Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition

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such comrades one should be able to manage under, I may say, any circumstances." Strindberg's briefer diary entries indicate that on October 5 the party landed on the island. Strindberg then wrote "Snowstorm reconnaissance" on October 6 and what appeared to be the single word "Moving" on October 7. Later scientific analysis revealed the contents of the final pages of Andrée's diary, with its last entry on October 8 reading: "It feels fine to be able to sleep here on fast land as a contrast with the drifting ice out upon the ocean where we constantly heard the cracking, grinding, and din. We shall have to gather driftwood and bones of whales and will have to do some moving around when the weather permits." It is inferred from the end of Strindberg's diary on October 7 and Andreé's on October 8 that the three men died shortly afterwards.

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shortly thereafter in the tent, wearing no mittens and shoes. Andree, having buried Strindberg and finding himself trapped alone on the island, unable to leave by himself, then possibly decided to commit suicide via morphine. This theory on Andree's cause of death is supported by the fact that his remains were found in a semi-upright position against a rock, a situation unlikely to have been caused by polar bears, rifle by his side. In addition, nearly emptied morphine bottles were found on the site, as well as Andree's diary neatly wrapped with a sweater, hay and balloon cloth, indicating that he perhaps wanted it to be preserved as a last measure in case someone would later find it.

447: 539:(1967), have speculated that he had by this time become the prisoner of his own successful fundraising campaign. The sponsors and the media followed every delay and reported on every setback, and were clamoring for results. Andrée, Strindberg, and Ekholm had been seen off by cheering crowds in Stockholm and Gothenburg, and now all the expectations were coming to nothing with the long wait for southerly winds at Danes Island. Especially pointed was the contrast between Nansen's simultaneous return, covered in polar glory from his daring yet well-planned three year Arctic 818:

reports of possible findings. An extensive archive of American newspaper reports from the first few years, 1896–1899, titled "The Mystery of Andree", shows a much richer media interest in the expedition after it disappeared than before. A great variety of fates are suggested for it, inspired by finds, or reported finds, of remnants of what might be a balloon basket or great amounts of balloon silk, or by stories of men falling from the sky, or visions by psychics, all of which would typically locate the stranded balloon far from Danes Island and Svalbard.

597:, holder of press rights to the expedition. The large support team cut away the last ropes holding the balloon and it rose slowly. Moving out low over the water, it was pulled so far down by the friction of the several-hundred-meter-long drag ropes against the ground as to dip the basket into the water. The friction also twisted the ropes around, detaching them from their screw holds. These holds were a new safety feature that Andrée had reluctantly been persuaded to add, whereby ropes that got caught on the ground could be more easily dropped. 634:, were intended to be dropped from the balloon into the water or onto the ice, to be carried to civilization by the currents. Only two buoy messages have ever been found. One was dispatched by Andrée on 11 July, a few hours after takeoff, and reads: "Our journey goes well so far. We sail at an altitude of about 250 m (820 ft), at first N 10° east, but later N 45° east Weather delightful. Spirits high." The second was dropped an hour later and gave the height as 600 metres (2,000 ft). 641:

pigeons, but only one was ever retrieved, by a Norwegian steamer where the pigeon had alighted and been promptly shot. Its message is dated 13 July and gives the travel direction at that point as East by 10° South. The message reads: "The Andree Polar Expedition to the 'Aftonbladet', Stockholm. 13 July, 12.30 p.m., 82 deg. north latitude, 15 deg. 5 min. east longitude. Good journey eastwards, 10 deg. south. All goes well on board. This is the third message sent by pigeon. Andree."

1057: 877:, found the remains of the Andrée expedition on 5 August 1930. Kvitøya was usually inaccessible to the sealing or whaling ships of the time, as it is typically surrounded by a wide belt of thick polar ice and often hidden by thick ice fogs. However, summer in 1930 had been particularly warm, and the surrounding sea was practically free of ice. As Kvitøya was known to be a prime hunting ground for walrus and the fogs over the island on that day were comparatively thin, some of the crew of 758:

after all, become necessary. There was, therefore, less ballast and large amounts of heavy-type provisions, 767 kilograms (1,691 lb) altogether, including 200 litres (44 imp gal; 53 US gal) of water and some crates of champagne, port, beer, etc., donated by sponsors and manufacturers. There was also lemon juice, though not as much of this precaution against scurvy as other polar explorers usually thought necessary. Much of the food was in the form of cans of

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scheduled for summer 1897, unless a stronger, better-sealed balloon was bought. Andrée resisted Ekholm's criticisms to the point of deception. On the boat back from Svalbard, Ekholm learned from the chief engineer of the hydrogen plant the explanation of some anomalies he had noticed in his measurements: Andrée had from time to time secretly ordered extra topping-up of the hydrogen in the balloon. Andrée's motives for such self-destructive behavior are not known.

781:"Paradise!" wrote Andrée. "Large even ice floes with pools of sweet drinking water and here and there a tender-fleshed young polar bear!" They made fair headway at first, but the wind turned and they were again being pushed backward, away from Sjuøyane. The wind varied between southwest and northwest over the coming weeks; they tried in vain to overcome this by turning more and more westward, but it was becoming clear that Sjuøyane was out of their reach. 329:

particularly well adapted for a region where the ground, consisting of ice, was "low in friction and free of vegetation". He said that the minimal precipitation in the area posed no threat of weighing down the balloon. If some rain or snow did fall on the balloon, Andrée argued, "precipitation at above-zero temperatures will melt, and precipitation at below-zero temperatures will blow off, for the balloon will be traveling more slowly than the wind."

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after a long discussion, to aim instead for Sjuøyane in the southwest instead, hoping to reach the depot there after a six- to seven-week march, with the help of the current. The terrain in that direction was mostly extremely difficult, sometimes necessitating a crawl on all fours, but there was occasional relief in the form of open water—the little boat was apparently a functional and safe conveyance—and smooth, flat ice floes.

508: 806: 726:. They wore the oilskins but the explorers reported always seeming to be damp or wet from the half-frozen pools of water on the ice and the typically foggy, humid Arctic summer air, and preoccupied with drying their clothes, mainly by wearing them. It would have meant certain death to lose the provisions lashed to one of the cumbersome sleds into one of the many channels that had to be laboriously crossed. 615: 2690: 681: 575: 317: 22: 774:

This was not practical, as it broke the sleds and wore out the men. After one week, they sorted out and left behind a big pile of food and non-essential equipment, bringing the loads down to 130 kilograms (290 lb) per sled. It became more necessary than ever to hunt for food. They shot and ate seals, walruses, and especially polar bears throughout the march.

645: 785: 730: 766: 375:, "and it is supposed, both by the Parisian experts and by the Swedish scientists who have been assisting M. Andree, that the question of a sustained flight, in this case, will be very satisfactorily answered by the character of the balloon, by its careful guidance and, providing it gets into a Polar current of air, by the elements themselves." 249: 953:

clues in the diet, for telltale complaints of symptoms, and for suggestive details at the death site. They agree on many particulars. For instance, the explorers are known to have eaten mainly scanty amounts of canned and dry goods from the balloon stores, plus huge portions of half-cooked meat of polar bears and occasionally seals.

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valuable equipment and stores outside the tent, and even down by the water's edge, as if they were too exhausted, indifferent, or ill to carry it further. Strindberg, the youngest, died first. He was "buried" (wedged into a cliff aperture) by the others. However, the interpretation of these observations is contested.

