Knowledge (XXG)

Andrew Stewart Coats

Source đź“ť

261: 677:, the Australian Health Information Council (AHIC). He sat on many committees and chaired the New South Wales Ministerial Advisory Committee on Health and Medical Research (MACMHR). In his three years as Deputy Vice-Chancellor in charge of External Relations and Development at Sydney, the university achieved the highest ever fund-raising total for any Australian university, in excess of A$ 50 million per year. 339: 86: 45: 206: 646:, where he did some of the early work on the clinical value of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. His subsequent career, forming the bulk of his more than 550 research papers, has been in the field of heart failure where he conducted the first ever randomised trial of exercise training in chronic heart failure. 652:
He has been chairman or a member of the steering committee of many large-scale international drug trials that have influenced treatment of cardiovascular disease. These include the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Trial, OPTIMAAL (angiotensin receptor antagonist in
1054:
Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Castaigne A, Roecker EB, Schultz MK, DeMets DL; Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001 May
1071:
Dickstein K, Kjekshus J; and the OPTIMAAL Trial Steering Committee for the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity after acute myocardial infarction: The OPTIMAAL randomized trial. Lancet 2002; 360(9335):752-60
1091:, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Parkhomenko A, et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). 618:. In 2006, he was appointed Deputy Vice-Chancellor (External Communications) of the University of Sydney. In 2009, Stewart Coats was appointed the second Norwich Research Park Professor-at-Large, second to Baron 1567: 1557: 665:
In 2016, he was the keynote speaker at the International Conference of Undergraduate Research, held concurrently in Australia, the UK, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, South Africa and the US.
1228: 1013:
Daytime ambulatory systolic blood pressure is more effective at predicting mortality than clinic blood pressure. Dawes MG, Coats AJ, Juszczak E. Blood Press Monit. 2006 Jun;11(3):111-8.
1408: 914: 799: 773: 649:
He coined the term "The Muscle Hypothesis", the now accepted explanation for the generation of exercise-limiting symptoms in chronic heart failure, but at the time a radical theory.
1507: 736:
for distinguished service to medical research and tertiary education in the field of cardiology, as an academic and author, and as a mentor and role model for young scientists.
1542: 1038:
Symptoms and quality of life in heart failure: the muscle hypothesis. Coats AJ, Clark AL, Piepoli M, Volterrani M, Poole-Wilson PA. "Br Heart J" 1994 Aug;72(2 Suppl):S36-9.
1148: 521:. He is known for putting forward the "muscle hypothesis" of heart failure. In addition to this, Coats is a fundraiser, university administrator, and inventor. His 517:
who has particular interest in the management of heart failure. His research suggested exercise training (rather than bed rest) as a more effective treatment for
1552: 1527: 1276: 1202: 1562: 1502: 1337: 1320: 701:. He has also been a board director of a number of private and public companies, including Myotec, PsiOxus, Lone Star Heart Inc., Centenary Institute, the 992:
Coats, A. J.; Conway, J.; Somers, V. K.; Isea, J. E.; Sleight, P. (1989.) "Ambulatory pressure monitoring in the assessment of antihypertensive therapy",
1306: 114: 94: 956: 1512: 694: 1022:
Effects of physical training in chronic heart failure. Coats AJ, Adamopoulos S, Meyer TE, Conway J, Sleight P. Lancet. 1990 Jan 13;335(8681):63-6.
