Andreas Palaiologos

583: 976:, Andreas would receive 4300 ducats annually (almost 360 ducats a month), out of which 2000 ducats would be paid immediately when the abdication was ratified. Additionally, Andreas was promised a personal guard of a hundred cavalrymen, maintained at Charles's expense, and was promised lands either in Italy or in some other place, which in addition to his pension would generate an annual income of 5000 ducats. Furthermore, Charles was to use his military and naval forces to recover the Despotate of the Morea for Andreas. In return for being granted his ancestral lands (once he had been restored in the Morea), Andreas's feudal tax to Charles would consist of one white saddle horse every year. Charles was also to use his influence with the pope to raise Andreas's papal pension to its original sum of 1800 ducats annually (150 monthly). The transfer of Andreas's titles was to be considered legal unless Charles rejected it before 1458:

for a grand campaign of reconquest and restoration. Ultimately, Andreas's life was not a great success, and his dreams of restoring the Byzantine Empire were dashed by continually having to raise funds to support himself and his household. His difficult situation was not his fault, and though the degradation of papal support is the most direct cause for his hardships, the failure ultimately was in the Palaiologan policy of looking to the West for aid itself. The emperors had adopted this policy since their situation in the 14th and 15th centuries offered few other options. They clung to it even though little aid ever arrived, despite many promises. The fact that the West was ultimately powerless to aid Byzantium was a factor in the empire's downfall and ensured that Andreas never returned to his homeland.

1297:, son of the Despot of the Morea, nephew of the lord Constantine , to the Turk with five horses", possibly a diplomatic or espionage mission. This Fernando might have been another son of Andreas, and though Fernando actually adopted the title Despot of the Morea after Andreas's death, he appears to have made relatively little impact on history, either because he was unwilling to play a prominent role or because he might have been illegitimate, which would have hampered him. Constantine Arianiti, genealogically unconnected to Andreas, also claimed the title of Despot of the Morea a few months after Andreas's death. One of Andreas's successors as claimant to the position of Despot of the Morea raised problems of protocol when he in 1518 invited 914: 984: 792:

wedding), Manuel Palaiologos (not the same person as his brother), George Pagumenos and Michael Aristoboulos, were probably part of Andreas's household. Through his later life, the condition of Andreas's home deteriorated, and he became increasingly unable to support his retinue. By the 1480s, the papacy had become the new patron of some of his presumed companions, such as Theodore Tzamblacon "of Constantinople", Catherine Zamplaconissa, Euphrasina Palaiologina, Thomasina Cantacuzene and several Greeks described as "de Morea", including a man called Constantine, and the two women Theodorina and Megalia.

1484: 766:). By writing to many different rulers, Andreas was probably looking for the highest bidder. Andreas's younger brother Manuel also fell into financial hardship but had no titles to sell as he was second-in-line. Instead, Manuel left Rome to travel around Europe, seeking to enter the service of a ruler in some military capacity. Receiving no satisfactory offers, Manuel surprised everyone in Rome by traveling to Constantinople in the spring of 1476 and presenting himself before Sultan Mehmed II, who graciously received him and provided him with a generous pension for the rest of his life. 878:). By October, the situation had grown unfavorable: Bayezid was well-established as Sultan and the major Christian realms of Western Europe were too disunited to join and wage war on the Ottomans. More critically, Andreas's efforts were underfunded. Historians, following the writings of contemporary writer Gherardi da Volterra, have alleged that Pope Sixtus IV gave Andreas 3000 ducats to finance the expedition. Though the sum was paid to Andreas in September 1481, there is no evidence to suggest it was for the war in Greece. English historian 1371: 1025: 1093:) Andreas, and on 14 May 1495 awarded him an annual pension of 1200 ducats. Andreas once more claimed his imperial titles after 1498. Since the conditions of his abdication to Charles (notably gaining the Morea) had never been fulfilled, the abdication could be seen as having been rendered invalid. Church officials recognized the return of the titles to Andreas, with post-1498 records of people present at church services according him not only the title 1387:

his family fled into exile. The financial situation of the Palaiologoi in the 1470s to 1490s must have been considered precarious for Andreas to sell his titular claims and for Manuel to travel Europe in hopes of employment and eventually reach the Ottomans in Constantinople. Only a single contemporary author and an author of the generation following the two brothers placed the blame for their financial hardships on Andreas. Writing in 1538,

1021:, was to object to the sudden presence of another emperor in Western Europe, the pope could simply point out that Andreas's abdication had not been papally sanctioned and that those who oversaw the affair had acted improperly on their own initiative. Rumors, and eventually news, of the event did eventually reach Maximilian I, who complained that for the good of Christianity, only the Holy Roman Emperor should hold the imperial title. 418: 829: 725:, visited Andreas in 1466 and recognized him as "the successor and heir of the Palaiologan dynasty" and his rightful ruler. Outside of his aspirations of restoring his empire, Andreas's claim to be an emperor was mostly expressed through insisting on various honors, such as insisting that he be allowed to carry the same type of candle as the cardinals during a 1486 procession in the 1498: 1593:(Emperor of Constantinople) was the style used by Andreas in Latin-language documents. In Greek-language documents, he styled himself as Ἀνδρέας ἐν Χριστῷ τῷ Θεῷ πιστὸς βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Ῥωμαίων ὁ Παλαιολόγος (Andreas in Christ the God, faithful Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans, the Palaiologos), a more traditional rendition of the Byzantine imperial title. 1074:, writing in 1978, Pope Alexander VI offered Charles to personally crown him as emperor, but Charles refused, preferring to conquer the territories of the former eastern empire before formally being crowned emperor. According to Liviu Pilat and Ovidiu Cristea, writing in 2017, Charles had himself crowned as both Emperor of Constantinople and 1446:

believe that Andreas was not serious about it. The fact that Andreas actually traveled to Brindisi suggests that he did intend to lead an expedition to restore the empire. Despite the campaign failing to materialize, the preparations conducted do demonstrate that Andreas did not spend his time in Rome solely in the pursuit of pleasure.

1286:, by her aunt (Andreas's sister) Sophia. A 1487 Roman epitaph honors a "Lucretiae Andreae Paleologi filiae" ("Lucretia, daughter of Andreas Palaiologos"), dead on 2 September 1487, but since she is described as having died at the age of 49, she cannot have been the daughter of the would-be despot and emperor Andreas Palaiologos. 1470: 854:, a Greek soldier who had led an unsuccessful revolt in the Morea against the Ottomans in 1480. Kladas would have been a valuable guide if Andreas had successfully landed in Greece. On 15 September 1481, Pope Sixtus IV wrote to bishops in Italy to do "everything in their power" to aid Andreas's crossing of the 1383:

characterized as "an immoral and extravagant playboy who squandered his generous papal pension on loose living and eventually died in poverty". Contrary to his typical portrayal, which he considered "by no means entirely fair", Harris believed that it would be wrong to dismiss Andreas as a footnote in history.