500:, until the expedition had to pack up, let the hydrogen out of the balloon, and go home. It is now known that northerly winds are to be expected at Danes Island; but in the late-19th century, information on Arctic airflow and precipitation existed only as contested academic hypotheses. Even Ekholm, an Arctic 1071:—was generally and reverentially used in speaking of him, and expressed high esteem for the late 19th-century ideal of the engineer as a representative of social improvement through technological progress. The three explorers were fêted when they departed and mourned by the nation when they disappeared. 1125:

in Stockholm, Strindberg's former workplace. In his article, "Recovering the visual history of the Andrée expedition" (2004), Tyrone Martinsson has lamented the traditional focus by previous researchers on the written records—the diaries—as primary sources of information; he renewed his claim for the

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Appreciation of Strindberg's role seems to be growing, both for the fortitude with which the untrained and unprepared student kept photographing, in what must have been a more or less permanent state of near-collapse from exhaustion and exposure, and for the artistic quality of the result. Out of the

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Sundman portrays Andrée as the victim of the demands of the Swedish media and establishment, and as ultimately motivated by fear rather than courage. Sundman's interpretation of the personalities involved, the blind spots of the Swedish national culture, and the role of the press are reflected in the

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For the next 33 years, the fate of the expedition was shrouded in mystery, and its disappearance became part of the cultural lore in Sweden and to a certain extent elsewhere. It was actively sought for a couple of years and remained the subject of myth and rumor, with frequent international newspaper

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However, the floe began to break up directly under the hut on 2 October, from the stresses of pressing against Kvitøya, and they were forced to bring their stores on to the island itself, which took a couple of days. Despite these difficulties, Andrée recorded in his diary, "Morale remains good. With

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Before starting the march, the three men spent a week in a tent at the crash site, packing up and making decisions about what and how much to bring and where to go. The far-off North Pole was discounted as an option; the choice lay between two depots of food and ammunition laid down for their safety,

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Lundström and others note that all three messages fail to mention the accident at takeoff, or the increasingly desperate situation, which Andrée described fully in his main diary. The balloon was out of equilibrium, sailing much too high and thereby losing hydrogen faster than even Ekholm had feared,

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Returning to Danes Island in the summer of 1897, the expedition found that the balloon hangar built the year before had weathered the winter storms well. The winds were more favorable, too. Andrée had strengthened his leadership position by replacing the older and critical Ekholm, an authority in his

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from the north of Sweden, an athlete who was fond of long mountain hikes. He was enrolled specifically to take over Ekholm's meteorological observations. Despite lacking Ekholm's theoretical and scientific knowledge, he handled this task efficiently. His meteorological journal has enabled researchers

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This notion is rejected by modern balloonists; the Swedish Ballooning Association maintains that Andrée's belief that he had deviated from the wind was mistaken, being misled by inexpertise and a surfeit of enthusiasm in an environment of variable winds and poor visibility. Use of drag ropes—prone to

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The Andrée diaries being the diaries and records of S. A. Andrée, Nils Strindberg and Knut Fraenkel written during their balloon expedition to the North Pole in 1897 and discovered on White Island in 1930, together with a complete record of the expedition and discovery; with 103 illustr. and 6 maps,

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killed the expedition members. After examining the men's clothes, finding what was most likely rips from polar bears in Strindberg's preserved underpants (which he wore while being buried and which were subsequently salvaged in 1930), she concluded that at least Strindberg was killed by polar bears.

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from eating polar bear liver; however, the diary shows Andrée to have been aware of this danger. Vitamin A poisoning from eating seal liver is another theory, mentioned by Bea Uusma, who however rejects it based on the fact that the men killed a large seal on September 19 and never noted any related

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By the time they crashed, they had thrown some of the provisions overboard. The three men took most of the rest with them on leaving the crash site, along with other necessities such as guns, tent, ammunition, and cooking utensils, making a load on each sled of more than 200 kilograms (440 lb).

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had been stocked with safety equipment such as guns, snowshoes, sleds, skis, a tent, a small boat (in the form of a bundle of bent sticks, to be assembled and covered with balloon silk), most of it stored not in the basket but in the storage space arranged above the balloon ring. These items had not

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Special technical solutions had to be designed for the accommodations for three adults to be confined in a small balloon basket for up to 30 days. The sleeping berths for the crew were fitted at the floor of the basket, along with some of the stores and provisions. The highly flammable hydrogen

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When they were found, the explorers were celebrated for the heroism of their doomed two-month struggle to reach populated areas and were seen as having selflessly perished for the ideals of science and progress. The procession carrying their mortal remains from the ships into Stockholm on 5 October

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had lived largely on polar bear meat in exactly the same area for 15 months without any ill effects. Author and physician Bea Uusma notes that the rate of death of trichinosis is only 0.2 percent and that the main symptom – fever – is never noted in any of the men's diaries, also commenting that no

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The balloon had carried a lot of food, of a kind adapted more for a balloon voyage than for travels on foot. Andrée had reasoned that they might as well throw excess food overboard as sand if losing weight was necessary; and if it was not, the food would serve if wintering in the Arctic desert did,

750:. Inferring wrongly from their faulty maps that the distances to each were about equal, they decided to try for the bigger depot at Cape Flora, which was further away. Strindberg took more pictures during this week than he would at any later point, including 12 frames that make up a 360-degree 671:

traveled for two days and three-and-a-half hours altogether, during which time, according to Andrée, none of the three men got any sleep. The final landing appears to have been gentle. Neither the men nor the homing pigeons in their wicker cages were hurt, and none of the equipment was damaged, not

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had supplied the pigeons, bred in northern Norway with the optimistic hope that they would manage to return there, and their message cylinders contained pre-printed instructions in Norwegian asking the finder to pass the messages on to the paper's address in Stockholm. Andrée released at least four

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Most of the ropes unscrewed at once and 530 kilograms (1,170 lb) of rope were lost, while the three explorers could simultaneously be seen to dump 210 kilograms (460 lb) of sand overboard to get the basket clear of the water. 740 kilograms (1,630 lb) of essential weight was thus lost

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Modern writers all agree that Andrée's North Pole scheme was unrealistic. He relied on the winds blowing more or less in the direction he wanted to go, on being able to fine-tune his direction with the drag ropes, on the balloon being sealed tight enough to stay airborne for 30 days, and on no

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This was a team with many useful scientific and technical skills, but lacking any particular physical prowess or training for survival under extreme conditions. All three men were indoor types, and only one, Strindberg, was young. Andrée expected a sedentary voyage in a balloon basket, and strength

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in 1930 without further examination upon being returned to Sweden. The question of what, exactly, caused their deaths has attracted both interest and controversy among scholars. Several medical practitioners and amateur historians have read the extensive diaries with a detective's eye, looking for

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On 12 September, the explorers resigned themselves to wintering on the ice and camped on a large floe, letting the ice take them where it would, "which", writes Kjellström, "it had really been doing all along". Drifting rapidly due south towards Kvitøya, they hurriedly built a winter "home" on the

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The balloon was losing 68 kilograms (150 lb) of lift force per day. Taking into account its heavy load, Ekholm estimated that it would be able to stay airborne for 17 days at most, not 30. When it was time to go home, he warned Andrée that he would not take part in the next attempt,

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In Uusma's award-winning book about the expedition, partly based on her own new research (including analysis of a rarely seen autopsy report from 1930), she puts forth the theory that Strindberg was attacked and killed by a polar bear, which possibly also injured Frænkel, who appears to have died

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The explorers frequently suffered from foot pains and diarrhea, and were always tired, cold, and wet. After September 10, Andree's diary entries, formerly made daily, grew more sporadic, and his penmanship deteriorated. When the three men moved on to Kvitøya from the ice, they left much of their

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On the other hand, Ekholm was skeptical of the balloon's ability to retain hydrogen, from his own measurements. His buoyancy checks in the summer of 1896, during the process of producing the hydrogen and pumping it into the balloon, convinced him that the balloon leaked too much to ever reach the

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Starting out for Franz Josef Land to the south-east on 22 July, the three soon found that their struggle across the ice, which had ridges two stories high, was hardly bringing the goal any nearer: the drift of the ice was in the opposite direction, moving them backward. On 4 August they decided,

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Andrée and Frænkel also kept meticulous records of their experiences and geographical positions, Andrée in his "main diary", Frænkel in his meteorological journal. Strindberg's own stenographic diary was more personal in content, and included his general reflections on the expedition, as well as

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craft to travel at the same speed as the wind, a situation that makes steering by sails impossible. The friction of the ropes was intended to slow the balloon to the point where the sails would have an effect (beyond that of making the balloon rotate on its axis). Andrée reported, and presumably

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Faith in the experts and in science was common in the popular press, but with international attention came also for the first time informed criticism. Andrée being Sweden's first balloonist, no one had the requisite knowledge to second-guess him about buoyancy or drag-ropes; but both France and

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would enable observations round the clock, halving the voyage time required, and do away with all need for anchoring at night, which might otherwise be a dangerous business. Neither would the balloon's buoyancy be adversely affected by the cold of the night. The drag-rope steering technique was

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had. After photographing the area, they searched for and found Frænkel's body, and additional artifacts, including a tin box containing Strindberg's photographic film, his logbook, and maps. The crews of both ships turned over their finds to a scientific commission of the Swedish and Norwegian

