903:
112:
1303:
1563:, the British Ambassador in Madrid from 1940 to 1944, recognised Salazar's crucial role in keeping Iberia neutral during the war. Lord Templewood asserted that in his thirty years of political life he had met most of the leading statesmen of Europe and that he placed Salazar very high on the list of those who impressed him. He stated that Salazar "being a man of one idea – the good of his country – he was convinced that the slightest step from the narrow path of neutrality would endanger the work of national regeneration to which he had devoted the whole of his public life". He also affirmed that "Salazar detested Hitler", that the Portuguese régime differed fundamentally from Nazism and Fascism, and that Salazar never left a doubt in his mind that he desired a Nazi defeat.
43:
266:
62:
333:
1720:
762:
73:
1114:
2207:
111:
1688:
signed a new agreement between the two nations in London, known as the UK-Portugal Joint
Declaration on Bilateral Cooperation, thereby reinforcing the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and confirming its status as the longest-running alliance still in force. The Joint Declaration was also signed to celebrate
1574:
and invoked the alliance that had existed for over 600 years between
Portugal and Great Britain, Salazar responded favourably and virtually at once: Portugal granted naval bases on Portuguese territory to Britain, in keeping with the traditional Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, letting them use the Azorean
1024:
tradition of an aristocratic upbringing and gave her children good educations. Her personal qualities were of the highest standard, and she reformed the court and imposed rigid standards of moral behaviour. On the other hand, the more tolerant
Portuguese aristocracy saw her methods as too traditional
854:
Since the signing of the Treaty of
Windsor, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of England, and later the modern Portuguese Republic and United Kingdom, have never waged war against each other, nor have they participated in wars on opposite sides as independent states (with one brief exception as
1634:
to the United States for medical care and rehabilitation. By using Lajes Field, it was possible to reduce flying time between the United States and North Africa from 70 hours to 40. This considerable reduction in flying hours enabled aircraft to make almost twice as many crossings per month between
1606:
In
November 1943, the British Ambassador in Lisbon, Sir Ronald Campbell, wrote (paraphrasing Salazar) that "strict neutrality was the price the allies paid for strategic benefits accruing from Portugal's neutrality and that if her neutrality instead of being strict had been more benevolent in our
957:
It is cordially agreed that if, in time to come, one of the kings or his heir shall need the support of the other, or his help, and in order to get such assistance applies to his ally in lawful manner, the ally shall be bound to give aid and succour to the other, so far as he is able (without any
1607:
favour Spain would inevitably have thrown herself body and soul into the arms of
Germany. If this had happened the Peninsula would have been occupied and then North Africa, with the result that the whole course of the war would have been altered to the advantage of the Axis."
1556:
September 1940: Winston
Churchill wrote to Salazar, congratulating him on his ability to keep Portugal out of the war, asserting that "as so often before during the many centuries of the Anglo-Portuguese alliance, British and Portuguese interests are identical on this vital
1359:; Britain intervened as Portugal's ally. Although faced with vastly superior numbers, the Portuguese and British forces together with Portuguese militia and peasants defeated the Spanish and French forces, which suffered huge losses during their three invasion attempts.
1265:
as King. The
English alliance was decisive in the consolidation of the independence of Portugal, and in Pedro's leadership. In return Portugal promised to transfer to the English the majority of the places recovered from the Dutch, to share in half the commerce of
1700:
was officially commemorated by both nations on 16 June 2023. The
British government stated at this time that they intend to enter into "a new bilateral Defence Agreement, due to be signed later in the year, set to take our defence cooperation to the next level."
