43:
605:
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in the treatment of anger. A recent trial randomised adults with IED to 12 weeks of individual therapy, group therapy or waiting list (no therapy). Intervention resulted in an improvement in anger and aggression levels, with no difference between group and individual CBT (Cognitive behavioural therapy). Adolescents and young adults may experience educational and social consequences but also mental health problems, including parasuicide, if IED/EDS is undiagnosed in early childhood.
1651:
head, and the accused, while admitting that he was alone at home with the child, had no memory of beating the child on the head. The medical history of the accused was brought forward at the trial, and a neurologist ventured the opinion that he sufferred from episodic dyscontrol syndrome, entailing an interruption of normal control mechanisms. His other violent acts were symptomatic. In the court decision, it was noted that disease of the mind had both a legal and medical component.
689:
and non-destructive/noninjurious physical aggression. The listing was also updated to specify frequency criteria. Further, aggressive outbursts are now required to be impulsive in nature and must cause marked distress, impairment, or negative consequences for the individual. Individuals must be at least six years old to receive the diagnosis. The text also clarified the disorder's relationship to other disorders such as
309:, increasing the incidences of impulsive and aggressive behavior and the inability to predict the outcomes of an individual's own actions. Lesions in these areas are also associated with improper blood sugar control, leading to decreased brain function in these areas, which are associated with planning and decision making. A national sample in the
504:
episodes. Multiple drug regimens are frequently indicated for IED patients. Cognitive
Relaxation and Coping Skills Therapy (CRCST) has shown preliminary success in both group and individual settings compared to waitlist control groups. This therapy consists of 12 sessions, the first three focusing on relaxation training, then
159:, that are disproportionate to the situation at hand (e.g., impulsive shouting, screaming or excessive reprimanding triggered by relatively inconsequential events). Impulsive aggression is not premeditated, and is defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation, real or perceived. Some individuals have reported
1650:
The decision in a case concerning episodic dyscontrol syndrome seems to have expanded the definition of "diseases of the mind". In R. v. Butler, the accused had a history of injuries to the head. He was charged with aggravated assault of his wife's infant son. The child had been badly beaten on the
676:
In the DSM-IV, the criteria were improved but still lacked objective criteria for the intensity, frequency, and nature of aggressive acts to meet criteria for IED. This led some researchers to adopt alternate criteria set with which to conduct research, known as the IED-IR (Integrated
Research). The
407:
criteria for IED were similar to the current criteria, however, verbal aggression was not considered as part of the diagnostic criteria. The DSM-IV diagnosis was characterized by the occurrence of discrete episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in violent assault or destruction
437:
EDS was a category in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV). EDS may affect children or adults. Children are often considered to have epilepsy or a mental health problem. The episodes consist of recurrent attacks of uncontrollable rage, usually after minimal provocation,
688:
In the current version of the DSM (DSM-5), the disorder appears under the "Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and
Conduct Disorders" category. In the DSM-IV, physical aggression was required to meet the criteria for the disorder, but these criteria were modified in the DSM-5 to include verbal aggression
393:
Criterion A2: More severe destructive/assaultive episodes which are more infrequent and occur, on average, three times within a twelve-month period. These could be destroying an object without regard to value, assaulting an animal or individual. This criterion includes high-intensity/low-frequency
604:
There have been few randomised controlled trials of treatment of EDS/IED. Antidepressants and mood-stabilisers including lithium, sodium valproate and carbamazepine have been used in adults, and occasionally in children with oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder to reduce aggression.
503:
and psychotropic medication regimens, though the pharmaceutical options have shown limited success. Therapy aids in helping the patient recognize the impulses in hopes of achieving a level of awareness and control of the outbursts, along with treating the emotional stress that accompanies these
408:
of property. Additionally, the degree of aggressiveness expressed during an episode should be grossly disproportionate to provocation or precipitating psychosocial stressor, and, as previously stated, diagnosis is made when certain other mental disorders have been ruled out, e.g., a head injury,
613:
Two epidemiological studies of community samples approximated the lifetime prevalence of IED to be 4–6%, depending on the criteria set used. A Ukrainian study found comparable rates of lifetime IED (4.2%), suggesting that a lifetime prevalence of IED of 4–6% is not limited to
American samples.
569:
seem to aid in controlling the incidence of outbursts. Anxiolytics help alleviate tension and may help reduce explosive outbursts by increasing the provocative stimulus tolerance threshold, and are especially indicated in patients with comorbid obsessive-compulsive or other anxiety disorders.
