5604:
3516:
1943:
1596:
1134:
2357:
2333:
2345:
675:
5703:
1767:
2162:
1736:
1173:
1223:
2369:
1249:, a system of knotted and colored strings, to convey information. Few quipus survive and they have never been fully deciphered. Scholars differ on whether the knotted cords of the quipu were able only to record numerical data or could also be used for narrative communication, a true system of writing. If it is true writing, it is still unique because it is not a set of symbols, but rather knotted strings. The use of the quipu dates back at least to the
1515:
2264:
1861:
2031:
36:
1557:
974:
932:
2302:. The Timoto-Cuicas were not only composed of the Timoto and the Cuica tribes, but also the Mucuchíes, the Migures, the Tabares, and the Mucuñuques. Timoto-Cuica society was complex with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks.Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs.
1450:
1215:
1306:
1100:
1280:. In the Andes, agriculture was limited by thin soils, cold climate, low or seasonal precipitation, and a scarcity of flat land. Freezing temperatures may occur in every month of the year at altitudes of more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the homeland of many of the highland Andean civilizations.
1743:
The
Chachapoyas, or the 'Cloud People', were an Andean civilization living in cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day northern Peru. The Incas conquered the Chachapoyas shortly before the arrival of the Spanish in Peru. The first firm evidence of their existence dates back to around 700
1328:
Some scholars believe that the earliest civilizations on the
Peruvian coast initially relied more upon maritime resources than agriculture during the formative period of their societies. However, as in all civilizations until the late 19th century, agriculture was the principal occupation of the
1576:
is thought to have been primarily a religious movement. The culture apparently began in the
Peruvian highlands and then spread outward throughout the country. The Chavín culture has very distinctive art styles, particularly in effigy pots, a number of which were in feline shapes.
1275:
Moreover, Andean civilizations faced severe environmental challenges. The earliest civilizations were on the hyper-arid desert coast of Peru. Agriculture was possible only with irrigation in valleys crossed by rivers coming from the high Andes, plus in a few fog oases called
1720:
systems. Moche history may be broadly divided into three periods – the emergence of the Moche culture in Early Moche (CE 100–300), its expansion and florescence during Middle Moche (CE 300–600), and the urban nucleation and subsequent collapse in Late Moche (CE 500–750).
2938:(2004). Caral or Caral-Supe are more likely to be found in Spanish language sources per Shady. This article follows usage in recent English-language sources and employs Norte Chico, but the title is not definitive. Peruvian Norte Chico should not be confused with the
1694:. While this issue is the subject of some debate, many scholars contend that the Moche were not politically organized as a monolithic empire or state. Rather, they were likely a group of autonomous polities that shared a common elite culture, as seen in the rich
1671:
1084:
of
Venezuela remained outside the Inca orbit. The Inca Empire was a patchwork of languages, cultures and peoples. Spanish rule ended or transformed many elements of the Andean civilizations, notably influencing religion and architecture.
1923:, meaning "stone in the center", alluding to the belief that it lay at the center of the world. However, the name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants may have been lost, as the people of Tiwanaku had no written language.
1297:, but most of the Andes area had economies organized on reciprocity and redistribution rather than money and markets. These characteristics were especially notable during the Inca Empire but originated in much earlier times.
1981:
This was just fifty years before the arrival of the
Spanish in the region. Consequently, Spanish chroniclers were able to record accounts of Chimú culture from individuals who had lived before the Inca conquest. Similarly,
1029:
of coastal Peru is the oldest known civilization in the
Americas, dating back to 3500 BCE. Andean civilizations are one of at least five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine." The concept of a
2309:. They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the
2070:
was conquered by the
Spanish in 1572. From 1438 to 1533 CE, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the
674:
1329:
great majority of the people. The greatest contribution of Andean civilization to the modern world has been the plants its people domesticated. Crops grown by the
Andeans were often unique to the region.
1412:. Agriculture on the desert coast required the development of irrigation. In the mountains, the elevation, cold climate and steep terrain required a range of technological solutions such as terraces (
5979:
5644:
5584:
1118:, they spread out across the continent, with the earliest evidence for settlement in the Andean region dating to circa 15,000 BCE, in what archaeologists call the Lithic Period. In the ensuing
5687:
4172:
1887:, flourishing as the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years. The ruins of the ancient city state are near the south-eastern shore of
1477:
where civilization separately originated in the ancient world. It flourished between the 30th century BCE and the 18th century BCE. The alternative name, Caral-Supe, is derived from the
5677:
774:
1420:. Due to the climatic uncertainties, farmers traditionally farmed several crops at several elevations and exposures. At a macro level, societies and states did the same with the
5940:
5935:
5717:
5579:
1337:, was often the most important crop at lower and intermediate elevations. The Andeans cultivated an estimated 70 different plants, almost as many as were cultivated in all of
809:
1744:
CE, although it is possible that they built a settlement called Gran Pajáten where some ceramics have been dated to 200 BCE. The largest
Chacapoyan site discovered so far is
1037:
Despite the severe environmental challenges of high mountains and hyper-arid desert, the Andean civilizations domesticated a wide variety of crops, some of which, such as
2441:
2356:
1264:, pack animals which could carry loads of up to one-fourth of their weight, a maximum of 45 kilograms (99 lb). Llamas were not big or strong enough to be used for
5637:
2985:
1202:
In the 16th century, Spanish colonisers from Europe arrived in the Andes, eventually subjugating the indigenous kingdoms and incorporating the Andean region into the
1260:
Andean civilizations also lacked wheeled vehicles and draft animals. People on land traveled only by foot and the transport of goods was accomplished by humans or
5559:
4205:
3389:(University of Iowa Press; 2010) 355 pages; Research on Inca conquest in the central and northern coasts of Peru, in Ecuador, and in other regions far from Cuzco.
2344:
1990:; early Chimú pottery had some resemblance to that of the Moche. Their ceramics are all black, and their work in precious metals is very detailed and intricate.
6203:
5544:
1245:
and from the
Mesoamerican cultures. First, and perhaps most important, Andean civilizations did not have a written language. Instead, their societies used the
3661:
3257:
829:
2781:
6247:
6092:
5630:
4521:
4144:
3534:
5952:
5947:
3156:
2332:
2505:
Shady Solis, Ruth; Jonathan Haas; Winifred Creamer (27 April 2001). "Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru".
6254:
5549:
960:
3284:(University of Texas Press; 2010) 230 pages; combines archaeological and textual data in study of practices of human sacrifice and mountain worship.