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of the Arctic, who were portrayed by newspapers as uncomprehending savages who had killed the three men or showed a deadly indifference to their plight. These speculations were refuted in 1930, upon the discovery of the expedition's final resting place on Kvitøya by the crews of two ships, the

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From the moment the three were grounded on 14 July, Strindberg's highly specialized cartographic camera, which had been brought to map the region from the air, became instead a means of recording daily life in the icescape and the constant danger and drudgery of the trek. Strindberg took about

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Kjellström argues that Tryde never takes the nature of the explorers' daily life into account, and especially the crowning blow of the ice breaking up under their promisingly mobile home, forcing them to move onto a glacier island. "Posterity has expressed surprise that they died on Kvitøya,

549:, and Andrée's failure even to launch his own much-hyped conveyance. Sundman theorizes that Andrée could not face letting the press report that he did not know the prevailing wind direction, and had also miscalculated in ordering the balloon, and needed a new one to rectify his error. 230:

flights, Andrée tested and tried out the drag-rope steering technique which he had developed and wanted to use on his projected North Pole expedition. Drag ropes, which hang from the balloon basket and drag part of their length on the ground, are designed to counteract the tendency of

105:(White Island) in Svalbard and died there. For 33 years the fate of the expedition remained one of the unsolved riddles of the Arctic. The chance discovery in 1930 of the expedition's last camp created a media sensation in Sweden, where the dead men had been mourned and idolized. 78:

Andrée ignored many early signs of the dangers associated with his balloon plan. Being able to steer the balloon to some extent was essential for a safe journey, but there was much evidence that the drag-rope steering technique he had invented was ineffective. Worse, the polar balloon

481:, a brilliant student who was doing original research in physics and chemistry. The main scientific purpose of the expedition was to map the area by means of aerial photography, and Strindberg was both a devoted amateur photographer and a skilled constructor of advanced cameras. 438:—designed by a friend of Andrée's—that could be dangled eight metres (26 ft) below the crew and then lit from the basket, at a safe distance. An angled mirror attached to the specially designed stove allowed the crew to determine whether it was successfully lit or not. 884:

In search of water two of the sealers, Olav Salen and Karl Tusvick, discovered Andrée's boat near a small stream, frozen under a mound of snow and full of equipment, including a boathook engraved with the words "Andrée's Polar Expedition, 1896". Presented with this hook,

305:-filled for over a year without appreciable loss of buoyancy. As for the hydrogen, filling the balloon at the launch site could easily be done with the help of mobile hydrogen manufacturing units; for the steering he referred to his own drag-rope experiments with 272:. The Swedish political and scientific elite were eager to see Sweden take that lead among the Scandinavian countries which seemed her due, and Andrée, a persuasive speaker and fundraiser, found it easy to gain support for his ideas. At a lecture in 1895 for the 332:

The audience was convinced by Andrée's arguments, so disconnected from the realities of the Arctic summer storms, fogs, high humidity, and the ever-present threat of ice formation on aircraft. The Royal Swedish Academy approved Andrée's expense calculation of

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s captain, Peder Eliassen, assigned the crew to search the site together with the expedition members. Among other finds, they uncovered a journal and two skeletons, identified as Andrée's and Strindberg's remains by monograms found on their clothing.

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Pole, let alone go on to Russia or Canada. The worst leakage came from the approximately eight million tiny stitching holes along the seams, which no amount of glued-on strips of silk or applications of special secret-formula varnish seemed to seal.

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after only two days. The explorers were unhurt but faced a grueling trek back south across the drifting icescape. Inadequately clothed, equipped, and prepared, and shocked by the difficulty of the terrain, they did not make it to safety. As the

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floe against the increasing cold, with walls made of water-reinforced snow to Strindberg's design. Observing the rapidity of their drift, Andrée recorded his hopes that they might get far enough south to feed themselves entirely from the sea.

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On 11 July, in a steady wind from the south-west, the top of the plank hangar was dismantled, the three explorers climbed into the already heavy basket, and Andrée dictated one last-minute telegram to King Oscar and another to the newspaper

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1930, writes Swedish historian Sverker Sörlin, "must be one of the most solemn and grandiose manifestations of national mourning that has ever occurred in Sweden. One of the rare comparable events is the national mourning that followed the

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Andrée's proposed expedition also elicited considerable international interest, and the European and American newspaper-reading public was curious about a project that seemed as modern and scientific as the books of the contemporary author

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The remains of the three explorers are brought straight from the ship through the center of Stockholm on 5 October 1930, beginning "one of the most solemn and grandiose manifestations of national mourning that has ever occurred in

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had kerosene still in the tank when found, and that the primus stove was most likely not located inside the tent. Stefansson argues that they were using a malfunctioning stove, something he had experienced in his own expeditions.

177:, to fetch up in Alaska, Canada, or Russia, and passing near or even right over the North Pole on the way. It was also a period of governmental and popular enthusiasm for exploration, often at the service of imperial expansion. 337:

in all, corresponding in today's money to just under US$ 1 million, of which the single largest sum, 36,000 kronor, was for the balloon. With this endorsement, there was a rush to support Andrée's project, headed by

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had turned from a supposedly steerable craft into an ordinary hydrogen balloon with a few ropes hanging from it, at the mercy of the wind; its crew had no means to direct it to any particular goal and had too little

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been put together with great care, and little attention was paid to existing designs used by societies living in polar regions. In this, Andrée contrasted not only with later but also with many earlier explorers.

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200 photos with his seven-kilogram (15 lb) camera over the course of the three months they spent on the pack ice, one of the most famous being his picture of Andrée and Frænkel contemplating the fallen

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for stability. Lightened, the balloon rose to 700 metres (2,300 ft), an unplanned for height, where the lower air pressure made the hydrogen escape all the faster through the eight million stitching holes.

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left the island to continue its scheduled hunting and observations, with the intent of coming back later to see if the ice had melted further and uncovered more artifacts. Further discoveries were made by M/K

6861: 5331: 982:, which Tryde cites as the main symptomatic evidence, hardly needs an explanation beyond the general poor diet and physical misery, but some more specific symptoms of trichinosis are missing. Also, 2406:, an extensive archive of American daily newspaper articles 1896–1899, from reports of the preparation and the launch to guesswork and rumours about the explorers' fate. Accessed on 5 March 2006. 660:

then repeatedly threatening to crash on the ice. It was weighed down by being rain-soaked ("dripping wet", writes Andrée in the diary), and the men were throwing all the sand and some of the

89:) was delivered directly to Svalbard from its manufacturer in Paris without being tested. When measurements showed it to be leaking more than expected, Andrée failed to acknowledge the risk. 6286: 2738:, New York, Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1976, is a fictional account of a polar expedition that bears a striking resemblance to and was presumably inspired by, S. A. Andrée's expedition. 358:. The press fanned the interest with a wide range of predictions, from certain death for the explorers to a safe and comfortable "guidance" of the balloon (upgraded by the reporter to an " 5930: 240:

snapping, falling off, or becoming entangled with each other or the ground, in addition to being ineffective—is not considered by any modern expert to be a useful steering technique.

362:") to the North Pole in a manner planned by Parisian experts and Swedish scientists. "In these days, the construction and guidance of airships have been improved greatly", wrote the 6837: 667:

Free flight lasted for 10 hours and 29 minutes and was followed by another 41 hours of bumpy riding with frequent ground contact before the inevitable final crash.

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After the 1896 launch was called off, enthusiasm declined for joining the expedition for the second attempt in 1897. From the candidates Andrée picked the 27-year-old engineer,

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Andrée's motives and mindset have been the subject of extensive fictional and historical discussion, particularly inspired by his apparent foolhardiness. An early example is

5946: 2314:(in Swedish). Stockholm : Center for History of Science, Royal Swedish Academy of Science (Centrum för vetenskapshistoria, Kungl. Vetenskapsakad.), cop. 1999: 44–55. 1065:

In 1897, Andrée's daring or foolhardy undertaking nourished Swedish patriotic pride and Swedish dreams of taking the scientific lead in the Arctic. The title of Engineer—

6871: 944:, used only for a few days before the ice broke up under it. Shown from top to bottom are a bedroom with their triple sleeping bag, a room with a table, and a storeroom. 2680: 2670: 2479:. Stockholm : Center for History of Science, Royal Swedish Academy of Science (Centrum för vetenskapshistoria, Kungl. Vetenskapsakad.), cop. 1999: 100–11. 1572:

That the series of frames is designed as a panorama was only noticed in the 2004 study by Tyrone Martinsson, who has created an animated web version of it, see

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governments in Tromsø on 2 and 16 September, respectively. The bodies of the three explorers were transported to Stockholm, arriving on 5 October.