627:
Of US subjects with IED, 67.8% had engaged in direct interpersonal aggression, 20.9% in threatened interpersonal aggression, and 11.4% in aggression against objects. Subjects reported engaging in 27.8 high-severity aggressive acts during their worst year, with 2–3 outbursts requiring medical
677:
severity and frequency of aggressive behavior required for the diagnosis were clearly operationalized, the aggressive acts were required to be impulsive in nature, subjective distress was required to precede the explosive outbursts, and the criteria allowed for comorbid diagnoses with
389:
Criterion A1: Episodes of verbal and/or non-damaging, nondestructive, or non-injurious physical assault that occur, on average, twice weekly for three months. These could include temper tantrums, tirades, verbal arguments/fights, or assault without damage. This criterion includes high
614:
One-month and one-year point prevalences of IED in these studies were reported as 2.0% and 2.7%, respectively. Extrapolating to the national level, 16.2 million
Americans would have IED during their lifetimes and as many as 10.5 million in any year and 6 million in any month.
665:. This construct was characterized by a "persistent reaction to frustration are "generally excitable, aggressive, and over-responsive to environmental pressures" with "gross outbursts of rage or of verbal or physical aggressiveness different from their usual behavior".
446:
Many psychiatric disorders and some substance use disorders are associated with increased aggression and are frequently comorbid with IED, often making differential diagnosis difficult. Individuals with IED are, on average, four times more likely to develop
475:-like symptoms occurring just before outbursts and continuing throughout. According to a study, the average onset age of IED was around five years earlier than the onset age of bipolar disorder, indicating a possible correlation between the two.
463:
has been linked to increased agitation and aggressive behavior in some individuals, but for these individuals, aggressiveness is limited to manic and/or depressive episodes, whereas individuals with IED experience aggressive behavior even during
1782:
1767:
482:
and other substance use disorders may exhibit increased aggressiveness, but unless this aggression is experienced outside of periods of acute intoxication and withdrawal, no diagnosis of IED is given. For chronic disorders, such as
360:
Verbal aggression (tantrums, verbal arguments, or fights) or physical aggression that occurs twice in a week-long period for at least three months and does not lead to the destruction of property or physical injury (Criterion
672:
and assigned clinical disorder status under Axis I. However, some researchers saw the criteria as poorly operationalized. About 80% of individuals who would now be diagnosed with the disorder would have been excluded.
1805:
1538:
Bromet EJ, Gluzman SF, Paniotto VI et al. Epidemiology of psychiatric and alcohol disorders in
Ukraine: Findings from the Ukraine World Mental Health survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40:681–690,
1314:
McCloskey, M.S., Noblett, K.L., Deffenbacher, J.L, Gollan, J.K., Coccaro, E.F. (2008) Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy for Intermittent Explosive Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. 76(5), 876-886.
1624:
Myers WC, Vondruska MA. (1998) Murder, minors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and the involuntary intoxication defence. Journal of the
American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 26: 487–96.
1323:
Goodman, W. K., Ward, H., Kablinger, A., & Murphy, T. (1997). Fluvoxamine in the
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry, 58(suppl 5), 32-49.
2301:
202:. Individuals diagnosed with IED report their outbursts as being brief (lasting less than an hour), with a variety of bodily symptoms (sweating, stuttering, chest tightness, twitching,
491:, interpersonal aggression is usually instrumental in nature (i.e., motivated by tangible rewards), whereas IED is more of an impulsive, unpremeditated reaction to situational stress.
1457:
Andrulonis PA, Donnelly J, Glueck BC, Stroebel CF, Szarek BL. (1990) Preliminary data on ethosuximide and the episodic dyscontrol syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry 137: 1455–6.
190:
102:
206:) reported by a third of one sample. Aggressive acts are frequently reported to be accompanied by a sensation of relief and in some cases pleasure, but often followed by later
1529:
Coccaro EF, Schmidt CA, Samuels JF et al. Lifetime and one-month prevalence rates of intermittent explosive disorder in a community sample. J Clin Psychiatry 65:820–824, 2004.
423:
was very specific in its definition of Intermittent Explosive Disorder which was defined, essentially, by the exclusion of other conditions. The diagnosis required:
1439:
Tunks ER, Dermer SW. (1977) Carbamazepine in the dyscontrol syndrome associated with limbic system dysfunction. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 164: 56–63.
1199:
Bach-y-Rita G, Lion JR, Climent CE, Ervin FR. (1971) Episodic (1986) dyscontrol: a study of 130 violent patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 127: 49–54.
711:
1208:
Elliott FA. (1982) Neurological findings in adult minimal brain dysfunction and the dyscontrol syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 170: 680–7.
1109:
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
2773:
2729:
1832:
381:
The recurrent outbursts cannot be explained by another mental disorder and are not the result of another medical disorder or substance use (Criterion F)
1466:
Grizenko N, Vida S. (1988) Propranolol treatment of episodic dyscontrol and aggressive behaviour in children. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33: 776–8.
