543:
27:
524:
562:
576:
1728:
116:
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her children were deemed to be royal. In contrast, Sandra Evers states that the social taboo on intermarriage was weaker between the
Andriana and Hova, but remained strong between Andriana and Andevo. The social mores and restrictions on inter-marriage between social strata were historically present among other Malagasy ethnic groups.
374:
The
Andriana caste was originally the source of nobility, and specialized in the rituals and warrior occupations in the Merina society. In the 19th century, when Merina conquered the other kingdoms and ruled most of the island, a much larger army was needed; soldiers in this time were drawn from the
445:
in the Merina society. According to the colonial era missionary
William Ellis's memoir of 1838, an Andriana in the Malagasy society was prohibited from marrying a Hova or an Andevo. The exception, stated Ellis, was the unmarried Queen, who could marry anyone from any strata including the Hova, and
437:
Andriana were also subjected to certain restrictions. Marriage outside the caste was forbidden by law among the lowest three ranks of
Andriana. A high-ranking woman who married a lower-ranking man would take on her husband's lower rank. Although the inverse situation would not cause a high-ranking
414:
At
Antananarivo, only Andriana tombs were allowed to be constructed within town limits. Hovas (freemen) and slaves were required to bury their dead beyond the city walls. The highest ranks of Andriana were permitted to distinguish their tombs by the construction of a small, windowless wooden tomb
213:
about whom little is known. According to the island's oral traditions, the "most
Austronesian looking" Merina people reached the interior of the island in the 15th century. They established their society there because of wars and migrant pressure at the coast. Merina people were settled in the
200:
people settled in
Madagascar between 200 and 500 CE, arriving by boat from various Southeast Asian regions. Mainland Africans began migrating to the island by the 9th century. Portuguese traders were the first Europeans to arrive in the 15th century, soon followed by other European powers.
454:
The
Andriana, along with the other castes, played an important part in the independence of Madagascar. For instance, Joseph Ravoahangy-Andrianavalona, a Merina nationalist and deputy, was an Andriana of the Andriamasinavalona sub-caste. The secret nationalist organization V.V.S.
1502:
Rabarioelina, Ndriana (Rev. Dr.) (2010), "Biblical
Relations between Israel and Madagascar", Doctoral Thesis of Theology, SAHTS, États-Unis, 2010, 458 pages. Abstract in Saint-Alcuin House Journal, Volume 8, N°1, USA, 2011. And in the Library of Congress, number ISSN 1548-4459,
208:
sub-ethnicities by the mid-2nd millennium. The Merina were probably the early arrivals, though this is uncertain, and other ethnic groups on
Madagascar consider them relative newcomers to the island. The Merina people's culture likely mixed with the Madagascar natives named
411:. The strings of the valiha were more easily plucked with the fingernails, which were commonly grown long for this purpose; long fingernails became fashionable and symbolic of belonging to the Andriana class within the Kingdom of Imerina.
244:
Beginning in the 16th century, slaves were brought into Madagascar's various kingdoms, and social strata emerged in Merina kingdom. The Hova emerged as the free commoners' caste below the noble's hierarchy. During the rule of King
542:
386:) for public works such as the construction of dikes, rice paddies, roads and town walls. Posts of privilege within the government, such as judges or royal advisers, were likewise reserved for certain groups of Andriana.
309:(1675–1710), based on locality and genealogical proximity to the ruling family. The Andriana class was divided again into seven groups by King Andrianampoinimerina (1778–1810). In rank order, these groups were:
237:(1540–1575) consolidated the power of the Hova when he united many of the Hova chiefdoms under his rule. The term Hova remained in use through the 20th century. However, some foreigners transliterated that word to be
488:("History of the Nobles"). This collection of oral tradition about the history of the Merina Dynasty was originally written in Malagasy and published between 1878 and 1881. Callet summarized and translated it in
165:
In Madagascar, the name of a Malagasy sovereign, prince, or nobleman was often historically composed by placing "Andriana" as a prefix to the remainder of the name. For example, the name of Merina king
1526:
Ramamonjy, Georges (1952), "De quelques attitudes et coutumes merina", dans Mémoires de l'Institut scientifique de Madagascar (Tananarive), série C, Sciences humaines, 1 (2), 1952, p. 181-196.
