2689:
465:
lifestyles. Crocodilians, for example, are still uricotelic, although they are also partly ammonotelic, meaning they excrete some of their waste as ammonia. Ureotelism appears to be the ancestral condition among primitive amniotes, and it is retained by mammals, which likely inherited ureotelism from their synapsid and therapsid ancestors. Ureotelism therefore would suggest that turtles were more likely anapsids than diapsids. The only known uricotelic chelonian is the
150:
2696:
2854:
1906:
1911:
327:
2683:
132:
469:, which likely evolved it recently as adaptation to desert habitats. Some desert mammals are also uricotelic, so since practically all known mammals are ureotelic, uricotelic adaptation is a likely result of convergence among desert species. Therefore, turtles would have to be the only known case of a uricotelic reptile reverting to ureotelism.
464:
Despite the molecular studies, there is evidence that contradicts their classification as diapsids. All known diapsids excrete uric acid as nitrogenous waste (uricotelic), and there is no known case of a diapsid reverting to the excretion of urea (ureotelism), even when they return to semi-aquatic
485:
This definition explicitly includes turtles in
Anapsida; because the phylogenetic placement of turtles within Amniota is very uncertain, it is unclear what taxa, other than turtles themselves, would be included in such defined Anapsida, and whether its content would be similar to the Anapsida of
481:
group composed of all the early reptiles retaining the primitive skull morphology, grouped together by the absence of temporal openings. Gauthier, Kluge and Rowe (1988) attempted to redefine
Anapsida so it would be monophyletic, defining it as the clade containing "extant turtles and all other
498:
Tsuji and Müller (2009) noted that the name
Anapsida implies a morphology (lack of temporal openings) that is in fact absent in the skeletons of a number of taxa traditionally included in the group. A temporal opening in the skull roof behind each eye, similar to that present in the skulls of
424:
Reanalysis of prior phylogenies suggests that they classified turtles as anapsids both because they assumed this classification (most of them were studying what sort of anapsid turtles are) and because they did not sample fossil and extant taxa broadly enough for constructing the
344:
group, it has been suggested that several groups of reptiles that had anapsid skulls might be only distantly related. Scientists still debate the exact relationship between the basal (original) reptiles that first appeared in the late
935:
Roos, Jonas; Aggarwal, Ramesh K.; Janke, Axel (November 2007). "Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the
Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary".
519:. The presence of temporal openings in the skulls of these taxa makes it uncertain whether the ancestral reptiles had an anapsid-like skull as traditionally assumed or a synapsid-like skull instead.
477:
Anapsida is still sporadically recognized as a valid group, but is not favoured by current workers. Anapsids in the traditional meaning of the word are not a clade, but rather a
973:
Katsu, Y.; Braun, E. L.; Guillette, L. J. Jr.; Iguchi, T. (2010-03-17). "From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes".
318:. It is, however, doubtful that all anapsids lack temporal fenestra as a primitive trait, and that all the groups traditionally seen as anapsids truly lacked fenestra.
829:
2934:
421:). However, in a later paper from the same authors, published in 2014, based on more extensive data, the archosauromorph hypothesis is supported.
1175:
938:
785:
1426:
736:"Toward consilience in reptile phylogeny: miRNAs support an archosaur, not lepidosaur, affinity for turtles: Reptile phylogeny from miRNAs"
433:
is suggested to have diverged from other diapsids between 200 and 279 million years ago, though the debate is far from settled. Although
1296:
1312:
Cisneros, Juan C.; Damiani, Ross; Schultz, Cesar; da Rosa, Átila; Schwanke, Cibele; Neto, Leopoldo W.; Aurélio, Pedro L. P. (2004).
1187:
569:
556:
458:
1065:
Lyson, Tyler R.; Sperling, Erik A.; Heimberg, Alysha M.; Gauthier, Jacques A.; King, Benjamin L.; Peterson, Kevin J. (2012-02-23).
1364:
Piñeiro, Graciela; Ferigolo, Jorge; Ramos, Alejandro; Laurin, Michel (2012). "Cranial morphology of the Early
Permian mesosaurid
1165:
2688:
898:
401:, or, more commonly, as a sister group to extant archosaurs. One molecular study, published in 2012, suggests that turtles are
2939:
734:
Field, Daniel J.; Gauthier, Jacques A.; King, Benjamin L.; Pisani, Davide; Lyson, Tyler R.; Peterson, Kevin J. (July 2014).