738: 1243:, next to his father Thomas. Since Andreas and Thomas were buried in Rome, their graves survived the destruction and removal of the tombs of the Palaiologan emperors in Constantinople during the early years of Ottoman rule, but modern efforts to locate their graves within the Basilica have not succeeded. 783:

used Manuel's absence as an excuse to cut the full pension in half, paying Andreas 150 ducats a month rather than 300. This arrangement continued even during Manuel's brief return to the city in 1475. From the late 1470s onwards, the pension was cut back frequently. Though Andreas received 150 ducats

390:

against the Ottomans. The sale was conditional on Charles, who Andreas hoped to use as a champion against the Ottomans, conquering the Morea and granting it to Andreas. When Charles died in 1498, Andreas once again claimed the imperial titles, using them until his death. He died in poverty in Rome in

1386:

Andreas's reputation might have been harmed by the actions of his father Thomas, whose warring with his brother Demetrios (Andreas's uncle) allowed the Ottomans to conquer the Morea. The feud between his father and uncle had nothing to do with Andreas, who was just seven years old at the time he and

1081:

Three days after entering Naples, Charles faced a significant loss with the death of Cem Sultan. The crusading plans had often revolved around the part Cem was expected to play. Though his army was still intact, Cem's death, combined with a league being formed against Charles VIII, brought with

968:

was passionately devoted to Charles's crusading plans and was against him getting embroiled in Italian politics, believing that war against Naples would prove a fatal diversion from attacking the Ottomans. French soldiers were already marching into northern Italy on their way to Naples when Peraudi,

791:

Andreas's financial situation was not improved by the fact that he also had to support his retinue. Though some members of his father's household probably traveled with his sister Zoe to Moscow, those who remained in Rome, such as Demetrius Rhaoul Cavaces (who represented Andreas and Manuel at Zoe's

357:

As his stay in Rome continued, Andreas fell deeper into poverty. Although historians often blame his impoverished situation on a supposedly extravagant and irresponsible lifestyle, a more likely explanation is that the pension and funding provided to him by the papacy were regularly reduced. Andreas

1457:

Harris considered the exile of Andreas in Rome as the continuation, and ultimate failure, of a policy pursued by the Palaiologoi for over a century. As the Palaiologan emperors had done before them, both Thomas and Andreas continued to cling to the ultimately unsuccessful plan of securing papal aid

1062:

in northern Italy, he decided that he would only venture eastwards after he had conquered Naples, according to Charles himself mainly due to the increased number of attack plans possible if Naples was under his control. Charles VIII's Italian campaign caused some concern in Constantinople, and

774:

a month, with an additional 200 per month from the cardinals. Thomas's courtier George Sphrantzes complained that it was barely enough since Thomas not only had to support himself, but also his household. Although Andreas and Manuel were granted the same pension at first, the money was to be shared

1449:

Although he did not die wealthy, a common assertion is that Andreas died without any money at all. This idea derives from the fact that Andreas's widow, Caterina, was given money by Pope Alexander VI to pay for the funeral. However, such donations were not rare or necessarily an indication of

999:

Although most of what Andreas was to secure from the deal was financial, the agreement was not an irresponsible abdication solely for the sake of easing Andreas's financial situation. Andreas explicitly kept for himself the title of Despot of the Morea and made Charles promise to grant Andreas the

886:

Another reason why the expedition never set out might have been the reluctance of the Republic of Venice to aid Andreas. Andreas's small force would likely not have been capable of crossing the Adriatic Sea without aid from Venice, but Venice was reluctant to fight the Ottomans more or less alone.

568:

was proclaimed. The union of the churches was unpopular in the Byzantine Empire, where the populace felt that it was a betrayal to their faith and world view, and it was never fully implemented. John VIII's successor and Andreas's other uncle Constantine XI had sent desperate appeals for

1437:

Although it is possible that Andreas did live an extravagant life, the more likely root cause for his poverty is the constant reductions to the pension paid to him by the papacy. Though the popes had been generous to the Palaiologoi on the face of it, providing housing and money, they were not as

799:

granted to him by Sixtus IV at the time of Zoe's marriage. His house was probably located next to the local Church of Sant'Andrea. During his time in Rome, Andreas married Caterina, a woman from the city. Seeking financial aid, Andreas traveled to Russia in 1480, visiting his sister Zoe (now

712:

of the Romans"), it was the traditional designation used for the Byzantine emperors by western Europeans, in particular the papacy. Though Jonathan Harris believes that Andreas's upbringing in Rome could have left him unaware that his title differed from the version actually used by the Byzantine

610:

from the Ottomans on 29 May 1453. Andreas had been born just four months earlier, on 17 January 1453, as the oldest son of Thomas Palaiologos and Catherine Zaccaria. Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, Andreas's family continued to live in the Morea as vassals of the Ottoman Sultan

1158:

wrote of the poor spectacle Andreas and his entourage made at Rome, covered in rags rather than the purple and silk vestments he had formerly always worn. Nevertheless, Andreas remained an influential figure in Rome until his death. He held a prominent position in Pope Alexander VI's close

1012:

was probably very aware since he provided for Andreas, and Peraudi was a cardinal. The plan was perfect for Alexander VI, who, like Peraudi, hoped that the French armies marching through Italy were intended to be used against the Ottomans in defense of Christendom and not against Naples. If the

1445:

Historians have mostly discarded the 1481 expedition against the Ottomans as more evidence of his incompetence. Runciman went so far as to claim that Andreas "squandered" the money donated by the pope and used it for "other purposes". Though the expedition never happened, there is no reason to

1391:

claimed that Andreas's brother Manuel was better in every possible way and, writing in 1481, Gherardi da Volterra stated that Andreas's financial situation was due to his excessive indulging in "lovemaking and pleasures". This negative assessment was echoed by many modern historians but Harris

1382:

wrote in 1877 of the fate of Andreas that it "hardly merits the attention of history, were it not that mankind has a morbid curiosity concerning the fortunes of the most worthless princes". According to Jonathan Harris, who in 1995 offered a more redeeming view of Andreas, he is typically

1416:, which mentions only her first name, meaning that her profession and social standing are unknown. Not even the contemporary critics of Andreas, da Volterra and Spandounes, mention her. The earliest reference to Caterina's "bad character" is from the works of the 17th-century Byzantinist 1551:

in 1494 on the condition that he be granted Greek lands regained in a potential crusade. Since this never happened, Andreas considered the title to have returned to him upon Charles's death in 1498. French kings after Charles VIII however continued to claim the titular style 'Emperor of

49: 840:

Like his father Thomas, Andreas actively engaged in schemes to restore the Byzantine Empire. Soon after returning from Russia, in the late summer of 1481, Andreas planned to organize an expedition against the Ottomans. At the time, Ottoman control of the Morea was shaky; in the recent

1433:

that Andreas's marriage to the "prostitute" Caterina was the cause of the papacy cutting back his pension is demonstrably false; Pope Sixtus IV even paid Andreas two years' worth of his pension in advance in 1479, presumably to cover the expenses of Andreas's journey to Russia.

849:

in October with several of his close companions, including the aforementioned Manuel Palaiologos, George Pagumenos and Michael Aristoboulos. At Foggia, Andreas received financial aid from Ferdinand I, the King of Naples. To prepare, Andreas hired several mercenaries, including

1442:. One of the murals depicts Sixtus IV with a grateful Andreas kneeling at his feet. Andreas did not, as usually stated, waste enormous sums of papal money; the monthly 300 ducat pension provided initially to his father Thomas had shrunken to only 50 ducats by 1492. 784:

in June 1478, he only received 104 in November and for several months after that on account of the "many wars" faced by the papacy. In 1488 and 1489, Andreas was paid 100 ducats each month, though the actual payment often fell below that. After the accession of

1070:, Bayezid's brother and a rival claimant to the Ottoman throne, formerly in papal captivity. On 22 February, Charles triumphantly entered Naples. Modern historians are divided on whether Charles was crowned as Emperor of Constantinople at Naples. According to 582: 649:, who had also fled the Byzantine Empire many years ago. Bessarion was one of the few Byzantine clerics who had supported the union of the churches. He provided an education for the children and was the mastermind behind Zoe's marriage to Grand Prince 749:

The financial troubles which would persist throughout Andreas's life began shortly after Cardinal Bessarion died in 1472. By 1475, at the age of 22, Andreas had begun offering to sell his claims to the imperial thrones of both Constantinople and

378:

and restore the Byzantine Empire. The excursion was canceled in the autumn after Bayezid had successfully stabilized his rule. Although Andreas maintained hope of recapturing at least the Morea throughout his life, he never returned to Greece.