1547: 975: 1232: 1423: 58: 803: 777: 774:"Innovations spin-out Myotec merges with Hybrid Biosystems to form PsiOxus Therapeutics; ÂŁ3.6m new funding to develop therapeutic pipeline" 610:
in London, and its Clinical Director for Cardiology and its Associate Medical Director. In 2002, Stewart Coats became the 17th Dean of the
224: 216: 1376: 658: 580: 1517: 1475: 686: 509: 328: 307: 242: 187: 72: 559: 168: 721:, coronial inquests, liability claims and occupational health and safety prosecutions, and insurance law and is a graduate of the 140: 918: 933: 1522: 147: 705:, Cardiodirect (UK) Limited, the Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, and the George Institute of International Health. 1419: 31: 1155: 118: 110: 273: 746: 154: 99: 1537: 1284: 753: 1206: 103: 282: 136: 64: 873: 562:, where he graduated with a B.A. in Physiological Sciences with First-Class Honours and won the Rose Prize; and 884: 702: 592: 563: 549: 726: 717:
in Melbourne. Peter has previously been the firm's managing partner over a number of years, specialising in
607: 451: 447: 1532: 698: 690: 405: 631: 623: 611: 542: 518: 463: 459: 415: 656:
He has published over 450 items on PubMed as of February 2011 and has been Editor-in-Chief of the
1497: 722: 615: 455: 443: 401: 397: 860: 1354: 718: 596: 1481: 161: 1203:"Imperial Innovations: Merger of portfolio company | Company Announcements | Telegraph" 733: 674: 566:, where he read medicine, earning a M.B. B.Chir., and was top of his year with two distinctions. 125: 1383: 1300: 1096: 1073: 1056: 1039: 1023: 997: 843: 627: 467: 825: 800:"Innovations leads ÂŁ5.6m investment in Myotec to fund treatments for muscle wasting disease" 603: 522: 1451: 17: 619: 584: 260: 1180: 1088: 714: 1491: 588: 541:. His father, Douglas A. Coats, was a Professor of Resuscitation who first described 643: 514: 1112: 338: 1134: 477: 538: 525:
patents have formed the basis of companies specialising in the treatment of
375: 345: 1100: 1077: 1060: 1043: 1027: 1001: 847: 653:
heart failure), and SENIORS (management of heart failure in the elderly).
602:
In 1996, he was appointed the Viscount Royston Professor of Cardiology at
579:
After qualifying in medicine in 1980, Stewart Coats started his career at
526: 626:. In 2013, he took up the position of Joint Academic Vice-President of 976:"Monash–Warwick: what does a global university partnership look like?" 673:
Stewart Coats was appointed chair of Australia's peak policy body for
622:. In 2011, Stewart Coats was appointed chief executive officer of the 934:"Interview – One man, two guvnors and a single vision | General" 892: 1254: 1409:"Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia" 915:"Leading cardiologist appointed to harness world-class research" 838:
Coats, D. A. (1969.) "Long-term complete parental nutrition",
713:
Stewart Coats has two brothers, one of whom, Peter, works for
591:. In 1991, he was appointed Senior Lecturer, supported by the 553: 254: 199: 124:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
79: 38: 595:, at the National Heart and Lung Institute under Professor 861:"Key Dates – Faculty of Medicine Online Museum and Archive" 917:. University of East Anglia. 15 July 2010. Archived from 513:(born 1 February 1958) is an Australian–British academic 1568:
Fellows of the Australian Institute of Company Directors
776:. Imperial Innovations. 15 December 2010. Archived from 278: 1382:. Melbourne Law School. November 2003. Archived from 1229:"Merger of portfolio company - London Stock Exchange" 587:
and then at the University of Oxford under Professor
802:. Imperial Innovations. 1 March 2010. Archived from 27:
Australian–British academic cardiologist (born 1958)