2980:
2452:
373:
rather than to anapsid descent. The majority of modern paleontologists believe that the
Testudines are descended from
2695:
306:. Traditionally, the Anapsida are considered the most primitive subclass of amniotes, the ancestral stock from which
2546:
639:"Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction"
2975:
2598:
149:
1517:
1419:
209:
1287:
Gauthier, J. A.; Kluge, A. G.; Rowe, T. (1988). "The early evolution of the
Amniota". In Benton, M. J. (ed.).
2504:
1544:
394:
1253:"Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade"
894:"Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins"
606:"Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade"
2874:
2641:
2478:
1865:
490:
in their
Anapsida, while excluding the majority of anapsids in the traditional sense of the word from it.
1018:"More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs"
2947:
2426:
1905:
1016:
Crawford, N. G.; Faircloth, B. C.; McCormack, J. E.; Brumfield, R. T.; Winker, K.; Glenn, T. C. (2012).
1910:
2921:
2682:
1130:
838:
370:
1840:
2857:
2070:
1412:
2796:
2441:
2225:
2180:
2143:
1958:
1812:
1146:
998:
892:
Iwabe, N.; Hara, Y.; Kumazawa, Y.; Shibamoto, K.; Saito, Y.; Miyata, T.; Katoh, K. (2004-12-29).
660:
397:
studies have strongly upheld the placement of turtles within diapsids; some place turtles within
268:
144:
46:
783:
Mannen, Hideyuki; Li, Steven S.-L. (October 1999). "Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles".
637:
Ruta, Marcello; Cisneros, Juan C.; Liebrect, Torsten; Tsuji, Linda A.; Muller, Johannes (2011).
2952:
2371:
2786:
2740:
2535:
1343:
1292:
1226:
1183:
1171:
1096:
1047:
990:
955:
917:
874:
856:
802:
765:
552:
508:
299:
236:
2587:
2209:
1979:
1661:
1377:
1333:
1325:
1264:
1216:
1138:
1086:
1078:
1037:
1029:
982:
947:
907:
864:
846:
794:
755:
747:
650:
617:
584:
446:
402:
303:
381:
studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within diapsids, or, more commonly, within
2562:
2355:
2312:
2218:
1999:
1731:
1502:
466:
434:
332:
507:(the group containing most of reptiles traditionally referred to as anapsids), including
1314:"A procolophonoid reptile with temporal fenestration from the Middle Triassic of Brazil"
1134:
842:
486:
tradition. Indeed, Gauthier, Kluge and Rowe (1988) themselves included only turtles and
2912:
2816:
2493:
2262:
2239:
1670:
1627:
1529:
1338:
1313:
1091:
1066:
1042:
1017:
760:
735:
680:"An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland"
589:
1398:
1115:
340:
While "anapsid reptiles" or "Anapsida" were traditionally spoken of as if they were a
2969:
2791:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2630:
2578:
2467:
2386:
2379:
2283:
2276:
2171:
2120:
2060:
1969:
1854:
1826:
1796:
1782:
1768:
869:
824:
706:
679:
655:
638:
487:
482:
extinct taxa that are more closely related to them than they are to other reptiles".
442:
382:
378:
346:
260:
228:
88:
50:
1002:
664:
2826:
2801:
2781:
2771:
2555:
2415:
2297:
2290:
2150:
2110:
2020:
2009:
1989:
1722:
1692:
1684:
1677:
1404:
1150:
512:
504:
341:
244:
2926:
2906:
2806:
2750:
2521:
2400:
2364:
2341:
2334:
2304:
2253:
2195:
2134:
2040:
2030:
1833:
1700:
951:
398:
369:). However, it was later suggested that the anapsid-like turtle skull is due to
326:
63:
1381:
131:
2831:
2821:
2776:
2618:
2327:
2269:
2188:
2100:
2090:
2080:
1819:
1775:
1738:
1647:
1610:
1597:
1556:
1435:
1221:
1204:
528:
450:
426:
406:
354:
275:
252:
108:
73:
2897:
860:
851:
2607:
2319:
2232:
1745:
1637:
912:
893:
478:
454:
315:
307:
161:
113:
57:
1347:
1329:
1269:
1252:
1230:
1100:
1082:
1051:
1033:
994:
959:
921:
806:
798:
769:
622:
605:
878:
2891:
2811:
2566:
2393:
2157:
1759:
1477:
1471:
516:
500:
438:
366:
362:
279:
181:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
17:
2525:
1941:
1928:
1877:
1805:
1708:
1486:
1441:
418:
377:
reptiles that lost their temporal fenestrae. More recent morphological
374:
350:
311:
295:
191:
118:
93:
31:
986:
825:"Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles"
751:
2650:
2516:
1465:
1142:
410:
358:
171:
2868:
2050:
1368:
and the evolution of the lower temporal fenestration reassessed".