1271:
Coccaro, E.F. (2012). Intermittent explosive disorder as a disorder of impulsive aggression for DSM-5. "American Journal of Psychiatry," 169. 577-588.
1599:
2588:
2205:
2018:
1719:
194:(DSM-5) under the "Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders" category. The disorder itself is not easily characterized and often exhibits
1998:
534:
385:
It is important to note that DSM-5 now includes two separate criteria for types of aggressive outbursts (A1 and A2) which have empirical support:
2324:
694:
1351:
258:. A putative hereditary component to low CSF 5-HIAA and concordantly possibly to impulsive violence has been proposed. Other traits that
185:, is a pattern of abnormal, episodic, and frequently violent and uncontrollable social behavior in the absence of significant provocation.
1578:
1383:
Coccaro EF, et al. "A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Fluoxetine in Patients With Intermittent Explosive Disorder,"
416:
or medication. Diagnosis is made using a psychiatric interview to affective and behavioral symptoms to the criteria listed in the DSM-IV.
1033:
2785:
1933:
3090:
2035:
2010:
1845:
2539:
835:
McElroy SL, Soutullo CA, Beckman DA, Taylor P, Keck PE (April 1998). "DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder: a report of 27 cases".
2821:
2641:
1685:
1643:
1448:
Lewin J, Sumners D. (1992) Successful treatment of episodic dyscontrol with carbamazepine. British Journal of Psychiatry 161: 261–2.
42:
1118:
Coccaro, EF, Lee, R, & McCloskey, MF (2014). Validity of the new A1 and A2 criteria for DSM-5 intermittent explosive disorder.
2913:
2150:
2121:
2062:
1091:
Drake ME, Hietter SA, Pakalnis A. (1992) EEG and evoked potentials in episodic-dyscontrol syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 26: 125–8.
658:
438:
and may last up to an hour. Following an episode, children are frequently exhausted, may sleep and will usually have no recall.
2155:
1875:
682:
678:
488:
2593:
2564:
1825:
2334:
487:, it is important to assess whether the level of aggression met IED criteria before the development of another disorder. In
2052:
2028:
649:
A diagnosis of EDS has been used as a defense in court for persons accused of committing violent crimes including murder.
2997:
2534:
2067:
1912:
1367:
996:"The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication"
706:
500:
112:
3055:
2242:
2040:
1190:
Nunn K. (1986) The episodic dyscontrol syndrome in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 27: 439–46.
2992:
1907:
223:
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The outbursts cause distress or impairment of functioning or lead to financial or legal consequences (Criterion D)
3002:
2971:
2349:
2232:
1818:
448:
2126:
3050:
2966:
2961:
2658:
2621:
2613:
2431:
2400:
2141:
530:
231:
3095:
2987:
2494:
2344:
2339:
2296:
2113:
505:
369:
Aggressive behavior is grossly disproportionate to the magnitude of the psychosocial stressors (Criterion B)
235:
124:
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several episodes of impulsive behavior that result in serious damage to either persons or property, wherein
2865:
2504:
2395:
2354:
2329:
2237:
1592:
628:
attention. Across the lifespan, the mean value of property damage due to aggressive outbursts was $ 1603.
456:
413:
409:
357:
Recurrent outbursts that demonstrate an inability to control impulses, including either of the following:
279:
271:
218:
Impulsive behavior, and especially impulsive violence predisposition, have been correlated to a low brain
55:
3060:
2793:
2673:
2580:
2559:
1509:
1251:
1173:
796:
283:
1100:
Harbin HT. (1977) Episodic dyscontrol and family dynamics. American Journal of Psychiatry 134: 1113–6.
661:'s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-I), a disorder of impulsive aggression was referred to as a
92:
impulsive shouting, screaming or excessive reprimanding triggered by relatively inconsequential events
2885:
2798:
2554:
2374:
1975:
1955:
1550:
1047:
Tebartz van Elst, Dr. L.; F. G. Woermann; L. Lemieux; P. J. Thompson; M. R. Trimble (February 2000).
941:
558:
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the episodic violence cannot be better accounted for by another mental or physical medical condition.
430:
the degree of the aggressiveness is grossly disproportionate to the circumstances or provocation, and
2935:
2917:
2880:
2870:
2724:
2626:
2603:
2451:
2443:
2222:
2200:
1928:
1786:
930:"Evidence for a dysfunctional prefrontal circuit in patients with an impulsive aggressive disorder"
465:
227:
148:
578:
Treatment for EDS usually involved treating the underlying causative factor(s). This may involve
2808:
2598:
2195:
2047:
1501:
1422:
1243:
1165:
822:
Maletzky BM. (1973) The episodic dyscontrol syndrome. Disorders of the Nervous System 34: 178–85.
