3619:
3611:
3606:MATLAB Simulink model of a simple ramp ADC
1747:555 Timer IC in monostable or astable mode
1639:Measuring analog resistance or capacitance
939:{\displaystyle x(t)=A\sin {(2\pi f_{0}t)}}
3567:An Introduction to Delta Sigma Converters
3542:
3048:
2977:
2953:
2929:
2844:
2615:Learn how and when to remove this message
2363:Learn how and when to remove this message
2298:measurement, to produce a digital result.
2168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1707:
1703:
1682:
1660:
1654:
1114:
1101:
1091:
1080:
1045:
1024:
996:
984:
978:
955:
923:
909:
883:
845:of the full signal range, or about 0.4%.
739:
731:
707:
691:
667:
665:
551:
536:
524:
485:
460:
459:
433:
432:
412:
411:
405:
347:
329:
328:
321:
313:
3439:Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits
2778:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
2092:time-stretch analog-to-digital converter
1556:The speed of an ADC varies by type. The
1543:is employed in addition to oversampling.
1135:
628:Quantization error is introduced by the
605:
261:
156:(ICs). These typically take the form of
2734:
2714:
2634:The key parameters to test an ADC are:
2036:to a lower rate with higher bit depth.
3497:Ndjountche, Tertulien (May 24, 2011).
3231:
3221:
2391:. Different models of ADC may include
1492:). The alias is effectively the lower
823:An ADC has several sources of errors.
3016:from the original on October 9, 2022.
2965:
2941:
2917:
1923:for their linearity and flexibility.
1133:, where q is the number of ADC bits.
7:
3294:from the original on October 9, 2023
3203:Group, SAE Media (October 1, 2019).
2899:from the original on October 9, 2022
2755:from the original on October 9, 2022
2593:adding citations to reliable sources
2341:adding citations to reliable sources
2244:by a conductive target moving in an
2146:adding citations to reliable sources
383:is the ADC's resolution in bits and
278:for an ideal ADC without the use of
3315:Radiation Detection and Measurement
3516:Staller, Len (February 24, 2005).
3418:Johns, David; Martin, Ken (1997).
1082:
1051:
1018:
957:
735:
732:
677:
674:
671:
668:
655:signal-to-quantization-noise ratio
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
419:
416:
413:
336:
333:
330:
25:
3282:Kasemsadeh, Ben (July 31, 2015).
3263:from the original on July 7, 2023
2748:. Texas Instruments. April 2015.
2495:to digital values for subsequent
569:is the ADC's resolution in bits.
113:, such as a sound picked up by a
3671:Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
3420:Analog Integrated Circuit Design
2565:
2549:
2428:(PCM) data streams that go onto
2313:
2118:
1612:Resistor-capacitor (RC) circuits
1385:. The resolution of ADCs with a
248:Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
3757:Discrete-time Fourier transform
3182:Troubleshooting Analog Circuits
1819:ADCs of this type have a large
1539:Reduced noise, especially when
1071:(ENOB) below that predicted by
585:measurement range = 0 to 1 volt
162:mixed-signal integrated circuit
109:) is a system that converts an
2286:Resistive output (e.g. from a
2210:. That capacitance could be a
2063:voltage-to-frequency converter
1932:voltage-to-frequency converter
1875:A ramp-compare ADC produces a
1672:
1666:
1025:
1015:
1009:
997:
932:
910:
894:
888:
713:
700:
301:(LSB) voltage. The resolution
129:that converts an analog input
1:
3702:Statistical signal processing
3501:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
2466:Digital storage oscilloscopes
1438:). An input circuit called a
1340:0.30 ps (303.56 fs)
3482:. New York, NY: IEEE Press.
3400:The Data Conversion Handbook
3135:p. 4: "13-bit A/D converter"
2472:and their new applications.
