1049:: We identified, for the first time in ancient populations, the rare mitochondrial haplogroup X4 in two Bronze Age Catacomb culture-associated individuals. Genetic similarity analyses show close maternal genetic affinities between populations associated with both eastern and Baltic Corded Ware culture, and the Yamnaya horizon, in contrast to larger genetic differentiation between populations associated with western Corded Ware culture and the Yamnaya horizon. This indicates that females with steppe ancestry contributed to the formation of populations associated with the eastern Corded Ware culture while more local people, likely of Neolithic farmer ancestry, contributed to the formation of populations associated with western Corded Ware culture.
206:
399:
1241:
Sousa
Kalliga, Eleni Souleles, Angelos Kontopoulos, Ioannis Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia Philaniotou, Olga Sampson, Adamantios Theodorou, Dimitra Tsipopoulou, Metaxia Akamatis, Ioannis Halstead, Paul Kotsakis, Kostas Urem-Kotsou, Dushka Panagiotopoulos, Diamantis Ziota, Christina Triantaphyllou, Sevasti Delaneau, Olivier Jensen, Jeffrey D. Victor Moreno-Mayar, J. Burger, Joachim Sousa, Vitor C. Lao, Oscar Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo Papageorgopoulou (2021).
390:) and diminishing northwards to about 10% in northern Scandinavia. According to more recent studies the highest EEF ancestry found in modern Europeans ranges from 67% to over 80% in modern Sardinians, Italians, and Iberians, with the lowest EEF ancestry found in modern Europeans ranging around 35-40% in modern Finns, Lithuanians and Latvians. EEF ancestry is also prominent in living Northwest Africans like Moroccans and Algerians.
4195:
981:Ăversti, Sanni; Majander, Kerttu; Salmela, Elina; Salo, Kati; Arppe, Laura; Belskiy, Stanislav; Etu-Sihvola, Heli; Laakso, Ville; Mikkola, Esa; Pfrengle, Saskia; Putkonen, Mikko; Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka; Vuoristo, Katja; Wessman, Anna; Sajantila, Antti; Oinonen, Markku; Haak, Wolfgang; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Krause, Johannes; Palo, Jukka U.; Onkamo, PĂ€ivi (15 November 2019).
415:
Neolithic and Bronze Age, further reductions of EEF ancestry in Europe due to migrations of peoples with steppe-related ancestry is associated with further increases in height. High frequencies of EEF ancestry in
Southern Europe might partly explain the shortness of Southern Europeans as compared to Northern Europeans, who carry increased levels of steppe-related ancestry.
114:(WHGs), with significant regional variation. European farmer and hunter-gatherer populations coexisted and traded in some locales, although evidence suggests that the relationship was not always peaceful. Over the course of the next 4,000 years or so, Europe was transformed into agricultural communities, with WHGs being effectively replaced across Europe. During the
1207:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Mota, Barbara; Paulsson, Bettina Schulz; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; JĂžrkov, Marie Louise
Schjellerup (5
970:
p.55: "In addition, uniparental markers changed suddenly as mtDNA N1a and Y haplogroup G2a, which had been very common in the EEF agricultural population, were replaced by Y haplogroups R1a and R1b and by a variety of mtDNA haplogroups typical of the Steppe
Yamnaya population. The uniparental markers
1240:
Christina, Clemente, Florian
Unterlaender, Martina Dolgova, Olga Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G. Coroado-Santos, Francisco Neuenschwander, Samuel Ganiatsou, Elissavet Davalos, Diana I. Cruz Anchieri, Lucas Michaud, Frederic Winkelbach, Laura Bloecher, Jens Cardenas, Yami Ommar Arizmendi da Mota, Barbara
1853:
Seersholm, Frederik Valeur; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Koelman, Julia; Blank, Malou; Svensson, Emma M.; Staring, Jacqueline; Fraser, Magdalena; Pinotti, Thomaz; McColl, Hugh; Gaunitz, Charleen; Ruiz-Bedoya, Tatiana; GranehÀll, Lena; Villegas-Ramirez, Berenice; Fischer, Anders; Price, T. Douglas (August
414:
than EEFs, and the replacement of
European hunter-gatherers by EEFs resulted in a dramatic decrease in genetic height throughout Europe. During the later phases of the Neolithic, height increased among European farmers, probably due to increasing admixture with hunter-gatherers. During the Late
1509:
Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Pearson, Alice; Fischer, Anders; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Halgren, Alma S.; Macleod, Ruairidh; Demeter, Fabrice; Henriksen, Rasmus A.; Vimala, Tharsika; McColl, Hugh; Vaughn, Andrew H.; Speidel, Leo (January 2024).
1634:
Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Haile, James; Lin, Audrey T.; Scheu, Amelie; Geörg, Christina; Benecke, Norbert; Alexander, Michelle; Linderholm, Anna; Mullin, Victoria E.; Daly, Kevin G.; Battista, Vincent M.; Price, Max; Gron, Kurt J.; Alexandri, Panoraia; Arbogast, Rose-Marie (27 August 2019).
1448:
Marchi, Nina; Winkelbach, Laura; Schulz, Ilektra; Brami, Maxime; Hofmanovå, Zuzana; Blöcher, Jens; Reyna-Blanco, Carlos S.; Diekmann, Yoan; Thiéry, Alexandre; Kapopoulou, Adamandia; Link, Vivian; Piuz, Valérie; Kreutzer, Susanne; Figarska, Sylwia M.; Ganiatsou, Elissavet (May 2022).