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mishaps, all objections failed to dampen Andrée's optimism. Eagerly followed by national and international media, he began negotiations with the well-known

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to either Russia or Canada, which was to pass, with luck, straight over the North Pole on the way. The scheme was received with patriotic enthusiasm in

1307: 6423: 6351: 5874: 3089: 276:, Andrée thrilled the audience of geographers and meteorologists; a polar exploration balloon, he explained, would need to fulfill four conditions: 2679: 2669: 6180: 5449: 4455: 2868: 1286: 1995: 1751: 1577: 718:

Andrée's rigid sleds proved impractical for the difficult terrain, with channels separating the ice floes, high ridges, and partially iced-over

118:, which portrays Andrée as weak and cynical, at the mercy of his sponsors and the media. Modern writers have been generally critical of Andrée. 5046: 4644: 4232: 2399: 1733: 1573: 5838: 2364: 2109: 2084: 2059: 2034: 1937: 1892: 1858: 1833: 395:

had long ballooning traditions and several of their more experienced balloonists expressed skepticism about Andrée's methods and inventions.

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Andrée gave a glowingly optimistic account of the ease with which these requirements could be met. Larger balloons had been constructed in

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In the attempt of 1896, the wind battered Andrée's optimism by blowing steadily from the north, straight at the balloon hangar at

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After Andrée, Strindberg, and Frænkel lifted off from Svalbard in July 1897, the balloon lost hydrogen quickly and crashed on the

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were found in parts of a polar bear carcass at the site. Lundström and Sundman both favor this explanation. Critics note that

504:, had no objection to Andrée's theory of where the wind was likely to take them. The observational data simply did not exist. 5338: 5308: 3651: 3641: 3225: 2927: 4949: 1533:, pp. 391–461; the last four pages of Andrée's diary were so damaged when recovered that only fragments could be deciphered. 2290: 236:

believed, that with drag-rope steering he had succeeded in deviating about ten degrees either way from the wind direction.

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Sörlin, Sverker (1999). Wråkberg, Urban (ed.). "The burial of an era: the home-coming of Andrée as a national event".

1113: 535: 473:, an experienced Arctic meteorological researcher and formerly his boss during an 1882–1883 geophysical expedition to 113: 3048: 923:

s crew made instead for Kvitøya, landing on the island on 5 September in fine weather and finding even less ice than

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The best-known and most widely credited suggestion is that made by Ernst Tryde, a medical practitioner, in his book

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and drag his basket perilously along the surface of the water or slam it into one of the many rocky islets in the

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It must have enough lifting power to carry three people and all their scientific equipment, advanced cameras for

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240 exposed frames that were found on Kvitøya in waterlogged containers, 93 were saved by John Hertzberg at the

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Kjellström, Rolf (1999). Wråkberg, Urban (ed.). "Andrée-expeditionen och dess undergång – tolkning nu och då".

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surrounded by food," writes Kjellström. "The surprise is rather that they found the strength to live so long."

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several messages to his fiancée Anna Charlier. All three manuscripts were eventually retrieved from the ice on

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and traveling a combined distance of 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). In the prevailing westerly winds, the

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to reconstruct the movements of the three men during their last few months with considerable precision.

298: 197: 40:. The exposed film for this photograph and others from the failed 1897 expedition was recovered in 1930. 6172: 6164: 6145: 6121: 6013: 3852: 1281: 1107:. Historian Edward Guimont has proposed that the 1930 discovery of the expedition's remains influenced 469:

For his 1896 attempt to launch the balloon, Andrée had many eager volunteers to choose from. He picked

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The account of Andrée's and Ekholms computations and hypotheses in this section relies on Kjellström,

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as the Arctic winter closed in, with dehydration and general exhaustion, apathy, and disappointment.

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Ingen fruktan, intet hopp: ett collage kring S.A. Andrée, hans följeslagare och hans polarexpedition

2396: 2380: 2231:(accessed on 16 April 2014). The London edition of the English translation, by Edward Adams-Ray, is 1730: 6901: 6896: 6881: 6441: 6330: 6223: 5786: 5708: 5173: 5096: 5012: 4793: 4785: 4734: 4374: 4332: 3827: 3790: 3679: 3426: 3313: 3116: 2921: 2629: 2609: 2536: 2519: 2500: 2480: 2463: 2426: 2342: 2315: 2215: 1981: 1960: 1095: 995: 859: 4944: 1907:

Kjellström, p. 54. Mark Personne, a poison specialist who suggested botulism as the cause in his "

1754:. Polar Radar for Ice Sheet Measurements, University of Kansas Center for Research. Archived from 1323:

Lundström, pp. 28–29 mentions, in particular, Gross in Germany, and the Renard brothers in France.

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Wilkinson, Alec (2012). "The Ice Balloon. S. A. Andree and the Heroic Age of Arctic Exploration".

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Lundström points out that some of the international and national reports took on the features of

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Andrée assured the audience that Arctic summer weather was uniquely suitable for ballooning. The

281: 265: 162: 5986: 1781: 1679: 6271: 2365:"Recovering the visual history of the Andrée expedition: A case study in photographic research" 5879: 5685: 5679: 5635: 5620: 5549: 5521: 5429: 5366: 5276: 5248: 5228: 5166: 5074: 5038: 4912: 4879: 4872: 4825: 4807: 4724: 4473: 4342: 4290: 4196: 4149: 4077: 4066: 3778: 3768: 3760: 3656: 3646: 3557: 3552: 3535: 3501: 3368: 3355: 3176: 3082: 3040: 3035: 2825: 2746: 2739: 2729: 2695:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 2 February 2007

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in Paris, the world capital of ballooning, and ordered a varnished three-layer silk balloon,

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and cultures, but as challenges to be conquered by technological ingenuity and manly daring.

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Several modern writers, following Sundman's Andrée portrait in the semi-documentary novel,

378: 284:, provisions for four months, and ballast, altogether about 3,000 kilograms (6,600 lb) 6765: 6756: 6711: 6459: 5886: 5833: 5818: 5724: 5719: 5643: 5608: 5544: 5443: 5358: 5325: 5057: 4840: 4832: 4801: 4717: 4677: 4431: 4387: 4327: 4251: 4221: 4216: 4176: 4154: 4102: 4038: 4028: 3979: 3701: 3686: 3539: 3508: 3470: 3220: 3148: 3142: 3065: 3030: 2890: 2434: 2403: 2205: 1915: 1908: 1737: 1311: 1290: 1259: 1248: 1108: 983: 631: 478: 455: 407: 383: 269: 60: 37: 4409: 2201: 1016:

from the cans in which their food was stored is an alternative suggestion, as is scurvy,

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The hydrogen gas must be manufactured, and the balloon filled, at the Arctic launch site

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meant that cooking could not be done in the basket itself. The solution was a modified

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regions appealed powerfully to the imagination of the age, not as lands with their own

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took this rare opportunity to land on what they called the "inaccessible island".

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winter closed in on them in October, the group ended up exhausted on the deserted

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Guimont, Edward (August 2020). "An Arctic Mystery: The Lovecraftian North Pole".

184:, and subsequently made nine journeys with it, starting from either Stockholm or 5891: 5791: 5739: 5557: 5344: 5132: 4507: 4439: 4201: 4060: 4023: 3923: 3915: 3723: 3059: 2573:

A novel in Greek about the echo of that expedition today, in Western societies.