4553:
2849:
Piperno, Dolores r. (2011), "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and new Developments,"
1630:, which was known for extremely complex textiles, the Nazca produced an array of beautiful crafts and technologies such as ceramics, textiles, and
636:
1345:. Many of these plants are no longer cultivated, or are minor crops, but important plants which were domesticated in or near the Andes include
1942:
6078:
5974:
4541:
3566:
3496:
3372:
3133:
3098:
3069:
3024:
2882:
2815:
2639:
2586:
53:
6281:
6213:
6208:
5455:
4570:
3748:
1815:. This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of Peru. The best-preserved remnants, beside the
6233:
6088:
5912:
5514:
4565:
4443:
3998:
3614:
3204:
2461:
2420:
2156:
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1235:
990:
918:
704:
6073:
6013:
6005:
5902:
5653:
5569:
4548:
4187:
3993:
3448:
3420:
1595:
1133:
5930:
5508:
4577:
3828:
3358:
3317:
3239:
1080:, united most Andean cultures into one single empire that encompassed nearly all of what is usually called Andean civilization. The
119:
100:
3090:
6023:
5399:
5329:
5018:
3833:
1034:
refers to a civilization that has developed independently of external influences and is not a derivative of other civilizations.
72:
814:
804:
799:
789:
749:
744:
734:
719:
6156:
6101:
6063:
6043:
5723:
5029:
4711:
4526:
4137:
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2425:
2368:
1094:
6218:
6146:
6136:
6121:
6048:
5889:
5491:
5334:
4182:
4097:
3579:
2564:
2246:
2204:
1907:. The site was first recorded in written history by Spanish conquistador and self-acclaimed "first chronicler of the Indies"
885:
779:
590:
526:
343:
57:
5470:
4746:
2989:
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79:
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6151:
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4721:
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2196:
1466:
953:
6131:
6111:
6068:
6058:
6018:
5574:
5466:
4536:
3864:
3859:
3631:
3596:
908:
784:
714:
224:
4626:
3651:
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1481:
in the Supe Valley, a large and well-studied Norte Chico site. Complex society in Norte Chico arose a millennium after
794:
6176:
6116:
5865:
5809:
5682:
5168:
5040:
4368:
4177:
3718:
3677:
3166:
1061:, became of worldwide importance. The Andean civilizations were noteworthy for monumental architecture, an extensive
890:
875:
629:
388:
86:
5395:
1424:, establishing colonies at different elevations and locations to increase the possibilities of agricultural success.
3254:
6141:
5279:
5122:
4130:
3897:
3882:
3529:
2481:
1892:
1127:
764:
440:
190:
2785:
1234:, that is indigenous and not derived from other civilizations. Due to its isolation from other civilizations, the
46:
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3869:
3794:
3723:
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2964:
535:
435:
352:
68:
4631:
5804:
5102:
4706:
4508:
4483:
4197:
4071:
3921:
3682:
2727:
Smith, M.E. (1993). "Axe-Monies and Their Relatives" by Dorothy Hosler; Heather Lechtman; Olaf Holm. (Review).
2410:
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1766:
1691:
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1458:
1433:
1254:
1026:
946:
880:
654:
507:
502:
426:
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3170:
2744:
Ed. Fotis Ifantidis and Marianna Nikolaidou. BAR International Series 2216. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011: 63–89.
2258:
1735:
3482:
2767:
2656:
1797:
and coastal area of Peru, from about CE 500 to 1000. (The Wari culture is not to be confused with the modern
6223:
5819:
5751:
5403:
5178:
4348:
3978:
3816:
2228:
1639:
1474:
1444:
1241:
Andean civilization lacked several characteristics distinguishing it from the pristine civilizations in the
1172:
1137:
Aerial photograph of one of the Nazca lines, taken in July 2015, that shows the design known as "The monkey"
1123:
729:
2305:
They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and
4821:
3738:
3708:
1908:
1883:, South America. Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important precursors to the
1615:
1231:
1031:
622:
380:
136:
3646:
6228:
5907:
5814:
5324:
5173:
4806:
4560:
4531:
4330:
4305:
4270:
3823:
1900:
1126:, emerged at 3500 BCE, and lasted until 1800 BCE. Also, distinct religious centres emerged, such as the
913:
212:
5702:
4458:
2122:
1811:, as the former capital city was called, is located 11 km (6.8 mi) north-east of the city of
1535:
1222:
2161:
6286:
6186:
6181:
5692:
5608:
5475:
5339:
5304:
4913:
4801:
4498:
4398:
4016:
3973:
3943:
3799:
3779:
3552:
3521:
2514:
2385:
2232:
2188:
2150:
2063:
1947:
1618:
that flourished from 100 to 800 CE beside the dry southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the
1531:
1478:
1421:
847:
724:
521:
487:
417:
338:
200:
196:
1690:, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc.) flourished in northern Peru from about 100 CE to 800 CE, during the
5441:
5203:
4433:
4235:
4215:
4041:
3887:
3804:
3626:
3161:
2400:
1820:
1141:
This was followed by the Ceramic Period. Various complex societies developed at this time, such as
1081:
852:
754:
709:
482:
366:
299:
5460:
2934:
The name is disputed. English-language sources use Norte Chico (Spanish: "Little North") per Haas
93:
6191:
5984:
5564:
5554:
5284:
5193:
4972:
4716:
4661:
4636:
4300:
4295:
4265:
4260:
4051:
3958:
3789:
3774:
3728:
3641:
3053:
2943:
2836:
2538:
2405:
2390:
2314:
2047:
1975:
1730:
1417:
819:
769:
759:
739:
689:
540:
516:
412:
333:
243:
3011:
Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Ibo Shabaka, Dahia (1999).
1238:
had to come up with their own, often unique solutions to environmental and societal challenges.
6038:
5922:
5672:
5589:
5519:
5485:
5208:
5198:
4908:
4876:
4786:
4756:
4686:
4651:
4621:
4617:
4418:
4393:
4325:
4315:
4153:
3988:
3968:
3963:
3948:
3907:
3811:
3784:
3696:
3656:
3492:
3444:
3416:
3368:
3354:
3313:
3285:
3235:
3129:
3094:
3065:
3020:
2878:
2811:
2635:
2605:, New York: Rowand & Littlefield, p. 2. Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations.
2582:
2560:
2559:, New York: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 2. Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations.
2530:
2318:
2138:
2055:
1578:
1573:
1551:
1527:
1490:
1322:
1191:, but usually called the Inca Empire. The Inca governed their empire from the capital city of
1142:
1119:
1115:
824:
549:
497:
403:
398:
357:
314:
2874:
2868:
1392:
The challenges of the environment required sophisticated agricultural technology. Unlike the
6196:
5870:
5289:
5229:
5213:
5096:
5060:
4967:
4871:
4671:
4488:
4463:
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4275:
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4031:
3983:
3933:
3892:
3762:
3743:
2522:
2395:
2299:
1955:
1782:
1526:
is one of the oldest settled cultures recorded in the Americas. It emerged from the earlier
1523:
1509:
1196:
1062:
568:
229:
4122:
1702:
architecture that survive today. They are particularly noted for their elaborately painted
1514:
5875:
5412:
5091:
5050:
5035:
4998:
4962:
4856:
4751:
4666:
4641:
4602:
4587:
4408:
4245:
4090:
4008:
3902:
3847:
3713:
3587:
3412:
3400:
3325:
3261:
3125:
3115:
3061:
2415:
2009:
1999:
1916:
1911:. Leon stumbled upon the remains of Tiwanaku in 1549 while searching for the Inca capital
1904:
1896:
1865:
1855:
1683:
1627:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1111:
857:
663:
585:
267:
2268:
1317:
Agriculture in South America may have begun in coastal Ecuador with the domestication of
2710:
Guillet, David and others (1987), "Terracing and Irrigation in the Peruvian Highlands,"
2518:
5845:
5835:
5766:
5445:
5429:
5343:
5309:
5153:
5128:
5085:
5075:
5065:
5055:
5013:
4796:
4607:
4597:
4290:
4250:
4240:
4026:
3953:
3619:
3469:
Native Religions and Cultures of Central and South America: Anthropology of the Sacred.
