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lay unfertilized eggs in the embryonic bud leaves of the Turkey oak, with galls slowly developing during winter, and are visible in March and April as small oval structures between the bud scales, looking like ant's eggs or pupae. The emerging adult gall-wasps in spring are the sexual generation, producing both males and females, which fly to the common oaks to initiate the formation of the summer marble gall.
522:. Iron-gall ink may have been used for 1,800 years, but it does not withstand the test of time well. Over the course of centuries, the ink fades, and discolours and damages the paper. Other waterproof formulae, better suited for writing on paper, became available in the 20th century. Iron gall ink is manufactured chiefly by artists enthusiastic about reviving old methods or possibly forgers of old documents.
307:
358:
is located in a hard, seed-like cell in the centre. The word 'marble' derives from the gall's shape, which is a marble-like rounded structure. As stated, although normally distinctive the oak marble gall can, under some growth conditions, be mistaken for the oak apple gall, caused by a number of gall
298:
The developing spherical galls are green at first, brown later, and mature in August. Each gall contains a central chamber, with a single female wasp larva of the asexual generation, which emerges through a 'woodworm-like' hole as an adult winged gall-wasp in
September. These asexual (agamic) females
353:
The gall growth first appears as a rounded mass of green plant tissue on the leaf buds of the oak, later becoming hard and brown, being up to approximately 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter. Although nearly spherical, the galls often have a number of little flattened nodules. The rounded
547:
Removing and destroying galls before they dry and the wasps emerge from a hole may help to reduce the infestation. While fairly large, spectacular, and sometimes present in quite large numbers, they cause no measurable harm. The galls were the subject of considerable press controversy in the
363:. This may be due to the observer's unfamiliarity with the true oak apple gall which grows to be somewhat larger, has red markings, but does also grow on the axillary or terminal buds. The galls sometimes coalesce. The non-parasitised specimens are at the largest end of the size range.
233:
are dark brown, and about 1.5–2.0 millimetres (0.059–0.079 in) in length. It has alternating sexual and asexual generations, each often taking two years to complete. Like all gall wasps, it causes the formation of parasitic galls on trees in which it lays its larvae.
606:
302:
The abnormal buds develop during the summer and the bud is wholly replaced by the growing gall. Marble galls may remain attached to the tree for several years. The level of attack by the insect varies greatly from year to
412:
is an example of a parasitoid in oak marble galls. The presence of these inquilines and parasites is often visible on older galls by the presence of fine exit-holes, smaller than that of the gall wasp itself.
578:
590:
842:
Stone, Graham N.; Schönrogge, Karsten; Atkinson, Rachel J.; Bellido, David; Pujade-Villar, Juli (2002). "The
Population Biology of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)".
886:
Stone, G.; Atkinson, R.; Rokas, A.; Csóka, G.; Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. (2001). "Differential success in northwards range expansion between ecotypes of the marble gallwasp
1051:
Redfern, Margaret & Shirley, Peter (2002). British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants & fungi. AIDGAP. Shrewsbury : Field
Studies Council.
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can all be parasitized. The host trees are often immature or retarded specimens; galls are rarer on older, healthier trees. The Turkey oak (
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mid-nineteenth century when it was thought that the acorn crop would be ruined and its rapid spread would deprive farmers of valuable
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Sectioned gall showing central 'cell' and inquiline chamber; exit-hole and a possibly parasitised stunted gall specimen
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in 1735, is required for the completion of the wasp's life cycle. The oak marble gall is frequently conflated with the
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Mature galls are sometimes broken open by vertebrate predators to recover the larva or pupa. Woodpeckers, such as the
1310:
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1323:
382:
54:
702:
Redfern M., Shirley P., Bloxham M., British Plant Galls Second
Edition, Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, 2011
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An oak apple gall; often confused with the oak marble gall: the brown areas are scale remnants from the bud.
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1209:
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In May or June, a sexual female lays her eggs in the developing buds of susceptible oak trees using her
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A gall can contain the cynipid wasp as the host that made the gall; up to five species of inquilines (
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and for dyeing cloth. According to recent research, traces of iron-gall ink have been found on the
315:
539:
Oak marble gall extract is used in deodorants because of tannic acid's anti-bacterial properties.
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Powdered galls mixed with hog's lard and applied to the posterior were said to be good for curing
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385:, as well as other birds or squirrels have been suggested. In the territory of former
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241:. Chemicals produced by both the adult and developing wasps cause the formation of a
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and yellow-necked mice feed on larvae and pupae extracted from oak marble galls.
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Ed. Morris, M.G. & Perring, F.H (1974) . Pub. Bot. Soc. Brit. Isles. P. 316.
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Ed. Morris, M.G. & Perring, F.H (1974) . Pub. Bot. Soc. Brit. Isles. P. 309.
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529:(about 17%) for the best results; Aleppo galls have three times as much.
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Many old galls bear numerous dark brown excrescences, due to the fungus
436:) eating the host's food; as well as up to thirteen parasitoid species (
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live harmlessly within the oak marble gall. Some of these, as well as
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Oak marble galls showing two stunted and two normal-sized examples
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Oak marble galls, one with a gall fly exit hole and another with
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by insects referred to as parasitoids. The chalcid wasp
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growths are filled with a spongy mass and a single wasp
1158:
960:
Butlletí de la
Institució Catalana d'Història Natural
943:
Pujade-Villar, J.; Folliot, R.; Bellido, D. (2003).
366:
Fused and/or stunted specimens can be confused with
1216:
1087:The British Oak. Its History and Natural history.
1069:Marble Gall project. Suffolk Naturalists' Society
1032:The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in colour
771:The British Oak. Its History and Natural history.
724:The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in colour
491:) living on the host, inquilines and each other.