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The account in this section is based on the expedition's diaries and photos in

972:, which they had contracted from eating undercooked polar bear meat. Larvae of 680: 574: 316: 6396: 5690: 5593: 5577: 5419: 5352: 5253: 4662: 4611: 4571: 3893: 3619: 3547: 3489: 2882: 2524: 1100: 874: 765: 743: 722:. The men's clothes included no furs but were woolen coats and trousers, plus 705: 689: 579: 193: 185: 170: 102: 48: 2376: 2143: 733:

Frænkel (left) and Strindberg with the first polar bear shot by the explorers

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More recently, Andrée's heroic motives have been questioned, beginning with

1032: 949: 941: 719: 158: 146: 33: 2356: 905: 851: 248: 75:, a northern nation that had fallen behind in the race for the North Pole. 21: 2557:""300 Kelvin degrees in the afternoon". ("300 βαθμοί Κέλβιν το απόγευμα")" 784: 511:

The three explorers' festive send-off from Stockholm in the spring of 1896

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International interest: French artist's impression of the projected launch

212:, he remained convinced that he was traveling over land and seeing lakes. 5144: 2789:

William Hillman Collection on S. A. Andrée's ill fated balloon expedition

2329:"Vår position är ej synnerligen god-": Andréexpeditionen i svart och vitt 1252: 1017: 979: 759: 751: 497: 403: 302: 209: 93: 68: 2151: 301:, he claimed, and more airtight, too. Some French balloons had remained 5771: 5151: 3938: 3416: 3392: 3380: 936: 729: 723: 607: 601:

in the first few minutes. Before it was well clear of the launch site,

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were still unrealized in the late 19th century, while neighboring and

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flights had a strong tendency to carry him uncontrollably out to the

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This paper is based on Martinsson's doctoral dissertation from 2003.

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even the delicate optical instruments and Strindberg's two cameras.

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The balloon had two means of communication with the outside world:

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illness; also the rate of death from vitamin A poisoning is low.

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medicines against fever appear to have been consumed by the trio.

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is a theory that has found a few adherents, such as the explorer

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It must retain the gas well enough to stay aloft for 30 days

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The path followed by the 1897 expedition: north by balloon from

623: 6275: 5919: 4594: 2836: 2798: 1956:"Ny teori om Andrée-expeditionen: Isbjörn dödade polarforskare" 1918:" in 2000, provides an overview of other theories (in Swedish). 414:

in diameter, from his workshop. The balloon, originally called

215: 200:. On one occasion, Andrée was blown clear across the Baltic to 2236:(1931); while the New York edition of the same translation is 141:

The second half of the 19th century has often been called the

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Andrée's Story: The Complete Record of His Polar Flight, 1897

208:. Even though Andrée saw a lighthouse and heard breakers off 63:. Andrée, the first Swedish balloonist, proposed a voyage by 2180:(in Swedish). Gränna, Sweden: Grenna Museum. Archived from 51:, resulting in the deaths of all three expedition members, 2774:"Andrée and the Aeronauts' Voyage to the Top of the World" 2275:"Andrée and the aeronauts' voyage to the top of the world" 1704: 1702: 2766:"Ice Balloon: Doomed Arctic expedition to the North Pole" 1801: 1799: 1142:

Safe Return Doubtful: The Heroic Age of Polar Exploration

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Accidents and incidents involving balloons and airships

1217:"The Theory of the Disastrous Andrée Arctic Expedition" 1182:"The Theory of the Disastrous Andrée Arctic Expedition" 165:, Andrée proposed a plan for letting the wind propel a 2762:

drawing of ill-fated Andree balloon flight top page 26

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The expedition: the forgotten story of a polar tragedy

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S.A. Andree and Aeronautics: An annotated bibliography

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S.A. Andree: The Beginning of Polar Aviation 1895–1897

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Children at a 1930 exhibition of the Kvitøya finds at

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ice or snow sticking to the balloon to weigh it down.

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The centennial of S.A. Andrée's North Pole expedition

2312:

The centennial of S.A. Andrée's North Pole expedition

762:, sausages, other meats, cheese, and condensed milk. 342:, who personally contributed 30,000 kronor, and 313:

from the wind direction could be routinely achieved.

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Med Örnen mot polen: Andrées polarexpedition år 1897

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disaster in the Baltic Sea in September 1994."