562:
Marchi, Nina; Winkelbach, Laura; Schulz, Ilektra; Brami, Maxime; Hofmanovå, Zuzana; Blöcher, Jens; Reyna-Blanco, Carlos S.; Diekmann, Yoan; Thiéry, Alexandre; Kapopoulou, Adamandia; Link, Vivian; Piuz, Valérie; Kreutzer, Susanne; Figarska, Sylwia M.; Ganiatsou, Elissavet (May 2022).
620:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (8 August 2016).
252:
to
Southeast Europe, which resulted in the replacement of almost all (c. 98%) of the local Balkan hunter-gatherer gene pool with ancestry from Anatolian farmers. In the Balkans, the EEFs appear to have divided into two wings, who expanded further west into Europe along the
277:
nevertheless remained unsettled by EEFs. During the Middle
Neolithic there was a largely male-driven resurgence of WHG ancestry among many EEF-derived communities, leading to increasing frequencies of the hunter-gatherer paternal haplogroups among them.
450:(tracing descent through the male line), with the tombs occupants mostly consisting of the male descendants of a single male common ancestor and their children, as well as their wives which were genetically unrelated to their husbands, suggesting female
370:
A 2017 study found that Bronze Age
European with steppe ancestry had elevated EEF ancestry on the X chromosome, suggesting a sex bias, in which Steppe ancestry was inherited by more male than female ancestors. However, this study's results
3364:
3181:
2277:
2159:
2035:
1341:, p. 4. "esults suggest that the modern South-North gradient in height across Europe is due to both increased steppe ancestry in northern populations, and selection for decreased height in Early Neolithic migrants to southern Europe."
1037:"The subsequent spread of Yamnaya-related people and Corded Ware Culture in the late Neolithic and Bronze Age were accompanied with the increase of haplogroups I, U2 and T1 in Europe (See8 and references therein)."
732:
SimĂ”es, Luciana G.; GĂŒnther, Torsten; MartĂnez-SĂĄnchez, Rafael M.; Vera-RodrĂguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; RodrĂguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023).
422:, although darker than most modern Europeans. A study on different EEF remains throughout Europe concluded that they had "intermediate to light skin complexion". A 2024 study found that risk alleles for
1391:
Wang, Ke; PrĂŒfer, Kay; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Childebayeva, Ainash; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Coia, Valentina; Maixner, Frank; Zink, Albert; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes (16 August 2023).
495:
Krause, Johannes; Jeong, Choongwon; Haak, Wolfgang; Posth, Cosimo; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; MustafaoÄlu, Gökhan; Fairbairn, Andrew; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Julia Gresky (19 March 2019).
691:
4158:
4023:
3084:
3027:
1788:
Fowler, Chris; Olalde, Iñigo; Cummings, Vicki; Armit, Ian; BĂŒster, Lindsey; Cuthbert, Sarah; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (27 January 2022).
367:
DNA (mainly haplogroup N) was also substantially replaced, being supplanted by steppe lineages, suggesting the migrations involved both males and females from the steppe.
1266:
885:
Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Denisova, Galina; Rogalla, Urszula; Perkova, Maria; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilia (21 December 2010).
248:
Genetic studies demonstrate that the introduction of farming to Europe in the 7th millennium BC was associated with a mass migration of people from
Northwest
3476:
830:"HVS-I polymorphism screening of ancient human mitochondrial DNA provides evidence for N9a discontinuity and East Asian haplogroups in the Neolithic Hungary"
184:
3904:
2800:"The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods"
3786:
1575:
Scheu, Amelie; Powell, Adam; Bollongino, Ruth; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Tresset, Anne; Ăakırlar, Canan; Benecke, Norbert; Burger, Joachim (December 2015).
983:"Human mitochondrial DNA lineages in Iron-Age Fennoscandia suggest incipient admixture and eastern introduction of farming-related maternal ancestry"
3960:
3746:
3897:
4236:
3647:
1374:
963:
812:
205:
4143:
3955:
138:. EEF ancestry is common in modern European and Northwest African populations, with EEF ancestry highest in Southern Europeans, especially
714:
3303:"Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin"
3071:"Ancient genome-wide DNA from France highlights the complexity of interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers"
699:
2694:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process"
4226:
4133:
3916:
3892:
3815:
3529:"Interactions between earliest Linearbandkeramik farmers and central European hunter gatherers at the dawn of European Neolithization"
3291:
175:
The ANF ancestry is found in substantial levels in contemporary European, West Asian and North African populations, and also found in
4178:
4105:
3887:
3882:
3683:
3611:
1280:
Serra-Vidal, Gerard; Lucas-Sanchez, Marcel; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Bekada, Asmahan; Zalloua, Pierre; Comas, David (November 2019).
4221:
3252:
2698:
828:
Guba, Zsuzsanna; Hadadi, Ăva; Major, Ăgnes; Furka, TĂŒnde; JuhĂĄsz, Emese; KoĂłs, Judit; Nagy, KĂĄroly; Zeke, TamĂĄs (November 2011).
148:
A distinct group of the Anatolian Neolithic Farmers spread into the east of Anatolia, and left a considerable genetic legacy in
3977:
3928:
3872:
4153:
3989:
3877:
4063:
1381:"p.29: "Physically, early farmers from Anatolia were different from those foragers; they had brown eyes but fair skin...."
