639:, Harclay's nephew Henry petitioned to have the charge of treason annulled, but the petition was ignored. As for the peace treaty, the wisdom of Harclay's policy was vindicated after his death. Edward II's inability to win the war against the Scots, combined with his refusal to give up his claim on the Scottish crown, proved untenable in the end. Furthermore, it was Harclay's military skills and well-organised forces that gave what little protection the northern borders had over the previous years. Less than three months after Harclay's execution, Edward agreed on a thirteen-year truce with Scotland.
558:
against Edward, if necessary, to implement the terms of the treaty. It seems unlikely that
Harclay expected royal clemency for his actions. More likely he contemplated a defection to the side of Robert the Bruce; rumour had it he even planned marrying one of Bruce's daughters, however there is no evidence of this. It is nevertheless likely that his action grew out of genuine concern with the northern situation, and was a desperate attempt to make the best out of a disastrous situation.
398:
515:
421:. The conflict stemmed from disagreement over the handling of the war with Scotland; Lancaster, and many others, found the king's war effort lacking. After failing to incite an insurrection against the king, Lancaster was in March 1322 fleeing northwards from the royal army. Meanwhile, Harclay, as sheriff of Cumberland, was ordered by the king to levy the forces of the northern counties of
44:
493:
was badly wounded, and this advance failed. Lancaster, meanwhile, came under such heavy archery fire that he had to call off his attack. Defections during the night, combined with royal reinforcements, forced him to surrender the next day, and on 22 March he was executed. The king was greatly pleased
569:
and can be found defined as such in other military cases". Harclay had received such powers in
February 1322, but he was considered to have overstepped his prerogative by the 1323 treaty. It is also possible that Edward held a grudge against Harclay for the latter's failure to come to the rescue at
557:
The treaty recognised
Scotland as an independent kingdom. It stipulated that Robert was to pay 40,000 marks to the English, and that Edward should be allowed to choose a wife from his own family for Robert's heir. Implied in the text, however, was an alliance between Robert and Harclay to use force
268:
on 14 October 1322, which made it clear that the war could not be won. Harclay initiated negotiations with the Scots on his own accord, and on 3 January 1323, he signed a peace treaty with Robert the Bruce. The act was without royal sanction, and amounted to treason. The king issued an arrest order
376:
Late in 1315 or in 1316, Harclay was taken captive by the Scots, who demanded 2000 marks in ransom. His meteoric rise over the previous years had made him some enemies in local society, who now took the opportunity to spread slanderous rumours about him at court. The king nevertheless helped raise
549:
in 1314. Harclay had received a summons to join the royal army, but had not been able to bring his troops south in time to come to
Richmond's rescue. The event convinced him that the war against Scotland could not be won under the leadership of the present king. Instead he entered into direct
634:
Harclay's head was on display in London for five years before it was taken down. His sister petitioned the king to return the various parts of the body for a
Christian burial, and in 1328 her request was granted. Further clemencies were not awarded. In the reign of
1732:
583:
arrested the earl at
Carlisle Castle. Lucy, who acted with only a small force, was clearly trusted by Harclay, so the arrest must have been conducted as a surprise manoeuvre. The enmity between Lucy and Harclay could stem from a dispute over the
578:
When Edward found out about
Harclay's treason, he issued an order for the earl's arrest. As Harclay attempted to garner support for his cause, the king began to fortify the northern castles. The stalemate lasted until 25 February, when Sir
377:
the necessary money to secure
Harclay's freedom, but for the next few years he seems to have been out of royal favour. It was not until 1319 that he once more was appointed sheriff, and at the same time made keeper of Carlisle and
1727:
452:, with followers, in his service. In addition to this, the loyalist forces were highly trained and experienced from the Scottish Wars. Harclay used tactics the English had learned from the Scots in these wars. The
603:
of knighthood were hewed off, and his sword was broken over his head. He was stripped of his robes, and proclaimed to be no knight, but a knave. He was then convicted as a traitor, and condemned to be
570:
Byland, and that this was behind the king's later, severe reaction. There is, however, no evidence that
Harclay received the royal letter in time to arrive at the battlefield any earlier than he did.