813:
Elliott FA. (1984) The episodic dyscontrol syndrome and aggression. Neurologic Clinics 2: 113–25.
788:
75:
51:
84:
and/or violence, often to the point of rage, that are disproportionate to the situation at hand
2844:
2369:
2359:
2291:
2217:
2101:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1639:
1608:
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1414:
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1343:
1235:
1157:
1074:
1025:
969:
910:
852:
780:
745:
637:
471:
In one clinical study, bipolar and IED disorders co-occurred 60% of the time. Patients report
333:
298:
168:
97:
63:
512:. The final sessions focus on resisting aggressive impulses and other preventative measures.
2714:
2668:
2636:
2484:
2462:
2427:
2190:
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2023:
1970:
1945:
1940:
1897:
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1227:
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1007:
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509:
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247:
199:
164:
1366:
Bozikas, V., Bascilla, F., Yulis, P., & Savvidou, I. (2001). Gabapentin for Behavioral
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Three outbursts that involve injury or destruction within a year-long period (Criterion A2)
2890:
2848:
2719:
2706:
2653:
2648:
2631:
2511:
2306:
2278:
2079:
1902:
1841:
1603:
736:
McElroy SL (1999). "Recognition and treatment of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder".
550:
520:
325:
2940:
995:
1638:(Hardback) (Version 2 ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Pub, Inc. p. 424.
945:
2875:
2816:
2740:
2549:
2516:
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2489:
1791:
1020:
905:
888:
586:
156:
964:
929:
3084:
2909:
2860:
2178:
1505:
1426:
1247:
1169:
792:
590:
579:
562:
321:
317:
310:
1810:
1127:
2763:
2544:
2096:
594:
243:
239:
1551:"Prevalence and features of intermittent explosive disorder in a clinical setting"
1342:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
372:
The outbursts are not premeditated and serve no premeditated purpose (Criterion C)
1591:
Coccaro EF, Lee R, Groer MW, Can A, Coussons-Read M, Postolache TT (March 2016).
1513:
1255:
1177:
800:
2748:
2479:
2210:
1960:
598:
542:
516:
306:
259:
251:
203:
195:
3065:
2758:
2663:
2364:
2089:
2084:
1880:
1776:
1069:
1048:
1011:
869:
Tamam, L., Eroğlu, M., Paltacı, Ö. (2011). "Intermittent explosive disorder".
566:
554:
546:
538:
479:
263:
119:
68:
17:
3018:
2950:
2768:
2227:
1965:
1890:
1489:
1410:
1231:
1153:
776:
420:
219:
160:
1574:
1497:
1418:
1239:
1161:
1078:
1029:
973:
954:
889:"Low brain serotonin turnover rate (low CSF 5-HIAA) and impulsive violence"
784:
749:
914:
856:
621:
population, a 2005 study found the lifetime prevalence of IED to be 6.3%.
2753:
2423:
2390:
2316:
1566:
1476:
McTague, A.; Appleton, R. (1 June 2010). "Episodic dyscontrol syndrome".
1397:
McTague, A.; Appleton, R. (1 June 2010). "Episodic dyscontrol syndrome".
1218:
McTague, A.; Appleton, R. (1 June 2010). "Episodic dyscontrol syndrome".
1140:
McTague, A.; Appleton, R. (1 June 2010). "Episodic dyscontrol syndrome".
848:
763:
McTague, A.; Appleton, R. (1 June 2010). "Episodic dyscontrol syndrome".
524:
302:
287:
255:
242:, which is the target for serotonergic output from the dorsal and median
994:
Kessler RC, Coccaro EF, Fava M, Jaeger S, Jin R, Walters E (June 2006).
668:
In the third edition (DSM-III), this was for the first time codified as
329:
294:
267:
207:
2471:
2286:
1771:
404:
172:
1759:
685:. These research criteria became the basis for the DSM-5 diagnosis.
549:) appear to alleviate some pathopsychological symptoms. GABAergic
2249:
1634:
Simon, Robert I. (1990-12-01). "A Canadian Perspective (p. 392)".
472:
350:
313:
estimated that 16 million Americans may fit the criteria for IED.
152:
81:
1597:
Infection: Relationship With Aggression in Psychiatric Subjects"
690:
484:
275:
3039:
2907:
2842:
2694:
2421:
2266:
2176:
1996:
1857:
1814:
290:
is found more commonly in individuals with impulsive behavior.