606:. He was also honorary consultant physician at the 483: 473: 439: 429: 411: 393: 383: 354: 322: 1338:"Financial Report for the Year Ended 30 June 2008" 1321:"Financial Report for the Year Ended 30 June 2007" 1558:People associated with the University of Warwick 957:"Andrew Coats to drive Monash–Warwick alliance" 642:Stewart Coats commenced his research career in 1446: 1444: 8: 974:Coats, Andrew J. Stewart (30 October 2012). 537:Andrew Stewart Coats was born and raised in 73:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1543:Academic staff of the University of Sydney 337: 319: 117:about living persons that is unsourced or 695:Australian Institute of Company Directors 308:Learn how and when to remove this message 243:Learn how and when to remove this message 188:Learn how and when to remove this message 30:For other people named Andrew Coats, see 1508:Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford 693:and subsequently became a Fellow of the 765: 752:The Inaugural Michael L Pollock Award, 732:In 2017 Stewart Coats was appointed an 1305:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1298: 1181:"News | The University of Sydney" 558:Head of School and a School Officer; 7: 1553:Academics of Imperial College London 1528:21st-century British medical doctors 659:International Journal of Cardiology 1563:Officers of the Order of Australia 1503:Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge 215:tone or style may not reflect the 25: 1422:. 26 January 2017. Archived from 1115:. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 25 March 2013 955:Hare, Julie (18 September 2012). 734:Officer of the Order of Australia 272:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s 54:This article has multiple issues. 1513:Alumni of London Business School 581:St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne 259: 225:guide to writing better articles 204: 84: 43: 1416:Australia Day 2017 Honours List 932:Jump, Paul (13 December 2012). 669:National and international work 435:senior university administrator 62:or discuss these issues on the 1548:Medical doctors from Melbourne 560:St Catherine's College, Oxford 548:Stewart Coats was educated at 1: 1420:Governor-General of Australia 1183:. Usyd.edu.au. 6 January 2009 32:Andrew Coats (disambiguation) 95:biography of a living person 747:Royal College of Physicians 685:Stewart Coats completed an 506:Andrew Justin Stewart Coats 359:Andrew Justin Stewart Coats 122:must be removed immediately 18:Andrew Justin Stewart Coats 1584: 1482:Andrew J. Stewart Coats CV 826:"PsiOxus – Advisory Board" 754:American Heart Association 29: 1113:"Coats A – PubMed – NCBI" 697:and a member of London's 499: 422: 336: 1518:Australian cardiologists 1343:. Wearne & Co. 2008. 1326:. Wearne & Co. 2007. 936:. Times Higher Education 863:. Sydney Medical School. 703:Heart Research Institute 593:British Heart Foundation 564:Clare College, Cambridge 550:Melbourne Grammar School 533:Early life and education 492:Michael L Pollock Award 285:may contain suggestions. 270:may need to be rewritten 1484:at University of Sydney 1476:Andrew J. Stewart Coats 727:University of Melbourne 608:Royal Brompton Hospital 452:Imperial College London 448:Royal Brompton Hospital 219:used on Knowledge (XXG) 699:Institute of Directors 691:London Business School 529:(Myotec and PsiOxus). 406:London Business School 343:Andrew Stewart Coats, 223:See Knowledge (XXG)'s 137:"Andrew Stewart Coats" 109:Please help by adding 1523:British cardiologists 1257:. LoneStar Heart, Inc 994:Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 745:Linacre Medal of the 632:University of Warwick 624:Norwich Research Park 543:essential fatty acids 519:chronic heart failure 464:University of Warwick 460:Norwich Research Park 416:Chronic heart failure 996:, 3 Suppl 1:303-11. 723:Melbourne Law School 630:, Australia and the 616:University of Sydney 456:University of Sydney 444:University of Oxford 402:Cambridge University 398:University of Oxford 324:Andrew Stewart Coats 115:Contentious material 1429:on 25 November 2017 1281:www.woolcock.org.au 1161:on 17 February 2011 1095:2005; 26: 215–25. 1055:31;344(22):1651-8. 895:on 11 February 2007 719:asbestos litigation 612:Faculty of Medicine 597:Philip Poole-Wilson 1377:"Law at Melbourne" 921:on 5 October 2012. 