3176:, over more than a millennium. While the earlier scholarship tended to treat these two corpora as separate linguistic entities, the current tendency is to separate genuine dialectal distinctions within Luwian from orthographic differences. Accordingly, one now frequently speaks of Kizzuwatna Luwian (attested in cuneiform transmission), Empire Luwian (cuneiform and hieroglyphic transmission), and Iron Age Luwian / Late Luwian (hieroglyphic transmission), as well as several more Luwian dialects, which are more scarcely attested.
3479:. Within the Anatolian group, Lydian occupies a unique and problematic position due, first, to the still very limited evidence and understanding of the language and, second, to a number of features not shared with any other Anatolian language. The Lydian language is attested in graffiti and in coin legends from the end of the 8th or the beginning of the 7th century BC down to the 3rd century BC, but well-preserved inscriptions of significant length are presently limited to the 5th–4th centuries BC, during the period of
3795:
3410:
2076:
199:
2757:
3161:
2137:, was the source of Anatolian languages and introduced them to Anatolia through the Balkans after Anatolian split from the Proto-Indo-Anatolian language, which some linguists and archaeologists place in the area of the Sredny Stog culture. Petra Goedegebuure suggests Anatolian separated from PIE in the north by 4500 BC and had arrived in Anatolia by about 2500 BC, via a migration route through the Caucasus.
153:
3287:
3195:, reflecting Empire Luwian and its descendant Iron Age Luwian. Some HLuwian texts were found at Boğazkale, so it was formerly thought to have been a "Hieroglyphic Hittite". The contexts in which CLuwian and HLuwian have been found are essentially distinct. Annick Payne asserts: "With the exception of digraphic seals, the two scripts were never used together."
2213:
2378:
2848:, until at last the kingship became an Anatolian privilege. From then on, little is heard of the Hattians, but the Hittites kept the name. The records include rituals, medical writings, letters, laws and other public documents, making possible an in-depth knowledge of many aspects of the civilization.
2870:
Hittite is divided into Old, Middle, and New (or Neo-). The dates are somewhat variable. They are based on an approximate coincidence of historical periods and variants of the writing system: the Old
Kingdom and the Old Script, the Middle Kingdom and the Middle Script, and the New Kingdom and the New
2659:
system is based on two classes: animate and inanimate (also termed common and neuter). Proto-Anatolian almost certainly did not inherit a separate feminine agreement class from PIE. The two-gender system has been described as a merger of masculine and feminine genders following the phonetic merger of
2566:
The Proto-Anatolian laryngeal consonant *H patterned with the stops in fortition and lenition and appears as geminated -ḫḫ- or plain -ḫ- in cuneiform. Reflexes of *H in
Hittite are interpreted as pharyngeal fricatives and those in Luwian as uvular fricatives based on loans in Ugaritic and Egyptian,
3183:
and short passages in
Hittite texts, mainly from Boğazkale. About 200 tablet fragments of the approximately 30,000 contain CLuwian passages. Most of the tablets reflect the Middle and New Script, although some Old Script fragments have also been attested. Benjamin Fortson hypothesizes that "Luvian
3145:
in the sense of 'Luwic languages'. For example, Silvia
Luraghi's Luwian branch begins with a root language she terms the "Luwian group", which logically is in the place of Common Luwian or Proto-Luwian. Its three offsprings, according to her are Milyan, Proto-Luwian, and Lycian, while Proto-Luwian
3188:. On the other hand, many Luwian glosses (foreign words) in Hittite texts appear to reflect a different dialect, namely Empire Luwian. The Hittite language of the respective tablets sometimes displays interference features, which suggests that they were recorded by Luwian native speakers.
2742:(2010). This model recognizes only one clear subgroup, the Luwic languages. Modifications and updates of the branching order continue, however. A second version opposes Hittite to Western Anatolian, and divides the latter node into Lydian, Palaic, and a Luwian group (instead of Luwic).
2867:, or signs representing whole words, to represent lexical items, often introduces considerable uncertainty as to the form of the original. However, phonetic syllable signs are present also, representing syllables of the form V, CV, VC, CVC, where V is "vowel" and C is "consonant".
3222:
HLuwian texts appear as early as the 14th century BC in names and titles on seals and sealings at
Hattusa. Longer texts first appear in the 13th century BC. Payne refers to the Bronze Age HLuwian as Empire Luwian. All Hittite and CLuwian came to an end at 1200 BC as part of the
3206:
and sealings. A sealing is a counter-relief impression of hieroglyphic signs carved or cast in relief on a seal. The resulting signature can be stamped or rolled onto a soft material, such as sealing wax. The HLuwian writing system contains about 500 signs, 225 of which are
3231:
went on uninterrupted, using HLuwian, which Payne calls Iron-Age Luwian and dates 1000–700 BC. Presumably these autonomous "Neo-Hittite" heads of state no longer needed to report to
Hattusa. HLuwian caches come from ten city states in northern Syria and southern Anatolia:
3535:, and the native languages of the area ceased to be spoken as a result of assimilation in the subsequent centuries, making Anatolian the first well-attested branch of Indo-European to become extinct. The only other well-known major branch with no living descendants is
3336:
Lycia was completely
Hellenized by the end of the 4th century BC, after which Lycian is not to be found. Stephen Colvin goes so far as to term this, and the other scantily attested Luwic languages, "Late Luwian", although they probably did not begin late. Analogously,
4453:, p. 14. "I, followed by some others, have adopted the label 'Luvic' for this group instead of the more popular 'Luvian', in order to forestall confusion with Luvian in the narrow sense of just the language represented by Cuneiform and Hieroglyphic Luvian."
2725:
except for Lycian, where verbs typically precede objects. Clause-initial particles are a striking feature of
Anatolian syntax; in a given sentence, a connective or the first accented word usually hosts a chain of clitics in
2900:), extinct around the 13th century BC, is known only from fragments of quoted prayers in Old Hittite texts. It was extinguished by the replacement of the culture, if not the population, as a result of an invasion by the
2831:, was derived. The fact that the enclave was Assyrian, rather than Hittite, and that the city name became the language name, suggest that the Hittites were already in a position of influence, perhaps dominance, in
3554:
dialect, appears to have been the last of the
Anatolian languages to become extinct. Epigraphic evidence, including funerary inscriptions dating from as late as the 5th century, has been found by archaeologists.
2701:
Proto-Anatolian retained the nominal case system of Proto-Indo-European, including the vocative, nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, genitive, and locative cases, and innovated an additional
2693:
classification of
Tocharian + Core IE languages may have arisen following a sex-based split within the class of topical nouns to provide more precise reference tracking for male and female humans.
2603:
Anatolian morphology is considerably simpler than other early Indo-European (IE) languages. The verbal system distinguishes only two tenses (present-future and preterite), two voices (active and
3314:, with about 250 lines, was originally believed to be bilingual in Greek and Lycian; however the identification of a verse in another, closely related language, a "Lycian B" identified now as
3119:. Meanwhile, most of the languages now termed Luvian, or Luvic, were not known to be so until the latter 20th century. Even more fragmentary attestations might be discovered in the future.
2024:
Undiscovered until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they are often believed to be the earliest branch to have split from the Indo-European family. Once discovered, the presence of
2705:. Nouns distinguish singular and plural numbers, as well as a collective plural for inanimates in Old Hittite and remnant dual forms for natural pairs. The Anatolian branch also has a
4834:
2844:, located on a ridge near what is now Boğazkale, Turkey (formerly named Boğazköy). The records show a gradual rise to power of the Anatolian language speakers over the native
2424:
3097:
had been used in the early 20th century to mean the Anatolian language group as a whole, or languages identified as Luvian by the Hittite texts. The name comes from Hittite
2730:. Enclitic pronouns, discourse markers, conjunctions, and local or modal particles appear in rigidly ordered slots. Words fronted before the particle chain are topicalized.
3318:, renders the stele trilingual. The earliest of the coins date before 500 BC; however, the writing system must have required time for its development and implementation.
5280:
4929:
Bridging times and spaces: papers in ancient Near Eastern, Mediterranean and Armenian studies: Honouring Gregory E. Areshian on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday.