1520:
Rajaonarimanana, Narivelo (1990), Savoirs arabico-malgaches : la tradition manuscrite des devins Antemoro Anakara (Madagascar), Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales.
395:, the national instrument of Madagascar, was originally played by all classes of society, but became affiliated with the noble class in the 19th century. The valiha featured heavily in the
464:
The Andriana have been key players in Madagascan political and cultural life after independence as well. The Andriana were deeply affected by the 1995 destruction of the royal palace, the
135:, mainly used in the Southeastern part of the island among the Zafiraminia, Antemoro, and Antambahoaka ethnic groups. In the central Highlands, among the Merina, Betsileo, Bezanozano, and
330:: Noble descendants of the four sons of King Andriamasinavalona who were not assigned to rule one of the four sub-divisions of Imerina that had been made the fiefs of his other four sons
1559:
Razafindrazaka, Harilanto, et alii (2009) "A new deep branch of eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar", BMC Genomics.
425:(cold house) for the Zanakandriana, Zazamarolahy and Andriamasinavalona. This tradition may have originated with King Andriantompokoindrindra, who is said to have ordered the first
438:
man to lose status, he could not transfer his rank or property to his children. For these reasons, intermarriage across Andriana caste divisions was relatively infrequent.
500:
constitutes the core material for the historians studying the Merina history and has been commented, criticised, and challenged ever since by historians from Madagascar,
103:. "Andriana" often traditionally formed part of the names of Malagasy kings, princes, and nobles. Linguistic evidence suggests its origin is traceable back to an ancient
1506:
Charlotte Liliane Rabesahala-Randriamananoro, Ambohimanga-Rova : approche anthropologique de la civilisation merina (Madagascar), Paris, Le Publieur, 2006, 393 p.
1385:
378:
The Andriana benefited from numerous privileges in precolonial Madagascar. Land ownership in Imerina was reserved for the Andriana class, who ruled over fiefs called
1574:
Ratsivalaka, Ranaivo Gilbert (Gal) (1995): "Madagascar dans le Sud-Ouest de l’Océan Indien", Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat en Histoire-Paris, Antananarivo, 1995, 1083 p.
512:(1937), Ramilison (1951), Kent (1970), Berg (1988), or Larson (2000). The work is complemented by oral traditions of other tribes collected by Malagasy historians.
48:. Historically, many Malagasy ethnic groups lived in highly stratified caste-based social orders in which the Andriana were the highest strata. They were above the
181:
today, names beginning with the "Andria" prefix are common. However, unlike in Western cultures, where children automatically inherit the family name of a parent,
79:
of Madagascar, the term is not limited to them. The use of the word "Andriana" to denote nobility occurs among numerous other Malagasy ethnic groups such as the
1631:
189:, many parents have chosen to give their children names that include the "Andriana" prefix, despite lacking any family connection to the former aristocracy.
229:
originally applied to all members of the Merina people who arrived in the central highlands around the 15th century and absorbed the existing population of
471:
In 2011, the Council of Kings and Princes of Madagascar promoted the revival of a Christian Andriana monarchy that would blend modernity and tradition.
265:
is credited with establishing the Andriana as a separate class in early Merina society. This class was subdivided into four groups by his son, the King
1060:
Kus, Susan (1995). "Sensuous human activity and the state: towards an archaeology of bread and circuses". In Miller, Daniel; Rowlands, Michael (eds.).
523:
1684:
214:
central Madagascar and formed one of the three major kingdoms on the island by the 18th century, the other two being the Swahili-Arab influenced
1671:
1237:
2417:
1204:
1071:
1044:
979:
952:
925:
898:
871:
841:
749:
722:
692:
639:
1706:
484:
1532:
Ramilison, Emmanuel (Pastor) (1951), Andriantomara-Andriamamilazabe. Loharanon' ny Andriana nanjaka eto Imerina, Imprimerie Ankehitriny.
2056:
1547:
Rasamimanana, Joseph (Dr.) (1909) et Louis de Gonzague Razafindrazaka (Governor), Ny Andriantompokoindrindra, Antananarivo, 50 pages.