181:, an older syndrome now synonymous with IED, or sometimes just
1049:"Affective aggression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
1673:
With Related Issues of Temporary and Self-Inflicted Insanity
887:
Virkkunen M, Goldman D, Nielsen DA, Linnoila M (July 1995).
635:
suggests a relationship between infection with the parasite
378:
The individual must be at least six years old (Criterion E)
499:
Although there is no cure, treatment is attempted through
147:
also referred to as episodic dyscontrol syndrome) is a
1549:
Coccaro EF, Posternak MA, Zimmerman M (October 2005).
624:
Prevalence appears to be higher in men than in women.
353:
criteria for Intermittent Explosive Disorder include:
1280:
Coccaro, EF (2000). Intermittent explosive disorder.
663:
passive-aggressive personality type (aggressive type)
191:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1749:
3011:
2980:
2949:
2928:
2807:
2784:
2738:
2705:
2612:
2579:
2527:
2470:
2461:
2442:
2383:
2315:
2277:
2137:
2112:
2009:
1921:
1868:
1753:
222:turnover rate, indicated by a low concentration of
130:
118:
108:
96:
88:
74:
62:
35:
1664:
1663:Tiffany, Lawrence P.; Tiffany, Mary (1990-09-11).
1063:(2). Oxford UK: Oxford University Press: 234–243.
270:secretion. A suggested explanation for IED is a
214:Pathophysiology (Intermittent Explosive Disorder)
1720:"Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"
1671:The Legal Defense of Pathological Intoxication
1676:(Hardcover). New York: Quorum Books. pp.
1525:
1523:
1267:
1265:
1826:
1387:(April 21, 2009): Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 653–62.
1292:
1290:
989:
987:
985:
983:
928:Best M, Williams JM, Coccaro EF (June 2002).
188:The disorder is currently categorized in the
8:
1310:
1308:
1306:
301:, with damage to these areas, including the
1296:Aboujaoude, E., & Koran, L. M. (2010).
340:Diagnosis (Intermittent Explosive Disorder)
3036:
2925:
2904:
2839:
2730:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
2702:
2691:
2467:
2439:
2418:
2274:
2263:
2173:
2006:
1993:
1865:
1854:
1833:
1819:
1811:
1750:
1340:Psychiatric nursing: contemporary practice
293:IED may also be associated with damage or
41:
32:
1636:Review of Clinical Psychiatry and the Law
1068:
1019:
963:
953:
904:
830:
828:
731:
729:
727:
455:, and three times more likely to develop
2993:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2589:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1300:. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
1051:A quantitative MRI study of the amygdala
641:and psychiatric aggression such as IED.
589:using prescribed medications, including
585:EDS has been successfully controlled in
254:. A tendency towards low 5-HIAA may be
198:with other mood disorders, particularly
151:characterized by explosive outbursts of
54:in a fit of anger, drawn by her brother
1333:
1331:
1329:
723:
712:Passive–aggressive personality disorder
535:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
466:periods with a neutral or positive mood
155:and/or violence, often to the point of
695:disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
163:changes prior to an outburst, such as
582:, or medical treatment for diseases.
7:
2696:Physiological and physical behavior
2642:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
2036:Emotional and behavioral disorders
515:In France, antipsychotics such as
390:frequency/low-intensity outbursts.
246:playing a role in maintaining the
179:Episodic dyscontrol syndrome (EDS)
25:
2822:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
553:and anticonvulsive drugs such as
2122:X-linked intellectual disability
1727:American Psychiatric Association
1581:from the original on 2012-07-01.
1478:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1399:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1220:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1142:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1036:from the original on 2011-10-10.
871:Current Approaches in Psychiatry
765:Archives of Disease in Childhood
659:American Psychiatric Association
1951:Intermittent explosive disorder
1876:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1128:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.09.007
683:antisocial personality disorder
679:borderline personality disorder
670:intermittent explosive disorder
489:antisocial personality disorder
141:Intermittent explosive disorder
36:Intermittent explosive disorder
2594:Dissociative identity disorder
1859:Adult personality and behavior
1385:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
633:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1:
282:, which produces a serotonin
2998:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2535:Generalized anxiety disorder
2268:Neurological and symptomatic
1913:Sexual relationship disorder
1806:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
934:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
707:Episodic dyscontrol syndrome
657:In the first edition of the
501:cognitive behavioral therapy
2774:REM sleep behavior disorder
2243:Seasonal affective disorder
2041:Separation anxiety disorder
1298:Impulsive control disorders
320:diseases, disorders of the
3112:
3041:Symptoms and uncategorized
2142:developmental disabilities
1908:Sexual maturation disorder
1282:Current Psychiatry Reports
631:A study in the March 2016
224:5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
143:(sometimes abbreviated as
3091:Impulse-control disorders
3046:
3035:
3003:Simple-type schizophrenia
2972:Schizophreniform disorder
2924:
2903:
2856:
2838:
2701:
2690:
2438:
2417:
2350:Mild cognitive impairment
2335:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2273:
2262:
2233:Major depressive disorder
2186:
2172:
2138:Psychological development
2005:
1992:
1864:
1853:
1370:with Mental Retardation.