4414:
Dercksen, J. G., "On Anatolian Loanwords in Akkadian Texts from Kültepe", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie , vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 26-46, 2007
3298:, in southwestern Anatolia. It is attested from 172 inscriptions, mainly on stone, from about 150 funerary monuments, and 32 public documents. The writing system is the
2709:
system based on gender, with inanimate nouns being marked in the ergative case when the subject of a transitive verb. This may be an areal influence from nearby non-IE
2555:/. In Hittite and Luwian cuneiform, the lenis stops were written as single voiceless consonants while the fortis stops were written as doubled voiceless, indicating a
1984:
3857:
2114:; the latter is considered somewhat more likely by Mallory (1989), Steiner (1990), and Anthony (2007). Statistical research by Quentin Atkinson and others using
5882:
3198:
HLuwian texts are found on clay, shell, potsherds, pottery, metal, natural rock surfaces, building stone and sculpture, mainly carved lions. The images are in
2871:
Script. Fortson gives the dates, which come from the reigns of the relevant kings, as 1570–1450 BC, 1450–1380 BC, and 1350–1200 BC respectively. These are not
2838:
The main cache of Hittite texts is the approximately 30,000 clay tablet fragments, of which only some have been studied, from the records of the royal city of
2454:
The phonology of the Anatolian languages preserves distinctions lost in its sister branches of Indo-European. Famously, the Anatolian languages retain the PIE
1948:
5149:
3558:
Personal names with Anatolian etymologies are known from the Hellenistic and Roman era and may have outlasted the languages they came from. Examples include
2515:). The three dorsal consonant series of PIE also remained distinct in Proto-Anatolian and have different reflexes in the Luwic languages, e.g. Luwian where *
1146:
3395:), scattered inscriptions elsewhere in the Aegean world and words stated as Carian by ancient authors. Inscriptions first appeared in the 7th century BC.
5247:
3515:
are Indo-European but not Anatolian, and are thought to have entered Anatolia from the Balkan peninsula at a later date than the Anatolian languages.
3306:. In addition to the inscriptions are 200 or more coins stamped with Lycian names. Of the texts, some are bilingual in Lycian and Greek, and one, the
3093:
as the node of a branch to include several languages that seem more closely related than the other Anatolian languages. This is not a neologism, as
5190:
2667:
in Lycian and therefore Proto-Anatolian raised doubts about the existence of a feminine gender in PIE. The feminine gender typically marked with
3921:
Bouckaert, R.; Lemey, P.; Dunn, M.; Greenhill, S. J.; Alekseyenko, A. V.; Drummond, A. J.; Gray, R. D.; Suchard, M. A.; Atkinson, Q. D. (2012).
4751:
5273:
5115:
4982:
4677:
1955:
1927:
3439:. Known from some thirty short inscriptions from the first to second centuries AD, it appears to be closely related to Lycian and Sidetic.
4693:
3184:
was employed in rituals adopted by the Hittites." A large proportion of tablets containing Luwian passages reflect rituals emanating from
4344:
1912:
1977:
1934:
865:
5875:
4372:
4217:
4190:
4163:
198:
3227:, but the concept of a "fall" of the Hittite Empire must be tempered in regard to the south, where the civilization of a number of
2738:
The list below gives the Anatolian languages in a relatively flat arrangement, following a summary of the Anatolian family tree by
2710:
6061:
5266:
4362:
1941:
705:
3491:
It has been proposed that other languages of the family existed that have left no records, including the pre-Greek languages of
2817:(Kültepe). This collection records Hittite names and words loaned into Akkadian from Hittite. The Hittite name for the city was
5293:
4180:
216:
5015:
976:
5107:
1797:
1572:
3333:. No Lycian text survives from Late Bronze Age times, but the names offer a basis for postulating its continued existence.
5194:
1970:
1542:
811:
748:
549:
435:
4927:
Martirosyan, Hrach (2017). "Notes on Anatolian loanwords in Armenian." In Pavel S. Avetisyan, Yervand H. Grekyan (eds.),
6066:
5980:
5868:
5715:
5485:
2996:
2722:
2091:
2040:
1230:
806:
733:
544:
539:
534:
429:
5169:
3904:
2106:, there are two possibilities for how the early Anatolian speakers could have reached Anatolia: from the north via the
5796:
5743:
3361:
Milyan was previously considered a variety of Lycian, as "Lycian B", but it is now classified as a separate language.
1547:
1042:
743:
622:
608:
589:
5145:
5074:"Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian"
4785:
Linda Honey (2006). "Justifiably Outraged or Simply Outrageous? The Isaurian incident of Ammianus Marcellinus 14.2".
4722:
885:
4729:
4606:
4121:
2576:
843:
443:
31:
5038:
Rieken, Elisabeth (2017). "The dialectology of Anatolian". In Fritz, Mathias; Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared (eds.).
3842:
Models assuming an Anatolian PIE homeland of course do not assume any migration at all, and the model assuming an
2084:
5803:
5573:
5215:
1587:
1552:
1225:
529:
166:
2227:(2022) has proposed a more detailed classification, with estimated dating for some of the reconstructed stages:
871:
6007:
5835:
5729:
5516:
5491:
4885:
Greppin, John A. C. (1991). "The Survival of Ancient Anatolian and Mesopotamian Vocabulary until the Present".
3224:
3001:
2403:
2153:
2080:
1737:
1557:
1088:
920:
767:
569:
524:
519:
439:
170:
90:
5251:
4207:
2875:. All cuneiform Hittite came to an end at 1200 BC with the destruction of Hattusas and the end of the empire.
6017:
5773:
5736:
5722:
5521:
5510:
5289:
5042:. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science. Berlin; New York: de Gruyter Mouton. pp. 298–308.
3980:"Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages"
2953:
2006:
1742:
1469:
579:
574:
564:
208:
73:
4955:
Dynastic Lycia: A political history of the Lycians & their relations with foreign powers, c. 545–362 BC
3421:. It is known from coin legends and bilingual inscriptions that date from the 5th to the 2nd centuries BC.
5826:
5810:
5586:
5531:
5457:
5403:
5027:
4668:
Adiego, I. J. (2007). "Greek and Carian". In Christidis, A. F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chriti, Maria (eds.).
2420:
1732:
1704:
1488:
1390:
1156:
1002:
626:
464:
356:
295:
250:
190:
182:
5819:
5766:
5757:
5750:
5462:
5452:
5433:
5427:
3392:
2501:
2052:
1879:
1708:
616:
612:
597:
593:
5198:
4948:. Blackwell textbooks in linguistics (2nd ed.). Chichester, U.K.; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 19.
1103:
5789:
5780:
5545:
3991:
3934:
3872:
3192:
3173:
2588:
2130:
2123:
1825:
1790:
971:
786:
738:
675:
645:
603:
583:
447:
301:
5056:
Yakubovich, Ilya (2011). "Luwian and the Luwians". In Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (eds.).
4641:. Yale Classical Studies. Vol. 31. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
5920:
5598:
5555:
5051:. SILO: Subsidia et Instrumenta Linguarum Orientis (2nd revised ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
5000:
Luraghi, Silvia (1998) , "The Anatolian Languages", in Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (eds.),
3808:
3669:
3648:
3608:
3536:
3528:
3448:
3228:
3059:
2686:
2647:
conjugation is distinctive and appears to be derived from a reduplicated or intensive form in PIE.
2639:
conjugation, named for their first-person singular present indicative suffix in Hittite. While the
2624:
2472:
2361:
2264:
2134:
2048:
2044:
2025:
1098:
1093:
989:
913:
878:
801:
791:
650:
351:
315:
3794:
5986:
5501:
5146:"Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)"
4988:
4910:
4902:
4336:
3896:
3579:
3532:
3483:
domination. Extant Lydian texts now number slightly over one hundred but are mostly fragmentary.
3180:
2690:
2656:
2604:
2115:
2064:
1804:
1755:
1689:
1673:
1298:
951:
690:
376:
281:
276:
4295:
3978:
Kroonen, Guus; Jakob, Anthony; Palmér, Axel I.; Sluis, Paulus van; Wigman, Andrew (2022-10-12).