398:
98:, with minor Levantine and Caucasus-related ancestry. The Early European Farmers moved into Europe from Anatolia through
4168:
4138:
4123:
4073:
3739:
3373:
3190:
2286:
2168:
2044:
1978:
4078:
4058:
3803:
3781:
355:
DNA lineages in Europe being almost entirely replaced with WSH-derived paternal DNA (mainly subclades of EHG-derived
4095:
4011:
3796:
3667:
3595:
473:
218:
95:
2155:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe"
340:
4231:
4068:
3940:
3867:
3847:
3276:(2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.).
242:
107:
4118:
4113:
4088:
3965:
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3629:
3279:
Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European
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161:
135:
111:
3999:
3982:
3835:
336:
258:
214:
123:
4053:
3820:
2965:"A Common Genetic Origin for Early Farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK Cultures"
2747:
2403:
1497:
We find that the vast majority of early farmers in our dataset had intermediate to light skin complexion
281:
Around 7,500 years ago. Iberian EEFs migrated into Northwest Africa, bringing farming to the region.
126:(WSH) ancestry moved into Europe and mingled with the EEF population; these WSH, originating from the
4016:
3791:
3774:
3546:
3436:
3377:
3320:
3194:
3145:
3088:
3031:
2925:
2868:
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2530:
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2416:
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2231:
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2107:
2048:
1991:
1934:
1801:
1715:
1703:
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1293:
1163:
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994:
898:
746:
634:
508:
317:
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238:
200:
1704:"A Species Specific Investigation Into Sheep and Goat Husbandry During the Early European Neolithic"
4040:
3840:
2273:"Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations"
446:
Genetic analysis of individuals found in Neolithic tombs suggests that least some EEF peoples were
403:
188:
2513:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations"
1750:
316:, however significant numbers of central European farmers belonged to East Asian maternal lineage
221:(AHG), with a minor geneflow from Iranian/Caucasus and Levantine related sources, suggesting that
102:
from around 7,000 BC, gradually spread north and westwards, and reached Northwest Africa via the
3617:
3533:
3515:
3489:
2587:
2517:
2349:
2141:
1921:
1751:"The origins of Europe's first farmers: The role of Hacılar and Western Anatolia, fifty years on"
1281:
1260:
1223:
867:
497:"Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia"
372:
2456:"The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers"
1702:
Gillis, Rosalind E.; Gaastra, Jane S.; Linden, Marc Vander; Vigne, Jean-Denis (2 January 2022).
1085:"Failure to replicate a genetic signal for sex bias in the steppe migration into central Europe"
51:. The Anatolian Neolithic Farmers were an ancestral component, first identified in farmers from
1152:"The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean"
4028:
4004:
3909:
3830:
3825:
3679:
3643:
3607:
3572:
3507:
3462:
3405:
3346:
3287:
3222:
3163:
3114:
3075:
3057:
3018:
3000:
2951:
2894:
2837:
2786:
2743:"Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia"
2729:
2680:
2623:
2556:
2499:
2442:
2385:
2318:
2259:
2200:
2133:
2076:
2017:
1960:
1893:
1875:
1835:
1817:
1770:
1731:
1684:
1666:
1616:
1598:
1557:
1539:
1488:
1470:
1430:
1412:
1393:"High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry"
1370:
1309:
1248:
1209:
1189:
1132:
1114:
1028:
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959:
934:
916:
859:
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383:
289:
209:
Spread of farming from Southwest Asia to Europe and Northwest Africa, between 9600 and 4000 BC
110:
have confirmed that the later Farmers of Europe generally have also a minor contribution from
103:
88:
3474:
Lazaridis, Iosif (December 2018). "The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe".
1637:"Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe"
1577:"The genetic prehistory of domesticated cattle from their origin to the spread across Europe"
1364:
1282:"Heterogeneity in Palaeolithic Population Continuity and Neolithic Expansion in North Africa"
953:
887:"Origin and Post-Glacial Dispersal of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia"
802:
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3599:
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3452:
3444:
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3395:
3385:
3336:
3328:
3283:
3273:
3243:
3212:
3202:
3177:"Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society"
3153:
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2884:
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2007:
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650:
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576:
534:
516:
463:
387:
301:
285:
99:
2637:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers"
418:
The Early European Farmers are believed to have been mostly dark haired and dark eyed, and
3857:
3657:
3542:
3432:
3307:
3132:
2921:
2864:
2756:
2650:
2583:
2526:
2460:
2412:
2345:
2227:
2103:
1987:
1930:
379:, suggesting that the authors had mis-measured the admixture proportions of their sample.