1012:10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.669
574:Former treatments for EDS
531:Tricyclic antidepressants
49:
40:
3051:Impulse-control disorder
2967:Schizoaffective disorder
2962:Brief reactive psychosis
2659:Mass psychogenic illness
2622:Body dysmorphic disorder
2401:Post-concussion syndrome
2011:Emotional and behavioral
1120:Comprehensive Psychology
316:EDS was associated with
2988:Childhood schizophrenia
2340:Frontotemporal dementia
2297:High-functioning autism
2114:Intellectual disability
1490:10.1136/adc.2009.171850
1411:10.1136/adc.2009.171850
1338:Boyd, Mary Ann (2008).
1232:10.1136/adc.2009.171850
1154:10.1136/adc.2009.171850
1070:10.1093/brain/123.2.234
843:(4): 203–10, quiz 211.
777:10.1136/adc.2009.171850
506:cognitive restructuring
457:substance use disorders
236:suprachiasmatic nucleus
125:psychotropic medication
80:explosive outbursts of
2505:Specific social phobia
2396:Organic brain syndrome
2238:Melancholic depression
1999:Childhood and learning
955:10.1073/pnas.112604099
442:Differential diagnosis
280:tryptophan hydroxylase
234:appears to act on the
3061:Psychomotor agitation
2851:and substance-related
2794:Postpartum depression
2674:Somatization disorder
2560:Acute stress reaction
2325:AIDS dementia complex
1700:Felthous et al., 1991
1000:Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
893:J Psychiatry Neurosci
3056:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
2886:Substance dependence
2799:Postpartum psychosis
2345:Huntington's disease
2127:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
1976:Personality disorder
1709:Coccaro et al., 1998
1567:10.4088/JCP.v66n1003
849:10.4088/JCP.v59n0411
527:are sometimes used.
2936:Delusional disorder
2881:Stimulant psychosis
2871:Physical dependence
2725:Rumination syndrome
2627:Conversion disorder
2604:Psychogenic amnesia
2454:with depressed mood
2452:Adjustment disorder
2355:Parkinson's disease
2330:Alzheimer's disease
2223:Atypical depression
2059:Social functioning
1934:Munchausen syndrome
1929:Factitious disorder
946:2002PNAS...99.8448B
410:Alzheimer's disease
228:cerebrospinal fluid
149:behavioral disorder
27:Behavioral disorder
2955:schizophrenia-like
2599:Dissociative fugue
2048:Movement disorders
1602:2016-03-24 at the
744:(Suppl 15): 12–6.
645:Legal implications
537:(SSRIs, including
412:, etc., or due to
250:and regulation of
52:Christina Rossetti
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
2899:
2898:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2575:
2574:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2370:Vascular dementia
2292:Asperger syndrome
2258:
2257:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2102:Tourette syndrome
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1801:
1800:
1609:J Clin Psychiatry
1595:Toxoplasma gondii
1555:J Clin Psychiatry
1353:978-0-7817-9169-4
837:J Clin Psychiatry
738:J Clin Psychiatry
638:Toxoplasma gondii
453:anxiety disorders
299:prefrontal cortex
262:with IED are low
138:
137:
98:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3103:
3037:
2926:
2905:
2840:
2715:Anorexia nervosa
2703:
2692:
2669:Psychogenic pain
2637:Globus pharyngis
2485:Childhood phobia
2468:
2440:
2419:
2275:
2264:
2174:
2073:Selective mutism
2024:Conduct disorder
2007:
1994:
1971:Trichotillomania
1946:Gender dysphoria
1941:Fear of intimacy
1898:Sexual anhedonia
1866:
1855:
1842:Mental disorders
1835:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1137:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1023:
991:
978:
977:
967:
957:
925:
919:
918:
908:
884:
878:
867:
861:
860:
832:
823:
820:
814:
811:
805:
804:
760:
754:
753:
733:
551:mood stabilizers
510:exposure therapy
461:Bipolar disorder
399:DSM-IV diagnosis
248:circadian rhythm
226:(5-HIAA) in the
200:bipolar disorder
45:
33:
21:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3042:
3023:
3007:
2976:
2954:
2945:
2920:
2895:
2852:
2849:substance abuse
2826:
2803:
2780:
2734:
2720:Bulimia nervosa
2697:
2678:
2654:Hypochondriasis
2649:False pregnancy
2632:Ganser syndrome
2614:Somatic symptom
2608:
2571:
2523:
2512:Specific phobia
2457:
2434:
2405:
2379:
2311:
2307:Savant syndrome
2279:Autism spectrum
2269:
2254:
2182:
2160:
2139:
2133:
2108:
2001:
1980:
1956:Dermatillomania
1917:
1903:Sexual anorexia
1860:
1849:
1839:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1762:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1604:Wayback Machine
1590:
1586:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1484:(10): 841–842.