921:(which ruled Portugal from 1385 to 1580) set the stage for Portuguese cooperation with England that would become a cornerstone of Portugal's foreign policy for more than five hundred years. However, English aid to Portugal went back much further to the 1147
902:
1327:
The alliance was reconfirmed after the breakup of the
Iberian Union, primarily due to both countries' respective rivalries with Spain, the Netherlands, and France, both in Europe and overseas. During this time, important episodes in the alliance were:
1791:
1518:
Upon the declaration of war in September 1939, the Portuguese government announced on 1 September that the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance remained intact, but since the British did not seek Portuguese assistance, Portugal would remain neutral. In an
2090:
1257:. England, in addition to military support on the ground, would protect Portuguese shipments in the Mediterranean and the coasts of Lisbon and Porto. Following the defeat of Spain in the war, England mediated the
1570:, saw Salazar as fundamentally loyal to the Alliance and stated that "he would answer the call if it were made on grounds of dire necessity". When, in August 1943, the British requested base facilities in the
181:
2273:
156:
2278:
958:
deceit, fraud, or pretence) to the extent required by the danger to his ally’s realms, lands, domains, and subjects; and he shall be firmly bound by these present alliances to do this.
186:
294:
1622:
bomber aircraft which were ferried across the Atlantic. Cargo aircraft carried vital personnel and equipment to North Africa, to the United Kingdom and – after the Allies gained a
2073:
1302:
221:
176:
216:
1226:
42:
2268:
231:
2263:
790:
166:
1783:
1660:(EEC) in 1957. Portugal and the UK were two of the seven founding members of EFTA. In 1973 the UK left EFTA to join the EEC. Portugal did the same in 1986.
875:
287:
211:
1566:
During the Second World War, Salazar steered Portugal down a middle path, but nevertheless provided aid to the Allies. The British Ambassador in Lisbon,
1399:
1135:
997:(February 1387) in order to seal the Anglo-Portuguese alliance. By this marriage, John I became the father of a generation of princes called by the poet
534:
354:
1523:
of 5 September 1939, the British government confirmed the understanding. British strategists regarded Portuguese non-belligerency as "essential to keep
665:
1630:
near Paris. Flights returning from Europe carried wounded servicemen. Medical personnel at Lajes, Azores, handled approximately 30,000 air evacuations
986:
with Portuguese aid. He failed to win the support of the Castilian nobility and returned to England with a cash compensation from the rival claimant.
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and the establishment of an Anglo-American base in Portugal. Portugal aided England (and later the UK) in times of need, for example, in the
134:
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710:
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The alliance has served both countries throughout their respective military histories, influencing the participation of the
953:(1385) – with a pact of perpetual friendship between the two countries. The most important part of the treaty stated that:
2012:
1546:
had "unanimously decided at its meeting last Monday, to invite you to accept the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Civil Law".
1333:
694:
673:
584:
103:
1970:
776:
714:
698:
611:
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312:
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From November 1943, when the British gained the use of the Azores, to June 1945, 8,689 U.S. aircraft departed from the
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the United States and North Africa and clearly demonstrated the geographic value of the Azores during the war.
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1549:
July 1940: Salazar's decision to stick with the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance allowed the Portuguese island of
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994:
910:
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429:
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Britain recognised the important role of the anti-democratic and authoritarian prime minister
1505:
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979:
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883:
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1936:
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patronage for English commercial interests that sought to meet the Portuguese desire for
17:
1553:
to help the Allies: that month, around 2,500 Gibraltar evacuees were shipped to Madeira.
2106:
1784:"History's Unparalleled Alliance: the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Windsor, 9th May 1386"
1383:
1337:
1291:
1233:
was confirmation of the renewal of the alliance. This was solidified further after the
1218:
1194:
in the sixteenth century meant that Portugal and England were on opposite sides of the
1179:
1077:
926:
879:
836:
332:
66:
1719:
1202:. Portuguese foreign policy became tied to Spanish hostility to England. England also
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151:
146:
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1417:(1828–1834), when the United Kingdom gave important support to the Liberal faction.