6242: 6215: 6156: 6113: 6086: 6067: 6040: 5997: 5960: 5572: 5303: 4890: 4630: 4003: 3534: 3379: 2877: 2412:"Andrée-expeditionens män dog troligen av botulism" 1479: 1477: 2425:(12). Stockholm: Sveriges läkarförbund: 1427–32. 1909:Andrée-expeditionens män dog troligen av botulism 1039:in Stockholm, rejected the theory that larvae of 825:. They reflected a prevailing disrespect for the 47:of 1897 was a failed Swedish effort to reach the 16:Failed attempt to reach the North Pole by balloon 1088:'s bestselling semi-documentary novel of 1967, 940:Strindberg's plan for their winter home on the 769:Strindberg on snowshoes with heavily laden sled 618:The explorers minutes before takeoff on 11 July 485:and survival skills were far down on his list. 180:In 1893, Andrée purchased his own balloon, the 36:, photographed by the third expedition member, 2689: 2578:(in Greek). Alexandria-publ.gr. Archived from 1175: 1173: 6287: 5931: 2810: 1066: 788:Crossing a channel with the balloon-silk boat 421: 80: 8: 2517:, London: Secker and Warburg. The 1982 film 1517:plus some of Sven Lundström's commentary in 1126:historical significance of the photographs. 968: ) in 1952: that the men succumbed to 415: 145:. The inhospitable and dangerous Arctic and 6822:Aviators killed in early aviation accidents 2723:, high-quality photos from the expedition. 2293:(in Swedish). Grenna Museum. Archived from 1752:"The End of The Voyage – The Bratvaag Find" 1215:Claes Johnson; Johan Jannson (4 May 2009). 1180:Claes Johnson; Johan Jannson (4 May 2009). 1099:(1982), based on his novel and directed by 587:field, with the more enthusiastic Frænkel. 112:'s fictionalized bestseller novel of 1967, 6877:Aviation accidents and incidents in Norway 6294: 6280: 6272: 5947:Aviation accidents and incidents in Norway 5938: 5924: 5916: 4604: 4591: 2846: 2833: 2817: 2803: 2795: 2104:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 209,213,228. 1778:"Further Discovery—The Isbjørn Expedition" 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 916:. Unsuccessful in this, the reporters and 582:print at the end of the nineteenth century 450:The new crew of 1897, from left to right: 346:, the dynamite magnate and founder of the 6819:For single-person aviation accidents see: 6872:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1897 5875:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 2260:(in Swedish). Swedish Balloon Federation 1814:See Kjellström, pp. 50–51, and Personne. 1519:"Vår position är ej synnerligen god ..." 1221:Claes Johnson on Mathematics and Science 1186:Claes Johnson on Mathematics and Science 679: 630:. The buoys, steel cylinders encased in 6181:Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 5450:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 2369:Research Issues in Art Design and Media 1134: 2757:"Why Go To The Arctic", January 1931, 2703:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 2597:. Moscow. Russian Academy of Sciences. 2590:. Moscow. Russian Academy of Sciences. 912:chartered by news reporters to waylay 309:, stating that a deviation of 27 293:It must be at least somewhat steerable 157:, an engineer at the patent office in 2533:De döda på Vitön: sanningen om Andrée 1977:"Isbjörnar dödade Andrées expedition" 7: 1750:Holvoet, Jennifer, ed. (2002–2003). 1007:. The chief objection is that their 6424:Brooklands Flanders Monoplane crash 6006:British European Airways Flight 530 5236:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 3433:Norse colonization of North America 2499:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. 2331:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Carlsson. 578:The station at Spitsbergen, from a 556:, to replace Ekholm. Frænkel was a 161:, shared these enthusiasms. A keen 143:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 5969:Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition 4765:United States Exploring Expedition 2608:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonnier. 2535:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonnier. 2214:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonnier. 2079:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 228. 2054:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 258. 1932:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 216. 1887:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 243. 1853:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 248. 1828:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 246. 45:Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition 14: 6406:Paris to Madrid air race accident 6251:CHC Helikopter Service Flight 241 5839:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 5207:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 948:The bodies of the three men were 652:sailing north, photographed from 274:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 6352:Santos-Dumont nº6 crash (Monaco) 6304:Aviation accidents and incidents 5733:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 5126:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 2772:Bellows, Andrew (24 June 2013). 2688: 2676: 2666: 2456:Unsolved mysteries of the Arctic 2351:Lundström is the curator of the 2246:Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic 2178:"Andréexpeditionen Polar Centre" 1164:. Svenska Ballong Federationen. 994:Other suggestions have included 6523:Zeppelin LZ 38 shed bombardment 5955:Includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen 2453:Stefánsson, Vilhjálmur (1939). 2244:Stefansson, Vihljalmur (1939). 1031:In 2010, writer and researcher 664:overboard to keep it airborne. 6433:Bristol Coanda Monoplane crash 6076:Holtaheia Vickers Viking crash 1780:. Ku-prism.org. Archived from 1293:, Albany, NY, 16 January 1896. 1: 6205:Helikopter Service Flight 451 6103:Helikopter Service Flight 165 5112:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 5047:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 2559:. New Reviews. Archived from 1123:Royal Institute of Technology 850:A recovered tea-towel in the 382:Andrée's balloon was made at 6370:Patrie airship disappearance 6322:De Rozier's balloon incident 6189:Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801 5469:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 5285:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 5091:French Antarctic Expeditions 5021:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 4907:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 3025:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 2791:at Dartmouth College Library 2593:Sollinger, Guenther (2005). 2586:Sollinger, Guenther (2005), 2554:Pavlopoulos, George (2007). 1996:"Expeditionen, Augustpriset" 264:Norway was a world power in 6811:Verona Caproni Ca. 48 crash 6232:Atlantic Airways Flight 670 4554:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 4233:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 3098:Andrée's balloon expedition 2363:Martinsson, Tyrone (2004). 2353:Andreexpedition Polarcenter 1576:. The panorama can be seen 1114:At the Mountains of Madness 570:Launch, flight, and landing 219:Andrée's hydrogen balloon, 6928: 6857:19th century in the Arctic 6802:Wingfoot Air Express crash 6379:Lebaudy République airship 3755:Franklin's lost expedition 3455:Christian IV's expeditions 2531:Tryde, Ernst Adam (1952). 2461:G.G. Harrap & co. ltd. 2240:, Blue Ribbon Books, 1932. 1598:Andrée's diary, 6 August, 1103:. It was nominated for an 398:However, just as with the 6832: 6442:Handley Page Type F crash 6343:Arctic Balloon Expedition 6312: 6130:Braathens SAFE Flight 139 6095:Braathens SAFE Flight 239 6057:Braathens SAFE Flight 253 5953: 4607: 4603: 4590: 4109:Great Northern Expedition 3785:Rae–Richardson expedition 2985:British Arctic Expedition 2849: 2845: 2832: 2576:"Alexandria Publications" 2497:Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd 1001:Carbon monoxide poisoning 268:through such pioneers as 244:Promotion and fundraising 6907:1897 disasters in Norway 6838:► the 1920s 6694:Zeppelin LZ 95 shot down 6658:Zeppelin LZ 61 shot down 6649:Zeppelin LZ 78 shot down 6604:Zeppelin LZ 55 shot down 6514:Zeppelin LZ 37 shot down 6487:Zeppelin LZ 23 shot down 5393:British Antarctic Survey 5387:Captain Arturo Prat Base 4632:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 2327:Lundström, Sven (1997). 1873:Stefansson, pp. 304-321. 1708:Stefansson, pp. 272–275. 1258:17 November 2011 at the 1253:Statistiska centralbyrån 1090:The Flight of the Eagle. 688:, then south on foot to 412:20.5 metres (67 ft) 256:The Arctic ambitions of 32:with the balloon on the 6887:Expeditions from Sweden 6451:Zodiac balloon accident 5869:Pole of inaccessibility 5532:Antarctic Treaty System 3873:2nd Grinnell expedition 2527:is based on this novel. 2515:The Flight of the Eagle 2410:Personne, Mark (2000). 2397:"The Mystery of Andree" 1805:Lundström, pp. 114–115. 1731:"The Mystery of Andree" 1247:13 January 2012 at the 742:in Svalbard and one at 536:The Flight of the Eagle 262:politically subordinate 115:The Flight of the Eagle 6415:Martin-Handasyde No. 3 2651:Listen to this article 2509:Translated in 1970 by 2402:4 October 2020 at the 2273:Bellows, Alan (2013). 2248:. New York: MacMillan. 2198:Andrée, Salomon August 1736:4 October 2020 at the 1589:Lundström, p. 111–113. 1426:Lundström, pp. 73–114. 1310:30 August 2003 at the 1067: 1062: 945: 855: 814: 789: 770: 734: 692: 656: 619: 583: 530: 512: 466: 422: 416: 387: 321: 253: 223: 138: 126: 81: 41: 6478:Johannisthal disaster 6460:Cody Floatplane crash 6397:Erbslöh airship crash 6259:Alta helicopter crash 6197:Hemus Air Flight 7081 6022:Bukken Bruse disaster 5539:Transglobe Expedition 5438:Operation Deep Freeze 4847:Challenger expedition 3713:Coppermine expedition 3234:Drifting ice stations 2776:. DamnInteresting.com 2277:. Damninteresting.com 2164:Lundström, pp. 89–91. 2029:. Sweden: Norstedts. 