1331:
1511:
1483:
1423:
1315:
1151:
1168:
766:
656:
2245:
1624:
1553:
Ravelojaona (Pastor) (1937-1970), Firaketana ny Fiteny sy ny Zavatra Malagasy, Encyclopedic Dictionary, Antananarivo, 5 Volumes.
461:) was composed of some Andriana of the intelligentsia. A 1968 study showed that 14% of the population of Imerina was Andriana.
1568:
Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1970), Fomban-drazana Antemoro - usages et coutumes antemoro, Ambozontany, Fianarantsoa, 121 p.
382:. The populace under the rule of an Andriana lord owed him, as well as the king, a certain amount of free labor each year (
2301:
2268:
2220:
2115:
1678:
468:, in Antananarivo. Their approval and participation were periodically solicited throughout the reconstruction process.
2407:
1749:
1694:
1617:
298:
The descendants of these three princes (Andriantompokoindrindra, Andrianamboninolona and Andriandranando) were called
1599:
1594:
67:
The Andriana strata originally constituted the Merina society's nobility, warrior, and land-owning class. They were
2098:
1562:
Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1963), Tantaran-drazana Antemoro-Anteony, Antananarivo, Imprimerie LMS, pp. 10–11.
416:
1904:
1818:
609:
20:
2183:
2090:
2392:
1953:
1947:
1940:
482:
Much of the known genealogical history of the Andriana of Imerina comes from Father François Callet's book
26:
2197:
1307:
Constructing History, Culture and Inequality: The Betsileo in the Extreme Southern Highlands of Madagascar
119:
Andriana is a prefix for the noble strata in many Malagasy ethnic groups, such as Andriantsoly (above) of
2402:
2397:
2019:
1538:
Randrianja Solofo, Ellis Stephen (2009), Madagascar. A short history, London, Hurst & Company, 2009.
589:
185:
parents are free to choose their child's first and last names as they please. Following the end of the
2235:
1689:
1580:
Grandidier, Alfred et Guillaume (1903-1958): "Histoire de Madagascar", 39 volumes, Paris, 1903–1958.
1476:
History and Memory in the Age of Enslavement. Becoming Merina in Highland Madagascar, 1770–1822
465:
404:
219:
197:
167:
84:
1439:
Berg, Gerald M. (1988). "Sacred Acquisition: Andrianampoinimerina at Ambohimanga, 1777–1790".
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2014:
1976:
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1379:
1287:
306:
1666:
1541:
Raombana (l'historien) (1809-1855), "Histoires", Edition Ambozontany, Fianarantsoa, 3 Volumes.
320:): Direct male descendants of the sovereign; it was from the small, elite sub-group called the
2210:
2188:
2178:
2173:
2144:
2139:
1813:
1711:
1507:
1479:
1419:
1311:
1219:
Kent, R.K. "Madagascar and Africa II: The Sakalava, Maroserana, Dady and Tromba before 1700."
1200:
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2009:
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1196:
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire
998:
833:
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire
741:
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire
457:
2412:
2225:
2051:
2003:
1871:
567:
489:
215:
205:
182:
120:
104:
346:("Sons Above"): Descendants of those who accompanied King Andrianjaka on his conquest of
810:
561:
2215:
2133:
2069:
2063:
1965:
1959:
1899:
1770:
1281:
548:
The former Ratsimamanga palace in Antananarivo once belonged to a great Andriana family
282:, the son of Andriamananitany, brother of King Andriamanelo, and his direct descendants
186:
45:
1604:
1478:. Social History of Africa Series. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann. p. 414.
1352:
2386:
2361:
1970:
1460:
505:
305:
The caste was further divided into six groups by Ralambo's great-great-grandson King
76:
71:, and their privileges were institutionally preserved. While the term and concept of
34:
1401:
Ny loharanon'ny andriana nanjaka teto Imerina : Andriantomara-Andriamamilazabe
408:
347:
262:
246:
234:
96:
2356:
1061:
1034:
888:
712:
629:
2338:
2293:
1930:
400:
170:
is a composite of "Andriana" and "Nampoinimerina", while that of the celebrated
2330:
1452:
557:
442:
178:
92:
68:
2312:
1716:
88:
1855:
1514:. Texte remanié d’une thèse soutenue à l’Université de La Réunion en 2002.