806:on 18 January 2014 675:Health Informatics 1538:Monash University 681:Commercial career 628:Monash University 503: 502: 468:Monash University 318: 317: 310: 300: 299: 274:quality standards 253: 252: 245: 217:encyclopedic tone 198: 197: 190: 172: 98:needs additional 77: 16:(Redirected from 1575: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1452:"Advisory Board" 1448: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1413: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1388: 1381: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1357:. Minter Ellison 1351: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1283:. Archived from 1273: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1231:. Archived from 1225: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1205:. Archived from 1199: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1160: 1154:. Archived from 1153: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1109: 1103: 1086: 1080: 1069: 1063: 1052: 1046: 1036: 1030: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1005: 990: 984: 983: 971: 965: 964: 952: 946: 945: 943: 941: 929: 923: 922: 911: 905: 904: 902: 900: 891:. Archived from 881: 875: 871: 865: 864: 857: 851: 840:Z Ernahrungswiss 836: 830: 829: 822: 816: 815: 813: 811: 796: 790: 789: 787: 785: 780:on 21 March 2014 770: 604:Imperial College 583:under Professor 555:proxime accessit 523:Imperial College 512: 495: 490: 372: 368: 366: 341: 331: 320: 313: 306: 295: 292: 286: 263: 255: 248: 241: 237: 234: 228: 227:for suggestions. 208: 207: 200: 193: 186: 182: 179: 173: 171: 130: 111:reliable sources 88: 87: 80: 69: 47: 46: 39: 21: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1488: 1487: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1389:on 5 April 2015 1386: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1297: 1290: 1288: 1277:"Archived copy" 1275: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1238: 1236: 1235:on 13 July 2011 1227: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1209:on 17 July 2011 1201: 1200: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1087: 1083: 1070: 1066: 1053: 1049: 1037: 1033: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 991: 987: 973: 972: 968: 954: 953: 949: 939: 937: 931: 930: 926: 913: 912: 908: 898: 896: 883: 882: 878: 872: 868: 859: 858: 854: 837: 833: 824: 823: 819: 809: 807: 798: 797: 793: 783: 781: 772: 771: 767: 763: 742: 711: 683: 671: 640: 638:Research career 620:Solly Zuckerman 585:David Penington 577: 572: 552:, where he was 535: 508: 493: 491: 488: 474:Sub-specialties 466: 462: 458: 454: 446: 434: 404: 400: 388: 379: 373: 370: 369:1 February 1958 364: 362: 361: 360: 350: 332: 327: 325: 314: 303: 302: 301: 296: 290: 287: 277: 264: 249: 238: 232: 229: 222: 213:This article's 209: 205: 194: 183: 177: 174: 131: 129: 108: 89: 85: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1581: 1579: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1471: 1470:External links 1468: 1466: 1465: 1440: 1400: 1368: 1346: 1329: 1312: 1287:on 6 July 2011 1268: 1246: 1220: 1194: 1172: 1149:"NSW Research" 1140: 1126: 1104: 1081: 1064: 1047: 1031: 1015: 1006: 985: 966: 961:The Australian 947: 924: 906: 889:www.nrp.org.uk 876: 866: 852: 842:, 9(4):401-2. 831: 817: 791: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 750: 741: 738: 715:Minter Ellison 710: 707: 682: 679: 670: 667: 639: 636: 576: 575:Medical career 573: 571: 568: 534: 531: 501: 500: 497: 496: 487:Linacre Medal 485: 481: 480: 475: 471: 470: 441: 437: 436: 431: 427: 426: 424:Medical career 420: 419: 413: 412:Known for 409: 408: 395: 391: 390: 385: 381: 380: 374: 358: 356: 352: 351: 342: 334: 333: 326: 323: 316: 315: 298: 297: 267: 265: 258: 251: 250: 212: 210: 203: 196: 195: 119:poorly sourced 92: 90: 83: 78: 52: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1580: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1533:Living people 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1385: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1356: 1355:"Peter Coats" 1350: 1347: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1221: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1157: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 989: 986: 981: 977: 970: 967: 962: 958: 951: 948: 935: 928: 925: 920: 916: 910: 907: 894: 890: 886: 880: 877: 874: 870: 867: 862: 856: 853: 849: 845: 841: 835: 832: 827: 821: 818: 805: 801: 795: 792: 779: 775: 769: 766: 760: 755: 751: 748: 744: 743: 739: 737: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 709:Personal life 708: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 680: 678: 676: 668: 666: 663: 661: 660: 654: 650: 647: 645: 