1399:

famously described her as "a lady from the streets of Rome" and she is typically identified as a prostitute. In addition to his financial ruin, marrying a prostitute is another point often used against Andreas. She is known from only a single

1238:

and Constantinople. Neither Ferdinand nor Isabella, nor any succeeding monarch of Spain, ever used the title. Andreas's widow Caterina was given 104 ducats by Pope Alexander VI to pay the costs of his funeral. He was buried with honor in

3045:

Karayannopoulos, Yanis (1996). "State Organization, Social Structure, Economy, and Commerce". In Al-Bakhit, M. A.; Bazin, L.; Cissoko, S. M.; Asimov, M. S.; Gieysztor, A.; Habib, I.; Karayannopoulos, Y.; Litvak King, J.; Schmidt, P. (eds.).

1251:

Barring the claims of the French kings, considered invalid by Andreas, and the claims or later impostor pretenders and forgers, Andreas was the last claimant to the position of Byzantine emperor. He is commonly believed not to have left any

716:

Although hereditary succession had never been officially used in the Byzantine Empire, Andreas was recognized as the rightful heir by some of his contemporaries, most prominently Cardinal Bessarion. One of Thomas Palaiologos's advisors from

1454:, was also paid for by the papacy, and there are no records of her being described as extravagant or impoverished. Andreas was buried with honor in the St. Peter's Basilica, suggesting that he had at least retained some individual status. 1602:

In the 13 April 1483 chrysobull, Andreas wrote the Greek version of his title as Ἀνδρέας ἐν Χριστῷ τῷ Θεῷ πιστὸς βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Ῥωμαίων ὁ Παλαιολόγος ("Andreas in Christ the God, faithful Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans, the

349:

family and the chief claimant to the ancient imperial throne. Andreas's later use of the imperial title, never claimed by his father, was supported by some of the Byzantine refugees who lived in Italy and he hoped to one day restore the

448:

and one of the empire's longest ruling dynasties, ruling the empire from 1259/1261 to its fall in 1453. By the 15th century, the Palaiologan emperors ruled a disintegrating and dwindling empire. Over the course of the 14th century, the

1003:

The documents of Andreas's abdication were prepared by Francesco de Schracten of Florence, a pontifical and imperial notary, and Camillo Beninbene, also a notary and a doctor of canon and civil law, on 6 November 1494 in the Church of

861:

There were good reasons for canceling the expedition. Originally, 1481 had seemed like a good time to strike as the Ottomans had recently suffered a series of reverses. In August 1480, they had been repulsed with heavy losses in the

1315:

in the 17th century and claimed descent from Thomas Palaiologos through an otherwise unattested son called John, might be a descendant of Andreas instead, but his lineage is uncertain. Theodore's last recorded descendant was

484:

As the empire dwindled, the emperors came to the conclusion that the only way to ensure that their remaining territory was kept intact was to grant some of their holdings to their sons or brothers, who received the title of

956:, to pay Andreas with an amount he thought appropriate and then give him safe passage out of the country. Andreas's European tour in search for aid for his cause was similar to the one conducted by his grandfather, Emperor 552:, the Palaiologan emperors believed that if they could only convince the popes of their lack of heresy, the papacy would unleash large western armies to relieve them. This conviction inspired Andreas's great-grandfather 948:, before he returned to Rome. According to chronicler Gherardi da Volterra, Andreas and Charles spent much time discussing the possibility of a crusade against the Ottomans. In 1492, Andreas was in England, where King 1000:

Morea if he were to be victorious against the Ottomans. In essence, Andreas hoped to use Charles as a dominant champion against the Ottomans, just as he had desired to use Ferdinand of Naples thirteen years earlier.

963:

In the 1490s, King Charles VIII of France was actively planning a crusade against the Ottomans, but he was also involved in a struggle to gain control of the Kingdom of Naples in southern Italy. The French Cardinal

1438:

plentiful as some historians have claimed. The popes themselves are partly responsible for propagating this idea. For instance, Sixtus IV recorded his generosity towards the Palaiologoi in the frescoes of the

525:, the last Prince of Achaea. During Constantine's, Theodore's and Thomas's rule as despots, Byzantine rule was restored to the entire Morea, save for the scattered towns and port cities under the authority of the 882:

believes that it is more likely that the money was simply an advance payment for his travels in southern Italy since it did not cover any extra costs outside the regular expenditure of Andreas and his household.

1267:, who was employed in the Papal Guard as a commander, was a son of Andreas. Constantine is recorded to have died in 1508, just six years after Andreas. Russian sources accord Andreas a daughter by the name 627:. Thomas maintained hope that he would one day recover his lands and when preparations were being made for a crusade in 1462, which never took place, Thomas personally rode around Italy to drum up support. 769:

The origin of the financial hardship experienced by Andreas and Manuel likely lies with reductions to the pension paid to them by the papacy. The amount paid initially to their father Thomas had been 300

778:

The situation quickly grew even worse after Bessarion's death. For the first three months of 1473, the two brothers only received 690 ducats (instead of the correct 900). When Manuel left Rome in 1474,

1063:

Bayezid began building up his defenses, constructing new ships and artillery and redirecting his military forces to defensive positions throughout Greece and the lands surrounding Constantinople.

800:

called Sophia) to beg for money. Sophia would later complain that she had no jewels left as she had given them all to her brother. On his way back to Rome, Andreas and his companions stopped at

775:

between them, and the cardinals stopped paying extra money, meaning that the brothers in effect received only 150 ducats each per month, instead of the 500 that had been paid to their father.

969:

hoping to divert them to the East before the conflict with Naples, began engineering a plan (apparently without the king's knowledge) to give Charles a formal claim on the Byzantine throne.

645:

Andreas was 12 years old at the time, and Manuel was 10. Zoe's age is unknown, but she was the oldest of the three. The children went on to Rome, where they were put in the care of Cardinal

354:. Andreas married a Roman woman called Caterina. Though some primary sources allude to the possibility that he had children, there is no concrete evidence that Andreas left any descendants. 895:

with the Ottomans and disapproved of any ongoing anti-Ottoman activities. Andreas did make at least one further attempt at recapturing the Morea, becoming involved in a 1485 plot to seize

509:(who would later become Emperor Constantine XI, the final emperor). The brothers worked to restore Byzantine control of the entire peninsula. In 1432, Thomas brought an end to the 1395:

To further paint Andreas negatively, virtually every modern account of his life mentions his 1479 marriage to Caterina, who is often cast in a particularly negative light. Historian

1138:

of Louis XII on his grave bears an imperial crown, rather than a royal one. Francis I publicly stressed his claim to be the Emperor of Constantinople as late as 1532. Not until

1146:

as a direct result of desuetude, or lack of use. Charles IX wrote that the imperial Byzantine title "is not more eminent than that of a king, which sounds better and sweeter".

3284: 1198:, designating them and their successors as his universal heirs. The choice to grant the title to the Spaniards was probably made due to the recent Spanish successes in conquering 874:

over who was to seize power. Andreas may have hoped to take part in a counterattack against the Ottomans led by Ferdinand I (who was at the time being attacked by the Ottomans at

858:. Despite his plans and preparations, Andreas never sailed for Greece but instead spent October and November 1481 at Brindisi with his close companions and King Ferdinand I. 374:

fought a civil war over who would succeed him. Seeing his opportunity, Andreas attempted to organize an expedition in southern Italy during the summer of 1481 to cross the

1190:

Andreas died poor in Rome at some point in June 1502. In his will, written on 7 April that same year, he once more gave away his claim to the imperial title, this time to

1066:

Charles's efforts were delayed as the king became embroiled in a conflict with the papacy and states throughout Italy. Still, on 27 January 1495, he secured possession of

1008:, and in addition to Andreas and Peraudi, the affair was witnessed by five clergymen. Though Charles may still have been unaware of being granted the titles in November, 1058:

Charles eventually accepted the conditions of Andreas's abdications but did not divert from Naples. Though he considered declaring a crusade already while staying at

697: 2842:

Enepekides, P. K. (1960). "Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7. April 1502" [The Vienna Testament of Andreas Palaiologos from 7 April 1502].