1727:
994:
365:: Descendants of Ralambo's other children who did not accede to the throne
115:
2367:
2240:
1758:
1651:
1640:
604:
599:
171:
136:
100:
80:
30:
336:: Descendants of Andriantompokoindrindra, the eldest son of King Ralambo
2284:
1935:
1877:
1137:
Standing, H.F. (1885). "The Tribal Divisions of the Hova Malagasy," in
266:
230:
1861:
1609:
594:
501:
391:
53:
2348:
1169:"La hiérarchie sociale et l'alliance dans le royaume de Matacassi"
767:"La hiérarchie sociale et l'alliance dans le royaume de Matacassi"
657:"La hiérarchie sociale et l'alliance dans le royaume de Matacassi"
114:
25:
1264:
Ny Andriantopokoindrindra: Fanasoavana ny tantaran'i Madagasikara
249:, a subset of Hova related to the king by blood gained the title
2320:
1848:
107:
nobility title, although alternate theories have been proposed.
1613:
174:
warrior Andriamisara is formed from "Andriana" and "Misara".
863:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
684:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
276:, the Eldest son of King Ralambo and his direct descendants
1036:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
890:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
714:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
508:. For examples, refer to Rasamimanana (1930), Ravelojaona
288:, the uncle of the King Ralambo and his direct descendants
1139:
The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, (3)
1121:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century.
44:
was both the noble class and a title of nobility in
2347:
2329:
2311:
2292:
2283:
2164:
2126:
2035:
1996:
1989:
1915:
1889:
1827:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1742:
1735:
1659:
1231:
1229:
441:The Andriana, the Hova, and the Andevo strata were
56:(slaves). The Andriana and the Hova were a part of
1086:
1084:
1275:
1273:
1199:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–123.
855:
853:
744:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–121.
429:to be built on his tomb in honor of his memory.
1257:
1255:
1152:Notes, reconnaissances et explorations, Vol. 4.
920:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 16–18.
836:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–51.
162:, which means "head or forehead" in Malagasy.
16:Historical noble class and title in Madagascar
1625:
1416:Early Kingdoms in Madagascar, 1500–1700
1370:Ravelojaona, Randzavola, Rajaonah G. (1937).
204:This influx of diverse people led to various
8:
1384:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1299:
1297:
971:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
1374:. Antananarivo:Imprimerie Tanananarivienne.
1372:Firaketana ny Fiteny sy ny Zavatra Malagasy
1133:
1131:
1129:
359:): Descendants of the uncle of King Ralambo
2289:
1993:
1803:
1739:
1632:
1618:
1610:
628:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
1310:. BRILL Academic. pp. 57–58, 40–47.
1154:Imprimerie officiel de Tananarive, 1898.
1023:de la Vassière & Abinal (1885), p. 62
706:
704:
789:
787:
634:. Oxford University Press. p. 104.
796:Tantara ny Andriana (Histoire des rois)
620:
519:
494:Tantara ny Andriana (Histoire des rois)
1377:
1357:royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com
815:. London Missionary Society. pp.
218:in the northwest and the Austronesian
1262:Rasamimanana; Razafindrazaka (1930).
7:
1600:A Historical Timeline for Madagascar
893:. BRILL Academic. pp. 409–410.
717:. BRILL Academic. pp. 623–624.
485:Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara
294:, the other sons of the King Ralambo
941:David Lea; Annamarie Rowe (2001).
14:
1332:"Biographie de Joseph Ravoahangy"
1221:The Journal of African History, 9
812:A New Malagasy-English Dictionary
1726:
944:A Political Chronology of Africa
574:
560:
541:
522:
421:(sacred house) for the king and
342:("Princes Above the People") or
324:that the next ruler was selected
33:was from the Andriana strata of
1176:Bulletin de l'Académie malgache
1039:. BRILL Academic. p. 410.
974:. Routledge. pp. 872–874.
774:Bulletin de l'Académie malgache
664:Bulletin de l'Académie malgache
397:music of the Merina royal court
154:Other proposed etymologies for
1441:The Journal of African History
1418:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1236:Shaw, Geo (November 8, 1879).
1014:Karthala Editions, pp. 141–142
866:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 180–181.
1:
1266:(in French). Librairie Mixte.