1857:successive-approximation ADC
1562:successive-approximation ADC
1552:Relative speed and precision
1366:0.019 ps (18.9 fs)
1271:0.02 ps (19.4 fs)
1245:0.08 ps (77.7 fs)
878:When digitizing a sine wave
579:Coding scheme as in figure 1
555:{\displaystyle N=2^{M}-1,\,}
269:An 8-level ADC coding scheme
3458:Delta-Sigma Data Converters
2668:Spurious free dynamic range
2051:spurious-free dynamic range
1865:digital-to-analog converter
1831:, or other fast signals in
1343:0.03 ps (30.3 fs)
1294:0.05 ps (48.5 fs)
177:digital-to-analog converter
95:analog-to-digital converter
3897:
3751:Discrete Fourier transform
3728:Matched Z-transform method
3595:Introduction to ADC in AVR
3397:Kester, Walt, ed. (2005).
3361:CMOS Analog Circuit Design
2682:Adaptive predictive coding
2442:Compact Disc Digital Audio
2440:and dither the signal for
2395:circuits, instrumentation
2259:Time-to-digital converters
2080:pulse-frequency modulation
1998:
1798:
1503:
1457:
1397:
1381:Clock jitter is caused by
784:
199:. The conversion involves
164:chips that integrate both
29:
3871:Digital signal processing
3745:Discrete cosine transform
3642:Digital signal processing
3332:Nicholson, P. W. (1974).
3249:Jia, Ning (May 1, 2012).
3150:, Prentice Hall, p. 402,
2855:10.1016/j.csi.2005.12.005
2663:Differential nonlinearity
2651:Total harmonic distortion
2454:digital signal processing
2448:Digital signal processing
2418:digital audio workstation
2229:and measuring its charge.
2192:into a stream of digital
1143:
1138:
864:differential nonlinearity
158:metal–oxide–semiconductor
3778:Post's inversion formula
3692:Digital image processing
3313:Knoll, Glenn F. (1989).
3179:Pease, Robert A. (1991)
3112:Data conversion handbook
2104:digital signal processor
1859:uses a comparator and a
1851:Successive approximation
1069:effective number of bits
966:{\displaystyle \Delta t}
591:ADC voltage resolution,
240:effective number of bits
45:Wolfson Microelectronics
3687:Audio signal processing
3522:Embedded Systems Design
3437:Liu, Mingliang (2006).
3144:Carr, Joseph J. (1996)
3059:10.1109/TIM.2004.834046
1829:wideband communications
1576:Sliding scale principle
195:and discrete-amplitude
69:AD570/AD571 silicon die
3581:article by Walt Kester
3378:Fraden, Jacob (2010).
2476:Scientific instruments
2470:software-defined radio
2292:force-sensing resistor
2001:Delta-sigma modulation
1733:
1592:differential linearity
1514:spread over the whole
1127:
1061:
967:
940:
745:
625:
612:
556:
490:
370:
270:
144:There are several ADC
86:
78:
70:
62:
54:
2892:. Texas Instruments.
2657:Integral nonlinearity
2645:signal-to-noise ratio
2452:ADCs are required in
2426:pulse-code modulation
2057:Intermediate FM stage
1734:
1429:reconstruction filter
1128:
1062:
968:
941:
868:signal-to-noise ratio
860:integral nonlinearity
833:least significant bit
746:
623:
609:
601:signal-to-noise ratio
557:
491:
371:
299:least significant bit
276:signal-to-noise ratio
265:
254:analog input signal.
220:signal-to-noise ratio
84:
76:
68:
60:
42:
3811:Anti-aliasing filter
3740:Constant-Q transform
3723:Advanced z-transform
3585:ADC and DAC Glossary
3403:. Elsevier: Newnes.
2774:Lathi, B.P. (1998).
