182:
845:
France, as was the Métis traditional dance referred to as "jigging," or the "Red River Jig." Their complexion ranged from fair skinned, blond hair, and blue eyed to dark skinned, with dark hair and dark eyes. Métis elders say that no distinctions were made between individuals based upon complexion within the community. Family, culture, and strong identification with their
Christian faith were the unifying bond them. The two communities' primary differences lay in their languages and Christian religious affiliations those of French descent were generally
804:. There also some records of Anglo-Métis families descending from relationships between British soldiers and Indigenous women of various tribes. They then tended to identify more with the politically and economically dominant British culture of Canada. If they were descended from Scottish fur traders and Indigenous women, they were often baptized as part of the Presbyterian church if their fathers chose to acknowledge their existence. Case studies have been done on the birth and baptism registers at the St. Gabriel Street Presbyterian Church in
641:
66:
630:
1184:
1193:
37:
809:
relationships, officially recognized by the Church or not, between
English and Scottish fur traders and Indigenous women. The ethnicity of their fathers also determined which of the competing fur trading companies they might end up working for as adults. If they were descended from English fur traders, they generally worked for the
844:
By the 19th century, the
English-speaking and French-speaking Métis had become quite similar culturally and were moving closer to each other in opposition to the British-Canadian majority. Their musical traditions, especially in the case of fiddle music, were derived from both British Isles and
808:
because it provides a good example of how Métis children adjusted to staying temporarily or living in an urban environment that was considerably foreign compared to the remote, rural fur trading settlements or
Indigenous camps in which they were born. Thus, most Anglo-Métis were the result of
880:
The
Countryborn were often known in the 19th century as "mixed-bloods," "Black Scots," "Native English," or "Half-Breeds" (the last term is now considered pejorative). The French-speaking Metis referred to them simply as
1426:
669:
566:
233:
766:". Some scholars have started spelling Métis as "Metis" to acknowledge the presence and contributions of the Anglo-Métis and the complex history of the Métis people overall.
290:
1038:
Long, J. (1985). “Treaty No. 9 and Fur Trade
Company Families: Northeastern Ontario’s Halfbreeds, Indians, Petitioners, and Métis.” In Peterson, J. & Brown, J. (eds.),
734:, amongst others. They were also known as "English halfbreeds." Some Anglo-Metis still identify by this name. Their first languages were generally those of their mothers:
616:
591:
495:
1025:
Campbell, S. ““I shall settle, marry, and trade here": British military personnel and their mixed-blood descendants.” (2007). In
Lischke, U. & McNab, D., (eds.)
465:
1051:
Brown, J. S. H. (1996). “Fur Trade as
Centrifuge: Familial Dispersal and Offspring Identity in Two Company Contexts.” In DeMallie, R. J., & Ortiz, A. (eds.),
460:
262:
379:
228:
996:
Macdougall, B., Podruchny, C., & St-Onge, N. (2012). “Introduction: Cultural
Mobility and the Contours of Difference.” In St-Onge, N. et al. (eds.),
662:
1133:
634:
359:
250:
1363:
1325:
1237:
369:
245:
1385:
958:
Brown, J. S. H. (1985). “Diverging identities: The
Presbyterian Métis of St. Gabriel Street, Montreal.” In Peterson, J. & Brown, J. (eds.)
475:
384:
349:
313:
655:
596:
490:
407:
374:
339:
1577:
354:
1582:
1587:
1475:
1330:
1261:
1119:
1105:
412:
223:
611:
1217:
1207:
904:
601:
324:
1173:
1138:
334:
285:
1485:
1480:
1312:
1080:
Van Kirk, S. (1976). “‘The Custom of the Country’: An Examination of Fur Trade Marriage Practices.” In Thomas, L. H. (ed.),
1455:
1413:
1307:
538:
533:
485:
295:
240:
1227:
715:
528:
480:
171:
1232:
111:
1572:
1320:
1567:
1222:
1212:
1009:
Spry, I. (1985). “The Métis and Mixed-Bloods of Rupert’s Land before 1870.” In Peterson, J. & Brown, J. (eds.)
422:
1299:
1151:
470:
124:
1490:
1356:
448:
181:
20:
987:
Blain, Eleanor M. (1989). The Bungee dialect of the Red River settlement. (MA thesis, University of Manitoba).