1414:
1270:
and to install English families with the same privileges as Portuguese families in
1029:
539:
129:
1440:
into the region. The 1890 ultimatum was said to be one of the main causes for the
2180:
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1611:
1592:
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1387:
1113:
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139:
2040:
2176:
1715:
1668:
1627:
1471:
1394:, at the time acting as regent for his mother, the aged and mentally impaired
1287:
1279:
1006:
414:
1847:"The Politics of Non-Translation: A Case Study in Anglo-Portuguese Relations"
2132:"Neutrality by Agreement: Portugal and the British Alliance in World War II"
374:
369:
1406:, under escort by the British fleet. The Portuguese also helped the failed
1100:
and the instigator and organiser of Portugal's early voyages of discovery.
1429:
1267:
1089:
816:
77:
1550:
1246:
1085:
1065:
1704:
Both countries continue to be members of the wider military alliance,
1261:
in 1668 which saw the independence of Portugal and the recognition of
1863:
1846:
1571:
1390:
and independence. The Portuguese royal family at the time (including
1367:
1341:
1275:
1250:
1073:
389:
1645:
Portugal and the United Kingdom were two of the founding members of
2066:"UK and Portugal celebrate the world's longest diplomatic alliance"
1508:, while the United Kingdom pursued non-intervention and neutrality.
1314:, by Joaquim Carneiro da Silva (1810). It is accompanied by a poem:
1283:
1254:
1222:
1183:
1057:
1037:
934:
901:
2210:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2182:
The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936–1941
1705:
1646:
1049:
1041:
891:
1453:
During the 20th century, the treaty was invoked several times:
1271:
1107:
1072:, who travelled widely and had an interest in history, became
1053:
1033:
1656:(EFTA) took place in 1960 following the establishment of the
941:
sealed the alliance – first started in 1294, renewed in the
1831:
English historical documents. 4. (Late medieval). 1327–1485
863:
sought refuge and help in England. England spearheaded the
890:. Today, Portugal and the United Kingdom are both part of
1667:, the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the
2013:"UK–Portugal Joint Declaration on Bilateral Cooperation"
1910:
1908:
855:
described below). While Portugal was subsumed under the
1761:(an alliance between Scotland and France made in 1295).
847:), though the countries were previously allied via the
2002:
Leite, "Document 2: Telegram From Sir Ronald Campbell"
1782:
Fergusson, George; Trowbridge, Benjamin (9 May 2016).
1444:, which ended the monarchy in Portugal 20 years later.
982:
with an expeditionary force to press his claim to the
1840:
1838:
1374:, continued to trade with the United Kingdom despite
1209:However, in 1640, England supported the Portuguese
49:
2105:
1971:12 October 1943 Statement in the House of Commons
1436:. This was done in response to an expedition by
1322:Clears fast to Brunswick's ever closely twin'd."
809:
2274:Military alliances involving the United Kingdom
1527:from entering the war on the side of the Axis."
955:
1336:(1701–1714), when Portugal together with the
784:
288:
8:
2136:American University International Law Review
1432:and refrain from furthering their colony of
1316:"Immortal trophies George's throne surround:
1186:, interrupted the alliance. The struggle of
35:
2161:(1st ed.). Enigma Books. p. 544.
1318:Here Envy crush'd, and there Ambition bound
1142:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2279:Portugal–United Kingdom military relations
1777:
1775:
1366:(1803–1815), when Portugal, isolated in a
1056:shipped through the English warehouses at
882:, the UK's major land contribution to the
791:
777:
306:
295:
281:
88:
2185:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 228.
1933:Gibraltar Chronicle The Independent Daily
1862:
1542:, informed Salazar that the University's
1204:captured the Portuguese garrison of Ormuz
1162:Learn how and when to remove this message
815:, "Luso-English Alliance") is the oldest
27:1386 alliance between the UK and Portugal
1851:TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, RĂ©daction
1301:
1213:to take power in Portugal replacing the
989:John of Gaunt left behind his daughter,
2142:(1). Washington College of Law: 185–199
1929:"Madeira Gold Medal of Merit for Louis"
1914:
1771:
1096:(1394–1460) – became the master of the
751:
320:
309:
102:
91:
2112:(1st ed.). UK: Collins. pp.