293:
270:
230:
169:
149:
127:
94:
The earliest farmers in Anatolia derived most (80â90%) of their ancestry from the regions
84:
80:
60:
3550:
3440:
3381:
3324:
3198:
3149:
3092:
3035:
2929:
2872:
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2534:
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2213:
2176:
2111:
2052:
1995:
1938:
1888:
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1719:
1652:
1552:
1527:
1511:
1425:
1392:
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1167:
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902:
775:
750:
734:
638:
512:
3755:
3567:
3528:
3457:
3418:
3400:
3359:
3341:
3302:
3217:
3176:
3109:
3070:
3052:
3013:
2995:
2964:
2946:
2907:
2889:
2850:
2832:
2799:
2781:
2742:
2724:
2693:
2675:
2636:
2618:
2569:
2551:
2512:
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2455:
2437:
2398:
2380:
2331:
2313:
2272:
2195:
2154:
2128:
2089:
2071:
2031:"Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history"
2030:
2012:
1973:
1955:
1916:
1830:
1789:
1679:
1636:
1611:
1576:
1483:
1450:
1184:
1151:
1127:
1084:
1023:
982:
929:
886:
655:
622:
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564:
539:
496:
447:
435:
360:
356:
297:
274:
153:
64:
2332:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
79:
to Europe has long been recognised through archaeology, it is only recent advances in
4215:
3621:
3128:"Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe"
2969:
2804:
2707:
2570:"Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans"
2145:
1227:
423:
262:
143:
131:
3519:
871:
3769:
411:
382:
EEF ancestry remains widespread throughout Europe, ranging from about 60% near the
328:
266:
176:
115:
17:
1727:
804:
Ancestral Journeys: The Peopling of Europe from the First Venturers to the Vikings
335:, the EEF-derived cultures of Europe were overwhelmed by successive migrations of
3661:
3635:
Who We are and how We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past
3633:
3589:
3277:
2822:
911:
3585:
1917:"A massacre of early Neolithic farmers in the high Pyrenees at Els Trocs, Spain"
233:
into the region. Ancestors of AHGs and EEFs are believed to have split off from
222:
165:
76:
68:
3558:
3365:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3182:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2772:
2542:
2278:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2244:
2160:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2036:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1946:
1871:
1813:
1535:
1466:
1408:
1006:
758:
580:
521:
3503:
3332:
3316:
3158:
3141:
3127:
2485:
2469:
2119:
2003:
1593:
1305:
1252:
1219:
1175:
419:
332:
180:
139:
119:
3591:
Subsistence and Society in Prehistory: New Directions in Economic Archaeology
1879:
1821:
1774:
1735:
1670:
1602:
1543:
1474:
1416:
1118:
1014:
920:
855:
766:
588:
530:
3390:
3360:"Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans"
3207:
3043:
2986:
2303:
2185:
2061:
1974:"Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain"
1661:
1109:
438:, pigs, sheep and goats, as livestock, and planted cereal crops like wheat.
321:
56:
3576:
3511:
3466:
3409:
3350:
3226:
3167:
3118:
3100:
3061:
3004:
2955:
2898:
2841:
2790:
2733:
2715:
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2627:
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2503:
2446:
2389:
2322:
2263:
2204:
2137:
2080:
2021:
1964:
1897:
1839:
1790:"A high-resolution picture of kinship practices in an Early Neolithic tomb"
1688:
1620:
1561:
1492:
1434:
1313:
1193:
1136:
1032:
938:
863:
784:
664:
606:
548:
3675:
3603:
3248:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard"
2214:"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant"
735:"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant"
3485:
846:
829:
364:
352:
249:
52:
3448:
2937:
2880:
2666:
2609:
2371:
1856:"Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers"
1766:
955:
European Archaeology as Anthropology: Essays in Memory of Bernard Wailes
646:
3014:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years"
2428:
451:
426:-related phenotypes are enriched in the ancestry of Neolithic farmers.
48:
3419:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
1242:
623:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
971:
show that the migrants included both men and women from the steppes."
807:(Revised and Updated ed.). Thames & Hudson. p. 98-100.
254:
157:
72:
44:
3247:
83:
that have confirmed that this spread was strongly correlated with a
3494:
2354:
59:, and outside in Europe and Northwest Africa, they also existed in
2592:
2399:"Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians"
397:
320:, which is almost non-existent in modern Europeans, but common in
204:
3724:
1512:"The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians"
304:
consisted mainly of West Eurasian lineages including haplogroups
2978:
2813:
3728:
715:"When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved"
168:. They also have a minor role in the ethnogenesis of WSHs of
2851:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"
3663:
The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective
1244:
The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations
27:
Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component
3301:
GonzĂĄlez-Fortes, Gloria; et al. (19 June 2017).
3527:
Nikitin, Alexey G.; et al. (20 December 2019).
3175:
SĂĄnchez-Quinto, Federico; et al. (7 May 2019).
952:
Crabtree, Pam J.; Bogucki, Peter (25 January 2017).
4039:
3856:
3762:
3085:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3028:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2741:Marcus, Joseph H.; et al. (24 February 2020).
2568:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (17 September 2014).
2692:Malmström, Helena; et al. (19 January 2015).
2090:"A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society"
1451:"The genomic origins of the world's first farmers"
565:"The genomic origins of the world's first farmers"
402:Reconstruction of a Neolithic farmer from Europe,
2906:Mathieson, Iain; et al. (21 February 2018).
2849:Mathieson, Iain; et al. (23 November 2015).
2454:Jones, Eppie R.; et al. (20 February 2017).
2397:Jones, Eppie R.; et al. (16 November 2015).
1326:
692:"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"
1338:
958:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 55.
677:
3358:HofmanovĂĄ, Zuzana; et al. (21 June 2016).
2963:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2 September 2015).
1641:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1089:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1070:
3417:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (25 July 2016).
2212:SimÔes, Luciana G; et al. (7 June 2023).
2088:Cassidy, Lara M.; et al. (17 June 2020).
351:(CHG) ancestries. These migrations led to EEF
75:. Although the spread of agriculture from the
3740:
3477:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2798:Martiniano, Rui; et al. (27 July 2017).