3409:
6040:
5974:
5963:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5660:
5635:
5630:
5578:
5550:
5381:
5125:
Steiner, G. (1990). "The immigration of the first Indo-Europeans into Anatolia reconsidered".
5111:
4978:
4673:
4368:
4313:
4213:
4186:
4159:
4064:
4027:
4009:
3960:
3888:
3823:
3772:
3693:
3676:
3547:
3543:
3512:
3496:
3430:
3307:
3045:
2928:
2860:
2806:
2191:
2103:
2099:
1818:
1784:
1776:
1720:
1714:
1696:
1667:
1646:
1632:
1624:
1394:
1255:
1195:
1177:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1075:
1070:
899:
762:
411:
404:
397:
383:
369:
329:
308:
245:
237:
4235:"Anatolian Evidence Suggests that the Indo-European Laryngeals *h2 and *h3 Were Uvular Stops"
6030:
5958:
5905:
5613:
5565:
5476:
5444:
5412:
5388:
5317:
5077:
4970:
4962:
4894:
4813:
4328:
4256:
4246:
4153:
4017:
3999:
3950:
3942:
3880:
3775:
have been also suggested as possible borrowings from Hittite or Luwian, such as Arm. զուռնա
3761:
3631:
3500:
3404:
3311:
3245:
3169:
3052:
2872:
2851:
Most of the records are dated to the 13th century BC (Late Bronze Age). They are written in
2832:
2786:
2751:
2706:
2616:
2567:
as well as vowel-coloring effects. The laryngeals were lost in Lydian but became Lycian 𐊐 (
2544:
2455:
2224:
2217:
2186:
2158:
2119:
2036:
2018:
2002:
1812:
1762:
1579:
1385:
1273:
1213:
1190:
1133:
1128:
1065:
1052:
1047:
1037:
710:
323:
271:
263:
256:
160:
103:
2660:
PIE a-stems with o-stems. However the discovery of a group of inherited nouns with suffix *
2631:, and Ancient Greek. Anatolian verbs are also typically divided into two conjugations: the
6035:
6025:
5968:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5915:
5674:
5646:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5331:
5324:
5239:
5235:
3734:
3594:
3587:
3508:
3470:
3370:
3356:
3315:
3299:
3281:
3155:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
2969:
2962:
2948:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2612:
2508:
2203:
2198:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2075:
1893:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1833:
1769:
1748:
1726:
1311:
1200:
1123:
1032:
965:
906:
772:
504:
489:
479:
474:
390:
362:
117:
68:
4044:
4651:
Hajnal, Ivo. 2003. “Jungluwisch” – eine Bestandsaufnahme. In M. Giorgieri et al.(eds.):
3995:
3938:
3876:
5851:
5706:
5640:
4718:
4022:
3979:
3955:
3922:
3387:(and other places in Egypt), personal names in Greek records, twenty inscriptions from
3384:
3303:
3090:
2794:
2761:
2145:
2056:
1638:
1505:
1380:
938:
892:
860:
796:
287:
3076:
140:
6055:
5421:
5091:
4992:
4957:. Mnemosyne: bibliotheca classica Batavia. Supplementum. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill.
4914:
3858:"Language-Tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory of Indo-European Origin"
3604:
3524:
3269:
3212:
3203:
2739:
2702:
2678:, attested for abstract nouns and collectives in Anatolian. The appurtenance suffix *
2620:
2463:
2429:
2393:
2364:
is believed to be a Luwic language, though further analysis has yet to be published.
2060:
1898:
1362:
1278:
995:
853:
469:
4340:
2671:
in non-Anatolian Indo-European languages may be connected to a derivational suffix *
4392:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 20–22.
3480:
3418:
2756:
2413:
2095:
1847:
1517:
1355:
829:
700:
499:
494:
484:
4428:. Leiden Studies in Indo-European. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 11–12.
3567:
3160:
2855:
script borrowing heavily from the Mesopotamian system of writing. The script is a
17:
5258:
4314:"The Origin of the Proto-Indo-European Gender System: Typological Considerations"
4004:
3900:
3800:
3330:
3326:
3294:
Lycian (called "Lycian A" when Milyan was a "Lycian B") was spoken in classical
3237:
3216:
2897:
2608:
2592:
2587:)—when labialized. Suggestions for their realization in Proto-Anatolian include
1493:
1479:
1443:
1151:
4672:. Translated by Markham, Chris. Cambridge University Press. pp. 759, 761.
2559:
pronunciation. By the first millennium, the lenis consonants seem to have been
4818:
4251:
4068:
3813:
3790:
3504:
3454:
3338:
3241:
3185:
2840:
2802:
2772:
2689:. This suggests the Anatolian gender system is the original for IE, while the
2556:
1456:
1370:
1248:
1013:
48:
4013:
2090:
The Anatolian branch is often considered the earliest to have split from the
5173:
4852:
4364:
Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics
3946:
3253:
3070:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2479:
1659:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1268:
715:
685:
134:
5081:
4802:"Linear A du-pu2-re, Hittite Tabarna and Their Alleged Relatives Revisited"
4031:
3964:
3892:
4974:
4733:
4332:
4083:
3286:
3141:
was proposed for Luwian and its closest relatives, scholars used the term
2813:, or "port of Kanes," an Assyrian enclave of merchants within the city of
2801:
during that time. The earliest sources of Hittite are the 19th century BC
3818:
3492:
3290:
Luwic branch of Anatolian languages attested in the mid-1st millennium BC
3208:
2941:
2901:
2845:
2798:
2628:
2560:
2107:
2010:
1602:
1593:
1484:
1285:
1260:
1164:
655:
231:
61:
5153:
3923:"Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family"
3884:
3413:
Inscriptions in Sidetic language, exhibits of the Museum of Side, Turkey
5539:
3843:
3571:
3559:
3436:
3325:
but more historically, in Hittite and in Egyptian documents among the "
3249:
3233:
2824:
2819:
2111:
1652:
1616:
1609:
1407:
1027:
680:
660:
5860:
4906:
4261:
4086:. The Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures – via YouTube.
4058:
2212:
5910:
5667:
5231:
5004:, Routledge Language Family Descriptions, London; New York: Routledge
3380:
3261:
3199:
2727:
2014:
1375:
1329:
848:
665:
110:
5104:
L'alignement syntaxique dans les langues indo-européennes d'Anatolie
5073:
4853:"Etymological Dictionary of Greek: The Pre-Greek Loanwords in Greek"
4280:
4234:
2685:
is scarce in Anatolian but fully productive as a feminine marker in
2021:, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language.
4898:
4867:
4801:
4656:
3546:
inscriptions date until the second century AD, the poorly-attested
2797:, dated approximately 1650–1200 BC, which ruled over nearly all of
2126:, though the method's validity and accuracy are subject to debate.
5930:
5653:
4872:
Sprachwissenschaft Innsbruck Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen
4835:"Naming Practices in Second and First Millennium Western Anatolia"
4611:
4296:"PIE *-eh2 as an "individualizing" Suffix and the Feminine Gender"
4122:"New Indo-European Language Discovered in Ancient City of Hattusa"
3551:
3499:
unattested in the alphabetic era. In these regions, only Hittite,
3476:
3408:
3388:
3376:
3322:
3295:
3285:
3159:
2755:
2494:
2043:
linguistics. While Hittite attestation ends after the Bronze Age,
1474:
1348:
1342:
1324:
695:
670:
124:
5219:
4155:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
3458:
3265:
3257:
3202:
or counter-relief that can be carved or painted. There are also
1866:
5864:
5262:
4670:
A History of Ancient Greek from the Beginning to Late Antiquity
2371:
4967:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
2539:
The three-way distinction in Proto-Indo-European stops (i.e.
2466:
3219:, representing syllables of the form V, CV, or rarely CVCV.
3191:
The hieroglyphic corpus (Melchert's HLuwian) is recorded in
3846:
homeland assumes straightforward immigration from the East.