414:
325:
707:"A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland"
2614:
441:, most of the other reptiles with anapsid skulls, including the
2872:
2712:
1926:
1595:
1458:
1408:
515:, some nycteroleterids, some procolophonoids and at least some
503:, has been discovered in the skulls of a number of members of
1291:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 103–155.
570:"Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles"
551:, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
1318:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1198:
1196:
705:
Borsuk−Białynicka, Magdalena; Evans, Susan E. (2009).
1359:
1357:
2490:
2464:
2438:
2412:
2352:
2250:
2206:
2168:
2131:
2116:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1954:
1851:
1793:
1756:
1719:
1658:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
265:
257:
249:
241:
233:
225:
2881:
2759:
2723:
2629:
2586:
2577:
2534:
2515:
2489:
2463:
2437:
2411:
2351:
2249:
2205:
2167:
2130:
1939:
1876:
1850:
1792:
1755:
1718:
1657:
1608:
1555:
1528:
1501:
1289:The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods
830:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1420:
8:
729:
727:
1170:(2nd ed.). London: Blackwell Science.
1067:"MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade"
2869:
2720:
2709:
2583:
2531:
1947:
1936:
1923:
1616:
1605:
1592:
1534:
1507:
1498:
1455:
1427:
1413:
1405:
1251:Tsuji, Linda A.; Müller, Johannes (2009).
604:Tsuji, Linda A.; Muller, Johannes (2009).
353:reptiles that had anapsid skulls, and the
130:
38:
1337:
1268:
1220:
1205:"The phylogenetic definition of Reptilia"
1090:
1041:
911:
868:
850:
818:
816:
759:
654:
621:
588:
577:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
494:Temporal openings in traditional anapsids
1282:
1280:
1203:Modesto, S. P.; Anderson, J. S. (2004).
540:
405:diapsids, most closely related to the
939:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
786:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
336:(loggerhead sea turtle), a testudine
298:whose skull lacks one or more skull
590:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x
25:
568:deBraga, M.; Rieppel, O. (1997).
459:Permian-Triassic extinction event
2853:
2852:
2694:
2687:
2681:
1909:
1904:
656:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x
389:Phylogenetic position of turtles
148:
975:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
899:Molecular Biology and Evolution
823:Zardoya, R.; Meyer, A. (1998).
302:(fenestra, or fossae) near the
124:Range possibly includes turtles
1:
1116:"Turtles as diapsid reptiles"
1114:Rieppel O, DeBraga M (1996).
437:managed to survive into the
952:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018
740:Evolution & Development
547:Pough, F. H. et al. (2002)
473:Anapsida in modern taxonomy
2997:
1382:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.02.001
30:For the extinct fish, see
29:
2848:
2719:
2708:
2679:
1950:
1935:
1922:
1902:
1619:
1604:
1591:
1537:
1510:
1497:
1454:
1222:10.1080/10635150490503026
314:evolved, making anapsids
222:
217:
145:Scientific classification
143:
138:
129:
41:
1399:Introduction to Anapsida
852:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226
678:Evans, Susan E. (2009).
453:, became extinct in the
322:Anapsids and the turtles
1167:Vertebrate Paleontology
714:Paleontologica Polonica
687:Paleontologica Polonica
1370:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1330:10.1098/rspb.2004.2748
1270:10.1002/mmng.200800011
1164:Benton, M. J. (2000).
1083:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477
1034:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331
799:10.1006/mpev.1999.0640
623:10.1002/mmng.200800011
337:
2948:Paleobiology Database
913:10.1093/molbev/msi075
329:
1366:Mesosaurus tenuidens
27:Subclass of reptiles
2981:Paraphyletic groups
2724:Possible sauropsids
1324:(1547): 1541–1546.
1182:3rd edition (2004)
1135:1996Natur.384..453R
843:1998PNAS...9514226Z
837:(24): 14226–14231.
2797:Procolophonomorpha
2453:Ichthyosauromorpha
2442:Ichthyosauromorpha
2254:Drepanosauromorpha
2181:Acerosodontosaurus
1209:Systematic Biology
338:
269:Procolophonomorpha
47:Late Carboniferous
2963:
2962:
2875:Taxon identifiers
2866:
2865:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2787:Lanthanosuchoidea
2741:Protorothyrididae
2704:
2703:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2563:rhynchocephalians
2547:Lepidosauromorpha
2536:Lepidosauromorpha
1918:
1917:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1177:978-0-632-05614-9
1129:(6608): 453–455.