2635:Lipson, Mark; et al. (8 November 2017).
2029:Brunel, Samantha; et al. (9 June 2020).
1915:Alt, Kurt W.; et al. (7 February 2020).
1083:Lazaridis, Iosif; Reich, David (5 May 2017).
1058:
8:
3069:Rivollat, Maïté; et al. (29 May 2020).
3012:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (15 March 2019).
2908:"The genomic history of southeastern Europe"
2330:Haak, Wolfgang; et al. (2 March 2015).
1972:Brace, Selina; et al. (15 April 2019).
1749:Brami, Maxime; Heyd, Volker (January 2011).
1265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1046:
375:in a follow-up study by Iosif Lazaridis and
229:by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by
2271:Goldberg, Amy; et al. (7 March 2017).
3747:
3733:
3725:
2511:Juras, Anna; et al. (2 August 2018).
2153:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (26 June 2018).
1150:Fernandes, Daniel M.; et al. (2020).
3566:
3493:
3456:
3399:
3389:
3340:
3216:
3206:
3157:
3126:Saag, Lehti; et al. (24 July 2017).
3108:
3051:
2994:
2945:
2888:
2831:
2821:
2780:
2723:
2674:
2617:
2591:
2550:
2493:
2436:
2379:
2353:
2312:
2302:
2253:
2243:
2194:
2184:
2127:
2070:
2060:
2011:
1954:
1887:
1829:
1678:
1660:
1610:
1592:
1551:
1482:
1424:
1183:
1126:
1108:
1022:
928:
910:
845:
774:
654:
596:
538:
520:
237:(WHGs) between 45kya to 26kya during the
1211:Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia
796:
794:
434:EEFs and their Anatolian forebears kept
394:Physical appearance and allele frequency
217:derived most of their ancestry from the
3700:
1363:Lalueza-Fox, Carles (1 February 2022).
484:
343:, who carried roughly equal amounts of
185:BactriaâMargiana Archaeological Complex
1258:
386:(with a peak of 65% in the island of
1350:
87:of these farmers, and was not just a
7:
490:
488:
410:European hunter-gatherers were much
3816:Blood type distribution by country
2699:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
134:of Eastern Europe, probably spoke
55:(also known as Asia Minor) in the
25:
4194:
4193:
3253:Journal of Indo-European Studies
3666:. Cambridge World Archaeology.
245:(CHGs) between 25kya to 14kya.
1214:, pp. 2022.05.04.490594,
1156:Nature Ecology & Evolution
713:Spinney, Laura (1 July 2020).
1:
1728:10.1080/14614103.2019.1615214
1366:Inequality: A Genetic History
690:Curry, Andrew (August 2019).
43:) who brought agriculture to
4237:Modern human genetic history
3374:National Academy of Sciences
3191:National Academy of Sciences
2823:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006852
2287:National Academy of Sciences
2169:National Academy of Sciences
2045:National Academy of Sciences
1979:Nature Ecology and Evolution
912:10.1371/journal.pone.0015214
300:have also been found. Their
33:Early European Farmers (EEF)
1755:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
37:Anatolian Neolithic Farmers
4253:
3797:Neanderthal genome project
3713:Neolithic European Farmers
3668:Cambridge University Press
3596:Cambridge University Press
3559:10.1038/s41598-019-56029-2
2773:10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6
2543:10.1038/s41598-018-29914-5
2245:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6
1947:10.1038/s41598-020-58483-9
1872:10.1038/s41586-024-07651-2
1814:10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4
1536:10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1
1467:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.008
1409:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377
1007:10.1038/s41598-019-51045-8
759:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6
581:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.008
522:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7
474:Anatolian hunter-gatherers
243:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers
219:Anatolian hunter-gatherers
198:
191:) with more lower levels.
4227:Genetic history of Europe
4189:
3504:10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007
3333:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.023
3159:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022
2486:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060
2120:10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6
2004:10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9
1708:Environmental Archaeology
1594:10.1186/s12863-015-0203-2
1369:. MIT Press. p. 29.
1306:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.050
1220:10.1101/2022.05.04.490594
1176:10.1038/s41559-020-1102-0
834:Journal of Human Genetics
241:, and to have split from
3934:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
349:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer
235:Western Hunter-Gatherers
112:Western Hunter-Gatherers
4222:Archaeogenetic lineages
3995:Ancient Northeast Asian
3971:Eastern hunter-gatherer
3951:Western hunter-gatherer
3922:Early Anatolian farmers
3640:Oxford University Press
3391:10.1073/pnas.1523951113
3208:10.1073/pnas.1818037116
3044:10.1126/science.aav4040
2304:10.1073/pnas.1616392114
2186:10.1073/pnas.1800851115
2062:10.1073/pnas.1918034117
1662:10.1073/pnas.1901169116
1110:10.1073/pnas.1704308114
373:could not be replicated
345:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer
162:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
136:Indo-European languages
4000:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
3983:Ancient North Eurasian
3946:Early European Farmers
3717:Ancient Aegean Farmers
3709:First European Farmers
3246:(SpringâSummer 2019).
3101:10.1126/sciadv.aaz5344
2716:10.1098/rstb.2013.0373
1327:Martiniano et al. 2017
407:
337:Western Steppe Herders
259:Linear Pottery culture
210:
96:local hunter-gatherers
3821:Genealogical DNA test
3782:Evolutionary genetics
3676:10.1017/9781108386029
3604:10.1017/9781316415177
2987:10.1093/molbev/msv181
2748:Nature Communications
2404:Nature Communications
1461:(11): 1842â1859.e18.