3164:
Area where the 2nd millennium BC Luwian language was spoken
2547:
distinction in Proto-Anatolian, conventionally written as /
3461:. It is known from a single inscription found in Hattusa.
3310:, is in Lycian, Greek, and Aramaic. The longest text, the
3168:
The Luwian language is attested in two different scripts,
4723:"Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages"
3179:
The cuneiform corpus (Melchert's CLuwian) is recorded in
5072:
Kroonen, Guus; Gojko Barjamovic; Michaël Peyrot (2018).
5049:
Hieroglyphic Luwian: An Introduction with original Texts
2859:. This fact, combined with frequent use of Akkadian and
2643:
conjugation has clear cognates outside of Anatolia, the
2216:
Classification of the Anatolian languages according to
4390:
Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
4388:
Beekes, R. S. P.; Cor de Vaan, Michiel Arnoud (2011).
4361:
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; Dixon, Robert M. W. (2006).
3383:
mercenaries and other members of an ethnic enclave in
2232:
Proto-Anatolian (diverged around the 31st century BC)
4787:
Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and practices
4152:
Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (2017).
3098:
5060:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 534–547.
4780:
4778:
4281:"The Feminine Gender in Tocharian and Indo-European"
6016:
6000:
5929:
5898:
5705:
5623:
5596:
5564:
5530:
5500:
5475:
5443:
5411:
5402:
5341:
5301:
4946:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An introduction
4868:"Graeco-Anatolian Contacts in the Mycenaean Period"
4461:
4459:
3069:
3010:
2989:
2947:
2934:
2924:
2914:
133:
96:
86:
67:
54:
44:
39:
5090:
3539:, whose attestation ceases in the 8th century AD.
2892:, spoken in the north-central Anatolian region of
2148:(2012) has proposed the following classification:
3146:branches into Cuneiform and Hieroglyphic Luwian.
2419:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
4639:The Greco-Roman East: Politics, Culture, Society
4084:"Anatolians on the Move: From Kurgans to Kanesh"
3379:. It is fragmentarily attested from graffiti by
2760:The Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under
4965:(2022). "Anatolian". In Olander, Thomas (ed.).
4045:Краткая история освоения индоевропейцами Европы
3856:Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. (2003).
3341:calls them – using an equivalent German term –
2035:in Hittite and Luwian provided support for the
2053:alphabetic inscriptions in Anatolian languages
5876:
5274:
3129:have other meanings in English, so currently
3104:
1978:
8:
3342:
5191:"Indo-European Languages: Anatolian Family"
2623:moods found in other old IE languages like
2055:are fragmentarily attested until the early
5926:
5883:
5869:
5861:
5408:
5309:
5281:
5267:
5259:
4769:The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite
4698:Julius-Maximilians-Universität of Würzburg
4533:
4509:
4477:
4107:
2098:or "Archaic PIE"; typically a date in the
1985:
1971:
1949:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
177:
4969:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4817:
4771:. Liverpool University Press. p. 12.
4260:
4250:
4021:
4003:
3954:
3746:'vessel for refining gold', from Hittite
27:Extinct branch of Indo-European languages
4767:Frank R. Trombley; John W. Watt (2000).
4653:Licia e Lidia prima dell’ ellenizzazione
4481:
4450:
4096:
3688:'dark blue glaze; enamel', from Hittite
2904:, which the Hittites could not prevent.
2211:
2074:
5058:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia
4694:"New Indo-European Language Discovered"
4497:
4465:
4438:
4402:
3835:
3692:'copper ore; azurite' (ultimately from
3457:region, likely near the modern city of
2261:Cuneiform Luwian (16th–15th century BC)
2017:. The best known Anatolian language is
189:
171:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5150:Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
4521:
4485:
3826:, a Celtic language spoken in Anatolia
3302:, which the Lycians modified from the
2911:
36:
5040:Comparative Indo-European Linguistics
4569:
4557:
4545:
4274:
4272:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
3009:
2721:The basic word order in Anatolian is
2094:, from a stage referred to either as
1956:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1928:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
95:
7:
5172:. ancientscripts.com. Archived from
4866:Hajnal, Ivo; Posch, Claudia (2009).
4753:Bibliography of the Siouan Languages
4624:
4593:
4581:
4750:Pilling, James Constantine (1887).
4120:Chrysopoulos, Philip (2023-09-23).
3435:The Pisidic language was spoken in
2047:survived until the conquest of the
1913:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
30:For other uses of "Anatolian", see
5110:49. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
4756:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
4732:. pp. 601–607. Archived from
4060:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
3507:. Languages of the region such as
3417:Sidetic was spoken in the city of
2409:for transliterated languages, and
2389:of its non-English content, using
1935:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
5343:
5189:Justus, Carol; Slocum, Jonathan.
4840:– via linguistics.ucla.edu.
4301:– via linguistics.ucla.edu.
4082:Petra Goedegebuure (2020-02-05).
3503:, and Luwian are attested in the
3329:", as the Lukka, dwelling in the
3211:, and the rest purely functional
2059:AD, eventually succumbing to the
173: instead of cuneiform script.
5542:(unknown further classification)
5127:Journal of Indo-European Studies
4806:Journal of Language Relationship
4350:from the original on 2014-12-29.
3793:
2575:), both pronounced , as well as
2376:
2124:Indo-European origin in Anatolia
1942:Journal of Indo-European Studies
706:Bible translations into Armenian
197:
151:
5246:Lauffenburger, Olivier (2006).
5093:In Search of the Indo-Europeans
4887:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4279:Kim, Ronald I. (January 2009).
4206:Melchert, Harold Craig (1994).
4179:Melchert, Harold Craig (1994).
3719:'wooden percussion instrument';
3137:are preferred. Before the term
3106:
2563:in Lydian, Lycian, and Carian.
217:List of Indo-European languages
5248:"The Hittite Grammar Homepage"
5108:Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten
4931:Oxford: Archaeopress, 293–306.
4851:Beekes, Roberts S. P. (2010).
4426:Anatolian Historical Phonology
4209:Anatolian Historical Phonology
4182:Anatolian Historical Phonology
3668:(itself from Mesopotamia; cf.
3654:'sky; bowl, cup' (cf. Hittite
3643:'cup; pot, vessel', Mycenaean
2425:multilingual support templates
2299:Pisidian (1st–2nd century AD)
1:
5195:University of Texas at Austin
3756:'ball of wool', from Hittite
3321:The name of Lycia appears in
3115:fell into disuse in favor of
2776:
2765:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2307:Palaic (16th–15th century BC)
2252:
2242:
1543:Proto-Indo-European mythology
812:Paleolithic continuity theory
5097:. London: Thames and Hudson.
4944:Fortson, Benjamin W (2010).
4005:10.1371/journal.pone.0275744
3578:"power of blessing(?)", and
3550:, which was probably a late
3099:
2292:Sidetic (5th–2nd century BC)
2110:, or from the west, via the
2092:Proto-Indo-European language
1231:Northern Black Polished Ware
430:Proto-Indo-European language
5026:Melchert, H. Craig (2016).
5016:"The Position of Anatolian"
5014:Melchert, H. Craig (2012).
5002:The Indo-European Languages
4424:Melchert, H. Craig (1994).
4367:. Oxford University Press.
3586:"resplendent, mighty" (cf.
3527:following the conquests of
2317:Lydian (8th–3rd century BC)
2289:Lycian (5th–4th century BC)
2278:Carian (7th–3rd century BC)
2129:It has been theorized that
2063:of Anatolia as a result of
1548:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
6083:
5006:. Originally published as
4953:Keen, Anthony G. (1998) .
4730:Cambridge University Press
4233:Kloekhorst, Alwin (2018).
3607:words are suggested to be
3576:Ouaxamoas < *Waksa-muwa
3531:, as well as the previous
3468:
3453:Kalašma was spoken in the
3446:
3428:
3402:
3368:
3354:
3279:
3153:
3105:
2882:
2793:) was the language of the
2749:
2467:
844:Domestication of the horse
32:Anatolian (disambiguation)
29:
5845:
5312:
4819:10.31826/jlr-2016-133-409
4283:– via Academia.edu.