1475:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1405:(10): 841–842.
1396:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1372:Am J Psychiatry
1365:
1361:
1354:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1226:(10): 841–842.
1217:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1148:(10): 841–842.
1139:
1138:
1134:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1046:
1045:
1041:
993:
992:
981:
940:(12): 8448–53.
927:
926:
922:
886:
885:
881:
868:
864:
834:
833:
826:
821:
817:
812:
808:
771:(10): 841–842.
762:
761:
757:
735:
734:
725:
720:
703:
655:
647:
611:
587:clinical trials
576:
521:levomepromazine
497:
444:
401:
347:
345:DSM-5 diagnosis
342:
216:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3096:Rage (emotion)
3093:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Rebound effect
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2817:Hypersexuality
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2550:Panic disorder
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2517:Claustrophobia
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2500:Anthropophobia
2492:
2490:Social anxiety
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Pick's disease
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1846:Classification
1840:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1779:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:Classification
1747:
1746:External links
1744:
1741:
1740:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1686:
1655:
1644:
1626:
1617:
1584:
1561:(10): 1221–7.
1541:
1531:
1519:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1389:
1376:
1374:, 158(6), 965.
1359:
1352:
1325:
1316:
1302:
1286:
1273:
1261:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1132:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1039:
979:
920:
879:
862:
824:
815:
806:
755:
722:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
702:
699:
654:
651:
646:
643:
610:
607:
575:
572:
496:
493:
443:
440:
435:
434:
431:
428:
400:
397:
396:
395:
391:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
346:
343:
341:
338:
266:and increased
215:
212:
175:changes, etc.
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
18:Anger disorder
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3108:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:Schizophrenia
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:Schizophrenia
2906:
2902:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Drug overdose
2859:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2809:Sexual desire
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
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2713:
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2710:
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2704:
2700:
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2689:
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2672:
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2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
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2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
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2584:
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2566:
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2532:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:Social phobia
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:-related and
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
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1683:
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1667:
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1647:
1645:0-88048-376-8
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1615:(3): 334–341.
1614:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
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1526:
1524:
1520:
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1491:
1487:
1483:
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1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
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1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
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1408:
1404:
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1393:
1390:
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1377:
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1355:
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1187:
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1125:
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1076:
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1054:
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1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:(6): 669–78.
1005:
1001:
997:
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988:
986:
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975:
971:
966:
961:
956:
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935:
931:
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921:
916:
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907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
877:(3): 387–425.
876:
872:
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858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
829:
825:
819:
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634:
629:
625:
622:
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615:
608:
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602:
600:
596:
592:
591:carbamazepine
588:
583:
581:
580:psychotherapy
573:
571:
568:
564:
563:carbamazepine
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
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532:
528:
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422:
417:
415:
414:substance use
411:
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368:
363:
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354:
352:
344:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:temporal lobe
319:
318:limbic system
314:
312:
311:United States
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:(CSF). This
229:
225:
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213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
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186:
184:
180:
176:
174:
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158:
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133:
129:
126:
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121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
2941:Folie Ă deux
2866:Intoxication
2847:substances,
2845:Psychoactive
2764:Night terror
2581:Dissociative
2545:Panic attack
2097:Tic disorder
1950:
1781:
1766:
1731:. Retrieved
1726:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1674:
1670:
1658:
1649:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1594:
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1558:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1402:
1398:
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1384:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1339:
1319:
1297:
1281:
1276:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1119:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1003:
999:
937:
933:
923:
899:(4): 271–5.
896:
892:
882:
874:
870:
865:
840:
836:
818:
809:
768:
764:
758:
741:
737:
687:
675:
669:
667:
662:
656:
648:
636:
632:
630:
626:
623:
618:
616:
612:
609:Epidemiology
603:
595:ethosuximide
584:
577:
529:
514:
498:
477:
470:
445:
436:
418:
402:
384:
349:The current
348:
336:substances.