2589:improve this section
2337:improve this section
2142:improve this section
2076:frequency modulation
2046:time-interleaved ADC
1989:subranging quantizer
1927:Charge balancing ADC
1653:
1478:anti-aliasing filter
1404:An analog signal is
1079:
977:
954:
882:
664:
523:
404:
312:
117:or light entering a
32:Douglas A2D Skyshark
3876:Electronic circuits
3334:Nuclear Electronics
3041:2005ITIM...54..415V
2980:, pp. 309–310)
2968:, pp. 663–664)
2956:, pp. 315–316)
2944:, pp. 665–666)
2932:, pp. 313–315)
2920:, pp. 664–665)
2531:Flat-panel displays
1966:ADC has an up-down
1448:integrated circuits
657:(SQNR) is given by
154:integrated circuits
85:ICL7107 silicon die
3768:Integral transform
3763:Impulse invariance
3735:Bilinear transform
3575:RF Expo East, 1987
3288:Fierce Electronics
3234:has generic name (
3209:www.techbriefs.com
3185:, Newnes, p. 130,
3115:, Newnes, p. 274,
2698:Integral linearity
2204:Capacitive sensing
2070:passed through an
1921:digital voltmeters
1729:
1524:digitally filtered
1420:sampling frequency
1123:
1073:quantization error
1057:
963:
936:
805:electricity meters
741:
626:
616:Quantization error
613:
552:
486:
366:
361:
271:
205:quantization error
87:
79:
71:
63:
55:
3858:
3857:
3783:Starred transform
3773:Laplace transform
3697:Speech processing
3666:Estimation theory
3553:10.1109/49.761034
3508:978-1-4398-5491-4
3489:978-0-7803-1093-3
3467:978-0-7803-1045-2
3448:978-0-7506-7907-7
3429:978-0-471-14448-9
3410:978-0-7506-7841-4
3370:978-0-19-511644-1
2671:Power dissipation
2625:
2624:
2617:
2545:Electrical symbol
2497:signal processing
2373:
2372:
2365:
2273:propagation delay
2178:
2177:
2170:
2067:frequency counter
2015:negative feedback
2009:(also known as a
1795:Direct-conversion
1720:
1685:
1663:
1473:low-pass filtered
1379:
1378:
1144:Signal Frequency
1121:
763:Nyquist frequency
730:
360:
127:electronic device
49:X-Fi Fatal1ty Pro
18:Analog-to-digital
16:(Redirected from
3888:
3881:Analog computers
3656:Detection theory
3635:
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3612:
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3170:. globalspec.com
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2553:
2462:microcontrollers
2378:serial interface
2368:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2317:
2309:
2296:RC charging time
2235:Digital calipers
2173:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2122:
2114:
2040:Time-interleaved
2013:) is based on a
1890:constant current
1877:saw-tooth signal
1837:magnetic storage
1775:
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170:digital circuits
139:two's complement
21:
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3792:
3706:
3675:
3661:Discrete signal
3644:
3639:
3589:Wayback Machine
3563:
3544:10.1.1.352.1881
3528:
3515:
3509:
3496:
3490:
3474:
3468:
3455:
3449:
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3355:
3353:Further reading
3350:
3344:
3331:
3325:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3256:Analog Dialogue
3248:
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3105:
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3078:
3074:
3050:10.1.1.212.7539
3026:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2978:Nicholson (1974
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2954:Nicholson (1974
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2930:Nicholson (1974
2928:
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2796:, July 17, 2002
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2711:
2678:
2638:DC offset error
2621:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2586:
2570:
2559:
2547:
2528:
2520:light intensity
2493:signal strength
2481:Digital imaging
2478:
2450:
2422:sound recording
2414:
2412:Music recording
2409:
2393:sample and hold
2369:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2334:
2318:
2307:
2265:they occurred.
2198:microcontroller
2186:Rotary encoders
2174:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2139:
2123:
2112:
2088:
2059:
2042:
2011:sigma-delta ADC
2007:delta-sigma ADC
2003:
1997:
1981:
1956:
1947:weighing scales
1903:integrating ADC
1898:
1886:sample and hold
1873:
1853:
1811:digital encoder
1803:
1797:
1782:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1712:
1699:
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1688:
1678:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1628:Denys Wilkinson
1620:
1609:
1601:
1578:
1554:
1535:audio bit depth
1508:
1502:
1490:frequency mixer
1462:
1456:
1440:sample and hold
1436:conversion time
1402:
1396:
1140:
1110:
1097:
1096:
1077:
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288:audio bit depth
260:
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35:
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22:
15:
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5:
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3562:
3561:External links
3559:
3558:
3557:
3537:(4): 539–550.
3526:
3513:
3507:
3494:
3488:
3476:Razavi, Behzad
3472:
3466:
3460:. IEEE Press.