160:
50:
1470:
1270:
870:
810:
280:
192:
1403:
889:. Anglo-Metis gradually came to see themselves as being hardly different from the French-speaking Métis.
829:
because they relied upon hunting as a trade and food resource. The Anglo-Métis played a role in both the
1373:
1351:
1541:
825:
community, whose men were generally hunters and trappers. The French-speaking Métis were somewhat more
1397:
1379:
834:
779:
743:
107:
1448:
1391:
1242:
1166:
862:
830:
818:
775:
513:
453:
837:
of 1885, as they suffered from similar issues of racial discrimination and land problems as their
1143:
874:
814:
739:
152:
103:
1443:
683:
206:
1465:
1115:
1101:
893:
344:
156:
1408:
793:
789:
747:
87:
1526:
1183:
763:
759:
751:
707:
699:
543:
518:
255:
95:
91:
83:
1536:
1521:
1192:
892:
Today, the two groups are no longer politically distinct, and are commonly known on the
1511:
1159:
1124:
900:
846:
755:
711:
606:
571:
440:
1114:, Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications Inc. and Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2001.
1561:
1546:
1531:
932:
735:
645:
548:
364:
329:
99:
817:, also known as "Nor'Westers." Additionally, the Anglo-Métis/Countryborn had a more
1506:
1368:
1346:
908:
858:
417:
300:
128:
813:. If they were descended from Scottish fur traders, they generally worked for the
1420:
838:
797:
731:
723:
523:
914:
Over and above its inaccuracy, Scots may consider the application of the term "
869:
hunting throughout most of the 19th century and also found employment with the
1516:
850:
306:
1279:
801:
727:
703:
402:
319:
148:
1187:
854:
822:
805:
19:"Native English" redirects here. For different meanings for English, see
826:
1027:
The Long Journey of a Forgotten People: Métis Identities and Histories
796:
but also in fur trading and military settlements in Ontario along the
36:
927:
687:
144:
71:
915:
866:
785:
199:
1053:
North American Indian Anthropology: Essays on Society and Culture
1148:
Oral histories of Manitoba and Saskatchewan Metis/Michif Elders.
719:
140:
1155:
1110:
Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion and Darren Prefontaine.
1082:
Essays on Western History in Honour of Lewis Gwynne Thomas
1040:
The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Metis in North America
1029:(pp. 81-108). Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
1011:
The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America
960:
The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America
1112:
Metis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography
998:
Contours of a People: Metis Family, Mobility, and History
1092:
Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion, and Audreen Hourie.
1066:
Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Families in Indian Country
976:
Métis in Canada: History, Identity, Law & Politics
962:(pp. 195-206). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
1055:(pp. 197-219). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1042:(pp. 137–62). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
1013:(pp. 95-118). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
788:-Métis, like their francophone cousins, lived in the
1084:(pp. 49-68). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
53:. (Anglo-Metis were a pre-20th century ethnic group)
16:
19th century community of the Métis people of Canada
1499:
1436:
1339:
1292:
1254:
1200:
1094:
Metis legacy Michif culture, heritage, and folkways
698:, were children of fur traders; they typically had
134:
117:
77:
57:
43:
1068:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
1331:Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba
1000:(pp. 3-21). Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press.
1134:Peoples and Treaties of the province of Alberta
974:Adams, C., Peach, I., Dahl, G. (eds.) (2013).
1167:
1100:, Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2006.
663:
8:
29:
861:. They were involved in a mixed economy of
1174:
1160:
1152:
899:Prominent Anglo-Métis/Countryborn include
670:
656:
167:
28:
1238:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians
978:. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
1486:Metis Child and Family Services Society
944:
170:
314:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
1326:Vancouver Métis Community Association
1076:
1074:
340:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
7:
1021:
1019:
970:
968:
954:
952:
950:
948:
849:, and those of British descent were
758:, leading to the development of the
58:Regions with significant populations
1386:The National Committee of the Métis
1262:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia
14:
1243:Métis Settlements General Council
1233:Northwest Territory Métis Nation
1191:
1182:
918:" to their ethnicity as racist.