3387:
Distant Provinces in the Inka Empire: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Inka Imperialism
2451:
2200:
2173:
2134:
2067:
1983:
1971:
1824:
1703:
1649:
1318:
1203:
1069:
304:
6270:
5840:
5781:
5667:
5622:
5390:
5386:
5299:
5143:
5112:
5080:
5024:
4992:
4831:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4766:
4761:
4696:
4691:
4646:
4378:
4373:
4210:
4167:
4106:
4066:
4056:
3938:
3405:
3013:
2291:
2180:
2172:), a pre-Columbian gold sculpture representing the Muisca's offerings of gold in the
1987:
1888:
1876:
1843:
1675:
1665:
1611:
1604:
1590:
1462:
1358:
1269:
1188:
1150:
1022:
578:
253:
144:
2542:
2263:
6033:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5382:
5358:
5314:
5264:
5259:
5148:
5133:
5117:
4982:
4933:
4928:
4903:
4881:
4846:
4726:
4428:
4363:
4320:
4046:
4021:
3874:
2035:
1967:
1860:
1778:
1757:
1565:
1494:
1176:
1018:
986:
275:
248:
17:
4866:
2126:
1065:, textile weaving, and many unique characteristics of the societies they created.
2689:
2058:. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in
5378:
5368:
5239:
5183:
4987:
4918:
4771:
4741:
4448:
4340:
4220:
4111:
3609:
2456:
2435:
2430:
2169:
2130:
2043:
2030:
2025:
2013:
1884:
1761:
1695:
1635:
1600:
1486:
1465:
society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the
1393:
1386:
1250:
1187:, who in 1438 founded the largest empire that the Americas had ever seen, named
1158:
1073:
977:
The Inca Empire and its road system encompassed most of the Andean civilization.
936:
699:
454:
449:
319:
169:
35:
3488:
The Formation of Latin American Nations: From Late Antiquity to Early Modernity
1670:
1581:
was an important ritual centre for Chavin Culture, dating to around 1,500 BCE.
1556:
1179:, a mountainous settlement that was inhabited during the time of Tahuantinsuyu.
5776:
5746:
5416:
5254:
5234:
4861:
4676:
4468:
4230:
3511:
2211:(present-day Tunja) was located in the northern area, whose sovereign was the
2066:
arose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century, and the
1816:
1808:
1717:
1653:
1626:(Silverman and Proulx, 2002). Having been heavily influenced by the preceding
1623:
1284:
470:
280:
233:
208:
154:
1453:
The Caral pyramids in the arid Supe Valley, some 20 km from the Pacific coast
1195:, administering it along traditional Andean lines. The Inca Empire rose from
5437:
5433:
5408:
5158:
4493:
4383:
3636:
3282:
Of Summits and Sacrifice: An Ethnohistoric Study of Inka Religious Practices
2526:
2287:
2100:
2084:
2005:
1963:
1912:
1374:
1289:
1242:
1183:
In later periods, much of the Andean region was conquered by the indigenous
1054:
1014:
573:
294:
158:
4942:
4612:
2534:
2218:
1293:
shells functioned as mediums of exchange in some areas, especially coastal
973:
3455:
The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes
2768:
https://www.thoughtco.com/domestication-history-of-the-squash-plant-172698
6028:
5424:
5274:
4836:
4816:
4811:
4701:
4681:
3339:
National Geographic Research and Exploration. March 2005. pp. 52–56.
3121:
2782:"The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: An Evolving Hypothesis"
2242:
2192:
2118:
2112:
2092:
1872:
1828:
1812:
1803:
1699:
1631:
1413:
1310:
1122:
period, plants began to be widely cultivated, and first complex society,
1042:
998:
285:
182:
1449:
5420:
4957:
4886:
4841:
4582:
4478:
4453:
4438:
4358:
4353:
4310:
4285:
4255:
3438:
History of the Conquest of Mexico & History of the Conquest of Peru
2184:
2080:
2076:
1915:. Some have hypothesized that Tiwanaku's modern name is related to the
1880:
1644:
1539:
1396:, the Andes lacked easily domesticated and large-seeded plants such as
1370:
1294:
1214:
1002:
2956:
2008:. The kingdoms were established around 1151 after the collapse of the
5363:
5353:
5249:
5224:
4736:
4731:
4656:
4592:
4473:
4423:
4413:
4388:
2960:
2306:
2096:
1959:
1937:
1798:
1745:
1473:. It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas and one of the
1409:
1405:
1401:
1378:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1265:
1166:
1104:
1050:
1046:
1038:
609:
1770:
Pikillaqta administrative center, built by the Wari civilization in
1305:
3087:
Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy
2986:"Chavín de Huántar, Peru – A Pre-Columbian World Heritage Treasure"
5003:
4947:
4938:
4826:
4403:
4036:
3540:
Peruvian National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology, and History
2939:
2854:
2715:
2310:
2295:
2283:
2262:
2227:. Both confederations were located in the highlands of modern-day
2213:
2208:
2160:
2088:
2072:
2059:
2029:
1941:
1859:
1836:
1794:
1771:
1765:
1734:
1712:
1687:
1674:
The Moche culture is world-renowned for its pottery, in picture a
1669:
1619:
1555:
1513:
1497:
1482:
1448:
1397:
1330:
1304:
1277:
1261:
1246:
1221:
1213:
1192:
1099:
1077:
1010:
994:
3320:
3303:
Religion and Empire; The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism.
2137:
until they surrendered to Spanish rule after their defeat in the
3575:
3544:
2482:"Pre-Columbian civilizations - Andean, Inca, Moche | Britannica"
2446:
2223:
2207:
in the spring of 1537. The Muisca comprised two confederations:
1748:. A number of mummified burial sites have also been discovered.
1707:
1470:
1382:
1366:
1342:
1184:
1058:
1006:
5626:
4126:
3548:
1253:(600–1000 CE) and possibly to the much earlier civilization of
2740:
Carter, Benjamin. "Spondylus in South American Prehistory" in
2274:
Timoto–Cuica people was composed primarily of two tribes, the
29:
2657:"Quipu – South America's Ancient Undeciphered Writing System"
2004:
The Aymara kingdoms were a group of lordships located in the
5585:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1518:
Mortar, Jaguar Valdivia, South Coast (4000 BCE to 1500 BCE)
1232:
one of six in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine"
3443:
Pugh, Helen 'Intrepid Dudettes of the Inca Empire' (2020)
1313:) were widely built and used for agriculture in the Andes.