1339:Mathieson et al. 2015
678:Mathieson et al. 2018
575:(11): 1842â1859.e18.
501:Nature Communications
401:
341:PonticâCaspian steppe
208:
183:populations (through
124:Western Steppe Herder
3792:Neanderthal genetics
3775:Human Genome Project
3707:Sometimes called as
1292:(22): 3953â3959.e4.
1071:Goldberg et al. 2017
847:10.1038/jhg.2011.103
801:Manco, Jean (2016).
302:maternal haplogroups
292:, while haplogroups
239:Last Glacial Maximum
201:Neolithic Revolution
35:were a group of the
4175:Sub-Saharan Africa
4144:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
4041:Population genetics
3848:Genetic enhancement
3841:Surname DNA project
3551:2019NatSR...919544N
3449:10.1038/nature19310
3441:2016Natur.536..419L
3382:2016PNAS..113.6886H
3325:2017CBio...27E1801G
3199:2019PNAS..116.9469S
3150:2017CBio...27E2185S
3093:2020SciA....6.5344R
3036:2019Sci...363.1230O
2938:10.1038/nature25778
2930:2018Natur.555..197M
2881:10.1038/nature16152
2873:2015Natur.528..499M
2765:2020NatCo..11..939M
2667:10.1038/nature24476
2659:2017Natur.551..368L
2610:10.1038/nature13673
2602:2014Natur.513..409L
2535:2018NatSR...811603J
2478:2017CBio...27..576J
2421:2015NatCo...6.8912J
2372:10.1038/nature14317
2364:2015Natur.522..207H
2295:2017PNAS..114.2657G
2236:2023Natur.618..550S
2177:2018PNAS..115.6774F
2112:2020Natur.582..384C
2053:2020PNAS..11712791B
1996:2019NatEE...3..765B
1939:2020NatSR..10.2131A
1806:2022Natur.601..584F
1767:10.1515/pz.2011.011
1720:2022EnvAr..27....8G
1653:2019PNAS..11617231F
1647:(35): 17231â17238.
1528:2024Natur.625..312I
1298:2019CBio...29E3953S
1168:2020NatEE...4..334F
1101:2017PNAS..114E3873L
1095:(20): E3873âE3874.
999:2019NatSR...916883O
903:2010PLoSO...515214D
751:2023Natur.618..550S
719:Scientific American
696:National Geographic
647:10.1038/nature19310
639:2016Natur.536..419L
513:2019NatCo..10.1218F
442:Social organisation
286:paternal haplogroup
215:Anatolian Neolithic
213:Populations of the
189:Corded Ware Culture
18:Anatolian Neolithic
3534:Scientific Reports
3286:. pp. 21â54.
2518:Scientific Reports
2429:10.1038/ncomms9912
1922:Scientific Reports
1059:Olalde et al. 2019
987:Scientific Reports
408:
269:). Large parts of
211:
4209:
4208:
4029:Ancient Beringian
3831:Race and genetics
3826:Genetic genealogy
3811:Genetic variation
3649:978-0-19-882125-0
3584:Outram, Alan K.;
3274:Anthony, David W.
1866:(8023): 114â121.
1800:(7894): 584â587.
1522:(7994): 312â320.
1376:978-0-262-04678-7
1047:Juras et al. 2018
965:978-1-934536-90-2
814:978-0-500-77290-4
745:(7965): 550â556.
702:on 19 March 2021.
633:(7617): 419â424.
469:Neolithic decline
384:Mediterranean Sea
261:) or the western
122:, people who had
104:Iberian Peninsula
89:cultural exchange
16:(Redirected from
4244:
4232:Neolithic Europe
4197:
4196:
3898:African diaspora
3888:Eastern Africaââ
3836:Recent evolution
3787:Human-chimp MRCA
3749:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3719:
3705:
3689:
3658:Shennan, Stephen
3653:
3625:
3580:
3570:
3523:
3497:
3470:
3460:
3413:
3403:
3393:
3354:
3344:
3297:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3171:
3161:
3122:
3112:
3065:
3055:
3008:
2998:
2959:
2949:
2902:
2892:
2845:
2835:
2825:
2794:
2784:
2737:
2727:
2688:
2678:
2631:
2621:
2595:
2564:
2554:
2507:
2497:
2450:
2440:
2393:
2383:
2357:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2149:
2131:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2025:
2015:
1968:
1958:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1664:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1596:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1486:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1112:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1026:
978:
972:
969:
949:
943:
942:
932:
914:
882:
876:
875:
849:
825:
819:
818:
798:
789:
788:
778:
729:
723:
722:
710:
704:
703:
698:. Archived from
687:
681:
675:
669:
668:
658:
617:
611:
610:
600:
559:
553:
552:
542:
524:
492:
464:Neolithic Europe
339:(WSHs) from the
284:The most common
100:Southeast Europe
49:Northwest Africa
21:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4185:
4165:Southeast Asia
4043:
4035:
3893:Southern Africa
3860:
3858:Genetic history
3852:
3758:
3753:
3723:
3722:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3656:
3650:
3628:
3614:
3583:
3543:Nature Research
3526:
3473:
3433:Nature Research
3416:
3357:
3308:Current Biology
3300:
3294:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3242:
3238:
3236:Further reading
3233:
3174:
3133:Current Biology
3125:
3068:
3011:
2962:
2922:Nature Research
2905:
2865:Nature Research
2848:
2797:
2757:Nature Research
2740:
2691:
2651:Nature Research
2634:
2584:Nature Research
2567:
2527:Nature Research
2510:
2461:Current Biology
2453:
2413:Nature Research
2396:
2346:Nature Research
2329:
2270:
2228:Nature Research
2211:
2152:
2104:Nature Research
2087:
2047:: 12791â12798.