684:). Perhaps in response to feeling as if he was not receiving the respect due to him, Andreas eventually started styling himself as the "Emperor of Constantinople" ( 3819: 3542: 3237: 412: 1171:, illegitimate son of Alexander VI, because of it. Andreas also met with many other claimants to formerly Byzantine territories in his later years, such as 3783: 1283: 3841: 972:

Negotiating with Andreas, Peraudi secured that, in return for Andreas abdicating his titles to the imperial thrones of Constantinople and Trebizond, and the

4186: 4026: 3913: 310:. After his father's death in 1465, Andreas was recognized as the titular Despot of the Morea and from 1483 onwards, he also claimed the title "Emperor of 3877: 3872: 3788: 3757: 928:. However, when Andreas returned to Moscow he was no longer welcomed, and he instead chose to travel to France, where he was generously received by King 845:, many battles had taken place in the peninsula. Andreas traveled to southern Italy, the obvious rallying point for an attack through Greece, and was at 842: 3985: 3726: 3694: 1277: 754:(the Empire of Trebizond being a Byzantine successor state which lasted until 1461), writing letters to several rulers, including the King of Naples ( 2928:

Catalogue of Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: Volume Five: Michael VIII to Constantine XI 1258–1453

1085:

Hopes for a French invasion of the Ottoman Empire ended when Charles died in 1498. In the meantime, Charles took care to support "our great friend" (

4181: 4031: 1577:. Unlike the French kings, neither monarch, nor any of their descendants, ever used or even acknowledged the title. Since Andreas's death, numerous 4072: 3824: 3773: 1268: 913: 3235:

Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996).

1163:, escorting distinguished guests visiting the city. On 11 March 1501, Andreas prominently partook in the ceremonial entry of an ambassador from 4161: 3882: 1538:(Andreas's father), but neither claimed the imperial title. Andreas was the first of his family to claim the title after Constantinople's fall. 805: 630:

Catherine Zaccaria died in August 1462, but it was only in spring 1465 that Thomas summoned the children to Rome. Andreas, his younger brother

1130:– also continued to use imperial titles and honors. Like his predecessor Charles VIII, Louis XII also invaded Italy, as part of the 4078: 3528: 3273: 3163: 1264: 1038: 63: 3285:"Attorno al progetto di Crociata di Alessandro VI (1492–1503). Andrea Paleologo nell'affresco dell'Appartamento Borgia del Palazzo Vaticano" 501:, governing the prosperous province that constituted the parts of the Peloponnese under Byzantine control together with his older brothers 31: 924:

Andreas left Rome to travel to Moscow once more in 1490, accompanied by Moscow's ambassadors to Rome, Greek brothers Demetrius and Manuel

3307: 4090: 3949: 3887: 1439: 1211: 813: 704:, and to naturalize his illegitimate offspring. Though this title differed from the traditional title used by the Byzantine emperors (" 4166: 3201: 3182: 3142: 3057: 3035: 2976: 2957: 2912: 2891: 2870: 2832: 1578: 1511: 1374:

16th-century depiction in a Russian chronicle of Andreas's visit to his sister. Andreas is the standing crowned figure in the center.

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in the hope of securing help to save their empire from the Ottomans. Inspired by the writings of West-oriented intellectuals such as

3829: 3246: 3225: 2936: 1417: 1134:(1499–1504), and during this time presented himself as a would-be crusader ostensibly headed for Constantinople and Jerusalem. The 713:

emperors, Andreas did render his imperial title as the standard Byzantine version on those occasions when he rendered it in Greek.

1018: 615:. However, constant bickering between Thomas, who tried to rally support to restore the Byzantine Empire, and his older brother 3903: 892: 4176: 3731: 2902: 1180: 1345:

Jacob had at least three children, the daughter Despina, the son Theodore, and at least another child whose name is unknown,

1131: 2947: 1332:

friar in Rome. Jacob travelled across Europe, boasting of his descent and claiming to be a grandson of Andreas Palaiologos,

3678: 983: 953: 809: 1420:, meaning that tales of Caterina have to be considered unsubstantiated oral tradition. The idea forwarded by Byzantinist 908: 4171: 3710: 1320:, who disappeared from historical records in the late 17th century. In the late 16th century, a theologian by the name 1214:). Appealing to the Spanish monarchs through mentioning the traditional titles held by the Aragonese crown in Greece ( 879: 875: 1342:

views on Christianity eventually brought him into conflict with the Roman church; he was burnt as a heretic in 1585.

692:), a title never adopted by his father. The first recorded use of that title was on 13 April 1483, when he issued a 3990: 3867: 3747: 3629: 3571: 3404: 3390: 3107: 1451: 932:, who paid for all of his travel expenses after Andreas gifted him a white falcon. Andreas stayed with the king at 603: 506: 303: 102: 80: 2860: 1024: 3934: 3851: 3778: 3599: 3559: 3521: 4016: 3918: 3752: 3611: 3553: 1164: 925: 3049:

History of Humanity – Scientific and Cultural Development from the Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries, Vol. IV

619:, who sided with the Ottomans, led to the Sultan invading the Morea in 1460; Thomas and his family escaped to 3980: 1489: 1240: 1143: 623:. Thomas then left the rest of the family to go to Rome, where he was welcomed and financially supported by 502: 392: 222: 4106: 3944: 3834: 3814: 3646: 3565: 3493: 3417: 1570: 1548: 1191: 1155: 1005: 988: 929: 918: 863: 607: 540:

Europe. Since the middle of the 14th century, the Byzantine emperors had looked to Western Europe and the

522: 510: 422: 396: 383: 326: 112: 2790:"Book Review: The Other Side of Empire. Just War in the Mediterranean and the Rise of Early Modern Spain" 1272: 3995: 3975: 3939: 3623: 3617: 3592: 3584: 3497: 1574: 1531: 1195: 957: 759: 755: 658: 616: 557: 533: 400: 2881: 453:

had conquered vast swaths of territories and by the beginning of the 15th century, they ruled much of

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Andreas's genealogical heir(s) would have been his children (if he had any) or his younger brother,

4036: 4021: 3954: 3455: 3111: 1407: 1388: 1370: 1317: 1308: 1119: 1115: 973: 751: 669: 665: 635: 587: 561: 498: 299: 143: 4046: 4000: 3908: 3798: 3662: 3577: 3441: 3012: 2809: 1566: 1535: 1219: 1199: 1184: 1123: 1014: 888: 851: 817: 657:, who recognized him as the heir of Thomas and the Despot of the Morea. Andreas converted to the 650: 646: 631: 553: 549: 526: 518: 494: 458: 295: 267: 257: 165: 3135:

The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans

1352:

in 1603 and referred to himself as a genuine member of the old imperial family and a "Prince of

1167:

into the city. He continued to insist on his prominence, at one point coming into conflict with

977: 795:

During the time spent in Rome, the majority of his adult life, Andreas lived in a house on the

48: 4116: 3338: 3299: 3269: 3242: 3221: 3197: 3178: 3159: 3138: 3121: 3053: 3031: 2972: 2953: 2932: 2908: 2887: 2866: 2847: 2828: 1321: 1075: 1043: 1009: 785: 722: 700:, authorizing him and his descendants to bear the arms of the Palaiologan emperors, to create 545: 466: 307: 68: 3257: 3155:

The Ottoman Threat and Crusading on the Eastern Border of Christendom during the 15th Century

4111: 4051: 3093: 2801: 1475: 1413: 1176: 763: 445: 426: 351: 1581:

have falsely claimed Byzantine descent and titles, though none have been widely recognized.