3453:
3447:
3434:
3428:
3415:
3409:
3394:
3389:978-1441964656
3388:
3375:
3369:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:978-0471636977
3342:
3329:
3324:978-0471815044
3323:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3274:
3241:
3195:
3172:
3160:
3137:
3125:
3099:
3088:Analog Devices
3072:
3035:(1): 415–427.
3019:
2991:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2878:
2860:
2823:
2799:
2781:
2766:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2623:
2622:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2546:
2543:
2527:
2524:
2477:
2474:
2458:TV tuner cards
2449:
2446:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2371:
2370:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2269:Time of flight
2256:
2253:magnetic field
2238:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2201:
2176:
2175:
2126:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2087:
2084:
2058:
2055:
2041:
2038:
2030:digital filter
1999:Main article:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1977:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1937:Dual-slope ADC
1935:
1928:
1897:
1894:
1872:
1869:
1852:
1849:
1799:Main article:
1796:
1793:
1780:
1763:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1659:
1640:
1637:
1633:current source
1619:
1616:
1608:
1607:RC charge time
1605:
1600:
1597:
1577:
1574:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1504:Main article:
1501:
1498:
1458:Main article:
1455:
1452:
1398:Main article:
1395:
1392:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
962:
959:
934:
931:
926:
922:
918:
915:
912:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
875:
872:
850:
847:
820:
817:
785:Main article:
782:
779:
752:
751:
737:
734:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
710:
706:
702:
699:
694:
690:
686:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
617:
614:
597:
596:
589:
586:
580:
563:
562:
550:
547:
544:
539:
535:
531:
528:
510:
503:
497:
496:
484:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
458:
454:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
431:
427:
421:
418:
415:
410:
394:
387:
377:
376:
365:
358:
355:
350:
346:
338:
335:
332:
327:
320:
317:
259:
256:
197:digital signal
184:
181:
123:digital signal
119:digital camera
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3893:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:Undersampling
3843:
3841:
3840:Sampling rate
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3788:Zak transform
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3225:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2846:10.1.1.3.9217
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2728:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2641:DC gain error
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2619:
2616:
2608:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2574:This section
2572:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:compact discs
2427:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2367:
2364:
2356:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2322:This section
2320:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:potentiometer
2285:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2275:for an event.
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2161:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2127:This section
2125:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2078:; others use
2077:
2073:
2072:opto-isolator
2068:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:noise shaping
2020:
2019:sampling rate
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1987:(also called
1986:
1985:pipelined ADC
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:delta-encoded
1954:Delta-encoded
1953:
1948:
1944:
1943:thermocouples
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:binary search
1858:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1814:logic circuit
1812:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1762:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1725:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1624:Wilkinson ADC
1617:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:Wilkinson ADC
1551:
1549:
1542:
1541:noise shaping
1538:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:undersampling
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:sampling rate
1411:
1407:
1401:
1400:Sampling rate
1394:Sampling rate
1393:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:0.31 ps
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:1,243 μs
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1134:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1012:
1005:
1002:
993:
988:
985:
981:
960:
949:
929:
924:
920:
916:
913:
906:
903:
900:
897:
891:
885:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
848:
846:
834:
830:
826:
818:
816:
814:
808:
806:
800:
798:
794:
788:
780:
778:
776:
775:noise shaping
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
725:
722:
719:
716:
708:
704:
697:
692:
688:
684:
681:
660:
659:
658:
656:
631:
622:
615:
608:
604:
602:
594:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
570:
568:
548:
545:
542:
537:
533:
529:
526:
519:
518:
517:
514:
509:
502:
482:
456:
452:
429:
425:
408:
400:
399:
398:
393:
386:
382:
363:
356:
353:
348:
344:
325:
318:
315:
308:
307:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
268:
264:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:sampling rate
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:discrete-time
190:
189:analog signal
182:
180:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:architectures
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:analog signal
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
83:
75:
67:
59:
53:
50:
47:placed on an
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3835:Quantization
3830:Oversampling
3821:Nyquist rate
3816:Downsampling
3534:
3530:
3521:
3498:
3479:
3457:
3438:
3419:
3399:
3382:. Springer.