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744:Turkey oak introduction & gall distribution
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949:(Hartig, 1856) n. stat., a sibling species of
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377:Predators, inquilines, parasitoids and fungi
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31:
20:
755:
753:
751:
283:. Oak marble galls are also known as the
953:(Hartig, 1843) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)"
201:trees. Synonyms for the species include
671:
562:
1170:Deodorant. Accessed : 2010-08-15
856:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145247
193:which causes the formation of marble
7:
1324:56aa8288-df22-4b18-8c45-e897438a1034
822:Royal Horticultural Society website.
624:Oak marble gall depredated by a bird
1146:Science in schools Gall ink project
760:Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust website
680:"Oak Marble Gall Wasp | NatureSpot"
506:The galls contain large amounts of
277:gall, caused by another gall wasp,
1160:London : W. M. Clark. p. 497.
14:
1189:A photograph of Andricus kollari
1034:. Pub. Blandford Press. Dorset.
912:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01211.x
880:This review cites this research.
726:. Pub. Blandford Press. Dorset.
617:
605:
589:
577:
565:
543:Infestations of oak marble galls
53:
1117:A Checklist of British Species.
372:(Hartig), the "Cola-nut gall".
525:British galls have too little
1:
1184:A photograph of a Marble Gall
890:: a tale of two lifecycles".
335:) instead of the Turkey oak (
1455:Taxa named by Theodor Hartig
572:A developing oak marble gall
510:, which was used for making
1030:Darlington, Arnold (1968).
844:Annual Review of Entomology
722:Darlington, Arnold (1968).
319:was previously included in
1476:
1199:A recipe for Iron Gall ink
346:
44:of the asexual generation
1450:Insects described in 1843
1007:"Gall appearance details"
552:(fodder) for their pigs.
422:Synergus gallaepomiformis
383:lesser spotted woodpecker
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
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39:
30:
23:
502:Uses of oak marble galls
811:Oak Marble Gall details
1135:Oak Apple Gall details
438:Eurytoma brunniventris
311:
207:Andricus quercusgemmae
1460:Hymenoptera of Europe
1440:Gall-inducing insects
1104:June 4, 2011, at the
1074:July 8, 2008, at the
787:"Gall Growth details"
684:www.naturespot.org.uk
640:Andricus grossulariae
418:Ceroptres clavicornis
309:
1319:Fauna Europaea (new)
453:Megastigmus dorsalis
181:, also known as the
947:Andricus hispanicus
945:"The life cycle of
904:2001MolEc..10..761S
477:Mesopolobus amaenus
396:A number of insect
269:), introduced into
245:. Pedunculate oak (
1122:2010-05-02 at the
827:2009-07-15 at the
661:Rose bedeguar gall
656:Oak artichoke gall
518:and on the 'lost'
327:developing on the
312:
1422:
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1210:Taxon identifiers
1099:A parasitoid wasp
892:Molecular Ecology
489:Eupelmus urozonus
260:Quercus × rosacea
257:) and the hybrid
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16:Species of insect
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1412:andricus-kollari
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1009:. Archived from
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984:. Archived from
982:"Oak Apple gall"
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888:Andricus kollari
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789:. Archived from
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516:Dead Sea scrolls
481:M. fasciiventris
473:Hobbya stenonota
426:S. pallidipennis
361:Biorhiza pallida
280:Biorhiza pallida
251:), sessile oak (
231:Andricus kollari
183:marble gall wasp
178:Andricus kollari
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159:Andricus kollari
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42:Andricus kollari
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520:Gospel of Judas
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461:Torymus geranii
457:M. stigmatizans
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359:wasps, such as
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343:Oak marble gall
293:Devonshire gall
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187:parthenogenetic
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141:A. kollari
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1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
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986:the original
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795:. Retrieved
791:the original
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687:. Retrieved
683:
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651:Knopper gall
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1345:iNaturalist
1242:Wikispecies
1059:. Page 404.
527:tannic acid
508:tannic acid
485:M. sericeus
406:parasitised
285:bullet gall
225:Description
189:species of
107:Hymenoptera
1429:Categories
1017:2008-02-06
992:2008-02-06
951:A. kollari
797:2008-02-06
689:2020-05-04
667:References
465:T. auratus
398:inquilines
391:bank voles
321:A. kollari
254:Q. petraea
239:ovipositor
87:Arthropoda
1445:Cynipidae
1435:Oak galls
445:biguttata
443:Sycophila
349:Oak apple
275:oak apple
266:Q. cerris
135:Species:
117:Cynipidae
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1256:BioLib:
1233:Q2706000
1227:Wikidata
1120:Archived
1102:Archived
1072:Archived
968:86828179
920:11298986
864:11729087
825:Archived
633:See also
402:Andricus
329:cork oak
211:A. minor
128:Andricus
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1337:1309600
1042:P. 151.
928:7571881
900:Bibcode
734:P. 154.
556:Gallery
550:pannage
389:, both
289:oak nut
271:Britain
185:, is a
169:, 1843)
123:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
40:Female
1363:705626
1311:197653
1298:239860
1285:ANDIKO
1272:328014
1055:
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872:845122
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229:Adult
167:Hartig
1409:PPE:
1402:10056
1389:75165
1350:55600
1293:EUNIS
1259:65797
964:S2CID
956:(PDF)
924:S2CID
868:S2CID
534:piles
356:larva
303:year.
195:galls
1384:NCBI
1358:ITIS
1332:GBIF
1280:EPPO
1053:ISBN
1036:ISBN
916:PMID
860:PMID
728:ISBN
432:and
243:gall
217:and
191:wasp
1371:NBN
1267:EoL
908:doi
852:doi
339:).
291:or
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199:oak
197:on
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