2634:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 183–185.
1978:
led a campaign which conquered the Chimú around 1470 CE.
2581:(Revised Second ed.). London: Thames & Hudson.
3310:
Ancient American Poets: The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec.
3207:
for more information regarding this spelling difference
3157:"Profile: Fabricio R. Santos – The Genographic project"
1638:). They also built an impressive system of underground
1283:
Finally, the Andean civilizations lacked money. Copper
2579:
The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru
1686:
civilization (alternately, the Mochica culture, Early
5580:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
3407:
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
2613:
2611:
1875:(Spanish: Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu) is an important
1110:
After the first humans — who were then arranged into
3457:. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2005.
3234:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
1986:
evidence suggest Chimor grew out of the remnants of
1385:. Animals domesticated in the Andes were llamas and
6169:
6087:
6004:
5995:
5965:
5921:
5888:
5858:
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5797:
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5739:
5710:
5660:
5451:
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5349:
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5189:
5164:
5139:
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5046:
5009:
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4953:
4924:
4917:
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4907:
4902:
4900:
4507:
4339:
4196:
4160:
4007:
3920:
3846:
3761:
3695:
3670:
3595:
3586:
3346:
National Geographic. February 2004. pp. 66–69.
3194:, Ringwoods: Penguin Books London Ltd., pp. 247–274
3043:. (ed. H. Silverman). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
2899:
Guns. Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies
1021:first developed on the narrow coastal plain of the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3404:
3039:Bawden, G. 2004. "The Art of Moche Politics", in
3012:
2121:culture formed in 1000 CE after emerging from the
1793:civilization that flourished in the south-central
1404:and large and easily domesticated animals such as
1009:, including the deserts of coastal Peru, to north
2853:, Vol. 52, No. 54, pp. S457–S459 Downloaded from
2742:Spondylus in Prehistory: New Data and Approaches.
2442:Population history of American indigenous peoples
1974:. The culture arose about 900 CE. The Inca ruler
1149:, lasting from 800 BCE to 200 BCE, its successor
1114:tribal groups — arrived in South America via the
3117:Frommers 500 Places to See Before They Disappear
3058:The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization
1068:Less than a century prior to the arrival of the
997:for 4,000 km (2,500 mi) from southern
27:Civilizations of South America's Andes Mountains
3471:Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002.
3289:Machu Picchu; Unveling the Mystery of the Inca.
2808:The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
2714:, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 409–410. Downloaded from
5560:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
5545:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
2901:, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., pp. 83–113
1835:("Flea Town"), a short distance south-east of
1076:, from their homeland centered on the city of
5638:
4138:
3560:
3385:Malpass, Michael A. and Sonia Alconini, eds.
2873:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp.
2766:"Domestication History of the Squash Plant",
1226:Coastal Andean Men's tunic, 13th–15th century
954:
630:
8:
3085:Kelley, David H.; Milone, Eugene F. (2004).
2910:
1739:Walls of Soloco fortress, Chachapoyas, Peru.
3433:The Book League of America. New York: 1976.
3394:Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery
3353:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
3192:The Art and Architecture of Ancient America
2601:Upton, Gary and von Hagen, Adriana (2015),
2555:Upton, Gary and von Hagen, Adriana (2015),
2221:the southern area, whose sovereign was the
2129:tribe fought against expansion by both the
2075:mountain ranges, including Peru, southwest
1946:Chimú vessel representing a fisherman on a
6001:
5918:
5794:
5736:
5645:
5631:
5623:
5528:
4145:
4131:
4123:
3926:
3852:
3767:
3701:
3592:
3567:
3553:
3545:
3396:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
3332:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
2095:into a state comparable to the historical
1165:, with both lasting from 600 to 1000, and
961:
947:
648:
637:
623:
475:
131:
5550:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3535:Inca Emuseum @ Minnesota State University
2757:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 343
2362:Facade of the main temple of Cerro Sechín
2195:. They were encountered by the troops of
1103:Reconstruction of one of the pyramids of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4154:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
3265:Friends of the Pre-Columbian Art Museum.
2832:Rediscovering the Lost Crops of the Inca
2191:in the central highlands of present-day
1903:, about 72 km (45 mi) west of
1831:. Also well-known are the Wari ruins of
1594:
1333:, which found its way to the Andes from
1171:
1132:
1098:
972:
2473:
2328:
1157:civilisation, lasting from 100 to 700,
993:. They stretched down the spine of the
662:
651:
559:
143:
3440:. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000.
3015:World History: Patterns of Interaction
2988:. Global Heritage Fund. Archived from
2922:
2617:
2350:Lithic decorations in the Gran Pajatén
2267:Timoto-Cuica territory in present-day
1534:peninsula near the modern-day town of
1416:), exploitation of microclimates, and
1153:, lasting from 200 BCE to 800 CE, the
3460:Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria.
1017:. Archaeologists believe that Andean
7:
3232:Colonialismo y Desarollo Poscolonial
1807:, with which it has no known link.)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4578:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
3205:Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift
2784:. The Hall of Ma'at. Archived from
2462:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
2421:Periodization of Pre-Columbian Peru
2290:. They were closely related to the
2157:List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites
1461:, also called Caral, was a complex
1145:, lasting from 900 BCE to 200 BCE,
5654:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
5570:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
4549:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
3019:. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell.
2577:Moseley, Michael E. (2001-06-01).
2012:until they were absorbed into the
1962:, with its capital at the city of
1230:The civilization of the Andes was
853:History of the Viceroyalty of Peru
25:
4561:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
4532:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
3464:Cambridge University Press, 1999.
3312:Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005.
3305:Cambridge University Press, 1984.
2967:from the original on 15 June 2011
2187:-speaking people that formed the
1648:, that still function today. The
1027:Caral or Norte Chico civilization
815:Return to democracy and terrorism
5701:
5602:
4554:Archaeological sites in Colombia
4527:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
3514:
3491:. University of Oklahoma Press.
3382:Greenwood Publishing Corp., 1996
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2091:, and a small part of southwest
1710:work, monumental constructions (
930:
673:
34:
4537:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
2755:The Oxford Guide to Archaeology
2426:Amazonas before the Inca Empire
1879:archaeological site in western
1868:" built by the Tiwanaku culture
1542:between 3500 BCE and 1800 BCE.
1489:, was contemporaneous with the
1095:History of Andean South America
858:History of the Republic of Peru
45:needs additional citations for
3380:Daily life in the Inca Empire.
1819:, are the recently discovered
1236:indigenous people of the Andes
1:
5481:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
4542:Archaeological sites in Chile
3478:Santa Barbara ABC-CLIO, 2004.
2867:D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003).
2054:), was the largest empire in
1257:of the third millennium BCE.
5575:Mesoamerican writing systems
4571:Archaeological sites in Peru
3367:Simon & Schuster, 2007.
3291:Yale University Press, 2004.