821:of farming than the francophone
682:A 19th century community of the
639:
628:
180:
64:
35:
1476:Métis Population Betterment Act
286:British Columbia Treaty Process
1481:List of settlements in Alberta
1313:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
750:. Some of their fathers spoke
1:
1414:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
1208:Métis Nation British Columbia
792:and the area adjacent to the
1139:From Rupert's Land to Canada
291:Crown and Indigenous peoples
1578:Scottish diaspora in Canada
529:Indigenous English Dialects
1604:
1583:English diaspora in Canada
1308:North Slave Métis Alliance
1125:"Metis: The Western Metis"
773:
18:
1588:Scottish-American history
1228:Manitoba Métis Federation
1218:Métis Nation—Saskatchewan
1129:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1098:Metis Legacy series, v. 2
694:, more commonly known as
635:Indigenous North Americas
139:
122:
82:
62:
48:
34:
1491:Gabriel Dumont Institute
1321:Alberta Métis Federation
1284:(Southbranch Settlement)
1275:(Southbranch Settlement)
1064:Brown, J. S. H. (1980).
853:. Most Countryborn were
413:Indigenous personalities
1223:Métis Nation of Ontario
1213:Métis Nation of Alberta
1404:Southbranch Settlement
1300:Métis National Council
1271:Council of St. Laurent
1144:Scotland's Lost Braves
1374:Pemmican Proclamation
774:Further information:
135:Related ethnic groups
51:Métis people (Canada)
1398:North-West Rebellion
1380:Battle of Seven Oaks
1255:Historic Governments
871:Hudson's Bay Company
835:North-West Rebellion
811:Hudson's Bay Company
780:North-West Rebellion
539:Aboriginal syllabics
514:Indigenous languages
1392:Red River Rebellion
863:subsistence farming
831:Red River Rebellion
819:sedentary lifestyle
776:Red River Rebellion
567:Traditional beliefs
408:Indigenous cultures
251:Residential schools
241:Settler colonialism
31:
1542:Métis buffalo hunt
1266:(Red River Colony)
1201:Modern Governments
875:North West Company
815:North West Company
172:Indigenous peoples
153:Scottish Canadians
49:Today part of the
1568:Culture of Canada
1555:
1554:
1317:
1304:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1247:
896:simply as Métis.
894:Canadian Prairies
883:les métis anglais
680:
679:
646:Canada portal
592:Index of articles
345:Numbered Treaties
166:
165:
157:English Canadians
1595:
1409:Half-Breed Tract
1315:
1302:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1245:
1195:
1186:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
985:
979:
972:
963:
956:
887:les autres métis
833:of 1869 and the
794:Red River Colony
672:
665:
658:
644:
643:
642:
633:
632:
631:
350:Royal Commission
256:Indian hospitals
229:Pre-colonization
184:
168:
70:
68:
67:
44:Total population
39:
32:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1573:Métis in Canada
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1495:
1432:
1335:
1288:
1250:
1196:
1180:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1017:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
986:
982:
973:
966:
957:
946:
941:
924:
782:
772:
760:creole language
726:(notably often
718:mothers, often
676:
640:
638:
637:
629:
627:
622:
621:
587:
579:
578:
562:
554:
553:
519:Inuit languages
509:
501:
500:
441:Indian reserves
436:
428:
427:
398:
390:
389:
360:Specific claims
355:Self-government
316:
276:
268:
267:
219:
173:
92:Scottish Gaelic
65:
63:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Chinook Jargon
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1444:Canadian Métis
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1427:Daniels ruling
1424:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1108:
1087:
1086:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1015:
1002:
989:
980:
964:
943:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
930:
923:
920:
901:James Isbister
847:Roman Catholic
771:
768:
724:Anishinaabekwe
678:
677:
675:
674:
667:
660:
652:
649:
648:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
575:
574:
572:Inuit religion
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
457:
456:
451:
443:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
310:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
281:Indigenous law
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
263:Reconciliation
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
238:
237:
236:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
203:
196:
186:
185:
177:
176:
164:
163:
137:
136:
132:
131:
123:Predominantly
120:
119:
115:
114:
80:
79:
75:
74:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
41:
40:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1600:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1548:
1547:Red River Jig
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:Powley ruling
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:(Canada-wide)
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:(Canada-wide)
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:Organizations
1291:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:1-894717-03-1
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1106:0-920915-80-9
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
984:
981:
977:
971:
969:
965:
961:
955:
953:
951:
949:
945:
938:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
921:
919:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
890:
888:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
654:
653:
651:
650:
647:
636:
626:
625:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:First Nations
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
583:
582:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
564:
558:
557:
550:
549:Inuit grammar
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
505:
504:
497:
496:Pacific Coast
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
444:
442:
439:
438:
432:
431:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
394:
393:
386:
383:
381:
380:Organizations
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:Treaty rights
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
330:Land defender
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
315:
311:
309:
308:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Health Policy
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
272:
271:
264:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
209:
208:
204:
202:
201:
197:
195:
194:
193:First Nations
190:
189:
188:
187:
183:
179:
178:
175:
169:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
73:
61:
56:
52:
47:
42:
38:
33:
22:
1537:Métis fiddle
1522:Métis French
1460:
1369:Pemmican War
1347:Indian trade
1273:(1873–1878)
1128:
1111:
1097:
1093:
1081:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1010:
1005:
997:
992:
983:
975:
959:
913:
909:John Norquay
905:Thomas McKay
898:
891:
886:
882:
879:
859:Presbyterian
843:
783:
714:fathers and
695:
691:
684:Métis people
681:
435:Demographics
418:Country food
305:
301:Idle No More
205:
198:
191:
129:Presbyterian
26:Ethnic group
1466:Bois-Brûlés
1461:Anglo-Métis
1394:(1869–1870)
1388:(est. 1864)
839:francophone
798:Great Lakes
746:, etc. and
744:Assiniboine
706:, mainland
696:Countryborn
692:Anglo-Métis
544:Chinuk pipa
524:Chinuk Wawa
508:Linguistics
491:Territories
461:Atlantic CA
325:Land claims
108:Assiniboine
30:Anglo-Métis
1562:Categories
1517:Hivernants
1449:in Alberta
939:References
933:Métis Flag
851:Protestant
841:brethren.
762:known as "
716:Indigenous
597:Indigenous
335:Land title
307:Indian Act
1357:Fur trade
1280:Exovedate
1246:(Alberta)
802:James Bay
740:Saulteaux
728:Saulteaux
561:Religions
320:Land Back
174:in Canada
149:Orcadians
112:Hand Talk
104:Saulteaux
78:Languages
1456:US Métis
1364:Marriage
1352:Scottish
922:See also
873:and the
855:Anglican
806:Montreal
790:Prairies
708:Scottish
704:Orcadian
385:Politics
375:Case law
370:Genocide
275:Politics
246:Genocide
234:Genetics
224:Timeline
159:, other
125:Anglican
118:Religion
1500:Culture
1437:Society
1340:History
1282:(1885)
1264:(1870)
1190:people
827:nomadic
770:History
748:English
712:English
397:Culture
218:History
88:English
21:English
1527:Michif
1471:People
1429:(2016)
1423:(2003)
1400:(1885)
1382:(1816)
1376:(1814)
1118:
1104:
928:Michif
907:, and
764:Bungee
752:Gaelic
732:Nakoda
710:), or
690:, the
688:Canada
145:Ojibwa
96:Gaelic
84:Bungee
72:Canada
69:
1507:Bungi
1188:Métis
916:Anglo
867:bison
823:Métis
786:Anglo
756:Scots
700:Scots
617:Stubs
612:Métis
607:Inuit
586:Index
454:Métis
423:Music
207:Métis
200:Inuit
161:Métis
1532:Flag
1116:ISBN
1102:ISBN
865:and
800:and
784:The
778:and
736:Cree
720:Cree
534:NAPA
141:Cree
100:Cree
885:or
857:or
754:or
730:),
686:of
445:AB
403:Art
98:),
1564::
1127:.
1096:,
1073:^
1018:^
967:^
947:^
911:.
903:,
877:.
742:,
738:,
722:,
486:SK
481:QC
476:ON
471:MB
466:BC
449:FN
155:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
127:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
90:,
86:,
1175:e
1168:t
1161:v
702:(
671:e
664:t
657:v
94:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