1105:Les Souverains de Madagascar.
1012:Les Souverains de Madagascar.
415:house on top of it, called a
399:performed at palaces such as
363:Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka
292:Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka
127:In Malagasy, the term became
2418:Social history of Madagascar
1399:Ramilison, Emmanuel (1951).
1090:Miller, D. and Rowlands, M.
1066:. London: Psychology Press.
999:Ethnic Groups of Madagascar
529:Ancient Andriana tomb with
257:Sub-castes among the Merina
52:(free commoner castes) and
2434:
1238:"Music among the Malagasy"
1103:Raison-Jourde, Françoise.
1092:Domination and Resistance.
968:Kevin Shillington (2013).
947:. Routledge. p. 258.
370:Occupations and privileges
18:
1724:
1648:
1605:Royal House of Madagascar
1453:10.1017/S002185370002363X
1414:Kent, Raymond K. (1970).
1403:. Imprimerie Ankehitriny.
1223:(4), 1968, 517–546.
1107:Karthala Editions, 1983.
1063:Domination and Resistance
1001:, Encyclopædia Britannica
914:Rebecca L. Green (1997).
809:James Richardson (1885).
687:. ABC-CLIO. p. 181.
610:List of Malagasy monarchs
21:Andriana (disambiguation)
1474:Larson, Pier M. (2000).
798:. Imprimerie Catholique.
605:History of the Sakalavas
600:History of the Betsileos
60:, while the Andevo were
1650:(*) : state where
1094:Psychology Press, 1995.
334:Andriantompokoindrindra
274:Andriantompokoindrindra
75:is associated with the
1280:William Ellis (1838).
1193:Gwyn Campbell (2005).
1033:Gwyn Campbell (2012).
1010:Raison-Jourde (1983),
887:Gwyn Campbell (2012).
860:John A. Shoup (2011).
830:Gwyn Campbell (2005).
738:Gwyn Campbell (2005).
711:Gwyn Campbell (2012).
681:John A. Shoup (2011).
631:Encyclopedia of Africa
595:History of the Merinas
124:
64:in local terminology.
38:
1304:Sandra Evers (2002).
1283:History of Madagascar
1167:Ottino, Paul (1973).
1141:12, pp.354–363.
765:Ottino, Paul (1973).
655:Ottino, Paul (1973).
590:History of Madagascar
220:Betsimisaraka kingdom
118:
29:
1242:The Musical Standard
450:Contemporary society
375:Hova caste as well.
357:Zafinandriandranando
168:Andrianampoinimerina
19:For other uses, see
1712:South Africa (Zulu)
917:Merina (Madagascar)
794:Callet, F. (1908).
498:Tantara ny Andriana
477:Tantara ny Andriana
340:Andrianamboninolona
280:Andrianamboninolona
269:(1575–1600):
187:monarchy in Imerina
2408:Nobility in Africa
1286:. Fisher. p.
328:Andriamasinavalona
307:Andriamasinavalona
222:in the northeast.
158:includes the root
139:, the term became
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2193:Baltic countries
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1206:978-0-521-83935-8
1150:Revue Mensuelle.
1073:978-0-415-12254-2
1046:978-90-04-19518-9
981:978-1-135-45670-2
954:978-1-85743-116-2
927:978-0-8239-1991-8
900:978-90-04-19518-9
873:978-1-59884-362-0
843:978-0-521-83935-8
751:978-0-521-83935-8
724:978-90-04-19518-9
694:978-1-59884-362-0
641:978-0-19-533770-9
582:Madagascar portal
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36:
35:Merina people
32:
28:
22:
2403:Noble titles
2398:Royal titles
2198:Ritterschaft
2196:
2167:and Caucasus
1876:
1854:
1847:
1701:
1654:still exists
1496:Bibliography
1475:
1469:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1326:
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733:
713:
683:
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670:(4): 55, 74.