987:10.1159/000297715
752:10.1111/ede.12081
330:Anapsid skull of
288:
287:
237:Protorothyrididae
213:
16:(Redirected from
2988:
2976:Reptile taxonomy
2956:
2955:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2870:
2856:
2855:
2721:
2710:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2599:Archosauromorpha
2588:Archosauromorpha
2584:
2532:
2492:
2466:
2440:
2414:
2354:
2252:
2210:Weigeltisauridae
2208:
2170:
2133:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1980:Cryptovaranoides
1977:
1967:
1956:
1948:
1937:
1924:
1913:
1908:
1853:
1795:
1758:
1721:
1662:Acleistorhinidae
1660:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1617:
1606:
1593:
1535:
1508:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1406:
1386:
1385:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1200:
1191:
1181:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1143:10.1038/384453a0
1120:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1013:
1007:
1006:
970:
964:
963:
932:
926:
925:
915:
889:
883:
882:
872:
854:
820:
811:
810:
780:
774:
773:
763:
731:
722:
721:
711:
702:
696:
694:
684:
675:
669:
668:
658:
649:(5): 1117–1137.
634:
628:
627:
625:
601:
595:
594:
592:
574:
565:
559:
545:
511:, millerettids,
509:lanthanosuchoids
403:lepidosauromorph
282:& terrapins)
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
208:
153:
152:
134:
123:
60:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2836:
2755:
2715:
2700:
2693:
2661:
2625:
2573:
2519:
2511:
2485:
2459:
2433:
2407:
2356:Kuehneosauridae
2347:
2313:Megalancosaurus
2245:
2219:Coelurosauravus
2201:
2163:
2126:
2000:Elachistosuchus
1944:
1931:
1914:
1892:
1872:
1846:
1788:
1751:
1714:
1653:
1613:
1600:
1571:
1551:
1524:
1518:Tetrapodomorpha
1503:Tetrapodomorpha
1493:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1071:Biology Letters
1064:
1063:
1059:
1022:Biology Letters
1015:
1014:
1010:
972:
971:
967:
934:
933:
929:
891:
890:
886:
822:
821:
814:
782:
781:
777:
733:
732:
725:
709:
704:
703:
699:
682:
677:
676:
672:
636:
635:
631:
603:
602:
598:
572:
567:
566:
562:
549:Vertebrate Life
546:
542:
537:
525:
496:
475:
467:desert tortoise
447:nycteroleterids
391:
333:Caretta caretta
324:
207:
147:
125:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
56:312–201.3
55:
54:
53:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2903:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Younginiformes
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
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1376:(5): 379–391.
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1028:(5): 783–786.
1008:
981:(2–4): 79–93.
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946:(2): 663–673.
927:
906:(4): 810–813.
884:
812:
793:(1): 144–148.
775:
746:(4): 189–196.
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2736:Captorhinidae
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2729:
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2642:Pantestudines
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2579:Archelosauria
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2479:Sauropterygia
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2468:Sauropterygia
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2398:
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2387:Kuehneosuchus
2384:
2382:
2381:
2380:Kuehneosaurus
2377:
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2369:
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2284:Drepanosaurus
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2277:Dolabrosaurus
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2172:Tangasauridae
2166:
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2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
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2121:Sphodrosaurus
2115:
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2112:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2075:
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2072:
2071:Maiothisavros
2065:
2063:
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2061:Lanthanolania
2055:
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2015:
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2002:
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1994:
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1970:Claudiosaurus
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1791:
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1783:Stereosternum
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1769:Brazilosaurus
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557:0-13-041248-1
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541:
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520:
518:
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510:
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502:
493:
491:
489:
488:Captorhinidae
483:
480:
472:
470:
468:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
388:
386:
384:
383:Archelosauria
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:Carboniferous
343:
335:
334:
328:
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
281:
277:
274:
270:
264:
262:
261:Millerosauria
256:
254:
248:
247:
246:
240:
238:
232:
230:
229:Captorhinidae
224:
223:
221:
216:
211:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
137:
133:
128:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
52:
51:Late Triassic
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2882:
2827:Eolacertilia
2802:Ankyramorpha
2782:Parareptilia
2772:Captorhinida
2766:
2686:
2649:
2619:crocodilians
2606:
2556:Lepidosauria
2554:
2427:Choristodera
2416:Choristodera
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2363:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2298:Kyrgyzsaurus
2296:
2291:Hypuronector
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2156:
2151:Thadeosaurus
2149:
2142:
2119:
2111:Saurosternon
2109:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2021:Feralisaurus
2019:
2010:Eunotosaurus
2008:
1998:
1990:Dolerosaurus
1988:
1978:
1968:
1957:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:Bolosauridae
1707:
1699:
1693:Delorhynchus
1691:
1685:Colobomycter
1683:
1678:Carbonodraco
1676:
1669:
1646:
1636:
1626:
1482:
1476:Superclass:
1445:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1288:
1263:(1): 71–81.