478:; in 1318, a general royal pardon for Lancaster and his adherents contained Harclay's name. On this occasion, however, Harclay decided to remain loyal to the king, and turned down the earl's offer.
607:. He behaved with dignity at his execution, where he maintained that he had acted as he did out of concern for the best interest of the country. After his death, his head was taken to the king at
357:
in 1312, and in
December 1313, he distinguished himself as the leader of the defence against a Scottish invasion. He received further acclaim in the summer of 1315, when he successfully defended
249:. Shortly after this, he was taken captive by the Scots, and only released after a substantial ransom had been paid. His greatest achievement came in 1322, when he defeated the rebellious baron
545:. When he heard the news he fled to York leaving behind the Great Seal of England and a large amount of treasure. It was the worst defeat the English had suffered in the wars since the
353:. His standing in local affairs was further advanced in 1311, when he was appointed sheriff of Cumberland, like his father had been before him. This was followed by his election as
1737:
474:, Lancaster tried to persuade Harclay to join his side, in return for great rewards in land. Harclay had previously been a supporter of Lancaster, possibly also the earl's
264:
As one of the main military leaders on the border to Scotland, Harclay became frustrated with Edward II's inactivity, particularly the humiliating English defeat at the
1757:
561:
Though historians have generally shown understanding for Harclay's actions, it is nevertheless common to refer to the event as "Harclay's treason". In the words of
1623:
Strickland, Matthew (2009). ""All Brought to Nought and Thy State Undone": Treason, Disinvestiture and the Disgracing of Arms under Edward II". In Coss, Peter R.;
444:
Lancaster's army arrived at Boroughbridge on 16 March. The rebels were greatly outnumbered; while Harclay commanded around 4000 men, Lancaster only had some 700
1564:
599:
before a royal justice in Carlisle, but was denied a proper hearing. He was brought forward apparelled in his robes of estate as a knight and earl. His
565:: "To make a truce, or to indeed to give safe-conducts or make any agreement with the king's enemies without proper grant of powers, again constituted
297:. Though relatively little is known about his early years, Andrew Harclay was probably the eldest son of Sir Michael Harclay and Joan, daughter of the
342:
490:
482:
277:, and the various parts of his body displayed in different parts of the country. His alleged treason, capture and execution is described in the
1636:
1421:
1285:
1199:
592:. In 1322, Harclay had also briefly disseised Lucy of his lands after the 1322 rebellion, even though Lucy had taken no part in that event.
1742:
538:
338:
234:
1494:
1473:
1389:
1357:
1331:
1309:
1264:
1243:
1220:
1752:
550:
negotiations with the Scots, without the king's sanction. On 3 January 1323, he signed a peace treaty with Robert the Bruce at
437:
the next day. Harclay decided to take the initiative, and occupy the bridge that would prevent Lancaster's passage across the
329:
in 1292, at which point it must be assumed that he was at least twenty-one years old, and therefore born in the early 1270s.
1661:
418:
250:
186:
604:
585:
274:
1722:
503:
382:
322:
230:
196:
1747:
362:
238:
1595:
481:
The engagement was short and one-sided. Lancaster's plan was to charge across a ford in the river, while the
410:
402:
254:
102:
489:
who had remained loyal to Lancaster – crossed the bridge. Hereford was killed on the bridge, his companion
281:. Only after five years was he allowed a proper burial, but the conviction for treason was never annulled.
1648:
Medieval Carlisle: the city and the borders from the late eleventh to the mid-sixteenth century, 2 volumes
306:
1432:
1712:
1459:
636:
546:
386:
1717:
1211:
534:
414:
366:
310:
265:
246:
222:
106:
429:, and move south. His orders were to meet up with the royal army, but while stopping at the town of
1624:
1512:
689:
620:
453:
354:
314:
278:
541:, was taken prisoner. King Edward, who did not take part in the battle, was fifteen miles away at
1670:
1587:
1551:
1543:
1518:
The Baronial Opposition to Edward II: Its Character and Policy, a Study in Administrative History
378:
566:
221:, was an important English military leader in the borderlands with Scotland during the reign of
17:
1632:
1490:
1469:
1417:
1407:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1363:
1353:
1327:
1305:
1281:
1260:
1239:
1216:
1195:
616:
326:
318:
145:
1231:
337:
His military career can be traced back as far as 1304 when he took part in a campaign in the
1683:
1579:
1535:
1447:
648:
530:
495:
397:
346:
290:
258:
58:
1185:
580:
358:
325:
from 1285 to 1296. The first documented appearance of Andrew Harclay was at a Westmorland
242:
49:
1463:
1379:
1346:
1341:
1277:
King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284–1330
542:
273:
before royal justices on 3 March, denied a hearing, and executed the same day. He was
1706:
1591:
1555:
1236:
Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology
656:
612:
608:
434:
302:
1650:. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, extra ser., 25.