2079:, western and south central
1966:, a large adobe city in the
1801:group and language known as
1634:(most commonly known as the
1169:, lasting from 900 to 1470.
6282:Pre-Columbian civilizations
5471:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
3999:Water supply and sanitation
3476:Handbook of Inca mythology.
3365:The Last Days of the Incas.
3337:Ancient Peru's Power Elite.
2957:"Sacred City of Caral-Supe"
2632:The Incas: New Perspectives
1656:was named for this people.
1381:, and several varieties of
1287:(also called "naipes") and
735:Peru–Bolivian Confederation
6303:
5497:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
5400:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
3994:Water resources management
3462:History of the Inca Realm.
3296:Inca Religion and Customs.
2630:McEwan, Gordon F. (2006).
2256:
2197:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2154:
2148:
2110:
2023:
1997:
1935:
1853:
1755:
1728:
1692:Regional Development Epoch
1663:
1588:
1549:
1507:
1442:
1431:
1128:Kotosh Religious Tradition
1092:
848:History of the Inca Empire
6242:
5699:
5598:
5540:
5531:
4895:
4722:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
4084:
3929:
3855:
3770:
3704:
3392:Mancall, Peter C. (ed.).
3344:Lost Outpost of the Inca.
2806:Moseley, Michael (1975).
2603:Encyclopedia of the Incas
2557:Encyclopedia of the Incas
2241:) in the central area of
1500:by nearly two millennia.
1469:of north-central coastal
830:Peruvian political crisis
5609:Civilizations portal
4566:Cultural periods of Peru
3351:Inka settlement planning
3330:Peru: A Cultural History
3190:Kubler, George. (1962).
2925:, pp. 23–27, 83–85.
2810:. Menlo Park: Cummings.
2753:Fagan, Brian M. (1996),
2682:"Llamas as Pack Animals"
2411:History of South America
2374:Mausoleum in Huilcahuaín
2282:, that inhabited in the
2238:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
1459:Norte Chico civilization
1434:Cultural periods of Peru
810:Revolutionary Government
5503:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4349:Mesoamerican chronology
3652:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
3267:(retrieved 9 July 2011)
3230:Mahoney, James (2010).
2897:Diamond, Jared (1999),
2527:10.1126/science.1059519
1566:Larco Museum Collection
1475:Cradles of civilization
1445:Caral-Supe civilization
1428:Archaeological cultures
1309:Agricultural terraces (
1199:, founded around 1230.
1124:Caral-Supe civilization
1032:"pristine" civilization
795:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
780:National Reconstruction
730:Supreme Governing Junta
4206:Archaeological periods
3203:Also Inka Empire; see
3114:Hughes, Holly (2008).
2830:Stevens, William K., "
2770:, accessed 19 Jun 2018
2338:Cover of Huánuco Pampa
2271:
2176:
2039:
1958:were the residents of
1951:
1869:
1786:
1774:
1740:
1679:
1616:archaeological culture
1607:
1569:
1519:
1454:
1321:about 8000 BCE by the
1314:
1227:
1219:
1180:
1138:
1107:
978:
886:Constitutional history
69:"Andean civilizations"
5975:European colonization
5509:List of Conquistadors
5396:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
4807:Quebrada de Humahuaca
4226:Caddoan Mississippian
3834:Regions and provinces
3530:Peru Cultural Society
3436:Prescott, William H.
3429:Prescott, William H.
2266:
2164:
2056:pre-Columbian America
2033:
1945:
1901:Tiwanaku Municipality
1863:
1769:
1738:
1673:
1614:(also Nasca) was the
1598:
1559:
1517:
1452:
1308:
1225:
1217:
1175:
1136:
1102:
976:
805:Moderate civil reform
785:Aristocratic Republic
695:Ancient civilizations
225:Age of the human race
6277:Andean civilizations
5693:Solutrean hypothesis
5476:Francisco de Montejo
5404:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
4517:Andean civilizations
4444:Shaft tomb tradition
3749:World Heritage Sites
3522:Civilizations portal
3378:Malpass, Michael A.
2851:Current Anthropology
2731:, 40(1), pp. 148–149
2712:Current Anthropology
2386:History of Argentina
2189:Muisca Confederation
2151:Muisca Confederation
2068:last Inca stronghold
1948:caballitos de totora
1827:, and Cerro Baul in
1479:Sacred City of Caral
1422:vertical archipelago
1272:animals for adults.
985:were South American
983:Andean civilizations
725:Protectorate of Peru
54:improve this article
6074:Trinidad and Tobago
5442:Manco Inca Yupanqui
4747:Manteño-Huancavilca
4216:Ancestral Puebloans
3632:War of Independence
3167:National Geographic
3162:Genographic Project
2519:2001Sci...292..723S
2401:History of Colombia
2259:Timoto–Cuica people
2203:at the time of the
2046:, or Incan Empire (
1927:Historical cultures
1909:Pedro Cieza de León
1821:Northern Wari ruins
1620:Rio Grande de Nazca
1530:and thrived on the
1493:, and predated the
876:Demographic history
842:By political entity
775:Peruvian Resistance
755:Chincha Islands War
720:Foundational Period
300:Classical antiquity
18:Andean civilization
6234:In popular culture
5985:Columbian exchange
5980:Population history
5711:Mythology/Religion
5565:Columbian exchange
5555:Portal:Mesoamerica
4707:La Tolita (Tumaco)
4522:Indigenous peoples
4261:Hopewell tradition
4188:Indigenous peoples
3898:Telecommunications
3642:War of the Pacific
3301:Conrad, Geoffery.
3286:Burger, Richard L.
3260:2011-09-04 at the
3216:Terence D'Altroy,
3041:Andean Archaeology
2840:, October 31, 1989
2837:The New York Times
2780:Moseley, Michael.
2692:on August 18, 2017
2486:www.britannica.com
2406:History of Ecuador
2391:History of Bolivia
2286:region of western
2272:
2177:
2123:Las Ánimas culture
2040:
2038:built by the Incas
1976:Topa Inca Yupanqui
1952:
1870:
1775:
1741:
1731:Chachapoya culture
1680:
1678:from about 300 CE.
1608:
1570:
1560:Chavín Gold Crown
1520:
1467:Norte Chico region
1455:
1418:selective breeding
1315:
1228:
1220:
1181:
1139:
1130:in the highlands.
1108:
979:
800:Odría Dictatorship
770:Occupation of Lima
765:Occupation of Peru
760:War of the Pacific
690:Pre-Columbian Peru
6264:
6263:
6165:
6164:
5961:
5960:
5884:
5883:
5854:
5853:
5673:Pre-Columbian era
5620:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5590:Pre-Columbian art
5526:
5525:
5520:Francisco Pizarro
5486:Pedro de Alvarado
4802:Pucará de Tilcara
4120:
4119:
4080:
4079:
3969:List of Peruvians
3916:
3915:
3842:
3841:
3829:Political parties
3795:Foreign relations
3757:
3756:
3691:
3690:
3657:Internal conflict
3647:Colombia–Peru War
3503:Chapter 3 and ss.