334:psychoactive
315:
292:
272:polymorphism
244:raphe nuclei
240:hypothalamus
217:
204:palpitations
189:
187:
182:
178:
177:
144:
140:
139:
2914:schizotypal
2749:Hypersomnia
2739:Nonorganic
2480:Agoraphobia
2211:Cyclothymia
2206:Bipolar NOS
2181:(affective)
2053:Stereotypic
1961:Kleptomania
599:propranolol
543:fluvoxamine
517:cyamemazine
478:Similarly,
307:hippocampus
252:blood sugar
196:comorbidity
89:Usual onset
50:Cartoon of
3085:Categories
3066:Stereotypy
2929:Delusional
2918:delusional
2891:Withdrawal
2759:Parasomnia
2664:Nosophobia
2444:Adjustment
2432:somatoform
2365:Sundowning
2218:Depression
2201:Bipolar II
2090:Stuttering
2085:Cluttering
1881:Paraphilia
1514:1828696754
1368:Dyscontrol
1284:, 2:67-71.
1256:1828696754
1178:1828696754
801:1828696754
718:References
567:divalproex
555:gabapentin
547:sertraline
539:fluoxetine
480:alcoholism
449:depression
394:outbursts.
264:vagal tone
256:hereditary
183:dyscontrol
120:Medication
69:Psychiatry
3019:Catatonia
2951:Psychosis
2786:Postnatal
2769:Nightmare
2375:Wandering
2228:Dysthymia
2196:Bipolar I
2151:Pervasive
1966:Pyromania
1891:Voyeurism
1886:Fetishism
1506:206845461
1427:206845461
1248:206845461
1170:206845461
1122:, 55(2).
793:206845461
495:Treatment
421:DSM-IV-TR
403:The past
332:or other
284:precursor
260:correlate
232:substrate
220:serotonin
171:changes,
161:affective
131:Frequency
109:Treatment
64:Specialty
2754:Insomnia
2424:Neurotic
2391:Delirium
2317:Dementia
2156:Specific
1600:Archived
1579:Archived
1575:16259534
1510:ProQuest
1498:20515972
1419:20515972
1252:ProQuest
1240:20515972
1174:ProQuest
1162:20515972
1079:10648432
1034:Archived
1030:16754840
974:12034876
797:ProQuest
785:20515972
750:10418808
701:See also
619:clinical
617:Among a
525:loxapine
303:amygdala
288:genotype
76:Symptoms
2463:Anxiety
2302:PDD-NOS
2191:Bipolar
1844: (
1021:1924721
942:Bibcode
915:7544158
906:1188701
857:9590677
653:History
559:lithium
508:, then
330:alcohol
297:in the
295:lesions
286:; this
274:of the
268:insulin
238:in the
208:remorse
165:tension
58:(1862).
2707:Eating
2555:Stress
2472:Phobia
2428:stress
2287:Autism
2080:Speech
1869:Sexual
1792:312.34
1733:6 July
1729:. 2013
1684:
1642:
1573:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1425:
1417:
1350:
1254:
1246:
1238:
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1168:
1160:
1077:
1028:
1018:
972:
965:123087
962:
913:
903:
855:
799:
791:
783:
748:
597:, and
565:, and
545:, and
405:DSM-IV
173:energy
3012:Other
2741:sleep
2528:Other
2384:Other
2250:Mania
1922:Other
1777:F63.8
1723:(PDF)
1539:2005.
1502:S2CID
1423:S2CID
1344:820–1
1244:S2CID
1166:S2CID
1057:Brain
789:S2CID
473:manic
351:DSM-5
326:abuse
324:, or
153:anger
103:DSM-5
82:anger
56:Dante
2916:and
2565:PTSD
2179:Mood
2019:ADHD
1787:9-CM
1735:2022
1682:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1571:PMID
1494:PMID
1415:PMID
1348:ISBN
1236:PMID
1158:PMID
1075:PMID
1026:PMID
970:PMID
911:PMID
853:PMID
781:PMID
746:PMID
693:and
691:ADHD
681:and
533:and
523:and
485:PTSD
419:The
305:and
278:for
276:gene
169:mood
157:rage
145:IED,
2953:and
2540:OCD
2068:RAD
2063:DAD
2029:ODD
1783:ICD
1768:ICD
1678:560
1666:"5"
1563:doi
1486:doi
1407:doi
1228:doi
1150:doi
1124:doi
1065:doi
1061:123
1016:PMC
1008:doi
960:PMC
950:doi
901:PMC
845:doi
773:doi
468:.
451:or
361:A1)
328:of
113:CBT
3087::
2912:,
2426:,
1790::
1775::
1772:10
1725:.
1680:.
1669:.
1648:.
1613:77
1606:.
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1559:66
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1553:.
1522:^
1508:.
1500:.
1492:.
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1480:.
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1073:.
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20:)
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