4252:10.1163/22125892-00601003
4239:Indo-European Linguistics
2949:Linguistic classification
2919:
2823:, from which the Hittite
2691:feminine-masculine-neuter
2458:in words such as Hittite
1553:Historical Vedic religion
830:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
69:Linguistic classification
4800:Valério, Miguel (2015).
4637:Colvin, Stephen (2004).
4312:Luraghi, Silvia (2011).
3487:Other possible languages
3225:Late Bronze Age collapse
2591:, uvular fricatives, or
2081:Indo-European migrations
1558:Ancient Iranian religion
921:Novotitarovskaya culture
768:Indo-European migrations
6062:Indo-European languages
5290:Indo-European languages
5102:Patri, Sylvain (2007).
4855:. Brill. pp. 1–21.
4655:, 187-205. Rome: CNR.
3947:10.1126/science.1219669
3715:'cymbal', from Hittite
3705:'helmet', from Hittite
2281:Milyan (5th century BC)
2007:Indo-European languages
1059:Northern/Eastern Steppe
5089:Mallory, J.P. (1989).
5082:10.5281/zenodo.1240524
5047:Payne, Annick (2010).
4789:. Ashgate. p. 50.
4212:. Rodopi. p. 22.
4185:. Rodopi. p. 21.
3664:'ivory', from Hittite
3414:
3393:bilingual inscriptions
3343:
3291:
3165:
3111:). The earlier use of
2783:
2728:Wackernagel's position
2489:) and Lycian 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀
2256: 18th century BC
2221:
2102:is assumed. Under the
2087:
2013:, part of present-day
1530:Religion and mythology
1489:Medieval Scandinavians
780:Alternative and fringe
159:This article contains
5216:"Anatolian Databases"
5008:Le Lingue Indoeuropee
4975:10.1017/9781108758666
4609:, king of Lycia", in
4333:10.1515/flin.2011.016
4158:. Walter de Gruyter.
3523:Anatolia was heavily
3475:Lydian was spoken in
3412:
3375:Carian was spoken in
3289:
3193:Anatolian hieroglyphs
3174:Anatolian hieroglyphs
3163:
2759:
2589:pharyngeal fricatives
2286:Proto-Lycian–Sidetic
2267:(13th–8th century BC)
2215:
2100:mid-4th millennium BC
2085:Pontic–Caspian steppe
2078:
1880:Indo-European studies
1243:Peoples and societies
5214:Melchert, H. Craig.
4833:Melchert, H. Craig.
4480:, pp. 539–541;
3609:Anatolian borrowings
2423:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
2387:specify the language
2385:This article should
2275:Proto-Carian–Milyan
2133:, together with the
2049:Neo-Hittite kingdoms
2026:laryngeal consonants
2009:that were spoken in
787:Anatolian hypothesis
739:Proto-Indo-Europeans
646:Hittite inscriptions
191:Indo-European topics
6067:Anatolian languages
5892:Anatolian languages
5716:Proto-Indo-European
5156:on 25 February 2017
4488:, pp. 301–302;
4441:, pp. 175–176.
3996:2022PLoSO..1775744K
3939:2012Sci...337..957B
3885:10.1038/nature02029
3877:2003Natur.426..435G
3809:Armenian hypothesis
3771:A few words in the
3649:Hieroglyphic Luwian
3529:Alexander the Great
3229:Syro-Hittite states
2997:Proto-Indo-European
2780: 1321–1295 BC
2769: 1350–1322 BC
2723:subject-object-verb
2543:) collapsed into a
2265:Hieroglyphic Luwian
2135:Sredny Stog culture
2120:glottochronological
2045:hieroglyphic Luwian
2041:Proto-Indo-European
1999:Anatolian languages
1043:Multi-cordoned ware
914:Mikhaylovka culture
802:Indigenous Aryanism
792:Armenian hypothesis
651:Hieroglyphic Luwian
5797:Proto-Indo-Iranian
5744:Proto-Balto-Slavic
5486:Continental Celtic
5201:on 5 February 2012
4536:, pp. 540–541
3760:'lump'/'clod' (or
3725:'lead', Mycenaean
3533:Greek colonisation
3415:
3292:
3166:
2863:words, as well as
2827:for the language,
2784:
2711:ergative languages
2607:), and two moods (
2334:Kanišite Hittite (
2272:Proto-Lyco-Carian
2248:–20th century BC)
2238:Proto-Luwo-Palaic
2235:Proto-Luwo-Lydian
2222:
2122:markers favors an
2116:Bayesian inference
2088:
2065:Greek colonisation
623:Proto-Indo-Iranian
609:Proto-Balto-Slavic
590:Proto-Italo-Celtic
18:Anatolian language
6049:
6048:
6041:Phrygian alphabet
5996:
5995:
5858:
5857:
5852:extinct languages
5471:
5470:
5398:
5397:
5117:978-3-447-05612-0
4984:978-1-108-49979-8
4963:Kloekhorst, Alwin
4679:978-0-521-83307-3
4321:Folia Linguistica
4294:Melchert, Craig.
3933:(6097): 957–960.
3871:(6965): 435–439.
3773:Armenian language
3548:Isaurian language
3431:Pisidian language
3308:Létôon trilingual
3083:
3082:
2873:glottochronologic
2807:Akkadian language
2571:) and Carian 𐊼 (
2447:
2446:
2427:may also be used.
2360:In addition, the
2344:Ḫattuša Hittite (
2131:Cernavodă culture
2104:Kurgan hypothesis
1995:
1994:
1256:Anatolian peoples
1226:Painted Grey Ware
1114:Nordic Bronze Age
763:Kurgan hypothesis
716:Old Irish glosses
681:Gaulish epigraphy
167:rendering support
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
6074:
6031:Carian alphabets
5927:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5862:
5804:Proto-Indo-Aryan
5409:
5310:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5260:
5255:
5250:. Archived from
5230:
5228:
5226:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5197:. Archived from
5185:
5183:
5181:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5152:. Archived from
5134:
5121:
5098:
5096:
5085:
5076:. pp. 3–7.
5061:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5005:
4996:
4958:
4949:
4932:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4812:(3–4): 329–354.
4797:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4727:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4665:
4659:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4318:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4254:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4149:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4057:Anthony, David.
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4007:
3990:(10): e0275744.