1319:
1295:
562:
529:
On 14 October 1322, the English army was routed by the Scots, under the command of
518:
499:
494:
with Harclay's effort, and rewarded him lavishly. On 25 March, Harclay was created
370:
269:
for the earl, and on 25 February Harclay was taken into the king's custody. He was
1484:
514:
1516:
1411:
1299:
1275:
1254:
1189:
615:. The four parts of his body were dispersed around the country, and displayed in
596:
449:
426:
294:
270:
226:
176:
1451:
422:
172:
1583:
1442:
Summerson, Henry (2004). "Harclay , Andrew, earl of Carlisle (c.1270–1323)".
433:
in Yorkshire, he received intelligence that Lancaster would arrive at nearby
589:
551:
438:
413:
in 1322. The battle was the culmination of an ongoing struggle between King
405:, showing how Harclay's forces cut off Lancaster's passage across the river.
298:
43:
1399:
1367:
1733:
People executed under the Plantagenets by hanging, drawing and quartering
463:
458:
350:
1547:
624:
522:
486:
475:
467:
445:
1539:
301:
landowner William Fitzjohn. His younger brother was the theologian
1728:
People executed under the Plantagenets for treason against England
628:
513:
430:
396:
1629:
Soldiers, Nobles and Gentlemen: Essays in Honour of Maurice Keen
600:
1526:
Keen, Maurice (1962). "Treason trials under the law of arms".
1616:
Anglo-Scottish relations, 1174–1328: some selected documents
1565:"Concordia facta inter Anglicos et Scotos, 3 January 1322/3"
466:
with pikes or spears, highly effective against Lancaster's
521:
of Andrew Harclay: the cross of St George, with a black
1191:
Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
1662:
The Battle of Boroughbridge at The Battlefields Trust.
1465:
The place of the Reign of Edward II in English History
659:'s Bruce trilogy, where he is called "Andrew Harcla".
1572:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
1280:. Montreal, London: McGill-Queens University Press.
409:Harclay's most prominent achievement came with the
202:
192:
182:
168:
160:
152:
139:
126:
112:
97:
90:
82:
74:
64:
57:
34:
1345:
1301:Nobles, Knights and Men-at-Arms in the Middle Ages
1618:. Translated by E. L. G. Oxford University Press.
1416:(new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
385:. In 1321 he also received a personal summons to
967:. New York: Peter Bedrick Books. pp. 155–6.
502:a year. On 15 September, he was also made chief
1631:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 279–304.
341:. In 1309, he received a royal order to assist
48:Contemporary illustration of Harclay defending
850:
848:
651:are dealt with in some significant detail in
8:
1528:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1381:Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke 1307–1324
1256:The tyranny and fall of Edward II, 1321–1326
811:
809:
456:describes how Harclay employed the Scottish
1738:People of the Wars of Scottish Independence
1468:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1092:
1090:
760:
758:
673:
671:
1666:
42:
31:
1259:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1132:
1025:
926:
866:
827:
776:
738:
647:Harclay's unauthorised negotiations with
369:. For this he was awarded a gift of 1000
233:in 1311. He distinguished himself in the
1081:
1001:
788:
749:
491:Roger de Clifford, 2nd Baron de Clifford
289:The family name of Harclay derives from
257:on 16–17 March. For this he was created
217:(c. 1270 – 3 March 1323), alternatively
1758:English politicians convicted of crimes
1444:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
902:
878:
854:
839:
667:
611:in Yorkshire, before it was hung up on
1168:
1120:
1108:
1053:
1029:
1013:
989:
977:
950:
938:
914:
890:
815:
800:
734:
732:
730:
701:
677:
27:English military commander (1270–1323)
1156:
1096:
1069:
764:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
537:in Yorkshire. The English commander,
7:
1144:
1057:
1041:
215:Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle
1446:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1384:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1352:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1326:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1232:"The Battle of Boroughbridge, 1322"
1215:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1194:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
225:. Coming from a knightly family in
539:John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond
25:
1324:The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399
18:Andrew Harclay, Earl of Carlisle
1614:Stones (1965). E. L. G. (ed.).