2028:
1988:Nature Research
1971:
1931:Nature Research
1914:
1910:
1905:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1286:Current Biology
1279:
1278:
1274:
1257:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1061:, pp. 1â2.
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
980:
979:
975:
966:
951:
950:
946:
884:
883:
879:
840:(11): 784â796.
827:
826:
822:
815:
800:
799:
792:
731:
730:
726:
712:
711:
707:
689:
688:
684:
676:
672:
619:
618:
614:
561:
560:
556:
494:
493:
486:
482:
460:
444:
432:
396:
288:among EEFs was
271:Northern Europe
231:demic diffusion
203:
197:
170:Yamnaya culture
150:Iranian Plateau
128:Yamnaya culture
108:Genetic studies
81:archaeogenetics
61:Iranian Plateau
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4012:Southeast Asia
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3883:Central Africa
3880:
3875:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3756:Human genetics
3754:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3654:
3648:
3626:
3612:
3581:
3524:
3471:
3414:
3355:
3298:
3293:978-9004416192
3292:
3270:
3244:Anthony, David
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3172:
3123:
3066:
3009:
2960:
2903:
2846:
2795:
2738:
2689:
2632:
2565:
2508:
2451:
2394:
2327:
2268:
2209:
2150:
2085:
2026:
1969:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1845:
1780:
1741:
1694:
1626:
1567:
1501:
1440:
1383:
1375:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1272:
1247:. p. 41.
1232:
1199:
1162:(3): 334â345.
1142:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
973:
964:
944:
897:(12): e15214.
877:
820:
813:
790:
724:
705:
682:
670:
612:
554:
483:
481:
478:
477:
476:
471:
466:
459:
456:
443:
440:
436:taurine cattle
431:
428:
404:Science Museum
395:
392:
290:haplogroup G2a
275:Eastern Europe
196:
193:
154:South Caucasus
65:South Caucasus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4249:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4202:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
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3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:British Isles
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:West Africaââ
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3685:9781108422925
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3613:9781107128774
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
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3552:
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3544:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3376:: 6886â6891.
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3319:: 1801â1810.
3318:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:: 9469â9474.
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:: 2185â2193.
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:: 1230â1234.
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2981:: 3132â3142.
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2970:PLOS Genetics
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2805:PLOS Genetics
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:Royal Society
2705:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:: 2657â2662.
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:: 6774â6779.
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:(9): 100377.
1402:
1398:
1397:Cell Genomics
1394:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
974:
967:
961:
957:
956:
948:
945:
940:
936:
931:
926:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
816:
810:
806:
805:
797:
795:
791:
786:
782:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
728:
725:
720:
716:
709:
706:
701:
697:
693:
686:
683:
679:
674:
671:
666:
662:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
616:
613:
608:
604:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
555:
550:
546:
541:
536:
532:
528:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
489:
485:
479:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
453:
449:
441:
439:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
420:light skinned
416:
413:
405:
400:
393:
391:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:Mediterranean
260:
256:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
207:
202:
194:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
145:
144:Basque people
141:
137:
133:
132:Pontic steppe
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
4198:
4096:Azerbaijanis
3978:Central Asia
3945:
3873:North Africa
3770:Human genome
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3662:
3634:
3630:Reich, David
3590:
3586:Bogaard, Amy
3538:
3532:
3481:
3475:
3428:
3422:
3369:
3363:
3312:
3306:
3278:
3262:. Retrieved
3257:
3251:
3186:
3180:
3137:
3131:
3087:: eaaz5344.
3080:
3074:
3023:
3017:
2974:
2968:
2917:
2911:
2860:
2854:
2816:: e1006852.
2809:
2803:
2752:
2746:
2703:
2697:
2646:
2640:
2579:
2573:
2522:
2516:
2465:
2459:
2408:
2402:
2341:
2335:
2282:
2276:
2223:
2217:
2164:
2158:
2099:
2093:
2040:
2034:
1983:
1977:
1926:
1920:
1908:Bibliography
1863:
1859:
1848:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1584:
1581:BMC Genetics
1580:
1570:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1496:
1458:
1454:
1443:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1365:
1358:
1353:, p. 96
1346:
1334:
1329:, p. 9.
1322:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1243:
1235:
1210:
1202:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
993:(1): 16883.
990:
986:
976:
954:
947:
894:
890:
880:
837:
833:
823:
803:
742:
738:
727:
718:
708:
700:the original
695:
685:
673:
630:
626:
615:
572:
568:
557:
504:
500:
445:
433:
417:
409:
381:
369:
329:Chalcolithic
326:
283:
280:
267:Cardial Ware
247:
226:
225:was adopted
212:
174:
160:(during the
147:
116:Chalcolithic
93:
40:
36:
32:
31:
29:
4154:Han Chinese
4130:South Asia
3917:Middle East
3435:: 419â424.