3498:978-0-8061-6150-1
3431:Conquest of Peru.
3373:978-0-7432-6049-7
3363:MacQuarrie, Kim.
3335:Eeckhout, Peter.
3135:978-0-470-18986-3
3100:978-0-387-95310-6
3071:978-1-55786-183-2
3026:978-0-395-87274-1
2992:on 7 October 2011
2913:, pp. 27–35.
2884:978-0-631-17677-0
2817:978-0-8465-4800-3
2686:Buckhorn Llama Co
2641:978-0-393-33301-5
2588:978-0-500-28277-9
2513:(5517): 723–726.
2319:Colombian cuisine
2269:Mérida, Venezuela
2199:, in name of the
2064:Inca civilization
1893:La Paz Department
1823:near the city of
1622:drainage and the
1603:, created by the
1579:Chavin de Huantar
1528:Las Vegas culture
1491:Egyptian pyramids
1323:Las Vegas culture
1255:Caral/Norte Chico
1120:Andean preceramic
1116:Isthmus of Panama
991:indigenous people
987:complex societies
971:
970:
825:Internal conflict
647:
646:
599:
598:
591:Political history
216:
204:
174:
170:Pleistocene epoch
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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5640:
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5605:
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5492:Spanish Conquest
5467:Spanish Conquest
5456:Spanish Conquest
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3853:
3768:
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3662:Political crisis
3615:Spanish conquest
3605:Ancient cultures
3593:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3546:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3502:
3453:Reinhard, Johan
3426:
3410:
3401:Mann, Charles. C
3326:Dobyns, Henry F.
3268:
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3245:
3227:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3169:. Archived from
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3147:
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3082:
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2751:
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2738:
2732:
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2719:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2688:. Archived from
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2655:Hirst, K. Kris.
2652:
2646:
2645:
2627:
2621:
2615:
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2599:
2593:
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2574:
2568:
2553:
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2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2478:
2438:(religious site)
2396:History of Chile
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2300:Chibcha language
1524:Valdivia Culture
1510:Valdivia culture
1197:Kingdom of Cuzco
1163:Tiwanaku Empires
1072:conquerors, the
963:
956:
949:
935:
934:
933:
881:Economic history
745:Military Anarchy
705:Spanish conquest
677:
667:
649:
639:
632:
625:
614:
608:
569:Age of Discovery
476:
244:Earliest records
230:Recorded history
206:
194:
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164:
153:
132:
125:
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114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
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6083:
5997:
5991:
5967:
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5850:
5824:
5786:
5735:
5724:List of deities
5706:
5697:
5656:
5651:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5601:
5594:
5536:
5527:
5517:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5458:
5444:
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5436:
5432:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5413:Quemuenchatocha
5411:
5402:
5398:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5342:
5211:
5120:
5094:
5083:
5030:Human Sacrifice
5027:
5019:Human Sacrifice
5016:
4990:
4963:Mayan Languages
4891:
4503:
4335:
4192:
4173:Genetic history
4156:
4151:
4121:
4116:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4076:
4003:
3979:Public holidays
3912:
3876:
3838:
3753:
3734:Protected areas
3729:Natural regions
3687:
3666:
3582:
3573:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3499:
3481:
3467:Sullivan, L.E.
3423:
3399:
3280:Besom, Thomas.
3277:
3275:Further reading
3272:
3271:
3262:Wayback Machine
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1970:of present-day
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1866:Gate of the Sun
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1856:Tiwanaku Empire
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3508:External links
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3449:978-1005592318
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3422:978-1400040063
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3349:Hyslop, John.
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2247:Eastern Ranges
2201:Spanish Empire
2174:Guatavita Lake
2149:Main article:
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2139:Calchaquí Wars
2135:Spanish Empire
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1972:Trujillo, Peru
1950:(1100–1400 CE)
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1791:Middle Horizon
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1650:Nazca Province
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1574:Chavín culture
1564:1200–300 BCE (
1552:Chavín culture
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1143:Chavín culture
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5278:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4509:South America
4506:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4331:Weeden Island
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Poverty Point
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4271:Mississippian
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4198:North America
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Paleo-Indians
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3474:Steele, P.R.
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:0-292-73852-8
3356:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:1-931010-21-8
3315:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3241:9780521116343
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3173:on 2011-07-05
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3007:
3004:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:the same name
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:D'Altroy 2003
2907:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2788:on 2015-08-18
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Muisca people
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1988:Moche culture
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:Lake Titicaca
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:Pre-Columbian
1874:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1844:Lake Titicaca
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1666:Moche culture
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Nazca culture
1606:
1605:Nazca culture
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:Nazca culture
1584:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:pre-Columbian
1460:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:chile peppers
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Tahuantinsuyu
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:Nazca culture
1148:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1023:Pacific Ocean
1020:
1019:civilizations
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
975:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
945:
944:
942:
941:
938:
928:
927:
920:
917:
915:
914:Years in Peru
912:
910:
907:
906:
900:
899:
892:
891:Peruvian wars
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
867:
866:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
839:
838:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:By chronology
681:
680:
676:
672:
671:
668:
661:
656:
650:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
620:
618:
617:
611:
605:
604:
592:
589:
587:
584:
580:
579:Postmodernity
577:
576:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
564:
563:
558:
551:
548:
547:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
509:
508:South America
506:
504:
503:North America
501:
499:
496:
495:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
478:
477:
472:
467:
466:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
447:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
428:
425:
424:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
390:
387:
386:
382:
381:Postclassical
377:
376:
368:
365:
364:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
326:
325:South America
323:
321:
320:North America
318:
316:
313:
312:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
264:
263:
255:
254:Proto-writing
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
235:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
214:
210:
203:
202:
198:
192:
189:
188:
184:
179:
178:
173:
172:
171:
160:
156:
150:
149:
146:
145:Human history
142:
138:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6253:
6246:
5968:colonization
5897:
5772:The red road
5762:Medicine man
5757:Great Spirit
5600:
5533:
5383:Moctezuma II
5340:Inca history
5265:Andean Music
5209:Architecture
5204:Architecture
5199:Architecture
5194:Architecture
5190:Architecture
5184:Gender Roles
4929:Tenochtitlan
4852:Timoto–Cuica
4847:Tierradentro
4632:Casma–Sechin
4516:
4364:Chalcatzingo
4047:Machu Picchu
4017:Architecture
3974:Prostitution
3944:Demographics
3865:Central Bank
3800:Human rights
3780:Constitution
3604:
3487:
3483:Ward, Thomas
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3437:
3430:
3406:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3364:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3328:and Paul L.
3309:
3308:Curl, John.
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3264:
3255:"Venezuela."
3250:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3175:. Retrieved
3171:the original
3160:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3116:
3109:
3086:
3080:
3057:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3014:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2980:
2969:. Retrieved
2951:
2935:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2869:
2862:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2826:
2807:
2801:
2790:. Retrieved
2786:the original
2775:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2729:Ethnohistory
2728:
2723:
2711:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2685:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:
2650:
2631:
2625:
2620:, p. 5.