667:
663:
650:
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623:
535:trano masina
534:
531:trano manara
530:
509:
497:
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456:
453:
440:
436:
427:trano masina
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423:trano manara
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418:trano masina
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409:Antananarivo
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362:
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348:Antananarivo
343:
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333:
327:
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314:Zazamarolahy
313:
304:
299:
297:
291:
285:
279:
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263:Andriamanelo
260:
250:
247:Andriamanelo
243:
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235:Andriamanelo
226:
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210:
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198:Austronesian
196:
176:
164:
159:
155:
153:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
126:
97:Antambahoaka
72:
66:
61:
57:
41:
40:
2294:Australasia
2070:Switzerland
1966:Philippines
1922:Indonesia*
1582:(in French)
1576:(in French)
1570:(in French)
1564:(in French)
1543:(in French)
1528:(in French)
1522:(in French)
1516:(in French)
1334:(in French)
1248:(797): 297.
1156:(in French)
1119:Ogot, B.A.
1109:(in French)
780:(4): 53–89.
475:Genealogy:
401:Ambohimanga
344:Zanakambony
2387:Categories
2331:Micronesia
2236:Montenegro
2184:Azerbaijan
1702:Madagascar
1338:2010-11-23
616:References
443:endogamous
384:fanompoana
179:Madagascar
147:or simply
143:and later
133:Roandriana
131:and later
129:Rohandryan
99:, and the
93:Bezanozano
69:endogamous
46:Madagascar
2349:Polynesia
2313:Melanesia
2302:Australia
2264:Ruthenian
2204:Lithuania
1916:Southeast
1643:by nation
1461:153668345
1380:cite book
496:in 1908.
225:The term
145:Randriana
111:Etymology
89:Tsimihety
2260:Ukraine
2150:Portugal
2134:Holy See
2095:Ireland
2086:Scotland
1971:Thailand
1960:Cambodia
1948:Malaysia
1936:Javanese
1926:Balinese
1872:Nobility
1840:Mongolia
1736:Americas
1685:Ethiopia
1679:Eswatini
1652:monarchy
1641:Nobility
997:people,
554:See also
433:Marriage
380:menakely
318:Marolahy
251:Andriana
211:Vazimba,
206:Malagasy
183:Malagasy
172:Sakalava
160:Handrina
156:Andriana
149:Andriana
141:Randryan
137:Sihanaka
105:Javanese
101:Antemoro
81:Betsileo
73:Andriana
42:Andriana
31:Radama I
2368:Hawai‘i
2285:Oceania
2269:Galicia
2246:Romania
2231:Hungary
2226:Germany
2221:Georgia
2216:Bohemia
2211:Croatia
2189:Austria
2179:Armenia
2174:Albania
2104:Ireland
2081:England
2052:Kingdom
2048:France
2043:Belgium
2015:Iceland
2010:Finland
2004:Denmark
1977:Vietnam
1931:Chinese
1900:Princes
1878:Yangban
1844:Japan*
1814:Lebanon
1755:Mexico
1717:Morocco
1707:Somalia
1690:Nigeria
1672:Mamluks
403:or the
267:Ralambo
231:Vazimba
193:History
2413:Castes
2256:Serbia
2251:Russia
2241:Poland
2109:Norman
2099:Gaelic
2057:Empire
2026:Sweden
2020:Norway
1990:Europe
1954:Brunei
1896:India
1868:Korea
1856:Daimyō
1819:Turkey
1787:Brazil
1750:Canada
1695:Rulers
1660:Africa
1510:
1482:
1459:
1422:
1353:"Home"
1314:
1203:
1070:
1043:
995:Merina
978:
951:
924:
897:
870:
840:
819:, 226.
748:
721:
691:
638:
510:et al.
504:, and
502:Europe
490:French
392:valiha
239:Ankova
95:, the
91:, the
87:, the
83:, the
62:Mainty
54:Andevo
2362:Tonga
2155:Spain
2145:Malta
2140:Italy
2127:South
1997:North
1941:Malay
1890:South
1862:Meiji
1835:China
1780:South
1743:North
1667:Egypt
1457:S2CID
1172:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
660:(PDF)
261:King
58:Fotsy
2321:Fiji
2036:West
1849:Kuge
1828:East
1807:West
1800:Asia
1771:Cuba
1508:ISBN
1503:USA.
1480:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1386:link
1312:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1041:ISBN
976:ISBN
949:ISBN
922:ISBN
895:ISBN
868:ISBN
838:ISBN
746:ISBN
719:ISBN
689:ISBN
636:ISBN
466:Rova
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