1260:
1256:
1212:
1208:
1166:
1159:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1025:
1021:
1011:
978:
974:
968:
943:
937:
930:
903:
897:
887:
834:
828:
790:
784:
778:
743:
739:
717:
713:
700:
690:
686:
673:
646:
642:
632:
616:(1): 71–81.
613:
609:
599:
580:
576:
563:
548:
543:
505:Parareptilia
497:
484:
479:paraphyletic
476:
463:
455:Late Permian
443:millerettids
430:
423:
392:
379:phylogenetic
342:monophyletic
339:
331:
316:paraphyletic
291:
289:
245:Parareptilia
204:
198:
36:
2907:Wikispecies
2807:Neodiapsida
2751:Varanopidae
2608:Archosauria
2401:Rhabdopelix
2365:Icarosaurus
2342:Vallesaurus
2335:Unguinychus
2305:Longisquama
2196:Tangasaurus
2144:Galesphyrus
2135:Younginidae
2041:Kenyasaurus
2031:Heleosuchus
1959:Adelosaurus
1834:Milleropsis
1813:Heleophilus
1701:Feeserpeton
513:bolosaurids
451:pareiasaurs
407:lepidosaurs
399:Archosauria
2970:Categories
2832:Euryapsida
2822:Avicephala
2777:Eureptilia
2760:Other taxa
2651:Testudines
2328:Skybalonyx
2270:Avicranium
2189:Hovasaurus
2101:Palaeagama
2091:Palacrodon
2081:Orovenator
1887:see below↓
1820:Milleretta
1776:Mesosaurus
1760:Mesosauria
1739:Bolosaurus
1648:Microleter
1611:Sauropsida
1598:Sauropsida
1566:see below↓
1557:Sauropsida
1446:sensu lato
1436:Sauropsida
720:: 203–234.
693:: 145–178.
535:References
529:Euryapsida
431:Testudines
355:Testudines
278:(Turtles,
276:Testudines
253:Mesosauria
218:Subgroups
2648:Includes
2613:includes
2605:Includes
2567:squamates
2561:includes
2553:Includes
2372:Idiosaura
2320:Protoavis
2233:Rautiania
1746:Eudibamus
1638:Erpetonyx
1478:Tetrapoda
1464:Kingdom:
1401:from UCMP
861:0027-8424
517:mesosaurs
501:synapsids
427:cladogram
395:molecular
371:reversion
367:terrapins
363:tortoises
308:Synapsida
280:tortoises
210:Williston
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
2927:Anapsida
2913:Anapsida
2892:Wikidata
2883:Anapsida
2858:Category
2812:Eosuchia
2767:Anapsida
2714:See also
2526:Reptilia
2394:Pamelina
2226:Glaurung
2158:Youngina
1942:Diapsida
1929:Diapsida
1878:Diapsida
1472:Chordata
1470:Phylum:
1466:Animalia
1442:Reptilia
1348:15306328
1231:15545258
1101:21775315
1052:22593086
1003:12116018
995:20234127
960:17719245
922:15625185
807:10508547
770:24798503
665:83693335
523:See also
439:Triassic
419:tuataras
312:Diapsida
300:openings
205:Anapsida
192:Reptilia
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
42:Anapsids
18:Anapsida
2898:Q331974
2656:turtles
1806:Broomia
1732:Belebey
1709:Karutia
1487:Amniota
1339:1691751
1151:4264378
1131:Bibcode
1092:3259949
1043:3440978
879:9826682
839:Bibcode
761:4215941
411:lizards
375:diapsid
359:turtles
351:Permian
304:temples
296:amniote
292:anapsid
188:Class:
32:Anaspid
2940:173748
2517:Sauria
1346:
1336:
1295:
1229:
1186:
1174:
1149:
1123:Nature
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