3506: 3115: 2922: 1396: 1378:

Later historians have overwhelmingly seen Andreas in a negative light. Scottish historian

1329: 1290: 1203: 1172: 965: 960:, who traveled Europe from 1399 to 1402 in the hope of securing aid against the Ottomans. 537: 417: 358:

traveled around Europe several times in search of a ruler who could aid him in retaking

4129: 3211: 1401: 1215: 1086: 1071: 1047: 943: 933: 833: 780: 726: 701: 685: 677: 514: 470: 450: 359: 330: 315: 311: 279: 72: 341:

with his family. After Thomas died in 1465, the then twelve-year-old Andreas moved to

4145: 2813: 1569:. Upon his death, Andreas however willed the title of 'Emperor of Constantinople' to 1379: 1168: 1305:

of his son Giovanni Martino Leonardo and also invited ten cardinals to the baptism.

816:) had pointed out to the marquess that Andreas was distantly related to the Italian 3500:. Neither Ferdinand nor Isabella, nor any of their successors, ever used the title. 1503: 1256: 1029: 866:, and Mehmed II's death on 3 May was followed by a civil war between his sons 855: 796: 654: 653:, which was arranged in June 1472. Andreas continued to stay in Rome by consent of 624: 565: 375: 54: 17: 2805: 1222:), Andreas hoped that the Spaniards would launch a crusade from their holdings in 3215: 3047: 2926: 2822: 4056: 3538: 3358: 2789: 1160: 828: 536:

Palaiologan emperors pursued a policy of attempting to secure military aid from

474: 441: 346: 247: 1154:

The failure of the crusade plans left Andreas once more short of money. Bishop

382:

Desperate for money, Andreas sold his rights to the Byzantine crown in 1494 to

3342: 3241:(in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1530:

After Constantine XI's death in 1453, his most clear heirs were his brothers,

1465: 1339: 1298: 1207: 1067: 1051: 940:

from October to December 1491 and received additional money, amounting to 350

896: 871: 867: 709: 693: 569:

help to the pope in 1452 when the Ottomans were closing in on Constantinople.

478: 371: 367: 287: 3303: 3125: 2851: 638:, accompanied by their guardian and some exiled Byzantine nobles, arrived at 3381: 3003:

Harris, Jonathan (2013). "Despots, Emperors, and Balkan Identity in Exile".

1302: 1142:

in 1566 did the imperial claim come to an eventual end through the rules of

737: 612: 1271:, unmentioned in Western sources, who was married off to the Russian noble 366:, who had conquered Constantinople in 1453, died in 1481, and his two sons 1612:

His name can also be found spelled as Benembene, Beneimbene, or Benimbene.

556:

to travel to Rome and personally submit to the pope in 1369 and his uncle

3846: 1312: 1227: 705: 673: 595: 490: 462: 454: 387: 345:

and, as the eldest nephew of Constantine XI, became the head of the

3016: 2045: 2043: 3217:

The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century

3098: 3081: 3027:

The Crusade in the Fifteenth Century: Converging and Competing Cultures

1357: 952:

was not as hospitable as Charles VIII, instructing his treasurer,

242: 1348:

though little is known of most of them. Jacob's son Theodore lived in

836:

and its vassal states at the time of Andreas's invasion plans, in 1481

3153: 2969:

An Elizabethan Assassin: Theodore Paleologus: Seducer, Spy and Killer

1353: 1349: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1135: 992: 846: 801: 742: 718: 639: 2987: 788:

in August 1492, the pension was lowered to just 50 ducats a month.

3337:] (in French). Paris: Société d'édition "Les Belles Lettres". 2883:

Bramante's Tempietto, the Roman Renaissance, and the Spanish Crown

1369: 1325: 1023: 982: 937: 912: 827: 771: 736: 620: 581: 416: 338: 334: 199: 1054:

and the figure in the foreground to the left is probably Andreas.

1059: 541: 342: 226: 211: 3510: 3175:

A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation State

465:. The Byzantine Empire, once extending throughout the eastern 3335:

The Greek Despotate of the Morea, Volume 1: Political History

3067:

Mallat, Peter (1982). "Byzantinische 'Kaiserenkel' in Wien".

2988:"A Worthless Prince? Andreas Palaeologus in Rome, 1465–1502" 2531: 2529: 2060: 2058: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 3120:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 497–515. 1630: 1628: 586:

Seal of Andreas with the inscription "Andreas Palaiologos,

2395: 2393: 804:, where they received lodging and food from the marquess ( 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 2732: 2730: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2449: 2447: 2434: 2432: 2344: 2342: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2207: 2205: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2173: 2171: 2169: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1450:

poverty. The 1487 funeral of another royal exile, Queen

3112:"Miscellanea from the Near East: Balkan Exiles in Rome" 2717: 2715: 2713: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 1970: 1968: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1547:

Andreas had sold his self-proclaimed imperial title to

1356:", though the authorities in Prague convicted him as a 891:(supreme governing body) of Venice had recently signed 642:, but they never met their father, who died on 12 May. 3266:

of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)

2700: 2698: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1159:

circle, at one point being part of the pope's mounted

469:, was more or less reduced to the imperial capital of 3331:

Le despotat grec de Morée, Tome 1: Histoire politique

3292:

Erytheia: Revista de estudios bizantinos y neogriegos

2844:

Akten des 11. Internat. Byzantinisten-Kongresses 1958

3220:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 1293:, the Duke of Milan, reported that he had sent "Don 4099: 4065: 4009: 3963: 3927: 3896: 3860: 3807: 3766: 3740: 3719: 3703: 3687: 3671: 3655: 3639: 263: 253: 241: 233: 217: 205: 193: 189: 171: 161: 153: 142: 134: 126: 118: 108: 98: 90: 79: 41: 2846:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 138–143. 2862:Mapping European Empire: Tabulae imperii Europaei 1234:, conquering the Peloponnese before moving on to 1082:it a gradual abandonment of the crusading plans. 745:, as depicted in a 16th-century Russian chronicle 493:to defend and govern. In 1428, Andreas's father, 481:, and was forced to pay tribute to the Ottomans. 2904:The Royal Funeral Ceremony in Renaissance France 2794:Al-Masāq: Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean 2112: 362:but rallied little support. The Ottoman Sultan 3238:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit 413:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 4037:Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Princess of Moscow 3522: 1552:Constantinople' until it was abandoned under 8: 2465: 1426: 941: 820:and that he was in dire financial troubles. 444:family was the last imperial dynasty of the 3799:Maria Palaiologina, Khatun of the Ilkhanate 1405: 1114:The French kings after Charles VIII – 1106: 1100: 1094: 668:of the Palaiologan emperors and the title " 517:, by inheriting it through his marriage to 3878:Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria 3529: 3515: 3507: 3349: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2477: 2333: 2321: 2100: 2076: 2064: 2034: 2022: 2010: 1811: 1634: 529:, also holdovers from the Fourth Crusade. 286:; 17 January 1453 – June 1502), sometimes 47: 38: 3196:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3137:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3097: 2827:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 824:Attempted expedition against the Ottomans 4132:who are independently notable are shown. 4032:Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia 3904:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Trebizond 2886:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2583: 2489: 2399: 1986: 1835: 1748: 1099:('despot of the Peloponnese'), but also 741:Andreas Palaiologos during his visit to 395:. In his will, he granted his titles to 53:Probable portrait of Andreas as part of 3919:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria 3774:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria 3082:"The Tombs of the Palaiologan Emperors" 2949:The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History 2612: 2259: 1624: 1523: 1335:through a supposed son called Theodore. 4073:Maria Palaiologina, Princess of Vereya 3873:Anna Palaiologina, Despotess of Epirus 3152:Pilat, Liviu; Cristea, Ovidiu (2017). 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2624: 2600: 2520: 2501: 2453: 2438: 2423: 2411: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2309: 2288: 2276: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2196: 2177: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2124: 1998: 1959: 1914: 1895: 1823: 1790: 1729: 1710: 1683: 1050:. The turbaned figure to the right is 980:the following year (1 November 1495). 903:Travels and sale of the imperial title 3883:Irene Palaiologina, Byzantine Empress 3847:Simonis Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia 2721: 2636: 2088: 1974: 1938: 1926: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1847: 1769: 1658: 1646: 602:Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last 7: 4022:Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus 2704: 457:, Bulgaria, central Greece, Serbia, 32:Andreas Palaiologos (disambiguation) 3888:Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia 1440:Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia 987:The French troops and artillery of 664:Initially, Andreas's seal bore the 30:For other people by this name, see 3268:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 61–101. 3086:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 1512:Succession to the Byzantine Empire 758:) and possibly the Duke of Milan ( 337:in 1460, Andreas's father fled to 25: 2931:. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks. 2824:Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425) 1418:Charles du Fresne, Sieur du Cange 27:Prince of the Palaiologos dynasty 3177:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2952:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 1496: 1482: 1468: 477:and a handful of islands in the 4187:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica 4182:Byzantine pretenders after 1453 3194:The Fall of Constantinople 1453 2992:Orientalia Christiana Periodica 2049: 1392:believes it has minimal basis. 698:Pedro Manrique, Count of Osorno 304:Constantine XI Palaiologos 94:13 April 1483 – 6 November 1494 3732:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina 1591:Imperator Constantinopolitanus 1108:Imperator Constantinopolitanus 690:Imperator Constantinopolitanus 532:As their empire crumbled, the 386:, who attempted to organize a 320:Imperator Constantinopolitanus 1: 4162:15th-century Byzantine people 3679:Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos 3005:The Sixteenth Century Journal 2971:. Stroud: The History Press. 2806:10.1080/09503110.2021.1877420 2052:, 21426. Παλαιολόγος Ἀνδρέας. 1105:('Emperor of the Greeks') or 430: 403:, neither of whom used them. 3283:Vespignani, Giorgio (2007). 1263:(1992), it is possible that 762:) and the Duke of Burgundy ( 682:Dei gratia despotes Romeorum 1192:Ferdinand II of Aragon 523:Centurione II Zaccaria 397:Ferdinand II of Aragon 384:Charles VIII of France 329:in 1453 and the subsequent 4203: 3991:Constantine XI Palaiologos 3868:Andronikos III Palaiologos 3748:Irene Komnene Palaiologina 3391:Constantine XI Palaiologos 3256:Van Tricht, Filip (2011). 3192:Runciman, Steven (1969) . 3117:Essays on the Latin Orient 3080:Melvani, Nicholas (2018). 2907:. Geneva: Librairie Droz. 1196:Isabella I of Castile 1034:St Catherine's Disputation 958:Manuel II Palaiologos 906: 558:John VIII Palaiologos 410: 401:Isabella I of Castile 302:. Thomas was a brother of 103:Constantine XI Palaiologos 59:St Catherine's Disputation 29: 4167:16th-century Greek people 4126: 3935:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 3779:Andronikos II Palaiologos 3549: 3490: 3481: 3463: 3446: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3414: 3405:Emperor of Constantinople 3395: 3387: 3380: 3352: 3133:Nicol, Donald M. (1992). 2986:Harris, Jonathan (1995). 2901:Giesey, Ralph E. (1960). 1428:Le despotat grec de Morée 917:Contemporary painting of 283: 81:Emperor of Constantinople 46: 4017:Andronikos V Palaiologos 3753:Michael VIII Palaiologos 3024:Housley, Norman (2017). 2859:Foster, Russell (2015). 2788:Abulafia, David (2021). 2466:Pilat & Cristea 2017 2375:, pp. 545, 551–552. 909:Italian War of 1494–1498 696:to the Spanish nobleman 608:defending Constantinople 560:to attend the 1438–1439 294:, was the eldest son of 122:7 April 1498 – June 1502 4079:Constantine Palaiologos 3981:Theodore II Palaiologos 3820:Constantine Palaiologos 3784:Constantine Palaiologos 3758:John Doukas Palaiologos 3258:"The Imperial Ideology" 2880:Freiberg, Jack (2014). 1490:Byzantine Empire portal 1265:Constantine Palaiologos 1144:extinctive prescription 651:Ivan III of Moscow 554:John V Palaiologos 391:1502 and was buried in 352:empire of his ancestors 157:12 May 1465 – June 1502 4107:Palaeologus-Montferrat 3986:Andronikos Palaiologos 3945:Theodore I Palaiologos 3835:Palaeologus-Montferrat 3815:Michael IX Palaiologos 3727:Andronikos Palaiologos 3647:Nikephoros Palaiologos 3494:Ferdinand II of Aragon 3475:(both self-proclaimed) 3427:Charles VIII of France 3418:Charles VIII of France 3173:Potter, David (1995). 