965:Robert the Bruce, King of Scots
1413:Plantagenet England: 1225–1360
1348:Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322
1:
963:Scott, Ronald McNair (1988).
653:The Price of the King's Peace
130:
116:
498:, and given land worth 1000
470:-heavy forces. According to
417:and his most powerful earl,
1743:High sheriffs of Cumberland
1437:. London: Wyman & Sons.
1304:. London: Hambledon Press.
1209:Childs, Wendy, ed. (2005).
605:hanged, drawn and quartered
275:hanged, drawn and quartered
1774:
383:Warden of the West Marches
197:Warden of the West Marches
52:against the Scots in 1315.
1681:
1676:
1669:
1646:Summerson, Henry (1993).
462:– a compact formation of
237:, and in 1315 repulsed a
41:
1584:10.9750/PSAS.003.454.464
1563:Munch, P. A. (1857–60).
1483:Traquair, Peter (1998).
595:On 3 March, Harclay was
313:. Michael Harclay was a
1753:Executed English people
1431:Renton, Edward (1889).
1253:Fryde, Natalie (1979).
1238:. Woodbridge: Boydell.
1230:DeVries, Kelly (1996).
411:Battle of Boroughbridge
403:Battle of Boroughbridge
285:Family and early career
255:Battle of Boroughbridge
103:Battle of Boroughbridge
1452:10.1093/ref:odnb/12235
655:, the third volume of
526:
406:
345:in the defence of the
547:Battle of Bannockburn
517:
504:Warden of the Marches
400:
323:sheriff of Cumberland
231:sheriff of Cumberland
1625:Tyerman, Christopher
1513:Davies, James Conway
1274:Haines, Roy (2003).
1212:Vita Edwardi Secundi
535:Battle of Old Byland
525:in the first quarter
311:University of Oxford
266:Battle of Old Byland
1434:Heraldry in England
1159:, pp. 132, 158
692:, 1272-1346, p. 250
690:Lanercost Chronicle
574:Death and aftermath
454:Lanercost Chronicle
419:Thomas of Lancaster
355:Knight of the Shire
279:Lanercost Chronicle
251:Thomas of Lancaster
229:, he was appointed
153:Cause of death
1671:Peerage of England
1408:Prestwich, Michael
643:Harclay in fiction
527:
407:
343:Robert de Clifford
105:, treason against
1723:Earls of Carlisle
1701:
1700:
1638:978-1-84383-486-1
1423:978-0-19-822844-8
1287:978-0-7735-2432-3
1201:978-0-7486-2022-7
1084:, pp. 229–30
485:– one of the few
219:Andreas de Harcla
212:
211:
16:(Redirected from
1765:
1748:English MPs 1321
1684:Earl of Carlisle
1667:
1656:External sources
1651:
1642:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1594:. Archived from
1569:
1559:
1522:
1500:
1479:
1455:
1438:
1427:
1403:
1371:
1351:
1337:
1315:
1291:
1270:
1249:
1226:
1205:
1186:Barrow, Geoffrey
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1060:, pp. 160–1
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1023:
1017:
1016:, pp. 351–2
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
992:, pp. 167–8
987:
981:
975:
969:
968:
960:
954:
953:, pp. 345–6
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
917:, pp. 140–1
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
779:, pp. 108–9
774:
768:
762:
753:
747:
741:
736:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
649:Robert the Bruce
531:Robert the Bruce
496:Earl of Carlisle
483:Earl of Hereford
367:Robert the Bruce
321:, and served as
259:Earl of Carlisle
247:Robert the Bruce
183:Wars and battles
135:
132:
121:
118:
93:
59:Earl of Carlisle
46:
32:
21:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1687:
1658:
1645:
1639:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1601:on 11 June 2007
1598:
1567:
1562:
1540:10.2307/3678863
1525:
1521:. London: Cass.