2924:: 197â203.
2867:: 499â503.
2653:: 368â372.
2586:: 409â413.
2472:: 576â582.
2348:: 207â211.
2230:: 550â556.
2106:: 384â388.
1990:: 765â771.
1714:(1): 8â19.
1208:May 2022),
507:(1): 1218.
448:patrilineal
430:Subsistence
377:David Reich
327:During the
223:agriculture
181:South Asian
166:Mesopotamia
77:Middle East
69:Mesopotamia
4216:Categories
4179:Hutu/Tutsi
4150:East Asia
4064:Bulgarians
3905:South Asia
3763:Sub-topics
3495:1805.01579
3317:Cell Press
3142:Cell Press
2470:Cell Press
2355:1502.02783
1351:Reich 2018
1253:1263227362
480:References
347:(EHG) and
333:Bronze Age
331:and early
199:See also:
140:Sardinians
120:Bronze Age
118:and early
4169:Filipinos
4139:Sinhalese
4134:Gujaratis
4124:Moroccans
4119:Egyptians
4074:Romanians
3990:East Asia
3861:by region
3622:211576479
3545:: 19544.
3541:(19544).
3488:: 21â27.
3264:9 January
2593:1312.6639
2529:: 11603.
2525:(11603).
2146:219729757
1880:1476-4687
1822:0028-0836
1775:0079-4848
1736:1461-4103
1671:0027-8424
1603:1471-2156
1587:(1): 54.
1544:1476-4687
1475:0092-8674
1417:2666-979X
1261:cite book
1228:248563160
1119:0027-8424
1015:2045-2322
921:1932-6203
856:1435-232X
767:0028-0836
589:0092-8674
531:2041-1723
406:in Trento
322:East Asia
85:migration
57:Neolithic
4200:Category
4159:Japanese
4079:Russians
4059:Bosniaks
4044:by group
4017:Thailand
3929:Caucasus
3804:Timeline
3660:(2018).
3632:(2018).
3588:(2019).
3577:31863024
3520:19158377
3512:29960127
3486:Elsevier
3467:27459054
3431:(7617).
3410:27274049
3351:28552360
3227:30988179
3168:28712569
3119:32523989
3062:30872528
3026:(6432).
3005:26337550
2956:29466330
2920:(7695).
2899:26595274
2863:(7583).
2842:28749934
2791:32094358
2734:25487325
2706:(1660).
2685:29144465
2649:(7680).
2628:25230663
2582:(7518).
2561:30072694
2504:28162894
2447:26567969
2415:: 8912.
2411:(8912).
2390:25731166
2344:(7555).
2323:28223527
2264:37286608
2255:10266975
2226:(7965).
2205:29895688
2138:32555485
2102:(7812).
2081:32457149
2022:32034181
1965:32034181
1933:: 2131.
1929:(2131).
1898:38987589
1889:11291285
1840:34937939
1689:31405970
1621:26018295
1562:38200293
1553:10781624
1493:35561686
1435:37719142
1426:10504632
1314:31679935
1194:32094539
1137:28476764
1033:31729399
939:21203537
891:PLOS ONE
872:20827921
864:21918529
785:37286608
776:10266975
665:27459054
607:35561686
549:30890703
458:See also
388:Sardinia
365:maternal
353:paternal
250:Anatolia
195:Overview
53:Anatolia
4054:Basques
4050:Europe
4024:America
3568:6925266
3547:Bibcode
3458:5003663
3437:Bibcode
3401:4922144
3378:Bibcode
3342:5483232
3321:Bibcode
3218:6511028
3195:Bibcode
3146:Bibcode
3110:7259947
3089:Bibcode
3076:Science
3053:6436108
3032:Bibcode
3019:Science
2996:4652622
2947:6091220
2926:Bibcode
2890:4918750
2869:Bibcode
2833:5531429
2782:7039977
2761:Bibcode
2759:: 939.
2755:(939).
2725:4275881
2676:5973800
2655:Bibcode
2619:4170574
2598:Bibcode
2552:6072757
2531:Bibcode
2495:5321670
2474:Bibcode
2438:4660371
2417:Bibcode
2381:5048219
2360:Bibcode
2314:5347611
2291:Bibcode
2232:Bibcode
2196:6042094
2173:Bibcode
2129:7116870
2108:Bibcode
2072:7293694
2049:Bibcode
2013:7005801
1992:Bibcode
1956:7005801
1935:Bibcode
1854:2024).
1831:8896835
1802:Bibcode
1716:Bibcode
1680:6717267
1649:Bibcode
1612:4445560
1524:Bibcode
1484:9166250
1294:Bibcode
1185:7080320
1164:Bibcode
1128:5441797
1097:Bibcode
1024:6858343
995:Bibcode
930:3006427
899:Bibcode
747:Bibcode
656:5003663
635:Bibcode
598:9166250
540:6425003
509:Bibcode
452:exogamy
363:). EEF
227:in situ
177:Central
130:of the
4069:Croats
3961:Iberia
3941:Europe
3868:Africa
3682:
3646:
3620:
3610:
3575:
3565:
3518:
3510:
3465:
3455:
3424:Nature
3408:
3398:
3372:(25).
3349:
3339:
3315:(12).
3290:
3225:
3215:
3189:(19).
3166:
3140:(14).
3117:
3107:
3083:(22).
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