3975:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3903:. Archived from
3862:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3779:(compare Luwian
3762:Cuneiform Luwian
3740:'the dark ones';
3449:Kalašma language
3405:Sidetic language
3391:(including four
3346:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3089:was proposed by
3079:
2912:
2833:central Anatolia
2781:
2778:
2770:
2767:
2752:Hittite language
2635:conjugation and
2511:ᚐᚃᚔ (avi), PIE *
2470:
2469:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2362:Kalašma language
2350:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2257:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2218:Alwin Kloekhorst
2057:first millennium
2051:by Assyria, and
2037:laryngeal theory
1987:
1980:
1973:
1828:
1821:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1676:
1662:
1655:
1641:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1386:Germanic peoples
1376:Hellenic peoples
1365:
1358:
1351:
1274:Mycenaean Greeks
1263:
1191:Thraco-Cimmerian
1089:Globular Amphora
1066:Abashevo culture
1005:
998:
968:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
711:Tocharian script
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
332:
318:
311:
304:
290:
266:
259:
240:
201:
178:
161:cuneiform script
155:
154:
143:
37:
21:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6036:Lycian alphabet
6026:Lydian alphabet
6012:
6008:Proto-Anatolian
6001:Reconstructions
5992:
5925:
5894:
5889:
5859:
5854:
5841:
5836:Proto-Tocharian
5730:Proto-Anatolian
5707:Proto-languages
5701:
5619:
5592:
5574:Latino-Faliscan
5560:
5526:
5496:
5467:
5439:
5394:
5337:
5297:
5287:
5245:
5224:
5222:
5213:
5204:
5202:
5188:
5179:
5177:
5168:
5159:
5157:
5144:
5141:
5124:
5118:
5101:
5088:
5071:
5068:
5066:Further reading
5055:
5046:
5037:
5030:
5025:
5018:
5013:
4999:
4985:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4940:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4776:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4725:
4719:Melchert, Craig
4717:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4534:Yakubovich 2011
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4510:Yakubovich 2011
4508:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4478:Yakubovich 2011
4476:
4472:
4464:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4151:
4150:
4139:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4108:Kloekhorst 2022
4106:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3611:, for example:
3566:"assistance of
3521:
3489:
3473:
3471:Lydian language
3467:
3451:
3445:
3433:
3427:
3407:
3401:
3373:
3371:Carian language
3367:
3359:
3357:Milyan language
3353:
3300:Lycian alphabet
3284:
3282:Lycian language
3278:
3158:
3156:Luwian language
3152:
3075:
3006:
3002:Proto-Anatolian
2992:
2936:
2910:
2887:
2885:Palaic language
2881:
2809:records of the
2779:
2768:
2754:
2748:
2736:
2719:
2699:
2683:
2676:
2665:
2653:
2615:), lacking the
2601:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2404:transliteration
2400:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2328:
2324:Proto-Hittite (
2255:
2245:
2210:
2154:Proto-Anatolian
2143:
2073:
1991:
1962:
1961:
1894:Marija Gimbutas
1882:
1872:
1871:
1863:Winter solstice
1853:Horse sacrifice
1824:
1817:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1700:
1685:
1672:
1658:
1651:
1637:
1628:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1562:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1465:
1452:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1265:
1259:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1209:
1186:
1173:
1161:
1142:
1084:
1061:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1001:
994:
985:
983:Northern Europe
964:
960:
947:
934:
919:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
866:Steppe cultures
839:
832:
825:
817:
816:
807:Baltic homeland
781:
777:
773:Eurasian nomads
757:
753:
729:
721:
720:
691:Runic epigraphy
686:Latin epigraphy
641:
633:
632:
570:Proto-Anatolian
554:
509:
505:Thraco-Illyrian
490:Graeco-Phrygian
480:Graeco-Armenian
475:Graeco-Albanian
454:
432:
419:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
328:
314:
307:
300:
286:
262:
255:
236:
221:
213:
211:
176:
175:
174:
165:Without proper
156:
152:
139:
91:Proto-Anatolian
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6080:
6078:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6054:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5793:
5790:Proto-Hellenic
5786:
5785:
5784:
5774:Proto-Germanic
5770:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5740:
5737:Proto-Armenian
5733:
5726:
5723:Proto-Albanian
5719:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5570:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5536:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5517:North Germanic
5514:
5506:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5492:Insular Celtic
5489:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5425:
5422:Dnieper Baltic
5417:
5415:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5349:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5307:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:on 2011-05-20.
5243:
5211:
5186:
5166:
5140:
5139:External links
5137:
5136:
5135:
5122:
5116:
5099:
5086:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4997:
4983:
4959:
4950:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4920:
4899:10.1086/373501
4893:(3): 203–207.
4877:
4858:
4843:
4825:
4792:
4774:
4759:
4742:
4739:on 2009-10-08.
4710:
4685:
4678:
4660:
4644:
4629:
4627:, p. 175.
4617:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4470:
4468:, p. 173.
4455:
4443:
4431:
4416:
4407:
4405:, p. 169.
4395:
4380:
4373:
4353:
4327:(2): 435–463.
4304:
4286:
4268:
4225:
4218:
4198:
4191:
4171:
4164:
4137:
4126:Greek Reporter
4112:
4100:
4089:
4074:
4049:
4037:
3970:
3913:
3910:on 2011-05-20.
3848:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3788:
3785:
3769:
3768:
3751:
3741:
3733:'dark', as in
3720:
3710:
3700:
3683:
3659:
3638:
3564:Tarku-ndberras
3562:Ταρκυνδβερρας
3520:
3517:
3488:
3485:
3469:Main article:
3466:
3463:
3447:Main article:
3444:
3441:
3429:Main article:
3426:
3423:
3403:Main article:
3400:
3397:
3385:Memphis, Egypt
3369:Main article:
3366:
3363:
3355:Main article:
3352:
3349:
3304:Greek alphabet
3280:Main article:
3277:
3274:
3213:determinatives
3154:Main article:
3151:
3148:
3091:Craig Melchert
3081:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2883:Main article:
2880:
2877:
2795:Hittite Empire
2762:Suppiluliuma I
2750:Main article:
2747:
2744:
2735:
2732:
2718:
2715:
2713:like Hurrian.
2707:split-ergative
2698:
2695:
2681:
2674:
2663:
2655:The Anatolian
2652:
2649:
2600:
2597:
2583:), Carian 𐊴 (
2451:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2329: 2100 BC
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2251:Proto-Luwian (
2229:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2150:
2142:
2141:Classification
2139:
2072:
2069:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Fire sacrifice
1844:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:Zoroastrianism
1621:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1506:Medieval India
1497:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1388:
1383:
1381:Italic peoples
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1157:Gandhara grave
1154:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:Middle Dnieper
999:
980:
979:
974:
969:
958:Eastern Europe
955:
954:
942:
941:
929:
928:
927:
926:
925:
924:
917:
903:
896:
889:
886:Dnieper–Donets
882:
875:
863:
861:Kurgan culture
858:
857:
856:
846:
834:
833:
826:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
797:Beech argument
794:
789:
783:
782:
776:
775:
770:
765:
759:
758:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
620:
606:
601:
587:
580:Proto-Germanic
577:
575:Proto-Armenian
572:
567:
565:Proto-Albanian
561:
560:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
516:
515:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
461:
460:
453:
452:
451:
450:
426:
425:
418:
417:
416:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
354:
349:
343:
342:
336:
335:
334:
333:
321:
320:
319:
312:
305:
293:
292:
291:
279:
274:
269:
268:
267:
260:
248:
243:
242:
241:
228:
227:
220:
219:
212:
207:
206:
203:
202:
194:
193:
187:
186:
169:, you may see
157:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
137:
131:
130:
129:
128:
121:
114:
107:
98:
94:
93:
88:
87:Proto-language
84:
83:
82:
81:
71:
65:
64:
58:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6079:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5886:
5881:
5879:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5827:Proto-Romance
5824:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5811:Proto-Iranian
5808:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5522:West Germanic
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5511:East Germanic
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5279:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5176:on 2012-02-04
5175:
5171:
5167:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4844:
4836:
4829:
4826:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4793:
4788:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4746:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4596:, p. 11.
4595:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4524:, p. 302
4523:
4518:
4515:
4512:, p. 539
4511:
4506:
4503:
4500:, p. 186
4499:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4482:Melchert 2016
4479:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4451:Melchert 2012
4447:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4374:9780199283088
4370:
4366:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4219:9789051836974
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4192:9789051836974
4188:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4165:9783110393248
4161:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4097:Melchert 2012
4093:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:Ancient Greek
3601:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:𐊷𐊹𐊼𐊥𐊪𐊸
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3312:Xanthus stele
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:Indo-European
2952:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2774:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2740:Robert Beekes
2733:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:allative case
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:Archaic Irish
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2465:
2464:Ancient Greek
2461:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2343:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2314:Proto-Lydian
2313:
2306:
2305:
2304:Proto-Palaic
2303:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2241:Proto-Luwic (
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:Hellenization
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:J. P. Mallory
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:Reconstructed
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1363:Insular Celts
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:Indo-Iranians
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:Pontic Steppe
1015:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
991:
988:
987:
986:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
963:
962:
961:
959:
953:
950:
949:
948:
946:
940:
937:
936:
935:
933:
922:
918:
915:
911:
910:
908:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
887:
883:
880:
876:
873:
869:
868:
867:
864:
862:
859:
855:
854:Kurgan stelae
852:
851:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
838:
837:Pontic Steppe
831:
828:
827:
821:
820:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
779:
778:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
755:
754:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
725:
724:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
637:
636:
628:
627:Proto-Iranian
624:
621:
618:
614:
610:
607:
605:
602:
599:
595:
591:
588:
585:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
470:Daco-Thracian
468:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
455:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:Reconstructed
421:
420:
413:
409:
406:
402:
399:
395:
392:
388:
385:
381:
378:
374:
371:
367:
364:
360:
359:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
341:
338:
337:
331:
327:
326:
325:
322:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
298:
297:
294:
289:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
265:
261:
258:
254:
253:
252:
249:
247:
244:
239:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
222:
218:
215:
214:
210:
205:
204:
200:
196:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
164:
162:
142:
138:
136:
132:
127:
126:
122:
120:
119:
115:
113:
112:
108:
106:
105:
101:
100:
99:
92:
89:
85:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:Indo-European
72:
70:
66:
63:
59:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
5891:
5847:
5834:
5825:
5820:Proto-Italic
5818:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5779:
5772:
5767:Proto-Celtic
5765:
5758:Proto-Slavic
5756:
5751:Proto-Baltic
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5612:
5607:
5597:
5587:Osco-Umbrian
5585:
5532:Indo-Iranian
5509:
5484:
5458:South Slavic
5432:
5420:
5404:Balto-Slavic
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5342:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5303:
5302:
5252:the original
5223:. Retrieved
5203:. Retrieved
5199:the original
5178:. Retrieved
5174:the original
5158:. Retrieved
5154:the original
5130:
5126:
5103:
5092:
5057:
5048:
5039:
5007:
5001:
4966:
4954:
4945:
4928:
4923:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4871:
4861:
4846:
4828:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4786:
4768:
4762:
4752:
4745:
4734:the original
4713:
4702:. Retrieved
4700:. 2023-09-21
4697:
4688:
4669:
4663:
4652:
4647:
4638:
4632:
4620:
4610:
4601:
4589:
4584:, p. 7.