2602:
2597:
2578:
2572:
2556:
2551:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:
2476:
2304:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2253:Timoto-Cuica
2236:
2229:Cundinamarca
2222:
2212:
2178:
2165:
2116:
2083:, northwest
2052:Tawantinsuyu
2051:
2041:
2036:Machu Picchu
2003:
1980:
1968:Moche Valley
1953:
1920:
1871:
1839:
1832:
1802:
1776:
1758:Wari culture
1742:
1711:
1681:
1643:
1609:
1599:The Condor,
1571:
1521:
1495:Mesoamerican
1456:
1391:
1327:
1316:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1259:
1240:
1229:
1201:
1182:
1177:Machu Picchu
1140:
1109:
1082:Timoto Cuica
1067:
1036:
982:
980:
919:Coups d'état
715:Independence
694:
613:
488:Contemporary
483:Early modern
324:
249:Protohistory
201:Contemporary
195:
168:
167:
163:
116:
110:October 2022
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6287:Hill people
6177:Ethnobotany
6034:El Salvador
5936:Visual arts
5805:Cosmovision
5791:Mesoamerica
5752:Fifth World
5718:Mythologies
5683:Archaeology
5661:Pre-history
5446:Túpac Amaru
5430:Manco Cápac
5379:Moctezuma I
5290:Agriculture
5285:Agriculture
5280:Agriculture
5271:Agriculture
5214:Road System
5103:Mathematics
4968:Muysc Cubun
4822:San Agustín
4772:Monte Verde
4449:Teotihuacan
4341:Mesoamerica
4236:Coles Creek
4221:Anishinaabe
4178:Archaeology
3883:Electricity
3860:Agriculture
3817:enforcement
3719:Earthquakes
3678:Demographic
3627:Viceroyalty
3610:Inca Empire
3321:Inca Poetry
3294:Cobo, F.B.
2923:McEwan 2006
2618:McEwan 2006
2457:Kogi people
2436:Pambokancha
2431:Guaman Poma
2170:Muisca raft
2131:Inca Empire
2087:, northern
2044:Inca Empire
2026:Inca Empire
2020:Inca Empire
2014:Inca Empire
1885:Inca Empire
1762:Wari Empire
1725:Chachapoyas
1696:iconography
1642:, known as
1636:Nazca lines
1601:Nazca Lines
1532:Santa Elena
1487:Mesopotamia
1394:Middle East
1387:guinea pigs
1301:Agriculture
1251:Wari Empire
1063:road system
740:Restoration
710:Viceroyalty
700:Inca Empire
664:History of
455:Renaissance
6271:Categories
6219:Philosophy
6024:Costa Rica
5998:by country
5829:Variations
5820:World tree
5777:Totem pole
5747:Arborglyph
5417:Tisquesusa
5391:Cuauhtémoc
5387:Cuitláhuac
4717:Lauricocha
4687:Gran Chaco
4677:Cupisnique
4662:Chinchorro
4637:Chachapoya
4627:Caral–Supe
4469:Tlaxcaltec
4459:Teuchitlán
4374:Chupícuaro
4301:Plum Bayou
4296:Plaquemine
4266:Marksville
4231:Chichimeca
4042:Literature
3959:Irrigation
3877:(currency)
3790:Government
3775:Censorship
3220:, pp. 2–3.
3177:2009-08-09
3124:. p.
2996:12 October
2971:2011-06-09
2942:region of
2792:2008-06-13
2696:August 23,
2666:August 23,
2565:0804715165
2491:2023-07-31
2468:References
2315:Venezuelan
2155:See also:
1833:Pikillaqta
1817:Wari Ruins
1718:irrigation
1700:monumental
1654:Ica Region
1624:Ica Valley
1432:See also:
1375:pineapples
1285:axe-monies
1210:Uniqueness
586:Futurology
527:South Asia
427:South Asia
344:South Asia
281:Bronze Age
276:Copper Age
234:Common Era
209:10,000 BCE
155:Prehistory
80:newspapers
6214:Movements
6209:Languages
6157:Venezuela
6102:Argentina
6064:Nicaragua
6044:Guatemala
6039:Greenland
5731:Religions
5438:Atahualpa
5434:Pachacuti
5409:Nemequene
5275:Chinampas
5097:Astronomy
5086:Astronomy
5066:Mythology
5061:Mythology
5056:Mythology
5051:Mythology
5047:Mythology
4877:Wankarani
4867:Tuncahuán
4757:Marajoara
4712:Las Vegas
4598:Atacameño
4494:Xochipala
4434:Purépecha
4394:Epi-Olmec
4384:Cuicuilco
4326:Troyville
4316:St. Johns
3989:Squatting
3964:Languages
3949:Education
3908:Transport
3870:Companies
3785:Elections
3724:Mountains
3697:Geography
3637:Guano Era
3218:The Incas
2870:The Incas
2661:ThoughtCo
2288:Venezuela
2141:in 1665.
2127:Calchaquí
2101:Old World
2085:Argentina
2016:in 1477.
2006:Altiplano
1964:Chan Chan
1921:taypiqala
1913:Qullasuyu
1789:) were a
1640:aqueducts
1632:geoglyphs
1290:Spondylus
1243:Old World
1055:chocolate
1015:Argentina
750:Guano Era
574:Modernity
541:West Asia
522:East Asia
441:West Asia
418:East Asia
358:West Asia
339:East Asia
295:Axial Age
197:Neolithic
191:Timelines
159:Stone Age
6248:Category
6204:Identity
6187:Iroquois
6182:Cherokee
6147:Suriname
6137:Paraguay
6122:Colombia
6049:Honduras
6029:Dominica
5966:European
5941:Painting
5903:Colombia
5815:Religion
5810:Creation
5688:Genetics
5534:See also
5452:Conquest
5425:Zoratama
5092:Calendar
5081:Calendar
5076:Calendar
5072:Calendar
5041:Religion
5036:Religion
5025:Religion
5014:Religion
5010:Religion
4999:Numerals
4993:Numerals
4954:Language
4934:Multiple
4872:Valdivia
4857:Tiwanaku
4817:Saladoid
4812:Quimbaya
4702:Kuhikugu
4682:Diaguita
4672:Chorrera
4489:Veraguas
4484:Veracruz
4464:Tlatilco
4276:Mogollon
4183:Cultures
4161:Americas
4107:Category
4062:Religion
3984:Religion
3934:Abortion
3893:Taxation
3824:Military
3763:Politics
3744:Wildlife
3683:Economic
3671:By topic
3597:Timeline
3580:articles
3485:(2018).
3403:(2005).
3258:Archived
3141:9 August
3122:Frommers
3091:Springer
3056:(1993).