637: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 589:Peter Sleight 586: 582: 574: 569: 567: 565: 561: 557: 556: 551: 546: 544: 540: 532: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 507: 498: 486: 482: 479: 476: 472: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 442: 438: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 414: 410: 407: 403: 399: 396: 392: 386: 382: 377: 371:(age 66) 357: 353: 348: 347: 340: 335: 330: 321: 312: 309: 294: 284: 280: 275: 271: 268:This article 266: 262: 257: 256: 247: 244: 236: 226: 220: 218: 211: 202: 201: 192: 189: 181: 178:December 2012 170: 167: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 139: â€“  138: 134: 133:Find sources: 127: 123: 120: 116: 112: 106: 105: 101: 96: 91: 82: 81: 76: 74: 67: 66: 61: 60: 55: 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 1456:. Retrieved 1431:. Retrieved 1424:the original 1415: 1403: 1391:. Retrieved 1384:the original 1371: 1359:. Retrieved 1349: 1332: 1315: 1289:. Retrieved 1285:the original 1280: 1271: 1259:. Retrieved 1249: 1237:. Retrieved 1233:the original 1223: 1211:. Retrieved 1207:the original 1197: 1185:. Retrieved 1175: 1163:. Retrieved 1156:the original 1143: 1129: 1117:. Retrieved 1107: 1092: 1084: 1067: 1050: 1034: 1018: 1009: 993: 988: 980:The Guardian 979: 969: 960: 950: 938:. Retrieved 927: 919:the original 909: 897:. Retrieved 893:the original 888: 885:"NRP - News" 879: 869: 855: 839: 834: 820: 808:. Retrieved 804:the original 794: 782:. Retrieved 778:the original 768: 731: 725:(LL.B.) and 712: 684: 672: 664: 662:since 1999. 657: 655: 651: 648: 644:hypertension 641: 601: 578: 554: 547: 536: 515:cardiologist 505: 504: 440:Institutions 423: 344: 304: 288: 279:You can help 269: 239: 230: 214: 184: 175: 165: 158: 151: 144: 132: 121: 104:verification 97: 70: 63: 57: 56:Please help 53: 36: 1498:1958 births 1478:at LinkedIn 1393:18 February 1361:18 February 1239:28 February 1213:28 February 1165:28 February 1135:"Icur 2016" 1093:Eur Heart J 384:Nationality 378:, Australia 1492:Categories 1458:21 October 1433:27 January 1291:14 January 1261:21 October 1187:21 October 1119:21 October 1089:Flather MD 940:21 October 899:14 January 828:. PsiOxus. 761:References 478:Cardiology 430:Profession 387:Australian 365:1958-02-01 291:March 2014 233:March 2014 148:newspapers 59:improve it 1454:. PsiOxus 539:Melbourne 394:Education 376:Melbourne 283:talk page 100:citations 65:talk page 1301:cite web 1101:15642700 1078:12241832 1061:11386263 729:(B.A.). 527:cachexia 433:Academic 418:research 126:libelous 1044:7946756 1028:1967416 1002:2487802 848:4983125 810:23 July 784:23 July 614:at the 389:British 162:scholar 1255:"Home" 1099:  1076:  1059:  1042:  1026:  1000:  846:  756:(1999) 749:(1998) 740:Awards 634:, UK. 570:Career 494:(1999) 489:(1998) 484:Awards 281:. The 164:  157:  150:  143:  135:  1427:(PDF) 1412:(PDF) 1387:(PDF) 1380:(PDF) 1341:(PDF) 1324:(PDF) 1159:(PDF) 1152:(PDF) 169:JSTOR 155:books 93:This 1460:2013 1435:2017 1395:2015 1363:2015 1307:link 1293:2022 1263:2013 1241:2011 1215:2011 1189:2013 1167:2011 1121:2013 1097:PMID 1074:PMID 1057:PMID 1040:PMID 1024:PMID 998:PMID 942:2013 901:2022 844:PMID 812:2013 786:2013 355:Born 349:2010 141:news 102:for 689:at 687:MBA 450:of 346:ca. 1494:: 1443:^ 1418:. 1414:. 1303:}} 1299:{{ 1279:. 978:. 959:. 887:. 599:. 545:. 510:AO 367:) 329:AO 113:. 68:. 1462:. 1437:. 1397:. 1365:. 1309:) 1295:. 1265:. 1243:. 1217:. 1191:. 1169:. 1137:. 1123:. 1004:. 982:. 963:. 944:. 903:. 850:. 814:. 788:. 363:( 311:) 305:( 293:) 289:( 276:. 246:) 240:( 235:) 231:( 221:. 191:) 185:( 180:) 176:( 166:· 159:· 152:· 145:· 128:. 107:. 75:) 71:( 34:. 20:)

Index

Andrew Justin Stewart Coats
Andrew Coats (disambiguation)
improve it
talk page
Learn how and when to remove these messages
biography of a living person
citations
verification
reliable sources
Contentious material
poorly sourced
libelous
"Andrew Stewart Coats"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
Learn how and when to remove this message
encyclopedic tone
guide to writing better articles
Learn how and when to remove this message

quality standards
You can help
talk page
Learn how and when to remove this message
AO

ca.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