1092:in 1437; and Henrique – also known as
34:
2269:Military alliances involving Portugal
1957:
1927:Mascarenhas, Alice (9 January 2013).
1899:
1561:Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood
1540:Registrar of the University of Oxford
1320:Braganza's line by Gratitude combin'd
1076:(1439–1448) after Duarte died of the
929:– stopped and helped Portuguese King
859:, rebellious Portuguese factions and
7:
2264:Military alliances involving England
1686:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1408:British invasions of the River Plate
1140:adding citations to reliable sources
819:that is still in force by political
1981:
1064:, authored moral works and became
104:History of the United Kingdom
25:
2076:from the original on 2 June 2024.
1794:from the original on 7 June 2024.
1734:Portugal–United Kingdom relations
530:Imperial decline, war, and revolt
2205:
2130:Leite, Joaquim da Costa (1998).
1718:
1500:Portugal provided assistance to
1308:George III of the United Kingdom
1112:
1088:, participated in the attack on
760:
650:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
485:War of the Portuguese Succession
331:
264:
110:
71:
60:
41:
2254:14th-century military alliances
2095:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1739:Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878
1698:Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
1654:European Free Trade Association
1614:in the Azores, including 1,200
1005:", which led Portugal into its
947:Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
849:Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
2158:Salazar: A Political Biography
1845:Ferreira Duarte, JoĂŁo (2000).
1357:Spain invaded Portugal in 1762
1217:, putting an end to a 60-year
974:and father of the future King
869:deposed Portuguese royal house
1:
2108:Ambassador on Special Mission
1879:"British-Portuguese Alliance"
1696:The 650th anniversary of the
1689:the 650th anniversary of the
1334:War of the Spanish Succession
1196:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
933:to conquer the city from the
865:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
823:. It was established by the
612:Portugal during World War II
440:Portuguese House of Burgundy
410:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
2125:. New York: Hawthorn Books.
2123:Salazar and Modern Portugal
2091:Country profile of Portugal
1658:European Economic Community
1532:AntĂłnio de Oliveira Salazar
1009:, during the period of the
580:Portugal during World War I
172:Post-war period (political)
2295:
2259:England–Portugal relations
1682:Prime Minister of Portugal
1424:, where under pressure by
1094:Prince Henry the Navigator
1084:(1402–1443), who became a
1082:Ferdinand the Saint Prince
360:Roman conquest of Hispania
182:Modern history (political)
36:Anglo-Portuguese relations
2223:Federal Research Division
2085:General and cited sources
1652:The establishment of the
805:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
271:United Kingdom portal
83:
70:
59:
40:
18:Anglo-Portuguese alliance
2249:14th century in Portugal
2155:Meneses, Filipe (2009).
1806:"Treaty of Windsor 1386"
1599:) and Santana Field (on
1591:), and the airfields of
1016:Philippa brought to the
945:in 1372 and the ensuing
365:Romanization of Hispania
177:Post-war period (social)
1626:in Western Europe – to
1386:finally regained total
1348:reunited with its ally.
1178:(1580–1640), a 60-year
970:, son of the late king
656:Transition to democracy
624:Portuguese Colonial War
545:Constitutional Monarchy
525:Great Lisbon earthquake
237:History of the monarchy
187:Modern history (social)
1534:on May 15, 1940, when
1468:Portuguese East Africa
1434:Portuguese East Africa
1422:1890 British Ultimatum
1404:vice-royalty of Brazil
1324:
1298:17th to 19th centuries
1188:Elizabeth I of England
1104:Disruption and renewal
1003:Illustrious Generation
960:
914:
810:
475:Portuguese Renaissance
1788:History of Government
1680:On 13 June 2022, the
1442:Republican Revolution
1340:initially sided with
1305:
1243:Charles II of England
1239:Catherine of Braganza
1221:between Portugal and
1182:between Portugal and
991:Philippa of Lancaster
972:Edward III of England
951:Battle of Aljubarrota
949:and confirmed at the
909:being entertained by
905:
827:in 1386, between the
575:Monarchy of the North
1744:Dutch–Portuguese War
1486:soldiers during the
1415:Portuguese Civil War
1370:wholly dominated by
1237:and the marriage of
1227:support for Portugal
1200:Dutch–Portuguese War
1136:improve this section
811:Aliança Luso-Inglesa
644:Carnation Revolution
495:Dutch-Portuguese War
1969:Winston Churchill,
1960:, pp. 124–125.