1571:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1549:Charles VIII of France 1427: 1406: 1375: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1055: 1039:the Hall of the Saints 1010:Pope Alexander VI 1006:San Pietro in Montorio 996: 942: 921: 919:Charles VIII of France 837: 786:Pope Alexander VI 746: 689: 681: 599: 511:Principality of Achaea 437: 423:Despotate of the Morea 327:fall of Constantinople 319: 184:(both self-proclaimed) 130:Charles VIII of France 113:Charles VIII of France 64:the Hall of the Saints 4177:Greek Roman Catholics 4130:male-line descendants 3996:Demetrios Palaiologos 3976:John VIII Palaiologos 3940:Manuel II Palaiologos 3842:Demetrios Palaiologos 3498:Isabella I of Castile 3449:— TITULAR — 3398:— TITULAR — 3030:. Oxford: Routledge. 2946:Haldon, John (2005). 2865:. Oxford: Routledge. 2821:Çelik, Siren (2021). 1929:, pp. 16, 58–59. 1579:forgers and imposters 1575:Isabella I of Castile 1373: 1338:Jacob's increasingly 1183:(claimant "Prince of 1096:despotus Peloponensis 1027: 986: 916: 831: 760:Galeazzo Maria Sforza 740: 659:Roman Catholic Church 585: 566:union of the churches 420: 4085:Fernando Palaiologos 3971:John VII Palaiologos 3830:Theodore Palaiologos 3794:Eudokia Palaiologina 3789:Theodore Palaiologos 3484:Notes and references 3471:Constantine Arianiti 3467:Fernando Palaiologos 3354:Andreas Palaiologos 2113:Karayannopoulos 1996 1422:Dionysios Zakythinos 1261:The Immortal Emperor 1247:Possible descendants 1241:St. Peter's Basilica 1181:Constantine Arianiti 1173:Carlo III Tocco 1156:Jacques Volaterranus 1150:Later life and death 1091:magnus amicus noster 899:from the Venetians. 843:Ottoman–Venetian War 513:, founded after the 425:, a province of the 393:St. Peter's Basilica 223:St. Peter's Basilica 180:Constantine Arianiti 176:Fernando Palaiologos 4172:Palaiologos dynasty 4091:Andreas Palaiologos 4042:Andreas Palaiologos 4027:Helena Palaiologina 3955:Zampia Palaiologina 3950:Michael Palaiologos 3914:Michael Palaiologos 3711:Alexios Palaiologos 3456:Despot of the Morea 2967:Hall, John (2015). 2574:, pp. 138–143. 2550:, pp. 108–109. 2480:, pp. 294–295. 2387:, pp. 551–552. 2291:, pp. 550–551. 2250:, pp. 549–550. 2238:, pp. 548–550. 2226:, pp. 248–285. 2163:, pp. 545–547. 2151:, pp. 543–545. 2139:, pp. 542–543. 2127:, pp. 539–540. 2025:, pp. 290–291. 1452:Charlotte of Cyprus 1408:Introitus et Exitus 1389:Theodore Spandounes 1366:Legacy and analysis 1318:Godscall Paleologue 1309:Theodore Paleologus 1273:Vasily Mikhailovich 974:Despotate of Serbia 781:Pope Sixtus IV 670:By the grace of God 666:double-headed eagle 634:, and their sister 588:by the grace of God 562:Council of Florence 499:Despot of the Morea 497:, was appointed as 300:Despot of the Morea 284:Ἀνδρέας Παλαιολόγος 276:Andreas Palaiologos 209:June 1502 (aged 49) 144:Despot of the Morea 42:Andreas Palaiologos 18:Andreas Palaeologos 4047:Manuel Palaiologos 4001:Thomas Palaiologos 3909:John V Palaiologos 3695:George Palaiologos 3663:George Palaiologos 3442:Thomas Palaiologos 3382:Titles in pretence 3212:Setton, Kenneth M. 3099:10.1017/byz.2018.7 1536:Thomas Palaiologos 1376: 1324:, originally from 1269:Maria Palaiologina 1132:Second Italian War 1102:Imperator Grecorum 1056: 1015:Holy Roman Emperor 997: 922: 852:Krokodeilos Kladas 838: 818:House of Malatesta 806:Federico I Gonzaga 747: 733:Financial troubles 600: 550:Manuel Chrysoloras 527:Republic of Venice 521:, the daughter of 519:Catherine Zaccaria 495:Thomas Palaiologos 438: 296:Thomas Palaiologos 292:Andrew Palaeologus 268:Catherine Zaccaria 258:Thomas Palaiologos 166:Thomas Palaiologos 4137: 4136: 4117:Paleologus-Pesaro 3837: 3608:(1390; 1403–1408) 3505: 3504: 3501: 3486: 3476: 3464:Succeeded by 3451: 3431:Succeeded by 3415:Succeeded by 3400: 3327:Zakythinos, D. A. 3275:978-90-04-20323-5 3165:978-90-04-27885-1 3158:. Leiden: Brill. 3052:. Paris: UNESCO. 1941:, pp. 69–70. 1886:, pp. 12–13. 1424:in his 1932 work 1322:Jacob Palaeologus 1289:On 17 July 1499, 1220:Duke of Neopatras 1076:King of Jerusalem 1044:Borgia Apartments 1019:Maximilian I 930:Charles VIII 887:Furthermore, the 723:George Sphrantzes 655:Pope Paul II 625:Pope Pius II 604:Byzantine emperor 546:Demetrios Kydones 308:Byzantine emperor 273: 272: 185: 149: 86: 69:Borgia Apartments 16:(Redirected from 4194: 4112:Asen Palaiologos 4052:Hass Murad Pasha 3852:John Palaiologos 3833: 3825:John Palaiologos 3543:Byzantine Empire 3531: 3524: 3517: 3508: 3491: 3482: 3474: 3447: 3439:Preceded by 3425:Preceded by 3396: 3388:Preceded by 3376: 3369: 3350: 3346: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3306:. 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2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2101:Van Tricht 2011 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2077:Zakythinos 1932 2075: 2071: 2065:Zakythinos 1932 2063: 2056: 2048: 2041: 2035:Zakythinos 1932 2033: 2029: 2023:Zakythinos 1932 2021: 2017: 2011:Zakythinos 1932 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1862:, pp. 3–4. 1858: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1812:Vespignani 2007 1810: 1797: 1789: 1776: 1768: 1755: 1747: 1736: 1728: 1717: 1709: 1690: 1682: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1635:Vespignani 2007 1633: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1564: 1560: 1554:Charles IX 1546: 1542: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1397:Steven Runciman 1368: 1311:, who lived in 1291:Ludovico Sforza 1275: 1249: 1152: 1140:Charles IX 1128:Francis II 978:All Saints' Day 966:Raymond Peraudi 911: 905: 880:Jonathan Harris 864:siege of Rhodes 826: 814:Ercole I d'Este 810:Duke of Ferrara 735: 702:palatine counts 580: 575: 433: 415: 409: 229: 210: 198: 197:17 January 1453 182: 178: 146: 83: 75: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4200: 4198: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4101: 4100:Cadet branches 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3808:9th generation 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3767:8th generation 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3741:7th generation 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3720:6th generation 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3704:5th generation 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3688:4th generation 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3672:3rd generation 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3656:2nd generation 3653: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3640:1st generation 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3630:Constantine XI 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3572:Andronikos III 3569: 3563: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3465: 3462: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3323: 3294:(in Italian). 3280: 3274: 3253: 3247: 3232: 3226: 3208: 3203:978-0521398329 3202: 3189: 3184:978-0312124809 3183: 3170: 3164: 3149: 3144:978-0511583698 3143: 3130: 3104: 3092:(2): 237–260. 3077: 3064: 3059:978-9231028137 3058: 3042: 3037:978-1315615158 3036: 3021: 3011:(3): 643–661. 3000: 2983: 2978:978-0750962612 2977: 2964: 2959:978-0230243644 2958: 2943: 2937: 2919: 2914:978-2600029872 2913: 2898: 2893:978-1107042971 2892: 2877: 2872:978-1315744759 2871: 2856: 2839: 2834:978-1108836593 2833: 2818: 2800:(1): 101–104. 2783: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2775:, p. 550. 2765: 2763:, p. 549. 2753: 2751:, p. 540. 2741: 2739:, p. 537. 2726: 2724:, p. 117. 2709: 2707:, p. 231. 2694: 2692:, p. 653. 2682: 2680:, p. 651. 2670: 2668:, p. 513. 2658: 2656:, p. 279. 2641: 2639:, p. 379. 2629: 2627:, p. 500. 2617: 2615:, p. 260. 