1914:26 March 2009 at the 1554:Lundström, pp. 93–96. 1447:Lundström, pp. 75–76. 1408:Lundström, pp. 69–73. 1280:See for instance the 1271:Lundström, pp. 21–27. 1205:Lundström, pp. 19–44. 1152:Lundström, pp. 12–16. 1059: 1005:Vilhjalmur Stefansson 939: 849: 811:Liljevalchs konsthall 808: 787: 768: 732: 683: 647: 617: 577: 526: 510: 449: 381: 320:Merchandising in 1896 319: 251: 218: 198:Stockholm archipelago 155:Salomon August Andrée 136:Salomon August Andrée 134: 24: 6793:Airship N.S.11 crash 6730:Zeppelin LZ 89 crash 6721:Zeppelin LZ 85 crash 6586:Zeppelin LZ 59 crash 6559:Zeppelin LZ 54 crash 6505:Zeppelin LZ 29 crash 6361:Pax airship disaster 2712:More spoken articles 1985:, 28 September 2010. 1289:3 March 2016 at the 1041:Trichinella spiralis 1037:Karolinska Institute 975:Trichinella spiralis 420:, was to be renamed 406:and balloon builder 386:'s workshop in Paris 6912:Aircraft flown once 6892:History of Svalbard 6667:Zeppelin LZ 53 fire 6532:Zeppelin LZ 43 fire 6388:Zeppelin LZ 5 crash 6224:Kato Air Flight 605 5709:South magnetic pole 4375:Brusilov expedition 3484:Danish colonization 2922:North magnetic pole 2520:Flight of the Eagle 2100:Uusma, Bea (2014). 2075:Uusma, Bea (2014). 2050:Uusma, Bea (2014). 2025:Uusma, Bea (2014). 1964:, 28 September 2010 1928:Uusma, Bea (2014). 1883:Uusma, Bea (2014). 1849:Uusma, Bea (2014). 1824:Uusma, Bea (2014). 1718:Med Örnen mot polen 1663:Med Örnen mot polen 1651:Med Örnen mot polen 1621:Med Örnen mot polen 1600:Med Örnen mot polen 1543:Med Örnen mot polen 1531:Med Örnen mot polen 1515:Med Örnen mot polen 1493:Med Örnen mot polen 1469:Med Örnen mot polen 1457:Med Örnen mot polen 1436:Med Örnen mot polen 1345:Med Örnen mot polen 1333:Med Örnen mot polen 1096:Flight of the Eagle 996:vitamin A poisoning 966:The Dead on Kvitøya 754:of the crash site. 226:During a couple of 6867:Arctic expeditions 6835: 6775:Maxstoke air crash 6469:Helgoland disaster 6173:Widerøe Flight 744 6165:Widerøe Flight 839 6146:Widerøe Flight 710 6138:Finnair Flight 915 6122:Widerøe Flight 933 6030:Hurum air disaster 6014:Kvitbjørn disaster 5400:Operation Windmill 5381:Operation Highjump 4356:Rusanov expedition 4261:A. E. Nordenskiöld 4005:North East Passage 3809:McClure expedition 2721:"Orłem" do bieguna 2291:"Andrée biography" 2234:plans and diagrams 2184:on 9 February 2009 1611:Lundström, p. 102. 1399:Kjellström, p. 45. 1314:, 21 January 1896. 1304:Providence Journal 1111:in the writing of 1063: 986:and his companion 946: 856: 827:indigenous peoples 815: 790: 771: 735: 693: 676:On foot on the ice 657: 620: 584: 565:Expedition of 1897 531: 513: 502:climate researcher 471:Nils Gustaf Ekholm 467: 452:Vilhelm Swedenborg 388: 322: 282:aerial photography 266:Arctic exploration 254: 224: 139: 42: 6844: 6843: 6269: 6268: 6049:Bjørnøya Accident 5913: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5367:Operation Tabarin 5229:Far Eastern Party 5075:Nimrod Expedition 4586: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4145:M. Pronchishcheva 4067:Siberian Cossacks 3536:Northwest Passage 2869:Research stations 2826:Polar exploration 2768:, bbc.co.uk video 2759:Popular Mechanics 2719:Andrzej M. Kobos 2681: 2671: 2602:Sundman, Per Olof 2493:Sundman, Per Olof 2383:on 3 October 2011 2225:A digital version 2111:978-91-1-306165-8 2086:978-91-1-306165-8 2061:978-91-1-306165-8 2036:978-91-1-306165-8 2006:on 4 January 2022 1939:978-91-1-306165-8 1894:978-91-1-306165-8 1860:978-91-1-306165-8 1835:978-91-1-306165-8 1758:on 21 August 2020 1680:"The Ice Balloon" 1678:(12 April 2010). 1563:Lundström, p. 98. 1504:Lundström, p. 90. 1483:Lundström, p. 81. 1417:Lundström, p. 39. 1387:Lundström, p. 59. 1365:Lundström, p. 32. 1356:Lundström, p. 36. 1242:price level chart 1093:film adaptation, 6919: 6836: 6808: 6799: 6790: 6781: 6772: 6763: 6754: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6709: 6700: 6691: 6682: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6646: 6637: 6628: 6619: 6610: 6601: 6592: 6583: 6574: 6565: 6556: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6511: 6502: 6493: 6484: 6475: 6466: 6457: 6448: 6439: 6430: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6367: 6358: 6349: 6340: 6334:balloon incident 6328: 6319: 6307: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6273: 6262: 6254: 6235: 6227: 6226:(September 2004) 6208: 6207:(September 1997) 6200: 6199:(September 1996) 6192: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6125: 6106: 6098: 6079: 6060: 6052: 6033: 6025: 6017: 6009: 5990: 5982: 5972: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5917: 5414:Ronne Expedition 4899: 4893: 4757:Dumont d'Urville 4605: 4592: 4140:V. Pronchishchev 2847: 2834: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2796: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2736:MacDonald Harris 2726: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2660: 2658: 2652: 2637: 2628:. Head of Zeus. 2617: 2583: 2582:on 4 March 2012. 2572: 2570: 2568: 2544: 2508: 2488: 2471: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2440:on 26 March 2009 2439: 2433:. Archived from 2416: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2379:. Archived from 2350: 2323: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2254:"Andrées färder" 2249: 2229:Project Runeberg 2227:is available at 2223: 2206:Strindberg, Nils 2193: 2191: 2189: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2136:Lovecraft Annual 2131: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2002:. Archived from 1992: 1986: 1982:Göteborgs-Posten 1975: 1971: 1965: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1925: 1919: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1747: 1741: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1300: 1294: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1162:"Andrées färder" 1159: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1139: 1086:Per Olof Sundman 1070: 988:Hjalmar Johansen 962:De döda på Vitön 922: 891: 748:Franz Josef Land 442:First expedition 425: 419: 413: 233:lighter-than-air 167:hydrogen balloon 110:Per Olof Sundman 84: 65:hydrogen balloon 6927: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6820: 6806: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6766:Zeppelin LZ 100 6761: 6757:Zeppelin LZ 112 6752: 6748:Zeppelin LZ 104 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6712:Zeppelin LZ 102 6707: 6698: 6689: 6680: 6671: 6662: 6653: 6644: 6635: 6626: 6617: 6608: 6599: 6590: 6581: 6572: 6563: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6500: 6491: 6482: 6473: 6464: 6455: 6446: 6437: 6428: 6419: 6410: 6401: 6392: 6383: 6374: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6326: 6317: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6270: 6265: 6257: 6249: 6238: 6230: 6222: 6211: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6183:(November 1994) 6179: 6171: 6163: 6152: 6144: 6140:(December 1987) 6136: 6128: 6120: 6109: 6101: 6097:(December 1972) 6093: 6082: 6074: 6063: 6059:(November 1956) 6055: 6047: 6036: 6032:(November 1949) 6028: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5993: 5987:Havørn Accident 5985: 5975: 5967: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5914: 5901: 5576: 5568: 5444:McMurdo Station 5313:Modern research 5311: 5299: 5034:O. Nordenskjöld 4897: 4891: 4886: 4802:Ross expedition 4626: 4599: 4578: 4007: 3999: 3540:Northern Canada 3538: 3530: 3383: 3375: 2881: 2873: 2841: 2828: 2823: 2779: 2777: 2771: 2724: 2716: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2686: 2677: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2654:(2 parts, 2653: 2650: 2647: 2620: 2600: 2574: 2566: 2564: 2563:on 2 April 2012 2555: 2551: 2549:Further reading 2530: 2491: 2474: 2452: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2414: 2409: 2404:Wayback Machine 2386: 2384: 2362: 2339: 2326: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2297:on 1 March 2007 2289: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2263: 2261: 2258:www.ballong.org 2252: 2243: 2196: 2187: 2185: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2138:(14): 148–151. 2133: 2132: 2128: 2124:Sörlin, p. 100. 2123: 2119: 2112: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1916:Wayback Machine 1906: 1902: 1895: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1738:Wayback Machine 1728: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1676:Wilkinson, Alec 1674: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1574:Martinsson 2004 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1312:Wayback Machine 1301: 1297: 1291:Wayback Machine 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1260:Wayback Machine 1249:Wayback Machine 1239: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1109:H. P. Lovecraft 1068:Ingenjör Andrée 1054: 984:Fridtjof Nansen 934: 932:Causes of death 920: 889: 844: 803: 678: 572: 567: 479:Nils Strindberg 456:Nils Strindberg 444: 411: 408:Henri Lachambre 384:Henri Lachambre 270:Fridtjof Nansen 246: 129: 127:Andrée's scheme 124: 61:Nils Strindberg 38:Nils Strindberg 17: 12: 11: 5: 6925: 6923: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6849: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6816: 6813: 6804: 6795: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6750: 6741: 6732: 6723: 6714: 6705: 6703:Zeppelin LZ 66 6696: 6687: 6685:Zeppelin LZ 64 6678: 6676:Zeppelin LZ 86 6669: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6640:Zeppelin LZ 72 6633: 6631:Zeppelin LZ 74 6624: 6622:Zeppelin LZ 76 6615: 6613:Zeppelin LZ 31 6606: 6597: 6595:Zeppelin LZ 32 6588: 6579: 6577:Zeppelin LZ 48 6570: 6568:Zeppelin LZ 47 6561: 6552: 6550:Zeppelin LZ 39 6543: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6496:Zeppelin LZ 24 6489: 6480: 6471: 6462: 6453: 6444: 6435: 6426: 6417: 6408: 6399: 6390: 6381: 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5676: 5675: 5674: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5652:Southern Cross 5648: 5647: 5646: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5582: 5580: 5574:Farthest South 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5535: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5446: 5441: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5396: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5271:Ross Sea party 5267: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5071: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5055: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5010: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4965:Southern Cross 4958:Southern Cross 4954: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 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4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4013: 4011: 4009:Russian Arctic 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3451: 3446: 3444:Snæbjörn galti 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3346: 3339: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3311: 3301: 3300: 3299: 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2067: 2060: 2042: 2035: 2017: 1987: 1966: 1945: 1938: 1920: 1900: 1893: 1875: 1866: 1859: 1841: 1834: 1816: 1807: 1795: 1784:on 15 May 2020 1769: 1742: 1722: 1720:, pp. 458–461. 