4577:
4572:, p. 3.
4565:
4560:, p. 6.
4553:
4548:, p. 2.
4541:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4498:Fortson 2010
4493:
4473:
4466:Luraghi 1998
4446:
4439:Fortson 2010
4434:
4425:
4419:
4410:
4403:Luraghi 1998
4398:
4389:
4383:
4363:
4356:
4324:
4320:
4307:
4289:
4245:(1): 69–94.
4242:
4238:
4228:
4208:
4201:
4181:
4174:
4154:
4129:. Retrieved
4125:
4115:
4103:
4092:
4077:
4059:
4052:
4047:(in Russian)
4040:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3905:the original
3868:
3864:
3851:
3838:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3738:mariwda(ś)-k
3737:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3661:
3658:'sky; cup');
3655:
3651:
3644:
3640:
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3627:
3623:
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3602:
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3591:
3583:
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3490:
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3452:
3434:
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3374:
3360:
3335:
3320:
3293:
3221:
3217:syllabograms
3197:
3190:
3178:
3167:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3011:Subdivisions
2975:
2937:distribution
2908:Luwic branch
2888:
2869:
2850:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2790:
2785:
2737:
2720:
2700:
2679:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2644:
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2636:
2632:
2605:mediopassive
2602:
2593:uvular stops
2584:
2580:
2579:—Lycian 𐊌 (
2572:
2568:
2565:
2552:
2548:
2545:fortis-lenis
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2502:Old Prussian
2497:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2459:
2453:
2435:
2421:ISO 639 code
2417:}}
2411:{{
2407:}}
2401:{{
2397:}}
2391:{{
2386:
2359:
2223:
2144:
2128:
2096:Indo-Hittite
2089:
2032:
2028:
2023:
1998:
1996:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1920:Publications
1919:
1905:
1886:
1840:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:Paleo-Balkan
1695:
1694:
1682:
1681:
1623:
1622:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1535:
1518:Greater Iran
1511:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1448:
1391:Paleo-Balkan
1356:Celtiberians
1335:
1334:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1183:
1182:
1170:
1169:
1139:
1138:
1081:
1080:
1058:
1057:
1020:
1019:
982:
981:
957:
956:
944:
943:
931:
930:
872:Bug–Dniester
836:
835:
701:Gothic Bible
617:Proto-Baltic
613:Proto-Slavic
598:Proto-Italic
594:Proto-Celtic
557:
512:
500:Italo-Celtic
495:Indo-Hittite
485:Graeco-Aryan
458:Hypothetical
457:
422:
357:Paleo-Balkan
346:
339:
296:Indo-Iranian
251:Balto-Slavic
224:
158:
123:
116:
109:
102:
97:Subdivisions
78:
60:Formerly in
57:distribution
5981:Cappadocian
5781:Proto-Norse
5608:Tocharian A
5463:West Slavic
5453:East Slavic
5434:West Baltic
5428:East Baltic
5160:18 February
4522:Rieken 2017
4486:Rieken 2017
3801:Asia portal
3727:mo-ri-wo-do
3709:'headgear';
3622:, Cypriot:
3598:pīhramma/i-
3344:Jungluwisch
3331:Lukka lands
3327:Sea Peoples
3242:Tell Akhmar
3238:Charchamesh
2991:Early forms
2898:Paphlagonia
2811:kârum kaneš
2805:texts, the
2617:subjunctive
2577:labiovelars
2561:spirantized
2541:*p, *b, *bʰ
2349: 1650
2339: 1935
2246: 21st
1798:Continental
1791:Anglo-Saxon
1494:Middle Ages
1444:Middle Ages
1299:Indo-Aryans
1292:Indo-Aryans
1099:Bell Beaker
1094:Corded ware
990:Corded ware
879:Sredny Stog
824:Archaeology
604:Proto-Greek
584:Proto-Norse
6056:Categories
5546:Indo-Aryan
5225:7 February
5205:7 February
5180:7 February
5133:: 185–214.
4704:2023-09-26
4570:Payne 2010
4558:Payne 2010
4546:Payne 2010
4262:1887/81567
4131:2023-09-26
4069:1102387902
3831:References
3814:Tree model
3670:Phoenician
3635:Appaliunaš
3574:Ουαξαμοας
3525:Hellenized
3519:Extinction
3505:Bronze Age
3339:Ivo Hajnal
3186:Kizzuwatna
2935:Geographic
2929:Anatolians
2773:Mursili II
2613:imperative
2609:indicative
2473:Lithuanian
2456:laryngeals
2225:Kloekhorst
2005:branch of
1906:Institutes
1826:Lithuanian
1580:Indo-Aryan
1566:Historical
1500:Indo-Aryan
1457:Tocharians
1371:Cimmerians
1249:Bronze Age
1140:South Asia
1014:Bronze Age
952:Afanasievo
756:Mainstream
520:Vocabulary
440:Sound laws
302:Indo-Aryan
55:Geographic
49:Anatolians
6018:Alphabets
5987:Lycaonian
5921:Kalasmaic
5899:Languages
5850:indicate
5599:Tocharian
5556:Nuristani
5304:Anatolian
4993:161016819
4915:162282522
4625:Keen 1998
4594:Keen 1998
4582:Keen 1998
4014:1932-6203
3783:"horn").
3765:taluppa/i
3750:'vessel';
3703:kýmbachos
3690:kuwannan-
3626:), from *
3582:Πιγραμος
3580:Lycaonian
3537:Tocharian
3254:Commagene
3209:logograms
3170:cuneiform
3085:The term
3071:Glottolog
3060:Kalasmaic
2958:Anatolian
2925:Ethnicity
2865:logograms
2857:syllabary
2853:cuneiform
2734:Languages
2687:Tocharian
2625:Tocharian
2557:geminated
2480:Old Norse
2450:Phonology
2438:June 2022
2351:–1180 BC)
2341:–1710 BC)
2083:from the
1841:Practices
1660:Yarsanism
1470:Albanians
1450:East Asia
1437:Scythians
1429:Phrygians
1422:Paeonians
1415:Illyrians
1401:Thracians
1318:East Asia
1269:Armenians
1196:Hallstatt
1178:Chernoles
1119:Terramare
1109:Trzciniec
1076:Sintashta
1071:Andronovo
972:Cernavodă
945:East Asia
900:Khvalynsk
640:Philology
550:Particles
436:Phonology
377:Liburnian
352:Tocharian
347:Anatolian
316:Nuristani
209:Languages
135:Glottolog
79:Anatolian
45:Ethnicity
40:Anatolian
5975:Isaurian
5964:Pisidian
5696:Thracian
5689:Phrygian
5682:Paeonian
5661:Illyrian
5636:Armenian
5631:Albanian
5502:Germanic
5382:Pisidian
5170:"Luwian"
5028:"Luwian"
4721:(2004).