2605: 2603:, p. 554. 2588: 2586:, p. 184. 2576: 2564: 2562:, p. 109. 2552: 2540: 2538:, p. 295. 2525: 2506: 2504:, p. 118. 2494: 2482: 2470: 2468:, p. 242. 2458: 2456:, p. 482. 2443: 2441:, p. 476. 2428: 2426:, p. 464. 2416: 2414:, p. 468. 2404: 2402:, p. 153. 2389: 2377: 2365: 2363:, p. 461. 2353: 2351:, p. 551. 2338: 2336:, p. 107. 2326: 2324:, p. 294. 2314: 2312:, p. 462. 2293: 2281: 2279:, p. 553. 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2214:, p. 545. 2201: 2199:, p. 541. 2182: 2180:, p. 542. 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2117: 2115:, p. 509. 2105: 2093: 2081: 2079:, p. 293. 2069: 2067:, p. 292. 2054: 2039: 2037:, p. 291. 2027: 2015: 2013:, p. 290. 2003: 2001:, p. 649. 1991: 1979: 1977:, p. 115. 1964: 1962:, p. 538. 1943: 1931: 1919: 1917:, p. 548. 1900: 1898:, p. 547. 1888: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1840: 1828: 1826:, p. 176. 1816: 1814:, p. 108. 1795: 1793:, p. 552. 1774: 1772:, p. 116. 1753: 1751:, p. 152. 1734: 1715: 1713:, p. 463. 1688: 1686:, p. 650. 1663: 1661:, p. 111. 1651: 1649:, p. 110. 1639: 1637:, p. 111. 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1605: 1603:Palaiologos"). 1595: 1583: 1558: 1540: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1493: 1479: 1463: 1460: 1402:primary source 1367: 1364: 1301:to become the 1248: 1245: 1216:Duke of Athens 1151: 1148: 1120:Francis I 1116:Louis XII 1072:Kenneth Setton 1048:Vatican Palace 950:Henry VII 904: 901: 834:Ottoman Empire 825: 822: 734: 731: 727:Sistine Chapel 613:Mehmed II 579: 576: 574: 571: 515:Fourth Crusade 471:Constantinople 408: 405: 364:Mehmed II 360:Constantinople 312:Constantinople 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 255: 251: 250: 245: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 221: 219: 215: 214: 207: 203: 202: 195: 191: 190: 187: 186: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 77: 76: 73:Vatican Palace 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4199: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3915: 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Willed to 3489: 3485: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3437: 3423: 3419: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3248:3-7001-3003-1 3244: 3240: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3227:0-87169-127-2 3223: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2938:0-88402-261-7 2934: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584:Runciman 1969 2580: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523:, p. 67. 2522: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490:Abulafia 2021 2486: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2400:Freiberg 2014 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2262:, p. 41. 2261: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2103:, p. 61. 2102: 2097: 2094: 2091:, p. 40. 2090: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987:Runciman 1969 1983: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1836:Grierson 1999 1832: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Freiberg 2014 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1732:, p. 33. 1731: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1609: 1606: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1491: 1480: 1477: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412:books of the 1410: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1380:George Finlay 1372: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255:According to 1254: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:Cesare Borgia 1166: 1162: 1157: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 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860: 856:Adriatic Sea 839: 808:) after the 797:Campo Marzio 794: 790: 777: 768: 748: 715: 663: 644: 629: 601: 531: 483: 473:itself, the 439: 381: 376:Adriatic Sea 356: 324: 306:, the final 291: 275: 274: 62: 58: 55:Pinturicchio 36: 4157:1502 deaths 4152:1453 births 4057:Mesih Pasha 3632:(1449–1453) 3626:(1425–1448) 3620:(1391–1425) 3614:(1403–1407) 3602:(1376–1379) 3595:(1353–1357) 3587:(1347–1354) 3580:(1341–1391) 3574:(1328–1341) 3568:(1295–1320) 3562:(1282–1328) 3556:(1259–1282) 3539:Palaiologoi 3359:Palaiologos 2773:Harris 1995 2761:Harris 1995 2749:Harris 1995 2737:Harris 1995 2690:Harris 2013 2678:Harris 2013 2666:Setton 1978 2654:Mallat 1982 2625:Miller 1921 2601:Harris 1995 2521:Foster 2015 2502:Giesey 1960 2454:Setton 1978 2439:Setton 1978 2424:Setton 1978 2412:Setton 1978 2385:Harris 1995 2373:Harris 1995 2361:Setton 1978 2349:Harris 1995 2310:Setton 1978 2289:Harris 1995 2277:Harris 1995 2248:Harris 1995 2236:Harris 1995 2224:Setton 1978 2212:Harris 1995 2197:Harris 1995 2178:Harris 1995 2161:Harris 1995 2149:Harris 1995 2137:Harris 1995 2125:Harris 1995 1999:Harris 2013 1960:Harris 1995 1915:Harris 1995 1896:Harris 1995 1824:Haldon 2005 1791:Harris 1995 1730:Potter 1995 1711:Setton 1978 1684:Harris 2013 1431:(1262–1460) 1328:, became a 1276: [ 1161:honor guard 1078:at Naples. 954:Lord Dynham 832:Map of the 756:Ferdinand I 507:Constantine 475:Peloponnese 442:Palaiologos 347:Palaiologos 248:Palaiologos 162:Predecessor 127:Predecessor 99:Predecessor 4146:Categories 3566:Michael IX 3461:1465–1502 3412:1498–1502 3343:1001644255 3317:7 November 3298:: 99–112. 3262:The Latin 3075:: 279–284. 2998:: 537–554. 2722:Nicol 1992 2637:Çelik 2021 2089:Nicol 1992 1975:Nicol 1992 1939:Nicol 1992 1927:Nicol 1992 1884:Nicol 1992 1872:Nicol 1992 1860:Nicol 1992 1848:Nicol 1992 1770:Nicol 1992 1659:Nicol 1992 1647:Nicol 1992 1620:References 1299:Pope Leo X 1208:Cephalonia 1175:(claimant 1068:Cem Sultan 1052:Cem Sultan 1036:(1491) in 907:See also: 897:Monemvasia 694:chrysobull 578:Early life 479:Aegean Sea 411:See also: 407:Background 325:After the 288:anglicized 61:(1491) in 3624:John VIII 3618:Manuel II 3410:1483–1494 3375:June 1502 3304:0213-1986 3264:Renovatio 3126:457893641 2852:761003148 2814:233745556 2705:Hall 2015 1532:Demetrios 1340:heterodox 1330:Dominican 1303:godparent 1185:Macedonia 1165:Lithuania 991:entering 752:Trebizond 647:Bessarion 617:Demetrios 573:Biography 491:appanages 459:Macedonia 172:Successor 148:(titular) 135:Successor 119:2nd reign 109:Successor 91:1st reign 85:(titular) 3606:John VII 3329:(1932). 3214:(1978). 3110:(1921). 3017:24244808 2925:(1999). 1556:in 1566. 1462:See also 1313:Cornwall 1295:Fernando 1228:Calabria 1124:Henry II 893:a treaty 889:Signoria 710:Autocrat 564:where a 538:Catholic 534:Orthodox 503:Theodore 463:Thessaly 455:Anatolia 237:Caterina 3593:Matthew 3585:John VI 3541:of the 3361:dynasty 1200:Granada 1042:in the 1028:Detail 995:in 1495 926:Rhalles 876:Otranto 872:Bayezid 764:Charles 706:Emperor 606:, died 594:of the 434: 388:crusade 372:Bayezid 331:Ottoman 243:Dynasty 67:in the 3578:John V 3371: 3341: 3302: 3272: 3245: 3224: 3200: 3181: 3162: 3141: 3124: 3056: 3034: 3015: 2975: 2956: 2935: 2911: 2890: 2869: 2850: 2831: 2812: 1567:Manuel 1404:, the 1358:forger 1350:Prague 1284:Vereya 1236:Thrace 1232:Sicily 1224:Apulia 1206:) and 1179:) and 1136:effigy 993:Naples 944:livres 847:Foggia 802:Mantua 772:ducats 743:Moscow 719:Patras 674:Romans 640:Ancona 632:Manuel 596:Romans 592:Despot 542:papacy 487:despot 264:Mother 254:Father 234:Spouse 218:Burial 4128:Only 3433:None¹ 3373:Died: 3366:Born: 3333:[ 3311:(PDF) 3288:(PDF) 3069:Adler 3013:JSTOR 2810:S2CID 1518:Notes 1326:Chios 1280:] 1087:Latin 938:Tours 934:Laval 686:Latin 678:Latin 621:Corfu 489:, as 339:Corfu 335:Morea 316:Latin 280:Greek 200:Morea 154:Reign 3537:The 3496:and 3469:and 3339:OCLC 3319:2020 3300:ISSN 3270:ISBN 3243:ISBN 3222:ISBN 3198:ISBN 3179:ISBN 3160:ISBN 3139:ISBN 3122:OCLC 3054:ISBN 3032:ISBN 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Knowledge

Andreas Palaiologos

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