2965:Archived
2543:10172918
2535:11326098
2380:See also
2278:and the
2243:Colombia
2205:conquest
2193:Colombia
2183:was the
2133:and the
2119:Diaguita
2113:Diaguita
2107:Diaguita
2093:Colombia
2034:View of
1873:Tiwanaku
1850:Tiwanaku
1840:en route
1829:Moquegua
1825:Chiclayo
1813:Ayacucho
1704:ceramics
1536:Valdivia
1504:Valdivia
1355:tomatoes
1347:potatoes
1039:potatoes
999:Colombia
989:of many
909:Timeline
903:See also
870:By topic
655:a series
653:Part of
560:See also
404:Americas
389:Timeline
286:Iron Age
183:Holocene
137:a series
135:Part of
6224:Studies
6152:Uruguay
6127:Ecuador
6107:Bolivia
6054:Jamaica
5953:Writers
5948:Artists
5908:Ecuador
5890:Culture
5871:Mapuche
5421:Tundama
5350:Peoples
5335:History
5330:History
5325:History
5321:History
5315:Cuisine
5310:Cuisine
5305:Cuisine
5300:Cuisine
5296:Cuisine
5154:Warfare
5149:Warfare
5144:Warfare
5140:Warfare
5134:Society
5129:Economy
5118:Society
5113:Society
5109:Society
4979:Writing
4973:Quechua
4958:Nahuatl
4925:Capital
4862:Toyopán
4842:Tairona
4752:Mapuche
4667:Chiripa
4642:Chancay
4613:Cañaris
4588:Amotape
4583:El Abra
4499:Zapotec
4479:Totonac
4454:Tepanec
4439:Quelepa
4409:Mezcala
4399:Huastec
4369:Cholula
4359:Capacha
4354:Acolhua
4311:Sinagua
4286:Patayan
4256:Hohokam
4246:Fremont
4091:Outline
4072:Symbols
4032:Cuisine
4009:Culture
3922:Society
3903:Tourism
3848:Economy
3714:Climate
3588:History
2940:Chilean
2515:Bibcode
2507:Science
2325:Gallery
2307:ullucos
2294:of the
2276:Timotes
2185:Chibcha
2099:of the
2097:empires
2081:Bolivia
2077:Ecuador
2048:Quechua
1891:in the
1881:Bolivia
1783:Spanish
1652:in the
1645:puquios
1568:, Lima)
1540:Ecuador
1379:peanuts
1371:tobacco
1311:andenes
1295:Ecuador
1266:plowing
1218:A quipu
1089:History
1070:Spanish
1047:peanuts
1043:peppers
1003:Ecuador
517:Oceania
413:Oceania
334:Oceania
268:Ancient
213:Present
94:scholar
6255:Portal
6192:Navajo
6132:Guyana
6112:Brazil
6069:Panama
6059:Mexico
6019:Canada
6014:Belize
5876:Muisca
5798:Common
5364:Muisca
5359:Mayans
5354:Aztecs
4988:Script
4983:Script
4943:Bacatá
4914:Muisca
4797:Pucará
4792:Piaroa
4787:Paiján
4782:Omagua
4737:Lupaca
4732:Lokono
4697:Kalina
4692:Huetar
4652:Chavín
4647:Chango
4622:Nariño
4618:Capulí
4608:Calima
4603:Aymara
4593:Arawak
4474:Toltec
4424:Olmecs
4419:Nicoya
4414:Mixtec
4389:Diquis
4291:Picosa
4281:Oshara
4251:Glades
4241:Dorset
4112:Portal
4027:Cinema
3954:Health
3739:Rivers
3709:Cities
3578:
3495:
3447:
3419:
3371:
3357:
3316:
3238:
3132:
3097:
3068:
3023:
2961:UNESCO
2936:et al.
2881:
2814:
2638:
2585:
2563:
2541:
2533:
2284:Andean
2280:Cuicas
2233:Boyacá
2219:Bacatá
2217:; and
2181:Muisca
2145:Muisca
2125:. The
2073:Andean
2062:. The
1960:Chimor
1938:Chimor
1917:Aymara
1905:La Paz
1799:ethnic
1746:Kuelap
1716:) and
1713:huacas
1676:Condor
1546:Chavín
1410:cattle
1406:horses
1402:barley
1363:cotton
1351:quinoa
1339:Europe
1335:Mexico
1319:squash
1270:riding
1268:or as
1167:Chimor
1105:Aspero
1057:, and
1051:manioc
1025:. The
657:on the
610:Future
550:Europe
498:Africa
471:Modern
450:Europe
399:Africa
367:Europe
315:Africa
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6229:Trade
6117:Chile
5931:Music
5898:Andes
5846:Olmec
5836:Aztec
5369:Incas
5260:Music
5255:Music
5250:Music
5246:Music
5179:Women
5174:Women
5169:Women
5165:Women
5123:Trade
5004:Quipu
4948:Cusco
4939:Hunza
4904:Aztec
4837:Taíno
4832:Sican
4827:Shuar
4777:Nazca
4767:Mollo
4762:Moche
4742:Luzia
4657:Chimú
4429:Pipil
4404:Izapa
4379:Coclé
4321:Thule
4211:Adena
4098:Index
4067:Sport
4057:Music
4052:Media
4037:Llama
3939:Crime
3413:Knopf
2875:28–32
2855:JSTOR
2834:,"
2716:JSTOR
2539:S2CID
2311:arepa
2296:Andes
2214:zaque
2209:Hunza
2168:(The
2089:Chile
2060:Cusco
1956:Chimú
1932:Chimú
1919:term
1864:The "
1837:Cuzco
1804:Wari'
1795:Andes
1787:Huari
1772:Cusco
1688:Chimu
1684:Moche
1660:Moche
1585:Nazca
1498:Olmec
1483:Sumer
1439:Caral
1414:andén
1398:wheat
1383:beans
1331:Maize
1278:lomas
1262:llama
1247:quipu
1193:Cuzco
1185:Incas
1155:Moche
1078:Cusco
1074:Incas
1011:Chile
1001:, to
995:Andes
101:JSTOR
87:books
6197:Zuni
6142:Peru
6093:list
5913:Peru
5866:Inca
5841:Maya
5159:Army
4941:and
4919:Inca
4909:Maya
4887:Zenú
4882:Wari
4727:Lima
3875:Sol
3805:LGBT
3576:Peru
3493:ISBN
3445:ISBN
3417:ISBN
3369:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3298:1609
3236:ISBN
3143:2009
3130:ISBN
3095:ISBN
3066:ISBN
3021:ISBN
2998:2011
2879:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2698:2017
2668:2017
2636:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2531:PMID
2447:Tumi
2317:and
2231:and
2224:zipa
2179:The
2117:The
2042:The
1954:The
1809:Wari
1779:Wari
1777:The
1760:and
1752:Wari
1708:gold
1698:and
1682:The
1610:The
1572:The
1522:The
1471:Peru
1457:The
1408:and
1400:and
1367:coca
1343:Asia
1341:and
1161:and
1159:Wari
1059:coca
1007:Peru
1005:and
981:The
666:Peru
73:news
5923:Art
5240:Art
5235:Art
5230:Art
5225:Art
5221:Art
4022:Art
3812:Law
3126:266
2523:doi
2511:292
2245:'s
1842:to
1485:in
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