1902:, pp. 185–199.
1376:French restrictions
1312:John VI of Portugal
1235:English Restoration
1206:in Persia in 1622.
976:Henry IV of England
937:. In May 1386, the
917:English aid to the
867:on the side of the
861:government in exile
845:Portuguese Republic
841:Kingdom of Portugal
821:bilateral agreement
767:Portugal portal
37:
32:Bilateral relations
2121:Kay, Hugh (1970).
1754:Operation Alacrity
1587:(on the island of
1579:(on the island of
1544:Hebdomadal Council
1355:(1756–1763), when
1346:Battle of Blenheim
1325:
1192:Philip II of Spain
1060:. Her eldest son,
1028:Philippa provided
995:John I of Portugal
915:
911:John I of Portugal
829:Kingdom of England
465:Imperial expansion
430:County of Portugal
385:Visigothic Kingdom
350:Prehistoric Iberia
1691:Treaty of Tagilde
1601:SĂŁo Miguel Island
1506:Spanish Civil War
1476:Portuguese troops
1245:. Portugal ceded
1215:House of Habsburg
1211:House of Braganza
1172:
1171:
1164:
968:Duke of Lancaster
943:Treaty of Tagilde
939:Treaty of Windsor
825:Treaty of Windsor
801:
800:
674:COVID-19 pandemic
606:Ditadura Nacional
535:Transfer of Court
520:House of Braganza
480:Portuguese Empire
425:Almoravid dynasty
355:Pre-Roman Peoples
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304:
222:Mass surveillance
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86:
16:(Redirected from
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2072:. 15 June 2023.
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1939:on 19 April 2014
1935:. Archived from
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1749:Anglo-Dutch Wars
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1663:During the 1982
1513:Second World War
1378:and was finally
1353:Seven Years' War
1344:, but after the
1259:Treaty of Lisbon
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1160:
1156:
1153:
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1116:
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993:, to marry King
984:Crown of Castile
931:Afonso Henriques
813:
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763:
742:Madeiran history
678:
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666:Financial crisis
585:1926 coup d'Ă©tat
458:Age of Discovery
445:1383–1385 Crisis
420:Gharb Al-Andalus
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1488:First World War
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1457:First World War
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1364:Napoleonic Wars
1321:
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1253:as part of the
1231:Restoration War
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1098:Order of Christ
923:Siege of Lisbon
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888:First World War
884:Napoleonic Wars
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737:Azorean history
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1338:Duchy of Savoy
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1102:
1040:in return for
999:LuĂs de Camões
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876:United Kingdom
837:United Kingdom
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1857:(1): 95–112.
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2044:
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1937:the original
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1449:20th century
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1402:in its then
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232:LGBT history
29:
2201:Attribution
2177:Stone, Glyn
2050:25 November
1993:Kay, p. 123
1881:. nzhistory
1810:Historic UK
1593:Lajes Field
1504:during the
1438:Serpa Pinto
1400:took refuge
1392:Prince John
1388:sovereignty
1382:, but with
1011:Discoveries
898:Middle Ages
677:(2020–2023)
669:(2010–2014)
618:Estado Novo
435:Reconquista
322:History of
2233:Categories
2041:"Alliance"
1958:Hoare 1946
1900:Leite 1998
1790:. gov.uk.
1669:Royal Navy
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1198:and the
1190:against
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753:Timeline
715:Military
703:Language
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403:Medieval
324:Portugal
313:a series
311:Part of
252:Taxation
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315:on the
200:Topics
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