1710: 1698: 1685:The New Yorker 1667: 1655: 1643: 1625: 1613: 1604: 1591: 1582: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1545:, pp. 465–485. 1535: 1523: 1506: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1449: 1440: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1389: 1380: 1367: 1358: 1349: 1337: 1325: 1316: 1295: 1283:Albany Express 1273: 1264: 1233: 1207: 1198: 1169: 1154: 1145: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1053: 1050: 1014:Lead poisoning 933: 930: 858:The Norwegian 843: 840: 802: 799: 677: 674: 628:homing pigeons 571: 568: 566: 563: 558:civil engineer 443: 440: 295: 294: 291: 288: 285: 245: 242: 128: 125: 123: 120: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6924: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6839: 6831: 6824: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6805: 6803: 6796: 6794: 6787: 6785: 6784:Tarrant Tabor 6778: 6776: 6769: 6767: 6760: 6758: 6751: 6749: 6742: 6740: 6733: 6731: 6724: 6722: 6715: 6713: 6706: 6704: 6697: 6695: 6688: 6686: 6679: 6677: 6670: 6668: 6661: 6659: 6652: 6650: 6643: 6641: 6634: 6632: 6625: 6623: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6605: 6598: 6596: 6589: 6587: 6580: 6578: 6571: 6569: 6562: 6560: 6553: 6551: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6533: 6526: 6524: 6517: 6515: 6508: 6506: 6499: 6497: 6490: 6488: 6481: 6479: 6472: 6470: 6463: 6461: 6454: 6452: 6445: 6443: 6436: 6434: 6427: 6425: 6418: 6416: 6409: 6407: 6400: 6398: 6391: 6389: 6382: 6380: 6373: 6371: 6364: 6362: 6355: 6353: 6346: 6344: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6325: 6323: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6297: 6292: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6261:(August 2019) 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6191:(August 1996) 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6078:(August 1961) 6077: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6016:(August 1947) 6015: 6011: 6008:(August 1946) 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5639: 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5230: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4992:Discovery Hut 4990: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4522:A. Sibiryakov 4519: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4494:Glavsevmorput 4491: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3796:J. Richardson 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558:M. Corte-Real 3556: 3554: 3553:G. Corte-Real 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476:C. Richardson 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3285:Georgiy Sedov 3281: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3172:Riiser-Larsen 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2751:0-380-01739-3 2748: 2745: 2744:0-374-10874-9 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2675: 2665: 2664: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2511:Mary Sandbach 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2338:91-7203-264-2 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2276: 2271: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2202:Frænkel, Knut 2199: 2195: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2018: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1222: 1218: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1187: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1105:Academy Award 1102: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1069: 1058: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976: 971: 967: 963: 958: 954: 951: 943: 938: 931: 929: 926: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 888: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 862: 853: 848: 841: 839: 837: 833: 828: 824: 823:urban legends 819: 812: 807: 800: 798: 794: 786: 782: 779: 775: 767: 763: 761: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 731: 727: 725: 721: 716: 713: 709: 707: 701: 699: 691: 687: 682: 675: 673: 670: 665: 663: 655: 651: 646: 642: 639: 635: 633: 629: 625: 616: 612: 609: 604: 598: 596: 595: 588: 581: 576: 569: 564: 562: 559: 555: 550: 548: 547: 542: 538: 537: 529: 525: 521: 517: 509: 505: 503: 499: 495: 490: 486: 482: 480: 476: 472: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 441: 439: 437: 431: 429: 424: 418: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 385: 380: 376: 374: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 351: 349: 345: 341: 340:King Oscar II 336: 333:130,800 330: 327: 318: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 292: 289: 286: 283: 279: 278: 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 250: 243: 241: 237: 234: 229: 222: 217: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 176: 175:Bering Strait 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 137: 133: 121: 119: 117: 116: 111: 106: 104: 100: 95: 90: 88: 83: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 6818: 6807:Aug 2, 1919 6798:Jul 21, 1919 6789:Jul 15, 1919 6780:May 26, 1919 6771:Aug 19, 1918 6762:Aug 11, 1918 6753:Aug 06, 1918 6744:Apr 07, 1918 6735:Dec 14, 1917 6726:Oct 20, 1917 6717:Oct 20, 1917 6708:Oct 08, 1917 6699:Aug 21, 1917 6690:Jun 17, 1917 6681:May 14, 1917 6672:Mar 17, 1917 6663:Dec 28, 1916 6654:Nov 28, 1916 6645:Nov 27, 1916 6636:Oct 02, 1916 6627:Sep 24, 1916 6618:Sep 24, 1916 6609:Sep 16, 1916 6600:May 05, 1916 6591:May 04, 1916 6582:May 03, 1916 6573:Apr 01, 1916 6564:Feb 21, 1916 6555:Feb 01, 1916 6546:Dec 17, 1915 6541:Alsace crash 6528:Aug 10, 1915 6519:Jun 07, 1915 6510:Jun 07, 1915 6501:Mar 21, 1915 6492:Feb 17, 1915 6483:Aug 23, 1914 6474:Oct 17, 1913 6465:Sep 9, 1913 6456:Aug 7, 1913 6447:Apr 17, 1913 6438:Dec 15, 1912 6429:Sep 10, 1912 6420:May 13, 1912 6411:Feb 17, 1912 6402:May 21, 1911 6393:Jul 13, 1910 6384:Apr 24, 1910 6375:Sep 25, 1909 6366:Nov 30, 1907 6357:May 12, 1902 6348:Feb 14, 1902 6342: 6339:Jul 13, 1897 6331: 6327:Apr 15, 1875 6318:Jun 15, 1785 6253:(April 2016) 6167:(April 1990) 6124:(March 1982) 6051:(March 1954) 5977: 5968: 5867: 5855:Pole of Cold 5853: 5779: 5770: 5738: 5731: 5707: 5678: 5664: 5658:Borchgrevink 5650: 5637: 5622: 5602: 5587: 5556: 5537: 5530: 5514: 5500: 5491: 5474: 5467: 5448: 5436: 5412: 5398: 5391: 5379: 5365: 5351: 5337: 5330: 5291: 5283: 5269: 5262: 5260: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5214: 5205: 5167: 5159: 5150: 5143: 5131: 5124: 5110: 5098:Pourquoi-Pas 5097: 5089: 5081: 5073: 5068:Orcadas Base 5066: 5058: 5045: 5039:C. A. Larsen 5027: 5019: 5005: 4998: 4985: 4977: 4971:Borchgrevink 4964: 4956: 4913: 4905: 4880:C. A. Larsen 4873: 4854: 4845: 4827: 4809: 4800: 4787: 4772: 4763: 4750: 4711: 4697: 4690: 4671: 4656: 4566: 4559: 4542: 4535: 4521: 4506: 4492: 4479: 4454: 4440: 4438: 4424: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4380: 4373: 4354: 4320: 4318: 4304: 4302: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4252: 4250: 4231: 4107: 4065: 4048: 4016: 3980: 3978: 3958: 3957: 3937: 3936: 3922: 3909: 3894: 3880: 3871: 3858: 3829: 3817:Investigator 3816: 3807: 3783: 3770: 3762: 3753: 3740: 3711: 3688: 3673: 3658: 3628: 3613: 3583: 3502: 3482: 3453: 3449:Erik the Red 3431: 3409: 3402: 3359:submersibles 3356: 3350:Arktika 2007 3348: 3341: 3334: 3331: 3315: 3306: 3303: 3284: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3239: 3232: 3208: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3183: 3149: 3147: 3118: 3115: 3104:S. A. Andrée 3097: 3096: 3083: 3058: 3050: 3047: 3023: 3005: 2992: 2983: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2920: 2778:. Retrieved 2758: 2730: 2625: 2605: 2594: 2587: 2580:the original 2565:. 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Ross 2896:Heemskerck 2883:North Pole 2708:Audio help 2699:2007-02-02 2622:Uusma, Bea 2525:Jan Troell 2459:. London: 2188:5 February 1665:, pp. 464. 1101:Jan Troell 863:expedition 744:Cape Flora 720:melt ponds 580:photochrom 541:expedition 364:Providence 194:Baltic Sea 186:Gothenburg 171:Arctic Sea 163:balloonist 122:Background 49:North Pole 5880:Tolstikov 5666:Discovery 5636:HMS 5621:HMS 5603:Adventure 5601:HMS 5586:HMS 5522:Tolstikov 5243:Endurance 5028:Antarctic 5013:Drygalski 4986:Discovery 4979:Discovery 4940:Arctowski 4853:HMS 4826:HMS 4820:Abernethy 4808:HMS 4786:USS 4773:Vincennes 4771:USS 4751:Astrolabe 4691:San Telmo 4672:Adventure 4670:HMS 4655:HMS 4650:Kerguelen 4612:Continent 4597:Antarctic 4474:Urvantsev 4432:Vilkitsky 4285:Jeannette 4283:USS 4275:Jeannette 4239:Weyprecht 4217:Pakhtusov 4167:Chichagov 4160:D. Laptev 4103:Permyakov 4078:Stadukhin 4073:Perfilyev 4050:Mangazeya 3988:H. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition

Index