4607:Sarpedon
4345:Archived
4341:59324940
4032:36223379
3984:PLOS ONE
3965:22923579
3893:14647380
3844:Armenian
3824:Galatian
3819:Urheimat
3787:See also
3748:ḫuprušḫi
3731:mork-io-
3729:, from *
3723:mólybdos
3713:kýmbalon
3694:Sumerian
3677:Egyptian
3630:, as in
3618:(Doric:
3603:Several
3584:Pigramos
3572:Isaurian
3560:Cilician
3544:Pisidian
3513:Phrygian
3493:Lycaonia
3425:Pisidian
3107:𒇻𒌑𒄿𒇷
3077:luvi1234
3046:Pisidian
2942:Anatolia
2940:Ancient
2861:Sumerian
2846:Hattians
2799:Anatolia
2629:Sanskrit
2621:optative
2368:Features
2192:Pisidian
2146:Melchert
2108:Caucasus
2011:Anatolia
1887:Scholars
1785:Germanic
1756:Scottish
1721:Thracian
1715:Illyrian
1709:Albanian
1697:European
1690:Armenian
1674:Ossetian
1668:Scythian
1653:Yazidism
1603:Buddhism
1594:Hinduism
1485:Norsemen
1395:Anatolia
1312:Iranians
1305:Iranians
1286:Iron Age
1261:Hittites
1214:Colchian
1207:Caucasus
1165:Iron Age
1134:Lusatian
1129:Urnfield
1053:Srubnaya
1048:Poltavka
1038:Catacomb
977:Cucuteni
932:Caucasus
749:Religion
734:Homeland
676:Behistun
656:Linear B
545:Numerals
540:Pronouns
465:Balkanic
412:Thracian
405:Phrygian
398:Paeonian
384:Messapic
370:Illyrian
282:Hellenic
277:Germanic
246:Armenian
238:Albanian
232:Albanoid
183:a series
181:Part of
141:anat1257
62:Anatolia
5959:Sidetic
5906:Hittite
5848:Italics
5668:Moesian
5654:Getaean
5614:Kuchean
5579:Romance
5551:Iranian
5540:Badeshi
5389:Sidetic
5318:Hittite
4938:Sources
4615:5.471f.
4023:9555676
3992:Bibcode
3956:4112997
3935:Bibcode
3927:Science
3873:Bibcode
3758:taluppa
3717:ḫuḫupal
3662:eléphās
3652:ti-pa-s
3647:, from
3632:Hittite
3628:Apeljōn
3624:Apeílōn
3620:Apéllōn
3616:Apóllōn
3592:Pikrmś,
3568:Tarḫunz
3501:Hurrian
3497:Isauria
3481:Persian
3455:Kalašma
3443:Kalašma
3437:Pisidia
3399:Sidetic
3250:Malatya
3234:Cilicia
3181:glosses
3053:Sidetic
2896:(later
2841:Hattuša
2825:endonym
2803:Kültepe
2787:Hittite
2746:Hittite
2551:/ vs. /
2531:, and *
2513:h₂éwh₂s
2487:h₃éron-
2485:, PIE *
2430:See why
2220:(2022).
2187:Sidetic
2159:Hittite
2112:Balkans
2071:Origins
2019:Hittite
2003:extinct
2001:are an
1819:Latvian
1777:Cornish
1647:Kurdish
1633:Persian
1625:Iranian
1617:Sikhism
1610:Jainism
1573:Hittite
1512:Iranian
1408:Dacians
1201:Jastorf
1124:Tumulus
1104:Únětice
1033:Yamnaya
1028:Chariot
966:Usatovo
907:Yamnaya
744:Society
728:Origins
661:Rigveda
513:Grammar
340:Extinct
330:Romance
309:Iranian
104:Hittite
5969:Trojan
5954:Carian
5949:Milyan
5944:Lycian
5939:Luwian
5916:Lydian
5911:Palaic
5675:Mysian
5647:Dacian
5624:Others
5566:Italic
5477:Celtic
5445:Slavic
5413:Baltic
5375:Milyan
5368:Lycian
5361:Luwian
5354:Carian
5332:Palaic
5325:Lydian
5240:Lydian
5236:Lycian
5232:Luwian
5114:
4991:
4981:
4913:
4907:546019
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4657:Online
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4216:
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4030:
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3865:Nature
3754:tolýpē
3744:óbryza
3735:Lydian
3707:kupaḫi
3686:kýanos
3595:Luwian
3588:Carian
3542:While
3509:Mysian
3465:Lydian
3381:Carian
3365:Carian
3351:Milyan
3316:Milyan
3276:Lycian
3268:, and
3262:Aleppo
3200:relief
3150:Luwian
3143:Luwian
3131:Luwian
3123:Luvian
3117:Luvian
3100:luwili
3039:Milyan
3032:Lycian
3025:Luwian
3018:Carian
2970:Palaic
2963:Lydian
2902:Kaskas
2890:Palaic
2879:Palaic
2829:Nešili
2791:nešili
2771:) and
2717:Syntax
2657:gender
2651:Gender
2476:eręlis
2460:ḫāran-
2204:Lydian
2199:Palaic
2182:Lycian
2177:Milyan
2172:Carian
2167:Luwian
2163:Luwic
2079:Early
2015:Turkey
1834:Slavic
1813:Baltic
1763:Breton
1743:Celtic
1727:Dacian
1683:Others
1463:Europe
1336:Europe
1330:Yuezhi
1184:Europe
1171:Steppe
1082:Europe
939:Maykop
893:Samara
849:Kurgan
666:Avesta
448:Ablaut
444:Accent
391:Mysian
363:Dacian
324:Italic
272:Celtic
264:Slavic
257:Baltic
225:Extant
118:Lydian
111:Palaic
5931:Luwic
5641:Greek
5344:Luwic
5031:(PDF)
5019:(PDF)
4989:S2CID
4911:S2CID
4903:JSTOR
4838:(PDF)
4737:(PDF)
4726:(PDF)
4612:Iliad
4348:(PDF)
4337:S2CID
4317:(PDF)
4299:(PDF)
3908:(PDF)
3901:42340
3897:S2CID
3861:(PDF)
3781:zurni
3777:zuṙna
3697:kù-an
3666:laḫpa
3656:nēpis
3645:di-pa
3641:dépas
3552:Luwic
3477:Lydia
3389:Caria
3377:Caria
3323:Homer
3296:Lycia
3270:Tabal
3246:Maras
3204:seals
3139:Luwic
3135:Luwic
3127:Luvic
3113:Luvic
3095:Luvic
3087:Luwic
2976:Luwic
2968:Luwo-
2961:Luwo-
2920:Luvic
2915:Luwic
2815:kaneš
2599:Verbs
2535:>
2527:>
2519:>
2495:Latin
2493:(cf.
2468:ὄρνῑς
2462:(cf.
1805:Norse
1770:Welsh
1749:Irish
1738:Roman
1733:Greek
1588:Vedic
1480:Slavs
1475:Balts
1349:Gauls
1343:Celts
1325:Wusun
1220:India
996:Baden
696:Ogham
671:Homer
558:Other
535:Nouns
530:Verbs
288:Greek
125:Luwic
5294:list
5238:and
5227:2012
5220:UCLA
5207:2012
5182:2012
5162:2017
5112:ISBN
4979:ISBN
4674:ISBN
4369:ISBN
4214:ISBN
4187:ISBN
4160:ISBN
4065:OCLC
4028:PMID
4010:ISSN
3961:PMID
3889:PMID
3511:and
3495:and
3459:Bolu
3419:Side
3266:Hama
3258:Amuq
3215:and
3172:and
3133:and
3125:and
2894:Palā
2820:Neša
2697:Case
2619:and
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2498:avus
2491:χuga
2394:lang
2118:and
2031:and
1997:The
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4000:doi
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