1511:
1508:
1506:Further reading
1503:
1497:
1486:Freedom's Sword
1482:
1476:
1458:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1406:
1392:
1374:
1360:
1342:Maddicott, John
1340:
1334:
1318:
1312:
1294:
1288:
1273:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1229:
1223:
1208:
1202:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:, p. 272;
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:, p. 323;
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
962:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
905:, pp. 95–6
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
857:, pp. 94–5
853:
846:
842:, pp. 93–4
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
807:
799:
795:
787:
783:
775:
771:
763:
756:
748:
744:
737:
708:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
669:
665:
645:
576:
512:
395:
373:from the king.
359:Carlisle Castle
335:
333:Military career
319:Clifford family
287:
243:Carlisle Castle
207:
206:Michael Harclay
144:
133:
119:
101:Victory at the
91:
69:
68:25 March 1322 –
53:
50:Carlisle Castle
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1620:
1611:
1560:
1534:(12): 85–103.
1523:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1480:
1474:
1456:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1404:
1390:
1376:Phillips, John
1372:
1358:
1338:
1332:
1316:
1310:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1227:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1133:Prestwich 2007
1125:
1113:
1101:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1046:
1034:
1032:, p. xlvi
1026:Maddicott 1970
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
955:
943:
931:
927:Prestwich 2007
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
867:Prestwich 2007
859:
844:
832:
828:Maddicott 1970
820:
805:
793:
781:
777:Maddicott 1970
769:
754:
742:
739:Summerson 2004
706:
694:
682:
666:
664:
661:
644:
641:
575:
572:
543:Rievaulx Abbey
511:
508:
394:
391:
334:
331:
286:
283:
223:Edward II
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
141:
137:
136:
128:
124:
123:
114:
110:
109:
107:Edward II
99:
98:Known for
95:
94:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
36:Andrew Harclay
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1770:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1496:9781570982477
1492:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1475:88-920000-8-X
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:0-19-822359-5
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1359:0-19-821837-0
1355:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1333:0-19-821712-9
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:McKisack, May
1317:
1313:
1311:1-85285-087-6
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:Keen, Maurice
1293:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1266:0-521-54806-3
1262:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1245:0-85115-567-7
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1222:0-19-927594-7
1218:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1171:, p. 353
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:, p. 150
1146:
1141:
1138:
1135:, p. 385
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:, p. 272
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1099:, p. 157
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Phillips 1972
1078:
1075:
1072:, p. 131
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:, p. 161
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1004:, p. 229
1003:
1002:Phillips 1972
998:
995:
991:
986:
983:
980:, p. 346
979:
974:
971:
966:
959:
956:
952:
947:
944:
941:, p. 271
940:
935:
932:
929:, p. 356
928:
923:
920:
916:
911:
908:
904:
899:
896:
893:, p. 140
892:
887:
884:
880:
875:
872:
869:, p. 201
868:
863:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
833:
830:, p. 311
829:
824:
821:
818:, p. 344
817:
812:
810:
806:
803:, p. 139
802:
797:
794:
790:
789:McKisack 1959
785:
782:
778:
773:
770:
767:, p. 123
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
750:Phillips 1972
746:
743:
740:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
707:
704:, p. 338
703:
698:
695:
691:
686:
683:
680:, p. 351
679:
674:
672:
668:
662:
660:
658:
657:Nigel Tranter
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:London Bridge
610:
609:Knaresborough
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
582:
573:
571:
568:
564:
559:
555:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
520:
516:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
435:Boroughbridge
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
399:
393:Boroughbridge
392:
390:
388:
384:
381:castles, and
380:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Scottish Wars
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Henry Harclay
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Scottish Wars
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:Joan FitzJohn
205:
201:
198:
195:
191:
188:
187:Scottish Wars
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
129:
125:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1713:1270s births
1695:
1689:1st creation
1688:
1682:
1678:New creation
1677:
1647:
1628:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1575:
1571:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1485:
1464:
1460:Tout, Thomas
1443:
1433:
1412:
1380:
1347:
1323:
1300:
1276:
1255:
1235:
1210:
1190:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1111:, p. 12
1104:
1077:
1065:
1049:
1037:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
964:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
903:DeVries 1996
898:
886:
881:, p. 94
879:DeVries 1996
874:
862:
855:DeVries 1996
840:DeVries 1996
835:
823:
796:
791:, p. 66
784:
772:
752:, p. 89
745:
697:
685:
652:
646:
633:
594:
581:Anthony Lucy
577:
567:lèse majesté
563:Maurice Keen
560:
556:
528:
519:Coat of arms
480:
471:
457:
443:
408:
375:
336:
288:
263:
218:
214:
213:
148:, Cumberland
143:3 March 1323
113:Years active
78:New creation
70:3 March 1323
29:
1718:1323 deaths
1605:14 November
1169:Barrow 1965
1121:Haines 2003
1109:Renton 1889
1054:Haines 2003
1030:Childs 2005
1014:Barrow 1965
990:Haines 2003
978:Barrow 1965
951:Barrow 1965
939:Haines 2003
915:Haines 2003
891:Haines 2003
816:Barrow 1965
801:Haines 2003
702:Barrow 1965
678:Barrow 1965
464:infantrymen
450:men-at-arms
427:Westmorland
401:Map of the
379:Cockermouth
295:Westmorland
227:Westmorland
177:Westmorland
161:Nationality
134: 1270
120: 1304
75:Predecessor
1707:Categories
1692:1322–1323
1578:: 454–62.
1157:Fryde 1979
1097:Fryde 1979
1070:Fryde 1979
765:Fryde 1979
663:References
637:Edward III
423:Cumberland
387:parliament
361:against a
307:Chancellor
173:Cumberland
1592:247208125
1556:159965609
1145:Tout 1914
1058:Keen 1996
1042:Keen 1996
621:Newcastle
597:arraigned
590:Papcastle
552:Lochmaben
533:, at the
459:schiltron
439:River Ure
415:Edward II
299:Yorkshire
271:arraigned
83:Successor
1696:Forfeit
1627:(eds.).
1515:(1918).
1462:(1914).
1410:(2007).
1378:(1972).
1344:(1970).
1322:(1959).
1298:(1996).
1188:(1965).
617:Carlisle
487:magnates
476:retainer
472:The Brut
351:Scotland
349:against
315:retainer
169:Locality
156:Executed
146:Carlisle
1548:3678863
1178:Sources
625:Bristol
523:martlet
510:Treason
468:cavalry
446:knights
347:Marches
317:of the
309:of the
291:Hartley
253:at the
203:Parents
193:Offices
164:English
86:Forfeit
1635:
1590:
1554:
1546:
1493:
1472:
1420:
1400:426691
1398:
1388:
1368:132766
1366:
1356:
1330:
1308:
1284:
1263:
1242:
1219:
1198:
627:, and
586:honour
122:– 1323
65:Tenure
1599:(PDF)
1588:S2CID
1568:(PDF)
1552:S2CID
1544:JSTOR
629:Dover
601:spurs
500:marks
431:Ripon
371:marks
363:siege
239:siege
92:
1633:ISBN
1607:2007
1491:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1396:OCLC
1386:ISBN
1364:OCLC
1354:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1196:ISBN
448:and
425:and
327:eyre
305:, a
140:Died
127:Born
1580:doi
1536:doi
1448:doi
588:of
365:by
293:in
245:by
241:on
1709::
1586:.
1574:.
1570:.
1550:.
1542:.
1530:.
1489:.
1394:.
1362:.
1234:.
1089:^
847:^
808:^
757:^
709:^
670:^
631:.
623:,
619:,
554:.
506:.
441:.
389:.
261:.
175:,
131:c.
117:c.
1641:.
1609:.
1582::
1576:3
1558:.
1538::
1532:5
1499:.
1478:.
1454:.
1450::
1426:.
1402:.
1370:.
1336:.
1314:.
1290:.
1269:.
1248:.
1225:.
1204:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