3379:
3360:
3333:
3314:
3296:. Retrieved
3287:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3254:
3244:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:
3198:
3181:
3175:
3163:
3146:
3140:
3128:
3111:
3102:
3091:, retrieved
3082:
3075:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3006:
2994:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2881:
2873:
2863:
2839:(1): 11–18.
2836:
2832:
2826:
2814:. Retrieved
2802:
2794:maxim-ic.com
2793:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2737:
2717:
2693:Beta encoder
2633:
2626:
2611:
2602:
2587:Please help
2575:
2548:
2529:
2501:
2479:
2451:
2415:
2407:Applications
2401:differential
2386:
2382:clock signal
2374:
2359:
2350:
2335:Please help
2323:
2216:permittivity
2179:
2164:
2158:October 2023
2155:
2140:Please help
2128:
2099:preprocessor
2089:
2086:Time-stretch
2060:
2043:
2027:downsampling
2010:
2006:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1964:counter-ramp
1963:
1959:
1957:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1874:
1871:Ramp-compare
1854:
1845:
1841:
1818:
1804:
1785:
1777:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1649:
1642:
1623:
1621:
1610:
1602:
1579:
1570:
1555:
1546:
1520:Nyquist rate
1509:
1506:Oversampling
1500:Oversampling
1483:
1476:
1470:
1466:Nyquist rate
1463:
1435:
1433:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1387:digitization
1380:
1363:1.89 ps
1360:18.9 ps
1357:18.9 ns
1337:30.4 ps
1317:0.12 ps
1314:1.21 ps
1308:1.21 ns
1305:1.21 μs
1291:0.49 ps
1288:4.86 ps
1282:4.86 ns
1279:4.86 μs
1268:0.19 ps
1265:1.94 ps
1262:19.4 ps
1259:1.94 ns
1256:19.4 ns
1253:19.4 μs
1242:0.78 ps
1239:7.77 ps
1236:77.7 ps
1233:7.77 ns
1230:77.7 ns
1227:77.7 μs
1216:3.11 ps
1213:31.1 ps
1207:31.1 ns
1178:1.24 μs
1164:100 MHz
1139:Output size
877:
852:
849:Nonlinearity
825:Quantization
822:
809:
801:
790:
767:oversampling
760:
753:
630:quantization
627:
598:
592:
574:
571:
566:
564:
515:
507:
500:
498:
397:is given by
391:
384:
380:
378:
302:
292:
280:oversampling
272:
266:
213:
201:quantization
186:
174:
143:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
36:
3718:Z-transform
3232:|last=
2966:Knoll (1989
2942:Knoll (1989
2918:Knoll (1989
2903:November 4,
2874:eetimes.com
2759:October 18,
2688:Audio codec
2508:temperature
2389:multiplexer
2208:capacitance
1995:Delta-sigma
1912:multi-slope
1896:Integrating
1807:comparators
1512:white noise
1383:phase noise
1334:304 ps
1331:304 ns
1311:121 ps
1285:486 ps
1210:311 ps
1201:311 μs
1167:1 GHz
1161:10 MHz
1155:10 kHz
856:calibration
797:white noise
771:out-of-band
252:bandlimited
183:Explanation
91:electronics
3865:Categories
3850:Upsampling
3711:Techniques
3680:Sub-fields
3441:. Newnes.
3298:October 9,
3267:October 9,
3214:October 9,
3191:0750694998
3156:0133416860
3121:0750678410
3093:October 7,
2816:August 19,
2729:References
2438:downsample
2397:amplifiers
2305:Commercial
2242:inductance
2222:material.
2220:dielectric
1916:integrator
1908:dual-slope
1882:integrator
1789:parasitics
1645:RC circuit
1566:Flash ADCs
1494:heterodyne
1406:continuous
1158:1 MHz
1152:1 kHz
583:Full scale
258:Resolution
228:resolution
150:components
115:microphone
52:sound card
3825:frequency
3539:CiteSeerX
3422:. Wiley.
3045:CiteSeerX
3007:atmel.com
2841:CiteSeerX
2605:July 2022
2576:does not
2535:composite
2434:kilohertz
2353:July 2018
2324:does not
2227:capacitor
2194:Gray code
2129:does not
2034:bit depth
1979:Pipelined
1801:Flash ADC
1742:voltage.
1705:−
1697:−
1662:capacitor
1618:Wilkinson
1533:Improved
1522:and then
1444:capacitor
1149:1 Hz
1108:π
1083:Δ
1052:Δ
1039:π
1030:≤
1019:Δ
994:≤
958:Δ
917:π
907:
829:linearity
723:⋅
717:≈
698:
643:LSB and +
575:Example:
543:−
453:−
354:−
216:bandwidth
121:, into a
3806:Aliasing
3798:Sampling
3478:(1995).
3292:Archived
3261:Archived
3224:cite web
3067:15038020
3011:Archived
2894:Archived
2750:Archived
2676:See also
2629:hardware
2526:Displays
2512:pressure
2246:inductor
2190:rotation
2096:photonic
1972:feedback
1516:passband
1460:Aliasing
1454:Aliasing
1193:1.24 ps
1006:′
819:Accuracy
232:aliasing
209:sampling
3587:at the
3037:Bibcode
2597:removed
2582:sources
2557:Testing
2504:sensors
2487:. Some
2420:-based
2345:removed
2330:sources
2281:Sensors
2196:that a
2150:removed
2135:sources
1968:counter
1833:optical
1771:⁄
1754:⁄
1425:sampled
1190:12.4 ps
1184:1.24 ns
840:⁄
648:⁄
638:⁄
267:Fig. 1.
135:current
131:voltage
3759:(DTFT)
3649:Theory
3541:
3505:
3486:
3464:
3445:
3426:
3407:
3386:
3367:
3340:
3321:
3189:
3154:
3119:
3065:
3047:
2843:
2485:pixels
1906:(also
1781:supply
1776:
1764:supply
1759:
1684:supply
1204:311 ns
1187:124 ps
1181:124 ns
1141:(bits)
948:jitter
874:Jitter
813:banded
793:dither
787:dither
781:Dither
756:16-bit
729:
565:where
511:RefLow
499:where
379:where
284:binary
236:jitter
166:analog
160:(MOS)
107:A-to-D
3753:(DFT)
3747:(DCT)
3063:S2CID
3014:(PDF)
3003:(PDF)
2897:(PDF)
2890:(PDF)
2811:(PDF)
2753:(PDF)
2746:(PDF)
2709:Notes
2703:Modem
2665:(DNL)
2659:(INL)
2653:(THD)
2647:(SNR)
2502:Many
2489:radar
2290:or a
2218:of a
2212:proxy
1825:video
1599:Types
1583:floor
504:RefHi
295:volts
244:noise
191:to a
105:, or
93:, an
3503:ISBN
3484:ISBN
3462:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3405:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3365:ISBN
3338:ISBN
3319:ISBN
3300:2023
3269:2023
3236:help
3216:2023
3187:ISBN
3152:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3095:2021
2905:2013
2818:2012
2761:2016
2580:any
2578:cite
2328:any
2326:cite
2263:time
2133:any
2131:cite
2049:the
1945:and
1835:and
1622:The
1488:and
1410:time
1089:<
862:and
720:6.02
506:and
234:and
218:and
168:and
3549:doi
3055:doi
2851:doi
2591:by
2539:VGA
2537:or
2399:or
2339:by
2248:'s
2144:by
1962:or
1910:or
1900:An
1821:die
1766:to
1585:or
1417:or
1408:in
950:is
904:sin
842:256
689:log
395:FSR
388:FSR
133:or
103:A/D
99:ADC
89:In
3867::
3823:/
3547:.
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3533:.
3520:.
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2516:pH
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2510:,
2464:.
2250:AC
2090:A
2044:A
2005:A
1983:A
1958:A
1892:.
1855:A
1839:.
1827:,
1791:.
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1354:24
1349:–
1328:20
1323:–
1302:18
1297:–
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1250:14
1224:12
1198:10
693:10
685:20
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1670:t
1667:(
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1369:-
1346:–
1320:–
1172:8
1116:0
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1003:x
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911:(
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682:=
678:R
675:N
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633:−
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546:1
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530:=
527:N
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483:,
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468:f
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417:S
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357:1
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334:S
331:F
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319:=
316:R
303:Q
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